The Design Process
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Barry Boehm Software Engineering Paper
1226 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, VOL. C-25, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1976 Software Engineering BARRY W. BOEHM Abstract-This paper provides a definition of the term "software but also the associated documentation required to-develop, engineering" and a survey of the current state of the art and likely operate, and maintain the programs. By defining software future trends in the field. The survey covers the technology avail- able in the various phases of the software life cycle-requirements in this broader sense, we wish to emphasize the necessity engineering, design, coding, test, and maintenance-and in the of considering the generation oftimely documentation as overall area of software management and integrated technology- an integral portion of the software development process. management approaches. It is oriented primarily toward discussing We can then combine this with a definition of "engineer- the domain of applicability of techniques (where and when they ing" to produce the following definition. work), rather than how they work in detail. To cover the latter, an extensive set of 104 references is provided. Software Engineering: The practical application of scientific knowledge in the design and construction of Index Terms-Computer software, data systems, information computer programs and the associated documentation systems, research and development, software development, soft- required to develop, operate, and maintain them. ware engineering, software management. Three main points should be made about this definition. The first concerns the necessity of considering a broad I. INTRODUCTION enough interpretation of the word "design" to cover the r HE annual cost of software in the U.S. is extremely important activity of software requirements approximately 20 billion dollars. -
Ergonomics, Design Universal and Fashion
Work 41 (2012) 4733-4738 4733 DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0761-4733 IOS Press Ergonomics, design universal and fashion Martins, S. B. Dr.ª and Martins, L. B.Dr.b a State University of Londrina, Department of Design, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Km. 380 Campus Universitário,86051-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil. [email protected] b Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Design, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife- PE, Brazil. [email protected] Abstract. People who lie beyond the "standard" model of users often come up against barriers when using fashion products, especially clothing, the design of which ought to give special attention to comfort, security and well-being. The principles of universal design seek to extend the design process for products manufactured in bulk so as to include people who, because of their personal characteristics or physical conditions, are at an extreme end of some dimension of performance, whether this is to do with sight, hearing, reach or manipulation. Ergonomics, a discipline anchored on scientific data, regards human beings as the central focus of its operations and, consequently, offers various forms of support to applying universal design in product development. In this context, this paper sets out a reflection on applying the seven principles of universal design to fashion products and clothing with a view to targeting such principles as recommendations that will guide the early stages of developing these products, and establish strategies for market expansion, thereby increasing the volume of production and reducing prices. Keywords: Ergonomics in fashion, universal design, people with disabilities 1. -
Apple Lisa MRD (Marketing Requirements Document)
LISA MRD/PRD AMENDMENTS I. ADDITIONAL LISA MRDS Some areas covered in the MRD will adhere to the direction stated but will be subject to change until detailed, separate MRDs are prepared for each one. These areas, and the target completion date for each, are as follows: 1. USER INTERFACE May 31, 1980 2. SOFTWARE THEFT PROTECTION May 31, 1980 3. USER SET-UP AND CUSTOMIZING June 30, 1980 4. TERMINAL EMULATION June 30, 1980 5. VISICABINET June 30, 1980 6. WORD PROCESSOR June 30, 1980 7. GRAPHICS EDITOR June 30, 1980 8. PERSONAL APPLICATIONS June 30, 1980 9. MASS STORAGE PERIPHERALS June 30, 1980 10. PRINTERS June 30, 1980 11. NETWORKING AND ELECTRONIC MAIL July 31, 1980 12. DIAGNOSTICS/TESTING July 31, 1980 13. BUSINESS GRAPHICS July 31, 1980 14. INTRODUCTORY INTERACTIVE MANUAL August 31, 1980 15. 'OEM PRODUCTS (DEVELOPMENT TOOLS) August 31, 1980 II. HARDWARE ENGINEERING AMENDMENTS 1. Both Alps and Keyboard Co. (bucket) keyswitches will be pursued as potential options at introduction. Other keyboard technologies will be investigated in parallel but may not be available at introduction. If a better alternative does turn up, it could be made available within a few months of introduction, either as a standard keyboard or as an option. Although the keyboard layout is nearly final, it has not frozen since it is not yet on the critical path. One remaining potential variation is the possible removal of the cursor cluster from the layout. 2. Engineering is concerned that the current cost objectives may not be feasible. 3. Although there is no requirement to have the Problem Analysis Guide (PAG) stowed within LISA, Engineering will continue to pursue methods by which the PAG may be attached to the main unit. -
Fashion Institute of Technology
Toy Design BFA Degree Program School of Art and Design Applications accepted for fall only. NYSED: 89109 HEGIS 1099 The major in Toy Design prepares students for careers as children's product designers working with a variety of companies in the toy industry, from small specialty firms to major global corporations. Curriculum below is for the entering class of Fall 2017. Semester 5 Credits MAJOR AREA TY 326 - Toy Design I and Product Rendering 3 TY 327 - Drafting and Technical Drawing 3 TY 352 - The Toy Industry: Methods and Materials 3 RELATED AREA FA 301 - Anatomy for Toy Designers 1.5 LIBERAL ARTS SS 232 - Developmental Psychology 3 Semester 6 MAJOR AREA TY 313 - Soft Toy and Doll Design 3 TY 332 - Model Making and 3D Prototyping 3.5 TY 342 - Computer Graphics in Toy Design 2 RELATED AREA MK 301 - Marketing for the Toy Industry 3 LIBERAL ARTS HE 301 - Motor Learning: A Developmental Approach 3 HA 345 - History of Industrial Design choice - see Liberal Arts/Art History 3 Semester 7 MAJOR AREA A: TY 491 - Summer Internship: Toy Design** 4 B: TY 411 - Toy Design II and Product Update 2 TY 421 - Advanced Hard Toy: Design Engineering 5 TY 463 - Storybook Design and Licensed Product 3 TY 442 - Advanced Computer Graphics in Toy Design 2 LIBERAL ARTS MA 041 - Geometry and Probability Skills 1 MA 241 - Topics in Probability and Geometry 3 Semester 8 MAJOR AREA TY 414 - Games*** 1.5 TY 461 - Business Practices for the Toy Industry 2 TY 467 - Professional Portfolio 4.5 RELATED AREA PK 403 - Packaging for the Toy Designer 2 LIBERAL ARTS choice - see Liberal Arts/Art History* 3 choice - see Liberal Arts Electives 3 TOTAL CREDIT REQUIREMENTS MAJOR AREA 41.5 RELATED AREA 6.5 LIBERAL ARTS 19 Total Credits: 67 Fashion Institute of Technology 1 *Fall 2017 Requirements: See below Liberal Arts, Art History, and General Education: 19 credits • Art History Requirements: 6 credits. -
Steve Jobs – Who Blended Art with Technology
GENERAL ¨ ARTICLE Steve Jobs – Who Blended Art with Technology V Rajaraman Steve Jobs is well known as the creator of the famous Apple brand of computers and consumer products known for their user friendly interface and aesthetic design. In his short life he transformed a range of industries including personal comput- ing, publishing, animated movies, music distribution, mobile phones, and retailing. He was a charismatic inspirational leader of groups of engineers who designed the products he V Rajaraman is at the visualized. He was also a skilled negotiator and a genius in Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Several marketing. In this article, we present a brief overview of his generations of scientists life. and engineers in India have learnt computer 1. Introduction science using his lucidly written textbooks on Steve Jobs made several significant contributions which revolu- programming and tionized six industries, namely, personal computing, publishing, computer fundamentals. His current research animated movies, music distribution, mobile phones, and retail- interests are parallel ing digital products. In all these cases he was not the primary computing and history of inventor; rather he was a consummate entrepreneur and manager computing. who understood the potential of a technology, picked a team of talented engineers to create what he visualized, motivated them to perform well beyond what they thought they could do. He was an aesthete who instinctively blended art with technology. He hired the best industrial designers to design products which were not only easy to use but were also stunningly beautiful. He was a marketing genius who created demand for his products by leaking tit bits of information about their ‘revolutionary’ features, thereby building expectancy among prospective customers. -
Source Code for Apple's 1983 Lisa Computer to Be Made Public Next Year 31 December 2017, by Seung Lee, the Mercury News
Source code for Apple's 1983 Lisa computer to be made public next year 31 December 2017, by Seung Lee, The Mercury News The museum's software curator, Al Kossow, announced to a public mailing list that the source code for the Lisa computer has been recovered and is with Apple for review. Once Apple clears the code, the museum plans to release it to the public with a blog post explaining the code's historic significance. However, not every part of Lisa's source code will be available, Kossow said. "The only thing I saw that probably won't be able to be released is the American Heritage dictionary for the spell checker in LisaWrite (word processing application)," he said. The Lisa was the first computer with a graphical user interface aimed at businesses—hence its high cost. With a processor as fast as 5 MHz and 1 MB of RAM, the Lisa computer gave users the breakthrough technology of organizing files by Apple Lisa with a ProFile hard drive stacked on top of it. using a computer mouse. Credit: Stahlkocher/ GNU Free Documentation License Apple spent $150 million on the development of Lisa and advertised it as a game-changer, with actor Kevin Costner in the commercials. But Apple Before there was an iPhone, iMac or Macintosh, only sold 10,000 units of Lisa in 1983 and pivoted Apple had the Lisa computer. to create a smaller and much cheaper successor, the Macintosh, which was released the next year. The Lisa computer—which stands for Local Integrated Software Architecture but was also "The Lisa was doomed because it was basically a named after Steve Jobs' eldest daughter—was a prototype—an overpriced, underpowered cobbled- flop when it released in 1983 because of its together ramshackle Mac," author and tech astronomical price of $10,000 - $24,700 when journalist Leander Kahney told Wired in 2010. -
Technology Strategies and Standard Competition — Comparative Innovation Cases of Apple and Microsoft
Journal of High Technology Management Research 23 (2012) 90–102 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of High Technology Management Research Technology strategies and standard competition — Comparative innovation cases of Apple and Microsoft Jarunee Wonglimpiyarat ⁎ College of Innovation, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand article info abstract Available online 19 June 2012 This paper analyses the technology strategy and standard competition of the most outstanding innovation cases of Apple and Microsoft. The objective of the study is to understand innovators' Keywords: pursuit of strategies in securing the benefits from an innovation, based on the innovation life cycle Technology strategy model. The study develops a new methodological framework of platform for analysing the case Standard competition studies. It is argued that the ability to establish an industry standard and lock-in customers Apple enables an innovator to create a competitive advantage. The study offers important lessons in Microsoft strategic innovation management. Technology platform © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Competitive advantage 1. Introduction Competition to achieve competitive advantage often involves the ability to establish new standards for the interworking of products and services. The outstanding classic cases of standard battle are Sony Betamax and Matsushita VHS standards in the Videocassette Recorder (VCR) business, the standard competition among the powerful players of Visa Open Platform, MasterCard/ Mondex Multos, Proton World's Proton, Microsoft Windows for Smart Cards in the smart card industry and the recent standard competition between HD-DVD and Blu Ray in the Digital Versatile Disc player (DVD) business. This study endeavours to understand the use of technology strategies and competition to establish technology standards in the most outstanding innovative companies of Apple and Microsoft. -
Development Company Austin TX
Architectural Theory All photographs by J. Wunderlich unless noted otherwise J. Wunderlich PhD B.S. Architectural Engineering (U. Texas) Plus 2 years of Urban Design (U. California, San Diego) Agenda Architectural vocabulary Some personal designs Architectural Vocabulary Form Symbolism Scale Tastes Behavior Anthropomorphism Context Color Proportion Texture Balance Rhythm Form Recently in the U.S. and many developing countries we accept geometric shapes with sharp edges In the past, Euclidian (columns, domes) were more accepted Louis Sullivan, and later Frank Lloyd Wright and various Modern Architects would say, “Form follows function.” However Frank Lloyd Wright said: “ Form follows function - that has been misunderstood. Form and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union.” We will discuss later Frank Lloyd Wright’s inspirations from Japan, and the development of his “Organic Architecture” Scale Architecture may relate to the scale of humans If not, architecture may be ○ Monumental, impressive ○ Intimidating, frightening Columns on building can give illusion of scale Surroundings and adjacent buildings can scale-up or scale-down a building Behavior Bodies create space Activities ○ Ergonomics Group interactions Beliefs Movement through spaces Flow - interior to exterior ○ Bank of widows and French doors invite outside in Context Architecture can be an expression of a time Can relate to other buildings Can relate to land Be “Organic” ! Photograph by other Photograph by other Photograph by other Photograph -
Inventing the Lisa User Interface
Illustration by David Goldin article Roderick Perkins Dan Smith Keller Frank Ludolph INVENTING THE USER INTERFACE Today’s familiar Macintosh user interface is a direct descendant of the interface first developed and used on Apple’s Lisa computer. Instead of a text-based system that presented the user with a blank screen and blinking cursor, the Lisa displayed an electronic desktop, a picture that the user manipulated directly to tell the computer Twhat to do. The electronic desktop, with its windows, menu bar, and icons was not part of the original design; rather, it was the result of a 4-year-long process of refining goals and developing, testing, and synthesizing many alternative ideas. In fact, the iconic desktop was first tried in 1980 and discarded! The final result (Fig- ure 1) not only made computers easier to use, it made them fun. 41 The system will provide one standard method of interacting with a user in handling text, numbers, and graphics... The system will adhere to the concept of “gradual learning”... A user must be able to do some important tasks easily and with min- imal instruction or preparation... The more sophisticated features will be unobtrusive until they are needed. Errors will be handled consistently in as friendly a manner as possible, and the user will be protected from obvious errors... ... A “Set-up” program will allow the user to customize several system attributes in order to “personalize” interaction with the system... in order to make the system uniquely personal for the user without interfering with the interface standards.. -
Tools for the Paraxial Optical Design of Light Field Imaging Systems Lois Mignard-Debise
Tools for the paraxial optical design of light field imaging systems Lois Mignard-Debise To cite this version: Lois Mignard-Debise. Tools for the paraxial optical design of light field imaging systems. Other [cs.OH]. Université de Bordeaux, 2018. English. NNT : 2018BORD0009. tel-01764949 HAL Id: tel-01764949 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01764949 Submitted on 12 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE À L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DE MATHÉMATIQUES ET D’INFORMATIQUE par Loïs Mignard--Debise POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR SPÉCIALITÉ : INFORMATIQUE Outils de Conception en Optique Paraxiale pour les Systèmes d’Imagerie Plénoptique Date de soutenance : 5 Février 2018 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Hendrik LENSCH Professeur, Université de Tübingen . Rapporteur Céline LOSCOS . Professeur, Université de Reims . Présidente Ivo IHRKE . Professeur, Inria . Encadrant Patrick REUTER . Maître de conférences, Université de Bordeaux Encadrant Xavier GRANIER Professeur, Institut d’Optique Graduate School Directeur 2018 Acknowledgments I would like to express my very great appreciation to my research supervisor, Ivo Ihrke, for his great quality as a mentor. He asked unexpected but pertinent questions during fruitful discussions, encouraged and guided me to be more autonomous in my work and participated in the solving of the hardships faced during experimenting in the laboratory. -
Fashion Sketch
Fashion Sketch Fashion Sketch, an individual state competitive event, recognizes participants for their ability to design and sketch a croquis based upon a provided design scenario. This event is based on the National Skill Demonstration Event but this event does not continue on to a national level conference. Career Pathway Visual Arts & Design Event Levels Level 1: through grade 8 Level 2: grades 9-10 Level 3: grades 11-12 Event Procedure & Time Requirements for In-person Competition 1. Participants will attend a required Orientation Meeting at a time and place designated prior to the event. 2. At designated participation, participants will be given the design scenario. Participants will have 5 minutes to brainstorm and then have 35 minutes to design, sketch, color croquis, and complete the Elements and Principles of Design worksheet. 3. Participants are required to bring the following supplies: 1 file folder (plain, of any color); colored pencils, crayons, and/ or markers; pencil sharpener(s), and ruler(s). No reference materials are allowed. FCCLA will provide one copy of the Elements and Principles of Design worksheet, one croquis, and plain paper to each participant. Participants may draw their own croquis if they choose. Croquis of different sexes, ages, and body types will be provided. 4. Participants will deliver an oral presentation of up to 5 minutes in length, using completed croquis and Elements and Principles of Design worksheet. A 1-minute warning will be give at 4 minutes. Participants will be asked to stop at 5 minutes. Following the oral presentation, the participant will provide the completed croquis and worksheet to the evaluators in the file folder. -
The Apple Macintosh Computer, February 1984, BYTE Magazine
The Apple Macintosh Computer Mouse-window-desktop technology arrives for under $2500 by Gregg Williams Apple established itself as one of strengthened that reputation with a The Macintosh arrives, finally, after the leading innovators in personal new machine, the Macintosh (above). a history of colorful rumors. It will computing technology a year ago by In terms of technological sophistica cost from $1995 to $2495, weighs 22.7 introducing the Lisa, a synthesis and tion and probable effect on the mar pounds, and improves on the mouse extension of human-interface tech ketplace, the Macintosh will outdis window-desktop technology started nology that has since been widely tance the Lisa as much as the Lisa by the impressive but expensive Lisa imitated. Now the company has has outdistanced its predecessors. computer. A system with printer and 30 February 1984 © BYTE Ptiblications Inc. second disk drive costs about $900 corner are selections for the current commercial product: the graphics/ more, but even at that price, the line width. By selecting the "open mouse orientation, the desktop meta Macintosh is worth waiting for. oval" tool and the thickest line width, phor, the data-as-concrete-object we can draw empty ovals with thick metaphor, and the shared user inter The Macintosh at Work borders (figure Id). By selecting the face between programs. The Mac has Before we look at the Macintosh (or "paint bucket" tool and the "diagonal inherited these concepts; for further Mac) in more detail, let's look at how bricks" pattern, we can fill the oval details on them, see my article, "The it works.