Apple Lisa MRD (Marketing Requirements Document)
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Steve Jobs – Who Blended Art with Technology
GENERAL ¨ ARTICLE Steve Jobs – Who Blended Art with Technology V Rajaraman Steve Jobs is well known as the creator of the famous Apple brand of computers and consumer products known for their user friendly interface and aesthetic design. In his short life he transformed a range of industries including personal comput- ing, publishing, animated movies, music distribution, mobile phones, and retailing. He was a charismatic inspirational leader of groups of engineers who designed the products he V Rajaraman is at the visualized. He was also a skilled negotiator and a genius in Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Several marketing. In this article, we present a brief overview of his generations of scientists life. and engineers in India have learnt computer 1. Introduction science using his lucidly written textbooks on Steve Jobs made several significant contributions which revolu- programming and tionized six industries, namely, personal computing, publishing, computer fundamentals. His current research animated movies, music distribution, mobile phones, and retail- interests are parallel ing digital products. In all these cases he was not the primary computing and history of inventor; rather he was a consummate entrepreneur and manager computing. who understood the potential of a technology, picked a team of talented engineers to create what he visualized, motivated them to perform well beyond what they thought they could do. He was an aesthete who instinctively blended art with technology. He hired the best industrial designers to design products which were not only easy to use but were also stunningly beautiful. He was a marketing genius who created demand for his products by leaking tit bits of information about their ‘revolutionary’ features, thereby building expectancy among prospective customers. -
7 Products Steve Jobs Got Wrong 6 October 2011, by PETER SVENSSON , AP Technology Writer
7 products Steve Jobs got wrong 6 October 2011, By PETER SVENSSON , AP Technology Writer 4. Puck Mouse (1998) - The new iMac was the first major product created after Jobs' return to Apple in 1996, and it was a big success, despite its tiny, round mouse. Users couldn't tell which way it was oriented by feel, and it tended to disappear in the cup of the hand, making it hard to use. 5. The Cube (2000) - This small desktop computer was beautifully encased in a cube of clear plastic. It won design awards but was a flop in stores because of its high price. Also, it didn't really offer any functional benefits over other Macs. Apple's designs are iconic, but people aren't usually willing In this April 4, 1991, file photo, Steve Jobs, of NeXT to pay a premium for design alone. The Cube idea Computer Inc., poses with his NeXTstation color lives on in the Mac Mini, a more successful but less computer for the press at the NeXT facility in Redwood eye-catching small Mac. City, Calif. Apple on Wednesday, Oct. 5, 2011 said Jobs has died. He was 56. (AP Photo/Ben Margot, File) 6. iTunes phone (2005) - It's easy to forget that the iPhone wasn't Apple's first venture into the cellphone business. It formed a partnership with Motorola Inc. to launch the ROKR in late 2005. As (AP) -- Steve Jobs pushed the envelope many a phone, it was decent if unexciting, but as a music times when it came to product design, and the player, it fell far short of the iPod. -
Source Code for Apple's 1983 Lisa Computer to Be Made Public Next Year 31 December 2017, by Seung Lee, the Mercury News
Source code for Apple's 1983 Lisa computer to be made public next year 31 December 2017, by Seung Lee, The Mercury News The museum's software curator, Al Kossow, announced to a public mailing list that the source code for the Lisa computer has been recovered and is with Apple for review. Once Apple clears the code, the museum plans to release it to the public with a blog post explaining the code's historic significance. However, not every part of Lisa's source code will be available, Kossow said. "The only thing I saw that probably won't be able to be released is the American Heritage dictionary for the spell checker in LisaWrite (word processing application)," he said. The Lisa was the first computer with a graphical user interface aimed at businesses—hence its high cost. With a processor as fast as 5 MHz and 1 MB of RAM, the Lisa computer gave users the breakthrough technology of organizing files by Apple Lisa with a ProFile hard drive stacked on top of it. using a computer mouse. Credit: Stahlkocher/ GNU Free Documentation License Apple spent $150 million on the development of Lisa and advertised it as a game-changer, with actor Kevin Costner in the commercials. But Apple Before there was an iPhone, iMac or Macintosh, only sold 10,000 units of Lisa in 1983 and pivoted Apple had the Lisa computer. to create a smaller and much cheaper successor, the Macintosh, which was released the next year. The Lisa computer—which stands for Local Integrated Software Architecture but was also "The Lisa was doomed because it was basically a named after Steve Jobs' eldest daughter—was a prototype—an overpriced, underpowered cobbled- flop when it released in 1983 because of its together ramshackle Mac," author and tech astronomical price of $10,000 - $24,700 when journalist Leander Kahney told Wired in 2010. -
Technology Strategies and Standard Competition — Comparative Innovation Cases of Apple and Microsoft
Journal of High Technology Management Research 23 (2012) 90–102 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of High Technology Management Research Technology strategies and standard competition — Comparative innovation cases of Apple and Microsoft Jarunee Wonglimpiyarat ⁎ College of Innovation, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand article info abstract Available online 19 June 2012 This paper analyses the technology strategy and standard competition of the most outstanding innovation cases of Apple and Microsoft. The objective of the study is to understand innovators' Keywords: pursuit of strategies in securing the benefits from an innovation, based on the innovation life cycle Technology strategy model. The study develops a new methodological framework of platform for analysing the case Standard competition studies. It is argued that the ability to establish an industry standard and lock-in customers Apple enables an innovator to create a competitive advantage. The study offers important lessons in Microsoft strategic innovation management. Technology platform © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Competitive advantage 1. Introduction Competition to achieve competitive advantage often involves the ability to establish new standards for the interworking of products and services. The outstanding classic cases of standard battle are Sony Betamax and Matsushita VHS standards in the Videocassette Recorder (VCR) business, the standard competition among the powerful players of Visa Open Platform, MasterCard/ Mondex Multos, Proton World's Proton, Microsoft Windows for Smart Cards in the smart card industry and the recent standard competition between HD-DVD and Blu Ray in the Digital Versatile Disc player (DVD) business. This study endeavours to understand the use of technology strategies and competition to establish technology standards in the most outstanding innovative companies of Apple and Microsoft. -
Inventing the Lisa User Interface
Illustration by David Goldin article Roderick Perkins Dan Smith Keller Frank Ludolph INVENTING THE USER INTERFACE Today’s familiar Macintosh user interface is a direct descendant of the interface first developed and used on Apple’s Lisa computer. Instead of a text-based system that presented the user with a blank screen and blinking cursor, the Lisa displayed an electronic desktop, a picture that the user manipulated directly to tell the computer Twhat to do. The electronic desktop, with its windows, menu bar, and icons was not part of the original design; rather, it was the result of a 4-year-long process of refining goals and developing, testing, and synthesizing many alternative ideas. In fact, the iconic desktop was first tried in 1980 and discarded! The final result (Fig- ure 1) not only made computers easier to use, it made them fun. 41 The system will provide one standard method of interacting with a user in handling text, numbers, and graphics... The system will adhere to the concept of “gradual learning”... A user must be able to do some important tasks easily and with min- imal instruction or preparation... The more sophisticated features will be unobtrusive until they are needed. Errors will be handled consistently in as friendly a manner as possible, and the user will be protected from obvious errors... ... A “Set-up” program will allow the user to customize several system attributes in order to “personalize” interaction with the system... in order to make the system uniquely personal for the user without interfering with the interface standards.. -
Die Meilensteine Der Computer-, Elek
Das Poster der digitalen Evolution – Die Meilensteine der Computer-, Elektronik- und Telekommunikations-Geschichte bis 1977 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 und ... Von den Anfängen bis zu den Geburtswehen des PCs PC-Geburt Evolution einer neuen Industrie Business-Start PC-Etablierungsphase Benutzerfreundlichkeit wird gross geschrieben Durchbruch in der Geschäftswelt Das Zeitalter der Fensterdarstellung Online-Zeitalter Internet-Hype Wireless-Zeitalter Web 2.0/Start Cloud Computing Start des Tablet-Zeitalters AI (CC, Deep- und Machine-Learning), Internet der Dinge (IoT) und Augmented Reality (AR) Zukunftsvisionen Phasen aber A. Bowyer Cloud Wichtig Zählhilfsmittel der Frühzeit Logarithmische Rechenhilfsmittel Einzelanfertigungen von Rechenmaschinen Start der EDV Die 2. Computergeneration setzte ab 1955 auf die revolutionäre Transistor-Technik Der PC kommt Jobs mel- All-in-One- NAS-Konzept OLPC-Projekt: Dass Computer und Bausteine immer kleiner, det sich Konzepte Start der entwickelt Computing für die AI- schneller, billiger und energieoptimierter werden, Hardware Hände und Finger sind die ersten Wichtige "PC-Vorläufer" finden wir mit dem werden Massenpro- den ersten Akzeptanz: ist bekannt. Bei diesen Visionen geht es um die Symbole für die Mengendarstel- schon sehr früh bei Lernsystemen. iMac und inter- duktion des Open Source Unterstüt- möglichen zukünftigen Anwendungen, die mit 3D-Drucker zung und lung. Ägyptische Illustration des Beispiele sind: Berkley Enterprice mit neuem essant: XO-1-Laptops: neuen Technologien und Konzepte ermöglicht Veriton RepRap nicht Ersatz werden. -
The Apple Macintosh Computer, February 1984, BYTE Magazine
The Apple Macintosh Computer Mouse-window-desktop technology arrives for under $2500 by Gregg Williams Apple established itself as one of strengthened that reputation with a The Macintosh arrives, finally, after the leading innovators in personal new machine, the Macintosh (above). a history of colorful rumors. It will computing technology a year ago by In terms of technological sophistica cost from $1995 to $2495, weighs 22.7 introducing the Lisa, a synthesis and tion and probable effect on the mar pounds, and improves on the mouse extension of human-interface tech ketplace, the Macintosh will outdis window-desktop technology started nology that has since been widely tance the Lisa as much as the Lisa by the impressive but expensive Lisa imitated. Now the company has has outdistanced its predecessors. computer. A system with printer and 30 February 1984 © BYTE Ptiblications Inc. second disk drive costs about $900 corner are selections for the current commercial product: the graphics/ more, but even at that price, the line width. By selecting the "open mouse orientation, the desktop meta Macintosh is worth waiting for. oval" tool and the thickest line width, phor, the data-as-concrete-object we can draw empty ovals with thick metaphor, and the shared user inter The Macintosh at Work borders (figure Id). By selecting the face between programs. The Mac has Before we look at the Macintosh (or "paint bucket" tool and the "diagonal inherited these concepts; for further Mac) in more detail, let's look at how bricks" pattern, we can fill the oval details on them, see my article, "The it works. -
Mike Markkula Collection of Early Apple Computer Material
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8cv4qcp No online items Guide to the Mike Markkula collection of early Apple Computer material Finding aid prepared by Jack Doran and Sara Chabino Lott Processing of this collection was made possible through generous funding from the National Archives’ National Historical Publications & Records Commission: Access to Historical Records grant. Computer History Museum 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View, CA, 94043 (650) 810-1010 [email protected] January 2018 Guide to the Mike Markkula X4554.2008 1 collection of early Apple Computer material ... Title: Mike Markkula collection of early Apple Computer material Identifier/Call Number: X4554.2008 Contributing Institution: Computer History Museum Language of Material: English Physical Description: 11.0 Linear feet,6 record cartons, 2 periodical boxes, 2 oversize boxes Date (bulk): Bulk, 1979-1985 Date (inclusive): 1977-1998 Abstract: The Mike Markkula collection of early Apple Computer material consists of material produced or collected by Markkula during his time at Apple Computer, Inc. in various capacities from CEO to chairman of the board. Ranging in date from 1977 to 1998, the collection includes Apple marketing, public relations, dealer and consultant materials, manuals, and software. There is also a small amount of software and manuals produced by companies other than Apple. creator: Markkula, Armas Clifford (Mike), Jr. Processing Information Collection surveyed by Sydney Gulbronson Olson, 2017. Collection processed by Jack Doran, December 2018. Access Restrictions The collection is open for research. Publication Rights The Computer History Museum (CHM) can only claim physical ownership of the collection. Users are responsible for satisfying any claims of the copyright holder. -
The Apple Macintosh Computer
The Apple Macintosh Computer Mouse-window-desktop technology arrives for under $2500 by Gregg Williams Apple established itself as one of strengthened that reputation with a The Macintosh arrives, finally, after the leading innovators in personal new machine, the Macintosh (above). a history of colorful rumors. It will computing technology a year ago by In terms of technological sophistica- cost from $1995 to $2495, weighs 22.7 introducing the Lisa, a synthesis and tion and probable effect on the mar- pounds, and improves on the mouse- extension of human-interface tech- ketplace, the Macintosh will outdis- window-desktop technology started nology that has since been widely tance the Lisa as much as the Lisa by the impressive but expensive Lisa imitated. Now the company has has outdistanced its predecessors. computer. A system with printer and 30 February 1984 C BYTE Publications Inc. second disk drive costs about $900 corner are selections for the current commercial product: the graphics/ more, but even at that price, the line width. By selecting the "open mouse orientation, the desktop meta- Macintosh is worth waiting for. oval" tool and the thickest line width, phor, the data-as-concrete-object we can draw empty ovals with thick metaphor, and the shared user inter- The Macintosh at Work borders (figure 1d). By selecting the face between programs. The Mac has Before we look at the Macintosh (or "paint bucket" tool and the "diagonal inherited these concepts; for further Mac) in more detail, lets look at how bricks" pattern, we can fill the oval details on them, see my article, "The it works. -
Jerry Manock Collection of Apple History Ephemera M1880
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c82j6dzf No online items Guide to the Jerry Manock Collection of Apple History ephemera M1880 Finding aid prepared by Olin Laster Dept. of Special Collections & University Archives Stanford University Libraries. 557 Escondido Mall Stanford, California, 94305 Email: [email protected] 2012-4-16 Guide to the Jerry Manock M1880 1 Collection of Apple History ephemera M1880 Title: Jerry Manock Collection of Apple History ephemera Identifier/Call Number: M1880 Contributing Institution: Dept. of Special Collections & University Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 15.0 Linear feet(6 manuscript boxes, 5 record storage boxes, 3 flat boxes, 7 map folders; 1 optical disk and 4 cassettes.) Date (inclusive): 1966-2007 Physical Location: Special Collections and University Archives materials are stored offsite and must be paged 36-48 hours in advance. For more information on paging collections, see the department's website: http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html. Abstract: This collection contains many blueprints, artifacts, and documentation of Manock's time both at Stanford University as an engineering student and at Apple as a product designer. Biography Jerrold Clifford Manock (born February 21, 1944) is an American industrial designer. He worked for Apple Computer from 1977 to 1984, contributing to housing designs for the Apple II, Apple III, and earlier compact Apple Macintosh computers. Manock is widely regarded as the "father" of the Apple Industrial Design Group. Since 1976 he is the president and principal designer of Manock Comprehensive Design, Inc., with offices in Palo Alto, California, and, after 1985, in Burlington, Vermont. -
The Rise of Apple Inc: Opportunities and Challenges Garcia Marrero in the International Marketplace
The Rise of Apple Inc: Opportunities and Challenges Garcia Marrero in the International Marketplace The Rise of Apple Inc: Opportunities and Challenges in the International Marketplace Alberto Garcia Marrero Florida International University The Rise of Apple Inc: Opportunities and Challenges Garcia Marrero in the International Marketplace ABSTRACT Apple Inc. is one of the world’s leading multinational enterprises as measured by revenue, profits, assets, and brand equity. Its ascent has been rapid but not linear; it has experienced setbacks along the way. This paper will analyze Apple’s evolution over the past decade and future prospects, with an eye toward identifying opportunities and challenges for global expansion. 2 The Rise of Apple Inc: Opportunities and Challenges Garcia Marrero in the International Marketplace BACKGROUND In 1976, Apple Inc. began as a garage operation by three men: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne (Ellen Terrell, 2008). The entire company was based solely on the engineering genius of Wozniak and the entrepreneurial and innovative genius of Jobs. Wayne sold out his shares of Apple to Jobs and Wozniak. Only weeks after its founding, Jobs and Wozniak were the sole owners of the company when it was fully incorporated in 1977 (Terrell, 2008). The company was based on the design, manufacturing, and selling of a new kind of operating computer designed by Wozniak, revolutionizing the world of the personal computer. Apple I was soon superseded by its successor the Apple II, which became the platform for VisiCalc, the first ever spreadsheet program (Terrell, 2008). Apple saw growth like no other during its first ten years of life as sales, but overall revenue saw an exponential growth every four months. -
HISTORY of APPLE[Tm] MACINTOSH[Tm] OPERATING SYSTEM
HISTORY OF APPLE[tm] MACINTOSH[tm] OPERATING SYSTEM LisaDesk : released, on January 1983, for Apple Lisa computer. On January 1985, Lisa 2-10, outfitted with MacWorks, was renamed Macintoh XL. System 1 (1.0 and 1.1) : released respectively on January 1984 and May 1984, both versions were directly derived from LisaDesk offered less functionality, in favor of being more stable. Certain functions of LisaDesk were included in later versions of Mac[tm] OS, including Mac[tm] OS X. System 2 (1.2 to 2.1) : while integrating new functions, the principal objective of this system was to allow a better management to compensate for the absence of a hard disk on first models of Macintosh. System 3 (2.2 to 3.3) : this system accompanied, on 1986, the new Macintosh models. This system had more facility and was more powerful, it allowed the integration of new file format HFS, of new communications functionality, and laser printer support. System 4 & 5 (4.0 to 5.1) : these systems accompanied the first Macintosh models with colour monitors, and allowed transition between mono-task system and cooperative multi-task system with first generation of Multifinder which made possible to manage several applications simultaneously. System 6 (6.0 to 6.0.8) : improvements to the cooperative multi-task system with second generation of Multifinder. It was released in many specialized versions according to the model which was equipped to meet specific needs, particularly for graphic applications. System 7 (7.0 to 7.6.1) : complete integration of cooperative multi-task processing inside the system, this system gradually integrated increasingly significant functionality concerning multimedia applications and Internet.