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Connaissance Chimiotaxonomique Du Genre Turbinaria Et Études Des COMPOSANTE 2C - Projet 2C3 Substances Actives Marines Juin 2006 MEMOIRE DE MASTER Connaissance chimiotaxonomique du genre Turbinaria et Études des composés de défense de diff érentesérentes espècesespèces de Sargassacées des Îles Salomon Auteur : Klervi Le Lann Le CRISP est un programme mis en œuvre dans le cadre de la politique développée par le Programme Régional Océanien de l’Environnement afi n de contribuer à la protection et la gestion durable des récifs coralliens des pays du Pacifi que. initiative pour la protection et la gestion des récifs coralliens dans le Paci- L’ fi que (CRISP), portée par la France et préparée par l’AFD dans un cadre in- terministériel depuis 2002, a pour but de développer une vision pour l’avenir de ces milieux uniques et des peuples qui en dépendent, et de mettre en place des stratégies et des projets visant à préserver leur biodiversité et à développer dans le futur les services économiques et environnementaux qu’ils apportent tant au niveau local que global. Elle est conçue en outre comme un vecteur d’intégration entre états développés (Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande, Japon et USA), Collectivités françaises de l’Outre-Mer et pays en voie de développement du Pacifi que. Cellule de Coordination CRISP Le CRISP est structuré en trois composantes comprenant respectivement divers Chef de programme : Eric CLUA projets : CPS - BP D5 98848 Nouméa Cedex Composante 1 : Aires marines protégées et gestion côtière intégrée Nouvelle-Calédonie - Projet 1A1 : Analyse éco-régionale Tél./Fax : (687) 26 54 71 - Projet 1A2 : Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) E-mail : [email protected] - Projet 1A3 : Renforcement institutionnel www.crisponline.net - Projet 1A4 : Gestion intégrée des zones lagonaires et des bassins versants Comp.osante 2 : Connaissance, gestion, restauration et valorisation des écosystèmes coralliens - 2A : Connaissance, valorisation et gestion des écosystèmes coralliens - 2B : Restauration récifale - 2C : Valorisation des Substances Actives Marines - 2D : Mise en place d’une base de données régionale (Reefbase Pacifi que) Composante 3 : Appui institutionnel et technique - 3A : Capitalisation, valorisation et vulgarisation des acquis du programme CRISP - 3B : Coordination, promotion et développement du programme CRISP COMPOSANTE 2C Substances Actives Marines (SAM) Responsable de composante : PROJET 2C-1 : Cécile DEBITUS Volet juridique - Proposition d'amélioration des législations des pays insu- IRD - UMR 152 laires pour le partage des bénéfi ces issus de la valorisation des SAM Université Paul Sabatier PROJET 2C-2 : Toulouse II Volet taxonomique - Amélioration de la connaissance des invertébrés ben- Faculté des Sciences 31062 Toulouse cedex 9 thiques récifaux France PROJET 2C-3 : Tél. : (33) 5 62 25 98 11 Volet technologique - Isolement et identifi cation de SAM Fax : (33) 5 62 25 98 02 PROJET 2C-4 : E-mail : [email protected] Volet de renforcement institutionnel - Formation de personnes ressources du Pacifi que insulaire LE PROGRAMME CRISP EST FINANCÉ PAR LES ORGANISATIONS SUIVANTES : Master SCIENCES de la MER et du LITTORAL, mention Sciences Biologiques Marines Année universitaire : 2005-2006 Connaissance chimiotaxonomique du genre Turbinaria et Etude des composés de dé ense de di érentes esp!ces de Sargassacées des Iles Salomon (Paci ique Sud) 0 e a n - L o u i s M e n o u 1 i r d - 2 o u m e a LE LANN %lervi Matre de stage : STIGE -POUV EAU Val&rie Laboratoire d)Ecophysiologie et de Biotechnologie des -alophytes et des Algues Marines .LEB(AM/ REMERCIEMENT Je tiens tout d'abord à remercier le Pr. Eric DESLANDES, Directeur du LEBHAM, de m’a oir accueillie, une seconde fois, au sein de son laboratoire pour ce stage de 5 mois. Merci de m'a oir offert la possibilit% de tra ailler dans un domaine qui me passionne. U n tr(s grand merci au Dr. )al%rie STI,ER.PO U )REAU pour m'a oir offert la possibilit% d'effectuer ce stage plus qu'int%ressant et stimulant de Master 0. Merci pour otre confiance, otre implication, os conseils et otre disponibilit%. Et 1'esp(re que 1e serai là en septembre2 Je ferai tout pour en tout cas222 Je remercie particuli(rement Mme Nelly 4ER)AREC du ser ice RMN.RPE de l'U BO , sans qui une bonne partie de ce tra ail n'aurait pas %t% possible. Merci pour sa patience, et ses e6plications sur la RMN...et les pauses caf%222 Merci à M. Roger PICHO N de nous a oir ou ert le ser ice commun R MN.RPE. Je tiens à remercier i ement tous les membres de l’%quipe du LEBHAM pour leur aide, leurs conseils ainsi que leurs e6plications. Merci à Mme Isabelle BIHANNIC du d%partement de biologie de l'U BO , qui a pr%par% les souches bact%riennes terrestres. Je remercie aussi le Dr Claire HELLIO de l'uni ersit% de Portsmouth, ainsi que toute son %quipe , qui a r%alis% les screening antimicrobiens sur les souches marines. Merci de m'a oir transmis, par l'interm%diaire de )al%rie, os publications. Merci au du Dr C%cile DEBICU S et à son %quipe 8IRD U ni ersit% Paul Sabatier, T oulouse III9 d'a oir r%aliser les autres tests d'acti it%s. Merci au Dr Claude PA:R I pour le conditionnement des algues et pour l'en oie de cette magnifique photo qui illustre la page de pr%sentation de mon rapport. Merci au photographe2 Merci Marie.Do pour les pauses d%1euners.ba ardage, ;a fait du bien222 Courage pour la suite2 J'esp(re que tu trou eras une th(se a ec un su1et passionnant 8enfin, de ton point de ue29. T u le m%rite2 Merci à Fab, de me supporter malgr% ma mau aise fois et tr(s sou ent ma mau aise humeur 8sisi c'est rai2229. J'attends maintenant ton futur long.m%trage 8tu m'en a promis l'e6clusi it%29. A quand le festi al de Cannes? Merci à Marie, pour m'a oir seconder au cours des mois de Jan ier.F% rier. Merci à Lydiane Mattio, qui lors de son passage au LEBHAM, a identifi% les esp(ces de Sargassum. Merci à ma famille et à mes amis de me soutenir dans mes %tudes2 8que 1e n'esp(re pas finies2229 Merci à tous ceu6 que 1e n’ai pas cit% ici mais à qui 1e pense comme m>me2 Table des Figures A M Bascule de 3igure 1 : sch&ma des champs magn&tiques appliqu&s sur les noyau5 lors O lBaimentation M o B 0 B 1 d)une s&ance de M2, et leur r&partition en c6ne autour du champ 5 y magn&tique statique B0. 8888888888888888888.. 4 3igure 2 : Spectres - MAS de Turbinaria conoides .A/, T. ornata.B/ et T. decurrens .C/888888888888888888888..9 3igure 3 : Spectres M2 de Turbinaria conoides .A/, T. ornata .B/ et T. decurrens .C/.88888888888888888888888.10 EB EE 5000 EE 12-14 000 2 1,C 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 D CPs 0,C 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 3igure 4 : variations intersp&cifiques et spatiales des teneurs moyennes en Anuta Paina Lau Lagoon Anuta Paina Nggela N Lau Lagoon Island (passe) Island (récif barri#re) T.ornata T.decurrens T.conoides compos&s ph&noliques au sein du genre Turbinaria8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ...11 EB EE 5000 EE 12-14000 0,C 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 3igure 5 : variations intersp&cifiques et spatiales des teneurs moyennes en D CPs 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 -0,1 Anuta Paina Lau Lagoon Nggela N Anuta Paina Island (passe) Island S.cristaefolium S.cf.echinocarpum S.cf.crassifolium S.crassifolium compos&s ph&noliques au sein du genre Sargassum8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ...11 30 25 20 15 10 5 3igure 6 : Variations intersp&cifiques et spatiales des activit&s antio5ydantes 0 -5 Anuta Paina Lau Lagoon Anuta Paina Nggela N Lau Lagoon Island (passe) Island (récif barri#re) T.ornata T.decurrens T.conoides des e5traits polaires de diff&rentes esp?ces de Turbiaria8 8 8 8 ...8 8 ..12 C 7 6 5 4 3 2 3igure 7 : Variations intersp&cifiques et spatiales des activit&s antio5ydantes 1 0 -1 Anuta Paina Lau Lagoon Anuta Paina Nggela N Island (passe) Island S.cristaefolium S.cf.echinocarpum S.crassifolium S.cf.crassifolium des e5traits polaires de diff&rentes esp?ces de Sargassum…………….……12 Table des Tableaux Tableau 1 : crit?res discriminants retenus pour la distinction des esp?ces de Tubinaria par - MAS.888888888888888888888888888.. 8888..89 Tableau 2 : crit?res discriminants retenus pour la distinction des esp?ces de Tubinaria par M2 haute r&solution.8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 .8 8 10 Tableau 3 : Equations illustrant les relations entre la teneur en compos&s ph&noliques et l)activit& antio5ydante pour les genres Turbinaria et Sargassum888888888.8812 Tableau 4 : r&sultats du test contre le cancer du laryn5 .ou carcinome/ pour les e5traits polaires .compos&s ph&noliques/ des Sargassaceae des Iles Salomon88 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ..13 SOMMAIRE INTROD,CTION....................................................................................................... MATERIEL ET METHODES................................................................................... 2 I. MATERIEL BIOLO0I1,E ................................................................................................2 II. SITES D2EC(ANTILLONNA0E........................................................................................2 III. DETERMINATION C(IMIOTA3ONOMI1,E DE Q,EL1,ES ESPECES D, 0ENRE TURBINARIA..................................................................................................................3 1. Principe de la m&thode mise en place ..................................................................................3 2. Techniques de R&sonance Magnétique Nucl&aire . M2/...................................................3 I5. E3TRACTION DES COMPOSES POLAIRES ET DES COMPOSES APOLAIRES..5 1. Extraction, dosage et purification des compos&s polaires : les compos&s phénoliques.......5 2.
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