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Jurnalilmiahplatax Vol. 6:(1),Januari 2018 ISSN: 2302-3589 JurnalIlmiahPlatax Vol. 6:(1),Januari 2018 ISSN: 2302-3589 BIODIVERSITAS MAKROALGA DI PERAIRAN PESISIR TONGKAINA, KOTA MANADO (The biodiversity of macroalgae in the coastal waters of Tongkaina, Manado City) Rene Charles Kepel¹, Desy Maria Helena Mantiri², Nasprianto ¹) Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado ²) Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This study was carried out in coastal waters of Tongkaina, Manado City with an objective of knowing the taxa composition of macroalgae through morphological studies. Data collection used exploring survey. Results found 15 species that consisted 7 species of green algae, 4 species of brown algae, and 4 species of red algae. Keyword: Macroalgae, Tongkaina. Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan di perairan pesisir Tongkaina, Kota Manado dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi taksa makroalga melalui pendekatan morfologi. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Survei Jelajah. Hasil penelitian menemukan 15 spesies, yang terdiri dari 7 spesies alga hijau, 4 spesies alga cokelat dan 4 spesies alga merah. Kata Kunci: makroalga, Tongkaina. PENDAHULUAN kawasan pemukiman dan bahkan sebagai tempat pembuangan limbah. Di wilayah pesisir Indonesia Alga berasal dari bahasa Yunani terdapat kekayaan dan yaitu “algor” yang berarti dingin (Nontji, keanekaragaman sumberdaya alam 2002). Menurut Landau (1992), alga laut yang melimpah, baik yang dapat pulih (seaweed) merupakan bagian terbesar maupun yang tidak dapat pulih. dari tumbuhan laut dan termasuk Kekayaan keanekaragaman tumbuhan tingkat rendah yang tidak sumberdaya alam khususnya memiliki perbedaan susunan kerangka keanekaragaman hayati (biodiversity) seperti akar, batang dan daun meskipun laut Indonesia merupakan yang terbesar tampak seperti ada perbedaan tapi di dunia, karena memiliki ekosistem sebenarnya hanya merupakan bentuk pesisir seperti hutan mangrove, terumbu thallus belaka. Siklus hidup alga yang karang dan padang lamun yang sangat periodik membutuhkan data tentang luas dan beragam (Dahuri dkk, 2001). distribusi alga dari berbagai tempat. Wilayah pesisir merupakan daerah yang Cukup banyak penelitian tentang kaya dan beragam sumberdaya manfaat dari alga di bidang farmasi, alamnya dan memiliki berbagai fungsi kosmetika dan nutrasetika yang baik sebagai sumber makanan utama memerlukan data ekologis dan maupun sebagai transportasi dan biodiversitas. pelabuhan, kawasan agribisnis dan Tongkaina memiliki perairan agroindustri, rekreasi dan pariwisata, pesisir dengan keanekaragaman 160 http://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/platax JurnalIlmiahPlatax Vol. 6:(1),Januari 2018 ISSN: 2302-3589 vegetasi yaitu mangrove, lamun dan struktur yang menyerupai batang yang alga. Hal ini berhubungan dengan lentur dan berfungsi sebagai penahan produktivitas primer maupun fungsi dan goncangan ombak, dan ketiga holdfast, peranannya secara ekologis baik yaitu bagian yang menyerupai akar dan sebagai tempat berlindung, memijah berfungsi untuk melekatkan tubuhnya dan tempat mencari makan bagi pada substrat (Sumich, 1992). organisme lain. Adapun penelitian tentang sumberdaya makroalga di Habitat Makroalga Tongkaina telah dilakukan oleh Kase Pada umumnya alga terdapat dkk (2002) serta Kepel dan Rintjap pada zona intertidal sampai pada (2002). Oleh sebab itu, perlu dilakukan kedalaman di mana cahaya matahari penelitian kembali untuk melihat masih dapat tembus. Di perairan yang biodiversitas makroalga di wilayah jernih beberapa jenis alga laut dapat tersebut. hidup sampai pada kedalaman 150 m. Alga dapat dijumpai dalam bentuk TINJAUAN PUSTAKA filamen yang sangat halus dan Deskripsi Alga Laut berbentuk membran dan dapat Secara ekologis alga berfungsi ditemukan pada daerah yang cukup sebagai tempat pembesaran dan dalam. Alga juga dapat bertumbuh dan pemijahan biota-biota laut, juga tersebar di berbagai daerah pantai dan sebagai bahan dasar dalam siklus pulau-pulau karang (Bold dan Wynne, rantai makanan di perairan karena 1985). dapat memproduksi zat-zat organik Distribusi alga dapat dibagi (Bold dan Wynne, 1985). Selain itu, berdasarkan kedalaman yaitu pada menurut Dawes (1998) alga dapat perairan dangkal didominasi oleh alga mencegah pergerakan substrat, dan hijau kemudian diikuti oleh alga coklat berfungsi sebagai penyaring air. dan yang sering ditemukan pada Secara keseluruhan alga ini perairan yang lebih dalam adalah alga mempunyai morfologi yang mirip merah (Duxbury dan Duxbury, 1989; walaupun sebenarnya berbeda, Odum, 1996). sehingga dikelompokkan ke dalam kelompok Thallophyta (tumbuhan berthallus) yaitu suatu tumbuhan yang Penelitian Makroalga mempunyai struktur kerangka tubuh Penelitian-penelitian tidak berdaun, berbatang dan berakar, biodiversitas makroalga yang telah semuanya terdiri dari batang thallus dilakukan khusus untuk Sulawesi Utara, (Trainor, 1978). Menurut Prescott antara lain terdapat 30 jenis di Sulawesi (1951), bentuk thallus ini bermacam- Utara (Kadi, 1990), 20 jenis di Rap-rap – macam ada yang seperti tabung, pipih, Minahasa (Kepel dkk, 1999), 13 jenis di gepeng, bulat seperti kantung, seperti Maen – Minahasa (Kepel dan rambut dan sebagainya. Percabangan Madundang, 2001), 7 jenis di perairan thallus juga bermacam-macam ada hidrotermal dan sekitarnya, Moinit – yang dichotomous (dua terus menerus), Minahasa (Kepel dan Mukuan, 2001), pinicilate (dua-dua berlawanan 13 jenis di Aertembaga, Manembo- sepanjang thallus utama), intricate nembo dan Tanjung Merah – Bitung (berpusat melingkari batang utama), (Kepel dan Rum, 2001), 16 jenis di dan di samping itu juga ada yang tidak Daerah Perlindungan Laut dan bercabang. sekitarnya, Blongko – Minahasa (Kepel Struktur tubuh alga laut terdiri dan Wondal, 2001), 6 jenis pada dari 3 bagian utama, pertama dikenal beberapa konstruksi buatan di Teluk dengan sebutan blade, yaitu struktur Manado (Kepel dan Mamole, 2002), 11 yang menyerupai daun pipih yang jenis pada sarana budidaya di perairan biasanya lebar, kedua stipe, yaitu Bentenan – Minahasa (Kepel dkk, 161 http://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/platax JurnalIlmiahPlatax Vol. 6:(1),Januari 2018 ISSN: 2302-3589 2002), 22 jenis di Daerah Perlindungan Pulau Bangka – Minahasa Utara (Kepel Laut dan sekitarnya, Tumbak – dkk, 2010b), 7 rekor baru untuk Minahasa (Beelt dan Kepel, 2003), 23 makroalga di Pulau Mantehage dan jenis di Poopoh – Minahasa (Kepel dan Pulau Siladen (Wattimury dkk, 2010a), Rumondor, 2003), 5 jenis alga hijau 44 jenis di Pulau Mantehage dan 27 Halimeda di perairan Laboratorium jenis di Pulau Siladen – Sulawesi Utara Basah Universitas Sam Ratulangi, (Wattimury dkk, 2010b), 7 jenis di Likupang – Minahasa (Kepel dkk, 2003), Mokupa – Minahasa (Wowor dkk, 2015), 25 jenis di Daerah Perlindungan Laut dan 44 jenis di Pulau Mantehage – dan sekitarnya, Pulau Talise – Minahasa Sulawesi Utara (Watung dkk, 2016). (Ngangi dan Kepel, 2004), 1 jenis alga hijau Halimeda di Tanjung Merah, METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Bitung (Pulukadang dkk, 2004), 27 jenis Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian di Poopoh – Minahasa (Luarwan dkk, Penelitian ini berlangsung dari 2004a), 13 jenis di Rap-rap – Minahasa bulan April-Mei 2018. Tempat (Luarwan dkk, 2004b), 23 jenis di Pulau pelaksanaan penelitian yaitu di perairan Gangga, 15 jenis di Pulau Tindila dan 3 pesisir Tongkaina, Kota Manado, jenis di Pulau Lehaga – Minahasa Utara Provinsi Sulawesi Utara dengan (Kepel dkk, 2006), 14 jenis di Kahuku hamparan makroalga di wilayah pesisir dan 14 jenis di Lihunu, Pulau Bangka – (Gambar 1). Minahasa Utara (Kepel dkk, 2010a), 16 jenis di Libas dan 8 jenis di Pahepa, Gambar 1. Hamparan alga di lokasi penelitian Metode Pengambilan Sampel terhadap kondisi substrat dasar Pengambilan sampel alga perairan. menggunakan metode Survei Jelajah di perairan pesisir Tongkaina. Selanjutnya, HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN dilakukan identifikasi dengan Di lokasi penelitian ditemukan menggunakan buku identifikasi dari substrat pasir, pasir berlumpur, pasir Calumpong dan Menez (1997), Trono bercampur dengan karang mati, (1997), Kepel dkk (2012) dan Kepel dan patahan karang serta batuan. Secara Baulu (2013). keseluruhan substrat yang Pengukuran parameter air mendominasi yaitu pasir bercampur dilakukan bersamaan dengan lumpur. Suhu perairan berkisar 29-31°C. pengambilan sampel alga, meliputi suhu Menurut Sumich (1992), jika suhu terlalu dengan termometer dan salinitas tinggi di batas maksimum toleransi alga dengan salinometer. Selain itu untuk tersebut, dapat mengakibatkan alga sulit daerah pengambilan sampel alga, untuk bertahan hidup. Umumnya, alga dilakukan pengamatan secara visual dapat bertahan hidup pada suhu 24- 162 http://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/platax JurnalIlmiahPlatax Vol. 6:(1),Januari 2018 ISSN: 2302-3589 30°C, namun ada juga spesies yang makroalga ini membutuhkan cahaya dapat hidup pada suhu 31°C (Lobban untuk melakukan fotosintesis dan Harrison, 1994). Salinitas yang (Nybakken, 1992). diukur di lokasi penelitian yaitu 33‰. Komposisi taksa dari makroalga Menurut Luning (1990), setiap spesies yang ditemukan terdiri dari 3 divisi yaitu alga memiliki tingkat toleransi salinitas Divisi Chlorophyta yang terdiri dari 1 untuk dapat bertahan hidup dan kelas, 4 ordo, 6 famili, 6 genera dan 7 bertumbuh secara maksimal. spesies (Tabel 1); Divisi Phaeophyta Kecerahan pada lokasi pengambilan yang terdiri dari 1 kelas, 3 ordo, 3 famili, data yaitu 100% karena saat terjadi 4 genera dan 4 spesies (Tabel 2); Divisi pasang tertinggi
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