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a note on termInology My central focus in Bulletproof is on the Xhosa people, who for centuries have inhabited the eastern Cape of southern Africa, now demarcated as the Eastern Cape province of the Republic of South Africa. In referring to different aspects of Xhosa society, I borrow basic elements of the prefix system in the Xhosa language: the Xhosa language is referred to as isi Xhosa, the Xhosa people collectively are amaXhosa, and Xhosa territory is kwaXhosa. My concern is to examine how the Xhosa past has been revived over the past 150 years, and my use of sources ranging from the early nineteenth century to the present reflects sometimes confusing shifts in orthography and terminology. I have chosen to retain the terminology and spelling used in these sources, while using currently accepted forms in my own sentences. Thus the young woman prophet Nongqawuse is sometimes referred to as Nongqause or Nonqause; her father Mhlakaza is referred to as Umlakasa; the Gcaleka Xhosa chief Sarhili as Kreli or Krili; the warrior- prophet Nxele as Lynx or Makana; and the prophet Mlanjeni as Umlangeni. The Tyhume River and the mission station named for it may appear as Chumie. Nineteenth-century colonial discourse referred to black inhabit- ants of southern Africa, and specifically the amaXhosa, as Kaffirs (from —— xiii —— xiv / note on terminology the Arabic for infidel): thus the western part of kwaXhosa, adjacent to the Cape Colony, was demarcated as British Kaffraria.Kaffir is now regarded as a term of abuse. It appears in my study only in citations from nineteenth- century documents..

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The Interaction Between the Missionaries of the Cape
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MISSIONARIES OF THE CAPE EASTERN FRONTIER AND THE COLONIAL AUTHORITIES IN THE ERA OF SIR GEORGE GREY, 1854 - 1861. Constance Gail Weldon Pietermaritzburg, December 1984* Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Historical Studies, University of Natal, 1984. CONTENTS Page Abstract i List of Abbreviations vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Sir George Grey and his ’civili zing mission’ 16 Chapter 3 The missionaries and Grey 1854-6 55 Chapter 4 The Cattle Killing 1856/7 99 Chanter 5 The Aftermath of the Cattle Killing (till 1860s) 137 Chapter 6 Conclusion 174 Appendix A Principal mission stations on the frontier 227 Appendix B Wesleyan Methodist and Church of Scotland Missionaries 228 Appendix C List of magistrates and chiefs 229 Appendix D Biographical Notes 230 Select Bibliography 233 List of photographs and maps Between pages 1. Sir George Grey - Governor 15/16 2. Map showing Cape eastern frontier and principal military posts 32/33 3. Map showing the principal frontier mission stations 54/55 4. Photographs showing Lovedale trade departments 78/79 5. Map showing British Kaffraria and principal chiefs 98/99 6. Sir George Grey - 'Romantic Imperialist' 143/144 7. Sir George Grey - civilian 225/226 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge with thanks the financial assistance rendered by the Human Sciences Research Council towards the costs of this research. Opinions expressed or conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not to be regarded as those of the Human Sciences Research Council.
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King William's Town
http://ngtt.journals.ac.za Hofmeyr, JW (Hoffie) University of the Free State and Hofmeyr, George S (†) (1945-2009) Former Director of the National Monuments Council of South Africa Establishing a stable society for the sake of ecclesiastical expansion in a frontier capital (King William’s Town) in the Eastern Cape: the pensioners and their village between 1855 and 1861 ABSTRACT For many different reasons, the Eastern Cape area has long been and remains one of the strong focus points of general, political and ecclesiastical historians. In this first article of a series on a frontier capital (King William’s Town) in the Eastern Cape, I wish to focus on a unique socio economic aspect of the fabric of the Eastern Cape society in the period between 1855 and 1861 i.e. the establishment of a Pensioners’ Village. It also touches on certain aspects of the process of colonization in the Eastern Cape. Eventually all of this had, besides many other influences, also an influence on the further expansion of Christianity in the frontier context of the Eastern Cape. In a next article the focus will therefore be on a discussion and analysis of the expansion of missionary work in this frontier context against the background of the establishment of the Pensioners’ Village. 1. INTRODUCTION The British settlement of the Eastern Cape region was a long drawn out process, besides that of the local indigenous people, the Xhosa from the north and the Afrikaner settlers from the western Cape. All these settlements not only had a clear socio economic and political effect but it eventually also influenced the ecclesiastical scene.
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Proquest Dissertations
I^fefl National Library Bibliotheque naiionale • T • 0f Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A0N4 K1A0N4 v'o,/rM<* Volt? rottiU'iKc Our lilu Nolle tit&rtsnca NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualite de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the depend grandement de la qualite quality of the original thesis de la these soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualite ensure the highest quality of superieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec I'universite degree. qui a confere Ie grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualite d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser a pages were typed with a poor desirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originates ont ete university sent us an inferior dactylographies a I'aide d'un photocopy. ruban use ou si I'univeioite nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualite inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, meme partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, a la Loi canadienne sur Ie droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subsequents. Canada Maqoma: Xhosa Resistance to the Advance of Colonial Hegemony (1798-1873) by Timothy J.
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Kaffraria, and Its Inhabitants
Afrjcana. a 0 SEP. 1940 I » Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Pretoria, Library Services https://archive.org/details/kaffrariaitsinhaOOflem KAFFIR CHIEFS. KAFFRARIA, AND ITS INHABITANTS. XING WILLIAM’S TOWN. BY THE EEV. FRANCIS FLEMING, M.A., Chaplain to Her Majesty's Forces in King William's Town, British Kajfiaria. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., STATIONERS’ COURT; NORWICH: THOMAS PRIEST. MDCCCLIV. : MERENSKY-BIBLIOTEEK ( ■*! V E*SITI!T V A N m ETC* IA i ASNOMiilff 6 FLEMING | KiGiSTflUNOUMER-. ta.4» TO THE RIGHT REV. FATHER IN GOD, ROBERT GRAY, D.D., BY DIVINE PERMISSION, LORD BISHOP OF CAPE TOWN, THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED, NOT ONLY AS A MARK OF ESTEEM FOR HIS LORDSHIP’S UNWEARIED ZEAL AND ENERGY, IN BEHALF OF HIS PRESENT EXTENSIVE DIOCESE, BUT ALSO AS A SMALL, BUT SINCERE, TOKEN OF LOVE, GRATITUDE, AND AFFECTION, FOR MANY PERSONAL KINDNESSES RECEIVED BY THE AUTHOR. PEEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. A few words will here suffice to describe the nature of the contents of the following pages. The part, performed by the pen, has been arranged from Notes, taken during a residence in Kaffirland of nearly three years. These notes were collected from personal observation, and inquiry, as well as from the reports of various individuals, long resident in the Cape Colony. I am much indebted to the Lord Bishop of Cape Town, for the use of some valuable information ; and also to the Honorable J. Godlonton, of Graham’s Town, the Rev. J. Appleyard, Wesleyan Missionary at King William’s Town, and various others in the Colony, for a similar boon.
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The Origins and Early Development of Scottish Presbyterian Mission in …
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Bad Education: How British Humanitarians Learnt Racism in the Empire 18401860
Bad Education: How British Humanitarians Learnt Racism in the Empire 18401860. Richard Price University of Maryland March 2005 Not to be quoted or copied without permission I want to tell the story of a colonial encounter. The story featured a missionary and a Xhosa chiefboth of whom have been lost to British imperial historywho met at a small mission station just beyond the frontier of the Cape Colony in 1839. It is a story of intellectual anxiety. Not the sort of story one commonly encounters in imperial historiography. But intellectual anxiety was a frequent byproduct of colonial encounters especially in the period of initial contact. It is also a small story. One of many such tales that I have stumbled upon in the course of research for a book on empire and national culture in the first half of the nineteenth century. But it is a story that discloses larger processes. And in particular it illuminates the demise of the humanitarian discourse of race relations in imperial culture and the consequent change in the category of race by the 1850s. i Before I begin the story, however, let me briefly describe what I mean by “humanitarian discourse.” Five elements defined the humanitarian discourse First, it was a discourse that was formulated by the antislavery debate from the 1780s. Second, by the early nineteenth century it had established itself as the dominant discourse for describing Britain’s relationship towards indigenous races. It reached its apogee of political influence in the Select Committee on Aborigines of 1837.
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Enfranchised Africans and Disfranchising Legislations: an Analysis of the Educated Landowners of Queenstown As an African Middle Class, C.1872-1909
Enfranchised Africans and disfranchising legislations: An analysis of the educated landowners of Queenstown as an African middle class, c.1872-1909. by Beaurel Visser Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Johan Fourie Co-supervisor: Dr Anton Ehlers March 2021 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. March 2021 Copyright © 2021 University of Stellenbosch All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Summary The right to vote in public political elections for parliamentary representatives in the Cape Colony was determined by various legislations reflected through the Cape franchise. For 34 years, Africans had the right to vote for parliamentary representatives in the Cape Colony under the Constitution Ordinance of 1853 with no barriers of racial discrimination. Under Responsible Government (1872-1909), franchise requirement became more stringent with the aim of excluding Africans from being able to vote given that they had started to register more frequently. The battle of an emerging African middle class against economic and political forces is explored through the analysis of the implementation of stringent disfranchising legislations implemented in 1887, 1892 and 1894.
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New Contree 81 Political and Economic Machinations: A
NEW CONTREE 81 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC MACHINATIONS: A NEW LOOK AT SIR GEORGE GREY'S PLANS FOR BRITISH KAFFRARIAN Keith Tankard (Department of History, Rhodes University) Opsomming In 1855 her Sir George Grey daarin geslaag om 'n onwi//ige Britse regering to oorreed om 'n jaarlikse bedrag van £40 000 by te dra vir die onderhoud van Brits Kaffraria. Terselfdertyd her hy 'n toekenning van £5 000 van die Kaapse Tesourie aangebied, alhoewel hierdie aanbod nooit voor die nuut gevormde parlement gedien her nie. Hierdie referaat ondersoek hoe Grey dit kon regkry, asook die bran van die Kaap se klaarblyklike vrygewigheid. Sir George Grey, once the idol of South African historians, has become the object of reproach in recent revisionist studies. The change in attitude has mostly to do with a historiographical shift, from a focus that was once centred predominantly on the White ruling elite to one that concentrates more on the effects of colonialism on the indigenous populations of southern Africa. Early historians like John Rutherford praised Grey for the apparent progress of his administration. Revisionist historians like Jeff Peires, on the other hand, revile the Governor for his attitude towards the African peoples which they believe was somehow instrumental in causing such thinps as the Cattle Killing episode within British Kaffraria and in the trans-Keian territory. Unsolved questions There is, however, another side to Grey's governorship which needs to be brought under the spotlight: how does one account for his very successful economic policy which brought so much wealth to the Cape Colony? It is true that wool exports were causing a dramatic increase in revenue as sheep farming, which was introduced to the colony in the 1840s, began to produce a profit.2 Of equal importance, however, was the British Government's injection of £40 000 per annum into British Kaffraria, a windfall which completely altered the economic equilibrium in the territory for several decades.
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For the of By
TRANSFORMATION IN LATE COWNIAL NGQIKA SOCIETY: A POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF AFRICAN COMMUNITIES IN THE DISTRIcr OF STUTTERHEIM (EASTERN CAPE), c.1870-1910 THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS of RHODES UNIVERSITY by LUVUYO ELLWOOD WOTSHELA JANUARY 1994 Abstract This study analyses the methods and policies of the colonial government which shaped Stutterheim's African communities between c.1870 and 1910. In 1870 the Stutterheim magisterial district had not yet been officially established. However, creation of the British Kaffrarian administration (1847-1865) had already ensured the entrenchment of colonial rule over the humiliated Xhosa chiefdoms west of the Kei. This work studies transformations in late colonial Ngqika society and the development of Stutterheim as a magisterial district. It analyses the entrenchment of colonial bureaucracy and changes in indigenous social, economic and political structures. In the period c.1860-1877, direct administration of the Ngqika was first attempted. While recovering from the 1856-57 cattle killing, the Ngqika were brought under colonial administration by the annexation of British Kaffraria to the Cape Colony in 1865. The thesis also examines the process and implications of the breakup and resettlement of the Ngqika location after the 1877-1878 war and the mechanisms and complications in forming a new postwar settlement. The focus then narrows to Stutterheim magisterial district (finalised in 1880), where, after the removal of the main Ngqika population to the Transke~ formal structures of quitrent settlement were established around mission stations. A new form of social behaviour underpinned by principles of individualism evolved under missionary influence.
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Determinaion on Amarharhabe and Amagcaleka Paramountcies
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