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I^fefl National Library Bibliotheque naiionale • T • 0f Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A0N4 K1A0N4 v'o,/rM<* Volt? rottiU'iKc Our lilu Nolle tit&rtsnca NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualite de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the depend grandement de la qualite quality of the original thesis de la these soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualite ensure the highest quality of superieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec I'universite degree. qui a confere Ie grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualite d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser a pages were typed with a poor desirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originates ont ete university sent us an inferior dactylographies a I'aide d'un photocopy. ruban use ou si I'univeioite nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualite inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, meme partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, a la Loi canadienne sur Ie droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subsequents. Canada Maqoma: Xhosa Resistance to the Advance of Colonial Hegemony (1798-1873) by Timothy J. Stapleton Submitted in partial fulfillment of the reguireiaents for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August, 1993 (V) Copyright by Timothy J. Stapleton National Library Bibliotheque nationale I*! of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A0N4 K1A0N4 y'our />ie Vofre rctfctovice Our lik Notre le'ctvKo The author has granted an L'auteur a accorde une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrevocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant a la Bibliotheque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prefer, dsstribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque maniere et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette these a la disposition des personnes interessees. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriete du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protege sa Neither the thesis nor substantial these. Ni la these ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent etre imprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-315-93741-6 Canada n{?ToM1 Disseitat'on Abstracts International is arranged by broad, general subject categories Please select the one sub|ect which most pearly describes the content of your dissertation Enter the corresponding four digit code in the spaces provided v /y,v4VHf /)th' £ f/U 0 1 2 UMI SUBJECT TERM SUBJECT CODE Sub|ect Categories THE HUMANETIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS AND THE AKTS Psychology 0525 PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION AND Arcient 0579 Architecture 0729 Reading 0535 THEOLOGY Medieval 0581 Arl History 03 V Religious 0527 Modern Philosophy 0422 0582 Cinema 0900 Scences 0714 Block Religion 0328 Dance 0378 Secondary 0533 Afr can General 0313 0331 fine A Is 0357 Social Sciences 0534 Biblical Studies 0321 Asia Australia and Oceania 0332 Information Saf trice 0723 Sociology ol 0340 Canadian Clergy 0319 0334 Journalism 0391 Special 0529 European History of 0320 0335 Library Science 0399 Teacher Training 0530 Latin American Philosophy of 0322 0336 Mass Communications 0708 Technology 0710 Middle Eastern 0J33 i heology 0469 Music 0413 Te ts ancfMeasurements 0288 United States 0337 Speech Communication 0459 Voca lonal 0747 Sneer SOCIAL SCIENCES History of Science 0585 Theater 0465 Law American Studies 0323 0398 LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND Political Science Anthropology EDUCATION General LINGUISTICS Vchaeology 0324 0615 General 0515 International Law and language Cultural 0326 Aclniinislialion 0514 Relations Gf neral 0679 Physical 0327 0616 Adult anrJ Continuing 0516 Ancient 0289 Business Administration Public Administration 0617 Agricultural 0517 Recreation Linguistics 0290 General 0310 0814 Art 0273 Social Work Modern 0291 Accounting 0272 0452 Bilingual a id Mullicullurul 0282 Literature Banking 0770 Sociology Busincs, 0688 General 0401 Management 0454 General 0626 Comri) mily College 0275 Classical 0294 Marketing 0338 Criminology and Penology 0627 Curriculum and Instruction 0727 Co npai alive 0295 Conad an Studies 0385 Demography 0938 Carly Childhood 0518 Medieval 0297 Economics Ethn c and Rac al Stud es 0631 rleini'nlary 0524 Modern 0298 General 0501 Ind vidual and Family Finance 0277 Studms Alncan 0316 Agricultural 050^, 0628 Guidance and Counseling 0519 Industrial and Labor American 0591 Commerce Business 0505 Health 0680 Asian 0305 Finance 0508 Relat ons 0629 Higher , 0745 Canadian (English) 0352 His ory 0509 Public and Soc al Welfare 0630 History of 0520 Caiadian (French] 0355 Labor 0510 Social Structure and Home Economics 0278 English 0593 Theory 0511 Development 0700 Industrial 0521 Genronic 031 I Folklore 0358 Theory and Methods 0344 Language and Liteiature 0279 Transportation Lain Ameiicon 0312 Geography 0366 0709 Mathematics 0280 Middie Castern 0315 Gerontology 0351 Urban and Regional Planning 0999 Music 0522 Romance 0313 History Women s Studies 0453 Philosophy of 0998 Slavic and East European 0314 General 0578 Physical 0523 THE SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Geodesy 0370 Speech Pathology 0460 Engineenna Agriculture Geology 0372 Toxicology 0383 Genera 0537 General 0473 Geophysics 0373 HomeEconomcs 0386 Aerospace 0538 Agronomy 0285 Hydrology 0388 Agricultural 0539 Animal Culture and Mineralogy 0411 PHYSICAL SCIENCES Automotive 0540 Nutrition 0475 Paleobotany 0345 0541 Pure Sciences Biomedical Animal Pathology 0476 Paleoecology 0426 Chemical 0542 Chemistry Food Science and Paleontology 0418 Civ I 0543 General 0485 Technology . .0359 Paleozoology 0985 Electronics and Electrical 0544 Agricultural 0749 Forestry and Wildlife 0478 Palynoloqy 0427 Heat and Thermodynamics 0348 Analytical 0486 Plant Culture 0479 Physical Geography 0368 Hydraulic 0545 Biochemistry 0487 Plant Pathology 0480 Physical Oceanography 0415 Industrial 0546 Inorganic 0488 Plant Physiology 0817 Marine 0547 Nuclear 0738 Range Management 0777 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL Materials Science 0794 Organic 0490 Wood Technology 0746 Mec fonical 0548 SCIENCES Pharmoceul cal 0491 Biology Metallurgy 0743 Environmental Sciences 0^ 68 Physical 0494 GVneial 0306 Mining 0551 Health Sciences Polymer 0495 Arulomy 0287 Nuclear 0557 General 0566 Radiation 0754 Sioslalislics 0308 Packar ig 0549 Audioloqy 0300 Mathematics 0405 Botany 0309 Petroleum 0765 Chemotherapy 0992 Physrs Cell 0379 Sanitary and MuniciDal 0554 Dentistry 0567 Gi neral 0605 Ecaloqy 0329 System Science 0790 Education 0350 Acoustics 0986 Entomology 0353 Geotechnology 0428 Hospital Management 0769 Astronomy and Genetics 0369 Operations Research 079o Human Devolc 3i enl 0758 Astrophysics 0606 Limnology 0793 Plastics Technology 0795 Immunology 0982 Atmospheric Science 0608 Microb ology 0410 Textile Technology 0994 Molecular 0307 Medicine and Surgery 0564 Atomic 0748 Menial Health 0347 Nei rosaence 0317 Electronics and Electricity 0607 PSYCHOLOGY Nursing 0569 Elementary Particles ana Oceanography 0416 General 0621 Nutrition 0570 High Energy 0798 Ph>siology 0433 Behavioral 0384 Obstetrics and Gynecology 0380 Fluid and Plasma 0759 Radiation 0821 Clinical 0622 Occupational Health and Molecular 0609 Veterinary Science 0778 Developmental 0620 Therapy 0354 Nuc'ear 0610 Zoology 0472 Experimental n523 Ophthalmology 0381 Optics 0752 Biophysics Industrial 0624 Pathology 0571 Radiation 0756 General . 078o Personality 0625 Pharmacology 041 ° Solid State 0611 Medical 0760 Physiological 0989 Pharmacy 0572 Statistics 0463 Physical Therapy 0382 Psychobiology 0349 EARTH SCIENCES Applied Sciences Psychomelr cs 0632 Biogeochemistry ,0425 Public Health 0573 Radiology 0574 Applied Mechar s 0346 Social 04*51 Geochemistry 099o Recreation C575 Computer Science 0984 ® TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Maps, Illustrations and Tables Abstract List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements Note on Pronunciation Introduction Chapter 1: "The Mirror of Nothonto": Maqoma's Formative Years (1798-1819). Chapter 2: "Leaning Against the Mountains of Mnqwazi": The Evolution, Extortion, and Eviction of Maqoma's Kat Uivet chiefdom (1820-29). Chapter 3: "The Black Snake; That Crosses Rivers": Maqoma's Regency and Resistance (1829-35). Chapter 4: "War Does Not Make Us Rich": Maqoma's Decline (1336-47). Chapter 5: "Tha Leopard of Fordyce": Maqoma's Return (1848-53). Chapter 6: "Are You a Chief and Led by Black Men?": Maqoma's Role in the Xhosa Cattle-Killing (1853-57). Chapter 7: "On the White Man's Island": The Tannished Chief (1858-73). Conclusion Bibliography t 9 LIST OF MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES MAPS The Eastern Cape 1811-19 42 The Amatoia Ragion 1811-19
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