Genomische Und Transkriptionelle Veränderungen Im Pankreaskarzinom

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Genomische Und Transkriptionelle Veränderungen Im Pankreaskarzinom Universitätsklinikum Ulm Zentrum für Innere Medizin Klinik für Innere Medizin III Ärztlicher Direktor Prof. Dr. med. Hartmut Döhner Genomische und transkriptionelle Veränderungen im Pankreaskarzinom Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Humanbiologie der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Ulm Vorgelegt von Andreas Gerhardinger aus Krumbach (Schwaben) Ulm, 2011 Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Dr. Thomas Wirth Erster Berichterstatter: PD Dr. Lars Bullinger Zweiter Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki Tag der Promotion: 20. 01. 2012 „Ernst zu nehmende Forschung erkennt man daran, dass plötzlich zwei Probleme existieren, wo es vorher nur eines gegeben hat.“ Thorstein Bunde Veblen (1857-1929), amerik. Soziologe u. Ökonom Inhalt INHALT .................................................................................................................................................. I ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ........................................................................................................ III 1. EINLEITUNG ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Das Pankreas ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Epidemiologie und Ursachen des duktalen Pankreaskarzinoms .............................................................. 2 1.3 Therapie und Prognose ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Histologie ................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Molekulare Ursachen .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.6 Microarray-Technologien in der Tumor-Forschung ............................................................................... 10 1.7 Bisherige Microarray-Untersuchungen zum Pankreaskarzinom ............................................................ 16 1.8 Zielsetzungen der Arbeit ....................................................................................................................... 18 2 MATERIAL UND METHODEN ............................................................................................. 19 2.1 Chemikalien, Kits und Gerätschaften .................................................................................................... 19 2.2 PDAC-Proben ........................................................................................................................................ 21 2.3 Durchführung der Microarray-Experimente .......................................................................................... 26 2.4 Datenanalyse ........................................................................................................................................ 32 2.5 Validierung der Ergebnisse .................................................................................................................... 40 2.6 Verwendete Datenbanken und Software .............................................................................................. 45 3 ERGEBNISSE ............................................................................................................................ 47 3.1 Kopienzahl-Analyse ............................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 SNP-Analyse .......................................................................................................................................... 51 3.3 LOH-Analyse.......................................................................................................................................... 55 3.4 Differentielle Expression ....................................................................................................................... 62 3.5 Alternative Transkript-Varianten .......................................................................................................... 65 3.6 Expression von miRNAs ......................................................................................................................... 70 I 4 DISKUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 74 4.1 Patientenproben ................................................................................................................................... 74 4.2 Kopienzahl-Veränderungen im Pankreaskarzinom ................................................................................ 75 4.3 Prognostische SNPs ............................................................................................................................... 81 4.4 Prognostische LOH-Regionen ................................................................................................................ 84 4.5 Differentielle Genexpression ................................................................................................................. 88 4.6 Untersuchung von alternativem Transkript-Varianten .......................................................................... 91 4.7 Prognostische miRNAs .......................................................................................................................... 97 4.8 Fazit .................................................................................................................................................... 102 5 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ......................................................................................................... 103 6 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ................................................................................................. 104 ANHANG .......................................................................................................................................... 119 DANKSAGUNGEN .......................................................................................................................... 144 II Abkürzungsverzeichnis °C Grad Celsius µ mikro AUC „Area under curve“, Fläche unter einer in einem Diagramm aufgetragenen Kurve AML Akute Myeloische Leukämie bp „Base Pair“, Basenpaar BSA „Bovine Serum Albumin“, Rinderserumalbumin cDNA „Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid“, komplementäre DNA CGH „Comparative Genomic Hybridization“, komparative genomische Hybridisierung Chr Chromosom CLL Chronische Lymphatische Leukämie cm Zentimeter CNV „Copy Number Variation”, Kopienzahl-Variation d.h. Das heißt DMSO Dimethylsulfoxid DNA „Deoxyribonucleic Acid“, Desoxyribonukleinsäure dNTP Desoxynukleosidtriphosphat EDTA Ethylendiamintetraacetat EST „Expressed Sequence Tag“ (durch cDNA-Sequenzierung identifizierte Sequenzen) etc et cetera (lat. „und so weiter“) FC „Fold Change”, Faktor der differentiellen Expression zwischen zwei Gruppen FDR „False discovery rate“ g Gramm GDP Guanosindiphosphat GO „Gene Ontology“, Ontologie-Datenbank GSEA „Gene Set Enrichment“-Analyse GTP Guanosintriphosphat h Stunde HE Hämatoxylin-Eosin hg18 „Human Genome Assembly 18“, Version 18 der Genom-Annotation des UCSC Genome Browsers HSDNA Herings-Sperma DNA kb Kilobasen l Liter lat Lateinisch LOH „Loss of Heterocygosity“, Heterozygotieverlust III m Meter m milli M Mega M molar Mb Megabasen MES 2-(N-Morpholino)ethansulfonsäure MiDAS „Microarray Detection of Alternative Splicing“ min Minute miRNA microRNA n nano NaCl Natriumchlorid NCBI „National Center for Biotechnology Information“ OD Optische Dichte ORF „Open Reading Frame“, offenes Leseraster PAC „Pattern Based Correlation“, Algorithmus zur Detektion von alternativem Spleißen PanIN Pankreatische intraepitheliale Neoplasie PCR „Polymerase Chain Reaction“, Polymerase-Kettenreaktion PDAC „Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma“, pankreatisches duktales Adenokarzinom qRT-PCR „Quantitative Realtime PCR“, Quantitative Echtzeit PCR RE Restriktions-Enzym RISC „RNA-induced Silencing Complex“, RNA-induzierter „silencing“ Komplex RNA „Ribonucleic Acid“, Ribonukleinsäure RT „Reverse Transcription“, reverse Transkription RT Raumtemperatur RT-PCR „Reverse Transcriptase PCR“, Reverse Transkriptase PCR s Sekunde SAPE Streptavidin Phycoerythrin SI „Splice Index“, Spleiß-Index, Algorithmus zur Detektion von alternativem Spleißen SNP „Single Nucleotide Polymorphism“, Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismus snRNA „small nuclear RNA“ ssDNA „Single-Stranded DNA“, Einzelsträngige DNA SSPE „Saline-Sodium Phosphate-EDTA“-Puffer TAE Tris-Acetat-EDTA TF Transkriptions-Faktor TMACL Tetramethylammoniumchlorid Tm „Melting Temperature“, Schmelztemperatur für doppelsträngige DNA IV TNM Tumor/Lymphknoten („Nodes“)/Metastasen-Klassifikation U „Unit“, Einheit UCSC University of California Santa Cruz UICC „Union internationale contre le cancer”, Internationale Vereinigung gegen Krebs UPD Uniparentale Disomie UV ultraviolett Upm Umdrehungen pro Minute UTR „Untranslated Region” Untranslatierte Region V Volt VSN Varianz-Stabilisierende Normalisierung w/v Gewicht pro Volumen V Einleitung 1. EINLEITUNG 1.1 Das Pankreas Die Bauchspeicheldrüse („Pankreas“) ist die wichtigste Drüse für Verdauungsvorgänge im menschlichen Körper. Das quer im Oberbauch liegende Organ misst in der Länge 15-20 cm bei einem Gewicht von 70-100 g und wird unterteilt in Kopf, Körper und Schwanz (lat. Caput, Corpus, Cauda).
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