Unit Conversions: 5.73 mA = ______mA ?
24 MB = ______kB ? Computer History:
Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642 - 1945) - Calculating Clock - Wilhelm Schickard (1592 - 1635). - Pascaline - Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662). - Difference Engine - Charles Babbage (1791 - 1871), also designed but never built the Analytical Engine. - Punched card tabulating machines - Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929).
The Science Museum's Difference Engine No. 2, built from Babbage's design By User:geni - Photo by User:geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4807331 Computer History:
Generation One: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945 - 1953) - Atanasoff Berry Computer (1937 - 1938) solved systems of linear equations. - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) 1946 (first general-purpose computer) - The IBM 650 first mass-produced computer. 1955 It was phased out in 1969. - many others
6L6 tubes in glass envelopes
By Pjacobi at German Wikipedia - Transferred from de.wikipedia to Commons., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2491137 Computer History:
Generation Two: Transistorized Computers (1954 - 1965) Generation Three: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965 - 1980) - IBM 360 Vacuum Tube - DEC PDP-8 and PDP-11 - Cray-1 supercomputer - many others Generation Four: VLSI Computers (1980 - ????) Transistor - Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have more than 10,000 components per chip. SSI IC - Enabled the creation of microprocessors. - The first was the 4-bit Intel 4004. Later versions, such as the 8080, 8086, and 8088 spawned the VLSI IC idea of “personal computing.” Figure 1.2: Comparison of Computer Components. Clockwise, starting from the top: 1) Vacuum Tube 2) Transistor 3) Chip (IC) containing 3200 2- input NAND gates 4) VLSI Integrated circuit package. Moore’s Law (1965) - Gordon Moore, Intel founder - “The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year.” Contemporary version: - “The density of silicon chips doubles every 18 months.” Rock’s Law - Arthur Rock, Intel financier - “The cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four years.” - In 1968, a new chip plant cost about $12,000. - In 2012, a chip plants under construction cost well over $5 billion (more than the GDP of several small countries). By Author: ourworldindata.org - Original text : Data source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_countURL: https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Transistor-Count-over-time.pngArticle: https://ourworldindata.org/technological-progress), CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71553709 Von-Neumann Architecture:
CPU: Central Processing Unit Registers
ALU
Control PC: Unit
Input / Instruction Ouput and Data Memory Von-Neumann Architecture: Harvard Architecture:
CPU: Central Processing Unit Stored Program CPU: Central Processing Unit Registers Computer Components: Registers
ALU - CPU: ALU - ALU Control - Registers Control - Control Unit PC: Unit PC: Unit - Data Path
- Memory - Input - Output Input / Data Input / Instruction Ouput Ouput and Memory Data Memory
Instruction Memory Single external bus for both instructions and data. Separate external busses for instructions and data. (Instructions and Data)
CPU Input Memory and ALU, Registers, Output and Control)
An external bus will consist Data Bus of paths for data address and control signals. Address Bus Control Bus
Figure 1.6 The Von-Neumann Architecture Showing the System Bus
Note that in this diagram, there is one external bus for Instructions and Data and I/O. The previous diagrams showed I/O using a separate external bus, which is occasionally done, as in some DSP (digital signal processing) processors. L evel 6 User s ogram Level ble Pr 5 xecuta High E tc. -Leve tran, e Leve l Lang a, For l 4 uage +, Jav Ass C+ embly Lev Lang Code el 3 uage embly de Sy Ass ary Co stem , Libr Le Softwa ystem vel 2 re ating S M Oper re achin hitectu L e et Arc evel 1 tion S Instruc Contr ired ol Hardw Level de or 0 icroco Digita M l Logic
Figure 1.3 The Abstract Levels of Modern Computing Systems Cloud Computing:
With the growth in speed and availability of the Internet, “Cloud Computing” has become possible.
Cloud Computing: Where the computing hardware (and possibly O/S and application software) is housed and maintained remotely by a separate entity (i.e. Amazon AWS / Microsoft Azure etc).
What the remote entity provides and maintains: SaaS Software as a Service applications / operating system / and computing hardware PaaS Platform as a Service operating system / and computing hardware IaaS Infrastruture as a Service computing hardware