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GRAMMAR of OLD TAMIL for STUDENTS 1 St Edition Eva Wilden
GRAMMAR OF OLD TAMIL FOR STUDENTS 1 st Edition Eva Wilden To cite this version: Eva Wilden. GRAMMAR OF OLD TAMIL FOR STUDENTS 1 st Edition. Eva Wilden. Institut français de Pondichéry; École française d’Extrême-Orient, 137, 2018, Collection Indologie. halshs- 01892342v2 HAL Id: halshs-01892342 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01892342v2 Submitted on 24 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. GRAMMAR OF OLD TAMIL FOR STUDENTS 1st Edition L’Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), UMIFRE 21 CNRS-MAE, est un établissement à autonomie financière sous la double tutelle du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (MAE) et du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Il est partie intégrante du réseau des 27 centres de recherche de ce Ministère. Avec le Centre de Sciences Humaines (CSH) à New Delhi, il forme l’USR 3330 du CNRS « Savoirs et Mondes Indiens ». Il remplit des missions de recherche, d’expertise et de formation en Sciences Humaines et Sociales et en Écologie dans le Sud et le Sud- est asiatiques. Il s’intéresse particulièrement aux savoirs et patrimoines culturels indiens (langue et littérature sanskrites, histoire des religions, études tamoules…), aux dynamiques sociales contemporaines, et aux ecosystèmes naturels de l’Inde du Sud. -
Peculiarities of Indian English As a Separate Language
Propósitos y Representaciones Jan. 2021, Vol. 9, SPE(1), e913 ISSN 2307-7999 Special Number: Educational practices and teacher training e-ISSN 2310-4635 http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.913 RESEARCH ARTICLES Peculiarities of Indian English as a separate language Características del inglés indio como idioma independiente Elizaveta Georgievna Grishechko Candidate of philological sciences, Assistant Professor in the Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Economics, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1471 Gaurav Sharma Ph.D. student, Assistant Professor in the Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Economics, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-7859 Kristina Yaroslavovna Zheleznova Ph.D. student, Assistant Professor in the Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Economics, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-703X Received 02-12-20 Revised 04-25-20 Accepted 01-13-21 On line 01-21-21 *Correspondence Cite as: Email: [email protected] Grishechko, E., Sharma, G., Zheleznova, K. (2021). Peculiarities of Indian English as a separate language. Propósitos y Representaciones, 9 (SPE1), e913. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.913 © Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, 2021. This article is distributed under license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peculiarities of Indian English as a separate language Summary The following paper will reveal the varieties of English pronunciation in India, its features and characteristics. This research helped us to consider the history of occurrence of English in India, the influence of local languages on it, the birth of its own unique English, which is used in India now. -
Harrisons Malayalam Limited
Harrisons Malayalam Limited Instruments Amounts Rating Action (Rs. Crore1) (August 2016) Long-term - Fund based facilities 37.00 [ICRA]BB+(Stable) / withdrawn Long-term - Proposed facilities 6.10 Short-term - Non-fund based facilities 4.26 [ICRA]A4+ / withdrawn Long-term - Term loans 65.64 [ICRA]BB+(Stable) / outstanding ICRA has withdrawn the long-term rating of [ICRA]BB+ (pronounced ICRA double B plus)2 outstanding on the Rs. 37.00 crore fund based facilities, the Rs. 6.10 crore proposed facilities and the short-term rating of [ICRA]A4+ (pronounced ICRA A four plus) outstanding on the Rs. 4.26 crore non-fund based facilities of Harrisons Malayalam Limited (HML / the company), which was under notice of withdrawal, at the request of the company following the receipt of no dues letter from the bankers. The ratings for the aforementioned facilities are withdrawn as the period of notice of withdrawal ended. ICRA has long-term rating of [ICRA]BB+ (pronounced ICRA double B plus) with stable outlook outstanding for the Rs. 65.64 crore term loan facilities of the company. Company Profile HML is part of RPG Enterprises Ltd, an established group with interests in tyre, carbon black, power transmission, telecommunications, retail and entertainment. Incorporated in 1978, HML is primarily a rubber and tea producer, which contribute major share to the operating income. With eleven rubber plantations spread over 7,306 hectares of land in Kerala, HML is one of the major rubber plantation companies in India with a production of over 9,500 MT during FY2015. The Company is also one of the larger tea producers in South India, producing 15-18 million kgs of CTC and Orthodox teas in its thirteen tea gardens annually, the same spread over 6,021 hectares of land primarily in Kerala and some in Tamil Nadu. -
Common Spoken Tamil Made Easy
COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL MADE EASY Third Edition by T. V. ADIKESAVALU Digital Version CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE VELLORE Adi’s Book. COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL MADE EASY Third Edition by T. V. ADIKESAVALU Digital Version 2007 This book was prepared for the staff and students of Christian Medical College Vellore, for use in the Tamil Study Programme. No part may be reproduced without permission of the General Superintendent. 2 Adi’s Book. CONTENTS FOREWORD. 6 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 7 THIRD EDITION: UPDATE. 8 I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS. 9 II. GRAMMAR LESSONS: Lesson No. Page. 1. Greetings and Forms of Address. 10 2. Pronouns, Interrogative and Demonstrative. 12 3. Pronouns, Personal. 15 4. The Verb ‘to be’, implied. 17 5. Cardinal Numbers 1 to 10, and Verbs - introduction. 19 6. Verbs - Positive Imperatives. 21 7. Verbs - Negative Imperatives, Weak & Strong Verbs, & Medials. 23 8. Nouns - forming the plural. 28 9. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Accusative (Object) case. 30 10. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Genitive (Possessive) Case. 34 11. Review, (Revision) No.I. 38 12. Verbs - Infinitives. 40 13. Nouns and Personal Pronouns, Dative Case, ‘to’ or ‘for’ & Verbs - Defective. 43 14. Verbs - defective (continued). 47 15. Cardinal Numbers 11 to 1000 & Time. 50 16. Verbs - Present tense, Positive. 54 17. Adjectives and Adverbs. 58 18. Post-Positions. 61 19. Nouns - Locative Case, 'at' or 'in'. 64 20. Post positions, (Continued). 67 21. Verbs - Future Tense, Positive, and Ordinal Numbers. 70 3 Adi’s Book. 22. Verbs - Present and Past, Negative, Page. and Potential Form to express 'may' 75 23. -
Features of Indian English
Indian Writing in English, Paper No. XI, Semester V Features of Indian English Indian English is any of the forms of English characteristic of the Indian subcontinent. English has slowly become the lingua franca of India, and is the language of their cultural and political elites, offering significant economic, political and social advantage to fluent speakers. Though English is one of modern India's twenty-two official languages, only a few hundred thousand Indians have English as their first language. According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey, of the 41,554 surveyed households reported that 72 percent of men (29,918) did not speak any English, 28 percent (11,635) spoke some English, and 5 percent (2,077) spoke fluent English. Among women, the corresponding percentages were 83 percent (34,489) speaking no English, 17 percent (7,064) speaking some English, and 3 percent (1,246) speaking English fluently. According to statistics of District Information System for Education (DISE) of National University of Educational Planning and Administration under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, enrolment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008-09 and 2013-14. The number of English-medium schools students in India increased from over 1.5 crore in 2008-09 to 2.9 crore by 2013-14. Indian English generally uses the Indian numbering system. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology between variants of the Indian English dialect. History: English language public instruction began in India in the 1830s during the rule of the East India Company (India was then, and is today, one of the most linguistically diverse regions of the world). -
Promotion of Sanskrit and Sanskritic Culture in India
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 12, December 2020 474 ISSN 2250-3153 Promotion of Sanskrit and Sanskritic Culture in India Sebabrata Bhattacharjee Assistant Professor, Department of Sanskrit, S.S. College, Hailakandi, Assam DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.10.12.2020.p10852 http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.12.2020.p10852 Abstract- This paper is oriented to study the efforts made for the steps taken for promotion of Sanskritic culture and Sanskritic promotion of Sanskrit language and Sanskritic culture in India in education. This paper makes a modest attempt to accumulate its post independent and post- liberal period. Sanskrit language, information on that line and assess the extent of initiatives at which had a glory in ancient time has gradually come to a status different level to promote Sanskrit education and culture. of medium of chanting mantras and worshiping language in India. There are initiatives by governmental and non-governmental organisations, and even some people who work independently for II. PROMOTING SANSKRITIC EDUCATION AND INITIATIVES reviving the past glory of Sanskrit. It needs to gauge the extent of After the growth of vernacular languages, Sanskrit did not such initiative and its success. This paper tries to see the different remain as living language and is mostly used for certain specific initiatives taken by people and government to promote Sanskrit purposes, mostly as medium of instruction and publication or culture and education. writing literary piece. Sanskrit is one of the 22 official languages in India. It is the second official language of two of the states in Index Terms- Sanskrit, promotion, education, culture, India. -
Linguistic Diversity and the Preservation of Endangered Languages: a Case Study from Nepal Mark Turin
Linguistic diversity and the preservation of endangered languages: A case study from Nepal Mark Turin To cite this version: Mark Turin. Linguistic diversity and the preservation of endangered languages: A case study from Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2007, 978-92-9115-055- 7. halshs-03083332 HAL Id: halshs-03083332 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03083332 Submitted on 19 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Final_Final_Talking Point 4_Mark1 1 1/4/2008 2:53:35 PM About ICIMOD The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is an independent ‘Mountain Learning and Knowledge Centre’ serving the eight countries of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas – Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , China , India , Myanmar , Nepal , and Pakistan – and the global mountain community. Founded in 1983, ICIMOD is based in Kathmandu, Nepal, and brings together a partnership of regional member countries, partner institutions, and donors with a commitment for development action to secure a better future for the people and environment of the extended Himalayan region. ICIMOD’s activities are supported by its core programme donors: the governments of Austria, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, and its regional member countries, along with over thirty project co–financing donors. -
Doing Business in Bangladesh
DOING BUSINESS IN BANGLADESH CONTENTS 1 – Introduction 3 2 – Business environment 4 3 – Foreign Investment 7 4 – Setting up a Business 12 5 – Labour 20 6 – Taxation 22 7 – Accounting & reporting 42 8 – UHY Representation in Bangladesh 43 DOING BUSINESS IN BANGLADESH 3 1 – INTRODUCTION UHY is an international organisation providing accountancy, business management and consultancy services through financial business centres in over 95 countries throughout the world. Business partners work together through the network to conduct transnational operations for clients as well as offering specialist knowledge and experience within their own national borders. Global specialists in various industry and market sectors are also available for consultation. This detailed report providing key issues and information for investors considering business operations in Bangladesh has been provided by the office of UHY representatives: UHY SYFUL SHAMSUL ALAM & CO. Paramount Heights (Level-6) 65/2/1 Box Culvert Road Purana Paltan, Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh Phone +880 2 9555915 Website www.ssacbd.com You are welcome to contact Md. Syful Islam ([email protected]) for any inquiries you may have. Information in the following pages has been updated so that they are effective at the date shown, but inevitably they are both general and subject to change and should be used for guidance only. For specific matters, investors are strongly advised to obtain further information and take professional advice before making any decisions. This publication is current at March 2018. We look forward to helping you do business in Bangladesh. DOING BUSINESS IN BANGLADESH 4 2 – BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHY Bangladesh is a country in south Asia. -
A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages
World Classical Tamil Conference- June 2010 51 A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES Rt. Rev. R.Caldwell * Rev. Caldwell's Comparative Grammar is based on four decades of his deep study and research on the Dravidian languages. He observes that Tamil language contains a common repository of Dravidian forms and roots. His prefatory note to his voluminous work is reproduced here. Preface to the Second Edition It is now nearly nineteen years since the first edition of this book was published, and a second edition ought to have appeared long ere this. The first edition was, soon exhausted, and the desirableness of bringing out a second edition was often suggested to me. But as the book was a first attempt in a new field of research and necessarily very imperfect, I could not bring myself to allow a second edition to appear without a thorough revision. It was evident, however, that the preparation of a thoroughly revised edition, with the addition of new matter wherever it seemed to be necessary, would entail upon me more labour than I was likely for a long time to be able to undertake. .The duties devolving upon me in India left me very little leisure for extraneous work, and the exhaustion arising from long residence in a tropical climate left me very little surplus strength. For eleven years, in addition to my other duties, I took part in the Revision of the Tamil Bible, and after that great work had come to. an end, it fell to my lot to take part for one year more in the Revision of the Tamil Book of, * Source: A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages , Rt.Rev. -
Comparison Between the Grammar of Greek Sapphic and Tamil Seppal Songs
Athens Journal of Philology - Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2020 – Pages 147-170 Comparison between the Grammar of Greek Sapphic and Tamil Seppal Songs By D Pugazhendhi* Sapphic stanza is a peculiar poetic form in Greek literary world. It gives more important to the structure. This form was tried in many languages; but this form was grammatically explained only at the later period. Resemblance with this format is also seen in Tamil literary world, and the grammar book also belongs to the same period as that of Sapphic stanza. So the grammar that is explained in this Tamil grammar book is compared with the grammar of Sapphic stanza. The comparison is made in different perspectives such as the letter count, light and heavy syllables, formats of the syllable, sequences between two syllables, syllable formation in a line, the length of each line and the lyric. It highlights that the Greek Sapphic stanza seems to resemble one type of seppal songs which are mentioned in the grammar book. Comparing the Greek literature with the grammar book of same era will lead to better understanding and clarify the concepts that were misunderstood and spread by the later critics. Keywords: comparison, grammar, Sapphic, seppal, structure. Introduction The Greek literature includes prose, poetry and dramas. In the Greek field of poetry comprises of various form of poems among which the Sappic stanza stands unique from others in its forms. This Sapphic stanza originated from the Greek poetess Sappho of Lesbos who lived sometime around 630 BC. It was written in vernacular form of Greek, the Lesbian-Aeolic dialect. -
Language Policy and Programmes
LANGUAGE POLICY AND PROGRAMMES Dr. D. P. Pattanayak Director Central Institute of Indian Languages M ysore Ministry of Education and Youth Services Government of India CONTENTS 1 Language Policy and Programmes A. Language Policy ..... 1 B. Language Programmes . 12 II Annexures A. Report of t':e Education Commission ’!964-66): General Recommendations on Language Policy 29 B. Conference of Vice-Chancellors 1967 : Extract from the Inaugural Address by Dr. Triguna Sen 56 C. Statement Adopted by the Conference of Vice- Chancellors 1967 .... 65 D. National Policy on Education 1968 . 67 E. Parliamentry Resolution on Language 1968 C9 F. Conferen'e of Vice-Chancellors 1969 : Extract "rom Pror. V. K. R. V. Rao’s Inaugural Address 71 G. Extract from the Inaugural Speech by Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao on the occasion of the opening of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore on July 17, 1969. 75 H. Facilities in Universities for Ir.siructk-n in Foreign Languages otfcr than English (Langu age-wise and University-wLe) .... 80 I. Fourth Flan Outlay ..... 92 I. Percentage of Minoru j Languages’;1, States and Union Territories o i'L J'a 95 l a n g u a g e p o l ic y a n d p r o g r a m m e s A . L ang uag e P olicy India is a multilingual country. It has 15 major lan guages, each of them having a history and literature dating back at least 1,000 years. Although with the reorganization of States on the basis of a dominant language spoken in a particular area a certain amount of homogeneity has been achieved within the bonds of each State, still each of them contains linguistic minority ranging from 2.27 per cent (Kerala) to 63.53 per cent (Bihar) and 79.44 per cent (Naga land) of their population.* In other words, each of the States in India represents, in a micro-structure, the same diversity what India as a whole may be said to represent in a macro design. -
B E Aai 3Efi
B E aai 3Efi rLBOROUQH-8 SELF-TAUGHT series [arT\U Grammar Self-Taught. (In Tamil and Roman Charaotebs.) Second Edition BY Don M. de ZILVA WICKREMASFNQHE, io Epigraphist the Ceylon Governvtent ; Librarian and Assisiatit Keeper of the Indian Institute^ Oxford. Author of " " Tamil Self-Taught," and Sinhalese Self-Taught."" Companion Volume; "Tamil Self-Taught. *» London : MARLBOROUGH & Co., 51, Old Bailey, E.G. 4. tAlt Rights Reserved.] TO Te^ Eev. G. U. pope, m.a., d.d., I DEDICATE THESE PAGES AS A TOKEN OF SINCERE GRATITUDE FOR ASSISTANCE RECEIVED IN MY TAMIL AND TELUGU STUDIES. M. DE Z. WiCKREMASINGHE. Pi Li^c;-^ PREFACE. )°l^h The present work is chiefly intended for the use of those who wish to acquire a knowledge of the grammar of colloquial Tamil within a comparatively short time, either Tor practical purposes or as the preliminary to a thorough study of the language. Particularly bearing in mind students who work without a teacher, I have devoted some pages wholly to the subject of pronunciation, and have given the transliteration of all the Tamil words occurring in the grammar, side by side with the native character. This will enable the beginner gradually to acquire the Tamil character as he proceeds with the study of the grammar itself, thereby avoiding a needless waste of time and trouble. The chapter on euphonic changes will specially appeal to those who ha\e a philological turn of mind ; for this gives the key to the solution of many difficulties that beset an ordinary student in the way of analysing Tamil words and sentences and of mastering their relationship to one another.