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Final ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch)

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Final ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) Final ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) December 2016 WEST COAST REGION U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | National Marine Fisheries Service West Coast Region ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon | iii Disclaimer Recovery plans delineate such reasonable actions as may be necessary, based upon the best scientific and commercial data available, for the conservation and survival of listed species. Plans are published by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, state agencies and others. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views, official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than NMFS. They represent the official position of NMFS only after they have been signed by the Assistant or Regional Administrator. Recovery plans are guidance and planning documents, not regulatory documents. Identification of a recovery action does not create a legal obligation beyond existing legal requirements. Nothing in this plan should be construed as a commitment or requirement that any General agency obligate or pay funds in any one fiscal year in excess of appropriations made by Congress for that fiscal year in contravention of the Anti-Deficiency Act, 31 U.S.C 1341, or any other law or regulation. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery actions. LITERATURE CITATION SHOULD READ AS FOLLOWS: NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 2016. Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon Evolutionarily Significant Unit. National Marine Fisheries Service, West Coast Region, Portland, Oregon ADDITIONAL COPIES MAY BE OBTAINED FROM: National Marine Fisheries Service Oregon/Washington Coastal Office 1201 NE Lloyd Blvd Suite 1100 Portland, OR 97232 503 230-5442 Or on the web at: http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected_species/salmon_steelhead/recovery_planning _and_implementation/oregon_coast/oregon_coast_salmon_recovery_domain.html Cover photo courtesy of NOAA Fisheries. NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service December 2016 ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon | iv This page intentionally left blank. NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service December 2016 ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon | v Acknowledgements The Oregon Coast Coho ESA Recovery Plan represents the dedicated effort of numerous people over many years. The National Marine Fisheries Service would like to thank the individuals, organizations, and agencies listed below (alphabetically) for their contributions to this plan. Recovery Plan Primary Author Rob Walton – NMFS, West Coast Region, Oregon Washington Coastal Office NMFS Contributors and Reviewers Andrew Addessi – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Charlotte Ambrose – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Robert Anderson – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Annie Birnie – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Haley Blake (Lutz) – Student Intern with NOAA Fisheries Brian Cluer – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Therese Conant– NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources Tom Cooney – NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center Donna Darm – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Mike Ford – NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center Megan Hilgart – NOAA Fisheries Restoration Center Chris Jordan – NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center Kim Kratz, NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Lance Kruzic, NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Irma Lagomarsino, NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Pete Lawson – NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center Jeff Lockwood - NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Sheila Lynch – NOAA Office of the General Counsel Martha McCoy – NOAA Office of the General Counsel Michelle McMullin – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Jim B. Muck – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Shivonne Nesbit – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Ken Phippen – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Scott Rumsey – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Gina Schroeder – NOAA Fisheries West Coast Region Alix Smith – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Maggie Smith – NOAA Fisheries, Office of General Counsel Heather Stout – NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center Barbara Taylor – NOAA Fisheries contractor Tom Wainwright – NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service December 2016 ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon | vi Laurie Weitkamp – NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center Chuck Wheeler – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Jeff Young – NOAA Fisheries, West Coast Region Other Contributors and Reviewers Kyle Abraham – Oregon Department of Forestry Kara Anlauf-Dunn – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Jamie Anthony – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Laurie Aunan – Oregon Governor’s Office Dan Avery – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Brett Brownscombe – Oregon Governor’s Office John Byers – Oregon Department of Agriculture Judith Callens – Oregon Department of Agriculture Renee Davis – Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Kevin Goodson – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Mike Gray– Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Ray Jaindl – Oregon Department of Agriculture Kim Jones – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Mark Lewis– Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Mark Meleason – Oregon Department of Forestry Meta Loftsgaarden – Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Bruce McIntosh – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Eric Metz – Oregon Department of State Lands Kelly Moore – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Amanda Punton – Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development Jim Rue – Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development Bill Ryan – Oregon Department of State Lands Tom Stahl – Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Barbara Taylor – Contract Scientist, writer, editor Lena Tucker – Oregon Department of Forestry NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service December 2016 ESA Recovery Plan for Oregon Coast Coho Salmon |vii Contents Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. v Contents ..................................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................xi List of Tables ..........................................................................................................................xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................xv Glossary of Terms and Definitions ......................................................................................xvii Plan Summary ....................................................................................................................... S-1 1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Purpose of Recovery Plan ............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Context of Plan Development ........................................................................................ 1-4 1.4 How We Intend to Use the Plan ..................................................................................... 1-8 1.5 Tribal Trust Responsibilities ........................................................................................... 1-9 1.6 Other Species that Could Benefit from this Plan .......................................................... 1-10 2. Description of Species and Habitat ...................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Geographical Setting ..................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Description of Oregon Coast Coho Salmon ................................................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Historical and Current Abundance ............................................................................................ 2-2 2.2.2 Life History ............................................................................................................................... 2-4 2.2.3 Population Structure of Oregon Coast Coho Salmon ............................................................... 2-7 2.2.4 Hatchery Release of Coho Salmon in the ESU ......................................................................... 2-9 2.2.5 Critical Habitat Designation .................................................................................................... 2-10 3. Threats Assessment and Listing Factors ............................................................ 3-1 3.1 Background: Threats and Limiting Factors ..................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Factors that Led to Listing of Oregon Coast Coho Salmon ............................................ 3-2 3.3 How the ESA Listing Factors Currently Affect ESU Status ............................................. 3-5 3.3.1
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