Study for Estimation of Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratios of Major

Home , Acharpura, Bhopal district, Kushalpura, Parwaliya Sadak

आई.ए.एस.आर.आई./ पी.आर.- 02/2016 I.A.S.R.I./P.R.- 02/2016 LakLFkku ifj;®tuk d®M - AGENIASRISOL çeq[k [kk|kUu¨a esa cht] i'kq&Hk¨tu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikr ds 201300900010 vkdyu ds fy, ekxZn'khZ v/;;u PILOT STUDY FOR ESTIMATION OF SEED, FEED AND WASTAGE dsUæh; lkaf[;dhRATIOS dk;kZy;] OF lkaf[;dhMAJOR FOOD,oa dk;ZØe GRAINS dk;kZUo;u ea=ky;] ( Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk foÙk i¨f"kr ) (FUNDED BY CENTRAL STATISTICS OFFICE, MINISTRY OF STATISTICS & PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTTATION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA)

अशोक कु मार गुप्ता उमेश चन्दर सूद कृ ष्ण कान्त 配यागी (30-09-2014 तक) हुकु म चन्र तौकीर अहमद

प्राची ममश्राू साह कौश्तव आदद配य

अंकु र बिश्वास

AK Gupta UC Sud KK Tyagi Hukum Chandra Tauqueer Ahmad Prachi Misra Sahoo Kaustav Aditya Ankur Biswas

Áfrn'kZ losZ{k.k ÁÒkx DIVISION OF SAMPLE SURVEYS

Hkk—vuqi - Hkkjrh; —f"k lkaf[;dh vuqla/kku laLFkku Ykkbczsjh ,osU;w] iwlk] ubZ fnYyh&110 012

ICAR - INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE LIBRARY AVENUE, PUSA, NEW DELHI-110 012

2016 çeq[k [kk|kUu¨a esa cht] i'kq&Hk¨tu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikr ds vkdyu ds fy, ekxZn'khZ v/;;u

PILOT STUDY FOR ESTIMATION OF SEED, FEED AND WASTAGE RATIOS OF MAJOR FOOD GRAINS Hkkjr (dsUæh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy;] lkaf[;dh ,oa dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=ky;] ljdkj }kjk foÙk i¨f"kr )

(FUNDED BY CENTRAL STATISTICS OFFICE, MINISTRY OF STATISTICS & PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTTATION, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA)

अशोक कु मार गुꥍता AK Gupta उमेश चꅍदर सदू UC Sud कृ �ण काꅍत 配यागी (30-09-2014 तक) KK Tyagi (till 30-09-2014 ) हुकु म चꅍद्र Hukum Chandra तौक�र अहमद Tauqueer Ahmad

प्राची िमश्राू साह Prachi Misra Sahoo कौ�तव आिद配य Kaustav Aditya अंकु र �ब�वास Ankur Biswas

Áfrn'kZ losZ{k.k ÁÒkx DIVISION OF SAMPLE SURVEYS

Hkk—vuqi - Hkkjrh; —f"k lkaf[;dh vuqla/kku laLFkku Ykkbczsjh ,osU;w] iwlk] ubZ fnYyh&110 012

ICAR - INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE LIBRARY AVENUE, PUSA, NEW DELHI-110 012

2016

vkeq[k

Hkkjro"kZ esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk orZeku esa ç;¨x güs okyk 12.5 izfr'kr dkjd cgqr izkphu gS A blfy, orZeku ifjn``'; esa bu vuqikrksa ds iqu% vkdyu djus dh vko';drk gS A ;g ns'k esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa dh ekuo miHkksx ds fy, okLrfod ek=k dk vkdyu djus esa mi;ksxh fl+) gksxk A bls /;ku esa j[krs gq,] izeq[k [kk|kUuksa esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyu ds fy, ekxZn'khZ v/;;u uked orZeku v/;;u fd;k x;k gS A bl v/;;u ds vUrxZr izkIr gksus okys vkdyd ns'k ds izR;sd {ks= esa ,d jkT; dk p;u djds 5 jkT;ksa esa fd, x, izfrn'kZ losZ{k.kksa ij vk/kkfjr gSa A bu jkT;ä esa ls izR;sd jkT; esa 4 ftyksa dk bl rjg lss p;u fd;k x;k gS fd os jkT; ds izR;sd Hkkx dk izfrfuf/kRo djsa A [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd 8.01 izfr'kr ds iw.kZ;ksx ds lkFk cht ds fy, 3.15 izfr'kr ¼2.34 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr½] i'kq&Hkkstu ds fy, 3.40 izfr'kr ¼5.57 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr½ rFkk viO;; ds fy, 1.46 izfr'kr ¼4.81 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr½ ds dze esa ik, x, A blls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ns'k esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dh dqy miyC/krk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, lexz vuqikr fpjdky ls iz;qDr vuqikrksa dh rqyuk esa yxHkx 4-5 izfr'kr de gks x;k gS A ys[kdx.k bl v/;;u dh ftEesnkjh Hkk-d``-vu-i-&Hkkjrh; d``f"k lkaf[;dh vuqla/kku laLFkku ¼Hkk-d``-lka-v-l-½ d¨ lkSaius rFkk foRrh; lgk;rk iznku ds fy, dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy;] lkaf[;dh ,oa dk;Zdze dk;kZUo;u ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkHkkjh gSaa A ge bl v/;;u ds nkSjku lrr izksRlkgu] ekxZn'kZu ,oa vko';d lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkus ds fy, Hkk-d``-vuq-i-& Hkk-d``-lka-v-l-] ubZ fnYyh ds funs'kd MkW- mes'k pUnj lwn dk gkfnZd /kU;okn O;Dr djrs gSa A d``f"k laf[;dh ,oa Qly chek funs'kky;] y[kuÅ] mRrj izns'k] vFkZ ,oa lkaf[;dh funs'kky;] caxykSj] dukZVd] d``f"k vkfFkZd vuqla/kku dsUæ] tcyiqj] e/; çns'k] d``f"k lkaf[;dh funs'kky;] jktLFkku jktLo cksMZ] vtesj] jktLFkku ,oa vFkZ ,oa lkaf[;dh funs'kky;] Hkqous'oj] mM+hlk uked laxBuä@jkT; ljdkj®a dk vius&vius jkT;ksa esa vkadM+s ,df=r djus esa lg;ksx iznku djus ds fy, vR;f/kd ljkguk ds ik= gSa A Hkk-d``-vuq-i-& Hkk-d``-lka-v-l- ds funs'kd dh v/;{krk esa bl v/;;u ds fofHkUu iz'kklfud ,oa foRrh; igyqvksa esa lgk;rkFkZ ,d ifj;kstuk izca/ku lfefr ¼ih-,e-lh-½ dk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk A ih-,e-lh- dh cgqr lh cSBdksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftuesa rduhdh tkudkjh] ifjpkyu ,oa foRrh; eqn~~nksa rFkk ifj;kstuk dh izxfr ds ckjs esa le;≤ ij ppkZ dh xbZ A vius cgqewY; lq>ko iznku djus ds fy, ge v/;{k egksn; ,oa lHkh ih-,e-lh- ds lnL;ksa] fo'ks"kdj foRrh; lgk;rk iznku djus okyh ,tsalh ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dk ge gkfnZd /kU;okn djrs gSa A ys[kdx.k laLFkku ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds vkHkkjh gSa] fo'ks"kdj vkadM+s laxzg&dk;Z dk i;Zos{k.k djus ,oa Hkjs gq, lwphi=ksa dh tkWap djus ds fy, MkW- eku flag] eq[; QhYM vkWfQlj /kU;okn ds ik= gSa A vkadM+ksa dh tkWap] vkadM+ks dk fMftVhdj.k] lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k ,oa fjiksVZ Lo:i.k djus esa lg;ksx iznku djus ds fy, Jh ';ksjkt flag] eq[; rduhdh vf/kdkjh rFkk vkadM+ksa dh tkWap djus ,oa fMftVhdj.k dk;Z djus esa lg;ksx iznku djus ds fy, Jh eukst dqekj] rduhdh vf/kdkjh /kU;okn ds ik= gSaa A xzkQ js[kkadu ds fy, lg;ksx iznku djus ds fy, Jherh uhye pUnzk] lgk;d eq[; rduhdh vf/kdkjh dk lg;ksx ljkguh; gS A le;≤ ij rduhdh lg;ksx iznku djus ds fy, ys[kdx.k Mk- vkn'kZ dqekj eks?kk ,oa lqJh fot; fcUny] eq[; rduhdh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds Hkh vkHkkjh gSa A ys[kdx.k bl v/;;u ds nkSjku lg;ksx iznku djus ds fy, dk;kZy; izeq[k] ofj"B foRr ,oa ys[kk vf/kdkjh] lgk;d iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa] fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds deZpkfj;ksa] izkFkfedhdj.k fuxjkuh ,oa ewY;kadu izdks"B rFkk vU; lHkh lg;ksxh vf/kdkfj;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa dk Hkh vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSa A

ys[kdx.k

Preface The present factor of 12.5% accounting for seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops in India is very old. Therefore, there is a need to re-estimate these ratios in the present scenario. It will facilitate in working out the actual quantity of food grain crops available for human consumption in the country. Keeping this in view, the present study entitled Pilot study for estimation of seed, feed and wastage ratios of major food grains was undertaken. The estimates obtained under the study are based on sample survey conducted in five States by taking one State from each region of the country. In each of these States, 4 districts were selected in such a way that they represent each part of the State. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios were found to be of the order of 3.15 with 2.34% SE for seed, 3.40 with 5.57 % SE for feed and 1.46 with 4.81% SE for wastage with an aggregate of 8.01%. It indicates that over-all ratio has gone down by approximately 4.5 percentage points as compared to the ratios used since long for estimating the total availability of food grains for human consumption in the country. The authors are thankful to Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India for awarding and providing financial support to ICAR- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) for this study. We express our sincere thanks to Dr U. C. Sud, Director, ICAR-IASRI, New Delhi for his continuous encouragement, guidance and providing necessary facilities during the course of this study. The cooperation rendered by Organizations/State Governments, namely Directorate of Agriculture Statistics and Crop Insurance, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh; Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bangalore, Karnataka; Agro Economic Research Centre, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh; Directorate of Agriculture Statistics, Board of Revenue Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan; and Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Odisha in the organization of data collection work in their respective States are highly appreciated. A Project Management Committee (PMC) under the Chairmanship of Director, ICAR-IASRI was constituted for looking into various administrative and financial aspects of the study. Numbers of meetings of the PMC were organized in which technical details, operational and financial issues and progress of the project were discussed from time to time. We sincerely thank the Chairman and all the members of PMC, specially the representatives from the funding agency for their valuable suggestions. The authors are thankful to Officials of the Institute, namely Dr. Man Singh, Chief Field Officer for providing assistance in preparation of schedules, supervision of data collection work and scrutiny of filled-in schedules. The authors express their sincere thanks to Sh. Sheoraj Singh, Chief Technical Officer for his assistance in data scrutiny, digitization of data, statistical analysis and in formatting of the report. Thanks are due to Sh. Manoj Kumar, Technical Officer for his assistance in data scrutiny and digitization work. The help rendered by Mrs. Neelam Chandra, Assistant Chief Technical Officer in preparation of graphs is duly acknowledged. The authors are also thankful to Dr. A. K. Mogha and Ms. Vijay Bindal, Chief Technical Officers, for their technical support from time to time. The authors are thankful to Head of Office, Sr. Finance & Account Officer, Assistant Administrative Officers, Staff of various Sections, PME Cell and all others who rendered assistance during the course of this study. AUTHORS

fo"k;&lkexzh Contents 1. v/;k; 1&çLrkouk ,oa lkfgR; dh leh{kk 1-7 Chapter 1–Introduction and Review of Literature çLrkouk 1.1 1-3 Introduction cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikr 1.2 3-4 Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratio lkfgR; dh leh{kk 1.3 4-6 Review of Literature cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyu ds fy, ,d foLr``r 1.4 6 v/;;u dh vko';drk Need for a detailed study to estimate Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratio 1.5 mís'; 7 Objectives 2. v/;k; 2&losZ{k.k dk fooj.k 8-14 Chapter 2–Description of Survey izfrp;u vfHkdYiuk 2.1 8 Sampling Design ,oa losZ{k.k dh vof/k 2.2 vko``Ÿk {ks= 8-9 Coverage and Period of Survey vkWadM+s laxzg.k ds fy, uksMy 'kk[kk,sa 2.3 9 Nodal Agencies for Data collection bdkb;ksa dk p;u 2.4 9-10 Selection of Units fofHkUu Lrj ij izfrn'kZ&vkdkj 2.5 11 Sample Size at various Levels vuqlwph@iz'ukoyh ,oa vkns'k iqfLrdk 2.6 11-12 Schedules/questionnaires and Instruction Manual {ks=h; dk;Z dk la?kVu 2.7 12 Organization of field work vkWadM+ksa dh izfof"V ,oa lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k 2.8 12 Data Entry and Statistical Analysis vkdyu&izfØ;k 2.9 12-14 Estimation Procedure 3. v/;k; 3&ifj.kke ,oa foospuk 15-153 Chapter 3 –Results and Discussion j çns'k 3.1 jkT;% mŸk 15-28 State: Uttar Pradesh 3.1.1 mŸkj çns'k esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 15-19 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh 3.1.2 mŸkj izns'k esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 19-22 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,ao {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd

District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh 3.1.3 mŸkj çns'k esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 22-23 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh 3.1.4 mŸkj izns'k esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 24-25 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh 3.1.5 mŸkj izns'k esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 25 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj ,oa dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh 3.1.6 mŸkj izns'k esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 26 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj ,oa dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh 3.1.7 mŸkj izns'k esa d``f"k o"kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa 26-27 ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013- 14 in Uttar Pradesh 3.1.8 mŸkj izns'k esa [kjhQ ,oa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu 27-28 Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif and Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh jkT;% dukZVd 3.2 29-49 State: Karnataka 3.2.1 dukZVd esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 29-33 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka 3.2.2 dukZVd esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 34-38 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,ao {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj

vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka 3.2.3 dukZVd esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 38-42 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka 3.2.4 dukZVd esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 42-45 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka 3.2.5 dukZVd esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 45-46 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj ,oa dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka 3.2.6 dukZVd esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 46-47 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj ,oa dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka 3.2.7 dukZVd esa d``f"k o"kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 47-48 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013- 14 in Karnataka 3.2.8 dukZVd esa [kjhQ ,oa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu 48-49 Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops during Kharif and Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka State jkT;% e/; çns'k 3.3 50-60 State: Madhya Pradesh 3.3.1 e/; çns'k esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 50-51 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh e/; çns'k esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 3.3.2 51-52

mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,ao {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh 3.3.3 e/; çns'k esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 53-55 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh 3.3.4 e/; çns'k esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 55-56 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh 3.3.5 e/; çns'k esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 57 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj ,oa dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh 3.3.6 e/; çns'k esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 57-58 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj ,oa dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh 3.3.7 e/; çns'k esa d``f"k o"kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa 58 ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013- 14 in Madhya Pradesh 3.3.8 e/; çns'k esa [kjhQ ,oa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu 59-60 Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif and Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh State jkT;% jktLFkku 3.4 61-73 State: Rajasthan 3.4.1 jktLFkku esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 61-63 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan

3.4.2 jktLFkku esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 63-65 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan 3.4.3 jktLFkku esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 65-67 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 20213-14 in Rajasthan 3.4.4 jktLFkku esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 68-70 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan 3.4.5 jktLFkku esa [kjhQ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 70 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj ,oa dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan 3.4.6 jktLFkku esa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 71 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj ,oa dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan 3.4.7 jktLFkku esa d``f"k o"kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 71-72 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013- 14 in Rajasthan 3.4.8 jktLFkku esa [kjhQ ,oa jch 2013&14 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu 72-73 Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif and Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan jkT;% v¨fM'kk 3.5 74-86 State: Odisha 3.5.1 v¨fM'kk esa [kjhQ 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 74-75 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during

Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha 3.5.2 v¨fM'kk esa [kjhQ 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 75-77 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha 3.5.3 v¨fM'kk esa jch 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa mit] 77-78 cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha 3.5.4 v¨fM'kk esa jch 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 78-79 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha 3.5.5 v¨fM'kk esa tk;n 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa 79-81 mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds izfr'kr ekud =qfV;ksa ds lkFk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha 3.5.6 v¨fM'kk esa tk;n 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 81-82 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk ftyk&okj vkdyd District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha 3.5.7 v¨fM'kk esa [kjhQ 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 82-83 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha 3.5.8 v¨fM'kk esa jch 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 83 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha 3.5.9 v¨fM'kk esa tk;n 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds 84 mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj dqy vkdyd Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha

3.5.10 v¨fM'kk esa [kjhQ jch ,oa tk;n 2014&15 ds nkSjku izeq[k 84-86 [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk Qly&okj xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif, Rabi and Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha State izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa mit] cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vkdyu v©j 3.6 87-121 cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdyd State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage and estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops 3.6.1 [kjhQ e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa mit] cht] 87-92 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdyd State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grains grown during Kharif season 3.6.2 [kjhQ e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 92-97 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdyd State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif season 3.6.3 [kjhQ e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 97-103 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdydksa dk xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of state-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif season 3.6.4 jch e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa mit] cht] 103-108 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdyd State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grains grown during Rabi season 3.6.5 jch e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 108-112 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdyd State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi season 3.6.6 jch e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 113-118 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdydksa dk xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of state-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi season 3.6.7 tk;n e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa mit] cht] 118-119 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdyd State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grains grown during Zaid Season 3.6.8 tk;n e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 119-120 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdyd State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during

Zaid Season 3.6.9 tk;n e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 120-121 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdydksa dk xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of state-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Zaid season 3.7 [kjhQ jch ,oa tk;n e©leä ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu 122-134 esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of crops grown in all the States during Kharif, Rabi and Zaid seasons 3.7.1 [kjhQ e©le ds nkSjku vukt dh Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 122 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals grown during Kharif season 3.7.2 [kjhQ e©le ds nkSjku nky®a dh Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 123 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses grown during Kharif season 3.7.3 [kjhQ e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ¼vukt v©j nky 124 nüä½ ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Kharif season 3.7.4 [kjhQ e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ¼vukt v©j nky 124-126 nüä½ ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdydksa dk xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Kharif season 3.7.5 jch e©le ds nkSjku vukt dh Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 126-127 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals grown during Rabi season 3.7.6 jch e©le ds nkSjku nky®a dh Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 127-128 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses grown during Rabi season 3.7.7 jch e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ¼vukt v©j nky nüä½ 128-129 ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Rabi season 3.7.8 jch e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ¼vukt v©j nky nüä½ 129-130 ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdydksa

dk xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Rabi season 3.7.9 tk;n e©le ds nkSjku vukt] nky ,oa nüä Qlyksa ds mRiknu 131 esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and both cereals & pulses grown during Zaid season 3.7.10 tk;n e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ¼vukt v©j nky 132 nüä½ ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Zaid season 3.7.11 tk;n e©le ds nkSjku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ¼vukt v©j nky 132-134 nüä½ ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdydksa dk xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Zaid season lHkh e©le®a ds nkSjku p;fur jkT;®a esa izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu 3.8 134-141 esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdyd State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during all seasons in the selected States 3.9 lHkh e©le®a ds nkSjku p;fur jkT;®a esa izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu 142-148 esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;&okj dqy vkdydksa dk xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during all seasons in the selected States izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa 3.10 149-153 ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grains vukt dh Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds 3.10.1 149 vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals nky®a dh Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds 3.10.2 150 vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds 3.10.3 151 vuqikrksa ds dqy vkdyd Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the

production of all food grains 3.10.4 vukt] nky v©j lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] 151-153 i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdydksa dk xzkQh; izLrqrhdj.k Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown in the selected States fVIi.kh 3.10.5 153 Remarks 4. v/;k; 4&lkjka'k ,oa fu"d"kZ 154-174 Chapter 4 –Summary and Conclusion lkjka'k ¼fgUnh½ 4.1 154-164 fu"d"kZ ¼fgUnh½ 4.2 164-165

4.3 Summary (English) 165-174

4.4 Conclusion (English) 174 lanHkZ 175 References ifjf'k"V i-xxxv Appendix ifjf'k"V& I i-xxi Appendix-I ifjf'k"V& II xxii-xxix Appendix-II ifjf'k"V& III xxx-xxxv Appendix-III

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1.1 Introduction

Agriculture is a pre-requisite for successful development of economy of a country like India because more than 70 per cent of the population depends directly and indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood. Today, food grains production of India has reached up from 51 million tonnes in 1950-51 to around 264 million tonnes in 2013-14. On the other hand, the population of the country has been continuously increasing at high pace and it has crossed the mark of 1.2 billion. While, a remarkable growth has been seen in many sectors in India, three is still a question to complete the need of food to the Indian population in the coming years. It is a fact that food grains production has increased tremendously since independence and especially after green revolution in the country to achieve self-reliance in the food grains production, but the effect of green revolution appears to be paling. Food grain’s availability is also under strains due to marked increase in GDP and even per capita income, which have been inducing demand for food grains and other agricultural products as well. The growth of any country depends upon the growth of agriculture sector because it employs more than 50 per cent of the population residing in the rural areas and also accounts for more than 70 per cent rural income in the country. However, while other sectors of India showed rapid growth since 1990s, the rural growth was marked with loss of momentum at the same time and became less effective in alleviating poverty (Bhalla et al., 1999).

In India, agriculture continues to be the case of concern for the economy as consistent decline in the growth of the agricultural sector since 1990 onward has been observed as compared to the 1980s. It has also been observed that growth in real value of food grains production has shown a decline of 3 per cent during the 1990s and 5 per cent during 1999-2000 to 2002-03 and a decline of 7 per cent from 2008-09 to 2009-10 whereas an increase of 12 per cent from 2009-10 to 2010- 11, 6 per cent from 2010-11 to 2011-12, a decline of 1 per cent from 2011-12 to 2012-13 and an increase of 3 per cent from 2012-13 to 2013-14. It is a matter of concern on the front of food security in the country.

As per the report of the Working Group on “Demand and Supply Projections”, it has been estimated that India’s demand for food grains by 2020 will be around 350 million tonnes i.e. more than 32 per cent over the existing one in 2013-14. It is yet another fact of concern that there has not been a proportionate increase in the food grain production in comparison of growth of population in our country. This is a challenge for policy makers and academicians today, whether the country will be able to provide required quantum of food to the country’s population in coming years. In view of the increasing food requirement of ever increasing population, more efforts need to be made for availability of food grains both by increasing production as well as minimizing the losses of production at various stages of handling. If such losses are carried out at the farmer’s level, these affect adversely their income and also curtail availability of food grains to the population of the nation.

The apparent use of total food grains produced in any country is for the purpose of human consumption, animal feed and seed requirements. Despite all possible preventive efforts, large quantities are also wasted from the time the grain is harvested till it reaches the consumer. In order to arrive at the net availability of food grains for human consumption, it is necessary that reliable estimates based on scientifically sound methods need to be worked out. These estimates assume critical importance to the planners and policy makers in the implementation of a viable food policy.

While calculating the total quantity of food grains available for human consumption, a netting factor of 12.5 per cent is being used to account for seed, feed, and wastages for the past more than 60 years. With a total production of food grains, being currently estimated at around 264 million tonnes in 2013-14, it would mean that as much as about 32 million tonnes (12.5 per cent) of food grains are not available for human consumption. Since the present netting factor of 12.5 per cent accounting for seed, feed and wastage in the country out of total food grain production is much old norm, doubts have been raised from time to time necessitating re-examination of the basis for this conventional figure.

Despite the importance of the subject as discussed above, it is unfortunate that no comprehensive field study at all-India level has so far been conducted to come up with empirical norms applicable for the country. Planning Commission Working Group Report on Food Demand for

2 the XI Plan admitted that in the absence of any other alternative available to them, they are forced to adopt the age old norm of 12.5 per cent as seed, feed and wastage in food grains production in the country.

India has 16 per cent of the total population with only 2.5 per cent of the total geographical area of the world. It is thus, a challenging fact that the country has to feed 6.40 times more population in terms of available land resources. It implies that every square inch of the cultivable land has to be utilized by using latest technologies of cultivation and ensuring minimum wastage of food grains, so that farmers would be able to earn genuine profitable prices of their produces and the maximum quantity of food grains produced in the country would be available for human consumption. As a matter of fact, it is worthwhile to estimate the ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the total food grains production in the country and it is important to know the net quantity of food grains available for human consumption as well. Hence, this study entitled “Pilot study for estimation of seed, feed and wastage ratios of major food grains” was undertaken.

Since there is hardly any reliable information on these aspects and as such on the actual net availability of food grains for human consumption, these estimates will be of considerable importance to the planners and policy makers, as the estimates of demand of food grains will help them in better utilization of food grains for human consumption. This study will also pave way for developing a suitable sampling methodology for estimation of seed, feed and wastage ratios of major food grains at All India level by taking large scale sample surveys for the purpose in future.

1.2 Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratio There are many sources of leakage between production and consumption of food grains that not only include wastage of grains during various post-harvest operations but also at the stage of harvesting. The losses of grain may also occur due to destruction by pests, in transportation etc., and also on account of damage caused by mechanical agents such as rains, shattering in the fields during harvesting, rodents, etc. The past estimates revealed that about 12.5 per cent of the total production of food grain crop was accounted for on account of quantity used for seed and livestock feed as well as wastage allowances during various harvesting and post-harvesting operations at farmer’s level.

There is no doubt that the production of food grains in India increased manifold as compared to the situation existing at the time of independence mainly due to the initiatives taken by the Central as well as State Governments. Success of Green Revolution transformed the country from the deficit of food economy to a food surplus economy. It is obvious that besides domestic consumption, farmers have to use a part of their food grain production as seed and feed fed to livestock. Therefore, it is required to have information on how much of grains are used for seed and feed purpose and also the losses incurred during the process of harvesting and other processes up to the level of sale in the market and for his domestic consumption. This helps in greater understanding of the predictability of food production behavior, looking for methods to reduce losses and actual availability of food grains in the country.

The ratio of seed, feed and wastage is used for translating consumption requirement to domestic production requirement of the quantity of food grains availability for human consumption in India. It may be mentioned here that the requirement towards seed, feed and wastage varies widely in different food grain crops in different States.

1.3 Review of Literature Till early 1980s, seed, feed and wastage ratios were worked out on the basis of Farm Management Surveys. During the eighties, an Expert Committee was formulated comprising of members from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, National Sample Survey Office, Central Statistics Office, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute and Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies. The committee worked out seed, feed and wastage ratios and recommended that 12.5% of the total production would be deducted towards the seed, feed and wastage ratios (5% as seed, 5% as feed and 2.5% as wastages) of total production of food grain crops across the country.

Planning Commission awarded a pilot study for estimation of seed, feed and wastage ratios in food grains to Techno-Economic Research Institute, Delhi which was conducted in three States, namely Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Western part only) in 1986-87 in which some of the districts were covered from each of the State. Its report was submitted in 1989. The study emphasized that 10.32% of the total production of food grains may be accounted for seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops in these areas.

In between, a strong need was felt by the Government to re-estimate these ratios. Therefore, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, DAC, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India had awarded a study to Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore in 2004 under the co-ordination of Professor RS Deshpande. He conducted this study in 13 States through 13 Agro Economic Research Centers located in the respective States with the main objective to estimate the total quantity of food grains used as seed, feed and wastages during various stages of production and thus the net availability of food grains for human consumptions. The final report was submitted in 2007. The findings of the study are as follows:

A total of 7.96% ratios to the production for seed, feed and wastages were estimated for the cereal crops with significant variations among the States. It is observed that ratio at 27.47% in Himachal Pradesh was the maximum followed by 15.52% in Bihar and the minimum was 4.22% in Haryana followed by 4.79% in Punjab.

A total of 12.59% ratios to the production for seed, feed and wastages were estimated for the pulse crops with maximum of 19.30% in Madhya Pradesh followed by 17.93% in Assam and the minimum of 3.53% in Punjab followed by 6.83% in Karnataka.

However, the findings of the study were not considered as the representative of the country and therefore, not adopted by the Government for making the policy matter on seed, feed and wastage ratios for estimating the actual quantity of food grains available for human consumption in the country.

Due to no study conducted scientifically, seed, feed and wastage ratios to the total food grain production in the country were retained at 12.5% for the official estimates in 10th and 11th Five Year Plans. However, these ratios were taken as 7.6% for paddy crop only.

In a study, Chand (2007) calculated estimates for seed, feed and wastage ratios using the trend analysis of gap between per capita food supply and that of direct demand. He observed that the gap between the two was growing at an annual rate of 4.08%. He used the difference between the two series (after adjusting for changes in stock and export and import) on a long term basis and calculated the indirect demand for seed, feed and other wastage and demand for outside home consumption at 21.3 per cent (average of recent 5 years) of the gross output of food grains. This ratio was growing at a trend growth rate of 4.08 per cent per annum.

Parmod Kumar et al. (2010) reworked on the estimates for seed, feed and wastage ratios to the total production of food grains in the country. The study revealed that the ratio of seed, feed and wastage to total food grains production would increase from 19% in 1990s to 22 - 29 % by the end of 2020.

Bansil (2012) quoted that Planning Commission Working Group in their report on food demand for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-12) was forced to adopt the age-old norm of 12.5% in the absence of any other alternative over a period of 60 years. According to Bansil, seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grains cannot be 12.5% as assumed by the Ministry of Agriculture over the last 60 years or so. It is around 24% now and has been changing from year to year. Seed, feed and wastage ratios have no relation to the total production of food grains. Grains required for seed are going down because of the introduction of High Yielding Varieties that requires less seeds per hectare and yield more. The primary factors that determine seed, feed and wastage ratios are increasing production of livestock products and industrial uses of grains. Livestock feeding systems in India are quite different from those in developed countries and the data shows that it is not worthwhile to assume that private sector stocks of grains are constant over the years.

1.4 Need for a detailed study to estimate Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratio Due to adoption of high yielding varieties of seed for production of major food grain crops, use of modern implements of various agricultural operations, better facilities for storage and attention of the farmers for handling of their produce starting from harvesting till marketing, the ratios of seed, feed and wastage of major food grains should be less than the ratios which are being used at present by the Government for estimating the availability of food grain for human consumption in the country. Hence, there is a need to estimate seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops scientifically on a wider scale in which these ratios must be estimated on the basis of primary data collection in different States of the country with a view to know the present scenario of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production in the country. The estimates so developed will be of immense use for planning and formulation of future policies by the Government and policy makers for the economic development of the country. Keeping in view, the project entitled “Pilot study for estimation of seed, feed and wastage ratios of major food grains” has been undertaken.

1.5 Objectives: The main objectives of the study are: i) To estimate the quantity of seed and feed used in food grains production, ii) To estimate wastage at harvesting and post-harvest stages of food grains production and iii) To estimate seed, feed and wastage ratios in food grains production and net availability of food grains for human consumption.

CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY Under the project, a sample survey was conducted for collecting primary data required for preparing the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for various food grain crops along with seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production as per the objectives. This chapter provides the description of the sample survey conducted with regard to sampling design, coverage and period of survey, nodal agencies for data collection, selection of units, sample size at various level, schedules/questionnaires and instruction manual, organization of field work, data entry software & statistical package and estimation procedure for statistical analysis of data.

2.1 Sampling Design The sampling design adopted for data collection was two stage random sampling with villages as first stage sampling units (FSU) and the farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock as second stage units (SSU).

2.2 Coverage and Period of Survey The aim of the project is to provide reliable estimates by collecting primary data on production, seed, feed and wastage of major food grains in five states of the country. The survey work of the project has been carried out in 5 States, one each from Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central region of the country. The selected States are Uttar Pradesh from Northern region, Odisha from Eastern region, Karnataka from Southern region, Rajasthan from Western region and Madhya Pradesh from Central region. These States have been selected on the basis of maximum food grain production during the agricultural years 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12. Initially, the survey work was conducted in 4 States, namely Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in the Agricultural Year 2013-14. Due to operational problems, the survey work was conducted in four districts of Odisha State in the Agricultural Year 2014-15.

The districts selected in each state are listed below:

State Districts

Uttar Pradesh Barabanki, Bareilly, Bulandshar & Varanasi

Karnataka Belgaum, Tumkur, Bijapur & Haveri

Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur, Bhopal, Indore & Ujjain

Rajasthan Bharatpur, Jodhpur, Chittorgarh & Sikar

Odisha Ganjam, Puri, Bargarh & Kalahandi

2.3 Nodal Agencies for Data Collection The nodal agencies responsible for data collection in the five States are

State Nodal Agency

Uttar Pradesh Director, Agriculture Statistics and Crop Insurance, Lucknow

Karnataka Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Bangalore

Madhya Pradesh Director, Agro Economic Research Centre, Jabalpur

Rajasthan Director, Agriculture Statistics, Board of Revenue Rajasthan, Ajmer

Odisha Director, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Bhubaneswar

2.4 Selection of Units FSU: The survey work was carried out in four selected districts of each of the five States, one from each region of the country. From each of the selected districts, a sample of 20 villages was selected by SRSWOR in proportion to the number of villages in different tehsils/blocks/taluks. If any selected village was found to be in-habited, it was substituted with another village falling in the same tehsil/block/taluk with prior intimation to IASRI.

SSU: Farmers of the selected villages were divided into three operational holding size groups, namely Small (up to 2 ha), Medium (2-4 ha) and Large (more than 4 ha) on the basis of operational holding sizes. Further, the farmers in the each group were also classified into two sub-groups. A total of 50 farmers were enumerated in each sample village for selecting a sample of 15 farmers as below:

Small (up to 2 ha) Medium (2-4 ha) Large (more than 4 ha)

Enumeration of 20 farmers Enumeration of 15 farmers Enumeration of 15 farmers

10 farmers having up to 2 8 farmers having up to 2 8 farmers having up to 2 livestock livestock livestock

10 farmers having more 07 farmers having more than 07 farmers having more than 2 livestock 2 livestock than 2 livestock

In case of non-availability of farmers as per the above mentioned criteria, shortfall of the farmers was compensated from the preceding holding size group by enumerating more number of farmers subject to the maximum of 50 farmers in the sample village.

In each sample village, a sample of 15 farmers (5 farmers from each holding size group) was randomly selected adopting pre-stratification of all the farmers growing food grains and having livestock from different operational holding size groups as follows:

3 farmers growing food grain crops and having up to 2 livestock and 2 farmers growing food grain crops and having more than 2 livestock from each operational holding size group (Small, Medium and Large).

The shortfall of farmers in medium and large size groups were compensated from the small group subject to maximum of 15 farmers.

Detailed information regarding the food grain crops grown, area under crop (irrigated/un- irrigated), seed used, quantity of food grain crop given to labor in lieu of harvesting/threshing operations, sale of crop production from the field, quantity stored, losses incurred at the harvesting stage and taking produce from harvesting field to storage, livestock feed, home consumption, sale after storage in the nearby mandi, wastages taken place at storage, cleaning, mandi, in between transportation of the production from storage to mandi, quantity sold in mandi etc have been collected by enquiry from the randomly selected farmers.

District-wise, tehsil/block-wise list of sample villages with total farmers, number of farmers enumerated, number of farmers selected in each holding size group of the selected five States is appended at Appendix – I.

2.5 Sample Size at various Levels

District:

20 villages × 15 farmers = 300 farmers

State:

4 districts × 20 villages × 15 farmers = 1200 farmers

Total:

5 States × 4 districts × 20 villages × 15 farmers = 6000 farmers

2.6 Schedules/questionnaires and Instruction Manual

For the purpose of data collection, List-1, List-2, Schedule-1 and Schedule-2 have been designed as per the objectives of the project.

List-1: list of 20 selected villages in each district of the State has been prepared and sent to the nodal officer/in-charge in each of the state.

Schedule-1: Schedule-I is meant for recording the information of farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock in each holding size group. On the basis of operational holdings, the farmers of the selected villages have been divided into three operational holding size groups, namely Small (up to 2 ha), Medium (2-4 ha) and Large (more than 4 ha). The information was collected with the help of village head-man as well patwari/taluka official who maintains the land records.

List-2: Out of the listing of the farmers in schedule 1, the random selection of 3 farmers having up to 2 livestock and 2 farmers having more than 2 livestock from each holding size group was made for detailed enquiry.

Schedule-2: Schedule-II is meant for recording the information from each of the selected farmer growing food grain crops and having livestock in each holding size group. In schedule-II, detailed enquiry regarding the food grain crops grown and area under crop (irrigated and un- irrigated), production and utilization of crop produce for seed, livestock feed, home consumption etc. has been collected by enquiry. The data on wastage at different harvesting and post-harvest stages at farmer’s level have also been collected by enquiry. The information on consumption of the food grain crop grown, losses/wastage incurred during the intervening period, has been

11 collected from each farmer after an interval of 2 months in each of the season. Information on total quantity of food grains produced and out of this, the quantity utilized for seed, feed and wastage incurred at harvesting and post-harvest stages at farmer’s level and as such, the quantity of food grains available for human consumption has been estimated.

List-1, Schedule-1, List-2 and Schedule-2 are appended at Appendix – II.

An instruction manual was also prepared in which the method of data collection has been discussed thoroughly. Instruction manual is appended at Appendix – III.

2.7 Organization of field work

The data collection work was carried out by the Field Investigators/Supervisors under the supervision of Nodal Officer in each State. Prior to conduct of survey, intensive training was imparted by the Scientists/Field Officer from IASRI to the Field Investigators/Supervisors including the Officials of the State Government at the Head Quarter of each of the State. In the training programme, method of data collection, listing and random selection of farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock and filling of the information in the two schedules etc. were discussed and clarified. Copies of Instruction Manual were distributed to each of the Field Investigators/Supervisors along with the Officials of the State Government. Scientists and the Field Officer from IASRI have made regular field visits for supervision/inspection of data collection work in each of the State and clarified the queries raised by Field Investigators/supervisors.

2.8 Data Entry and Statistical Analysis

Data entry Software package has been designed/developed in MS ACCSES at IASRI for digitization of the data recorded in Schedules. Data entry layout is appended at APPENDIX-IV. A Programme in SAS has also developed for statistical analysis of the data at the Institute.

2.9 Estimation Procedure

In order to estimate the average crop yield (kg/ha), seed (kg/ha), livestock feed (kg/ha) and wastage (kg/ha) of different major food grain crops grown in a district, a two stage sampling design has been employed. In this case, within a district, villages have been considered as primary stage units whereas farmers growing food grains and having livestock within the villages have been considered as the second stage units of the study. In the first stage of

12 sampling, number of villages has been selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) design. In the second stage of sampling, a SRSWOR sample of farmers has been drawn from each selected village for data collection on various character under study.

Estimation procedure for estimating average yield (kg/ha), seed (kg/ha), livestock feed (kg/ha) and wastage (kg/ha) at the district level for specific crop is explained as under.

The notations used in the estimation procedure are as following:

N = Total number of villages in a district

n = Number of selected villages in a district by SRSWOR

th Mi = Total number of farmers in the i village in a district

th mi = Number of farmers selected in the i village in a district

yij = The value of character under study i.e. the average yield, seed, livestock feed and wastage of a specific crop obtained from the jth farmer in the ith village in the district.

Here, the total number of farmers for all the villages (i= 1, 2,…, N) in a district are unknown.

Only the total number of farmers (Mi) for all the sampled villages (i= 1, 2,…, n) in a district are known. Thus, the estimate of average yield of a crop in a district is given by (Singh and Chaudhary),

n  M i yi i1 y  n (1)  M i i1

mi 1 th where, yi   yij represents the average yield of a crop in the i selected village. mi j 1

An approximately unbiased estimate of variance of the estimator y is given by

n 2 n 2 2  1 1  M i 1 2 1 M i  1 1  s2i v y     yi  y     (2)  ˆ 2  ˆ    n N  i1 M n 1 nN i1 M  mi M i  mi

n mi 1 1 2 ˆ s2  y  y where, M   M i and 2i  ij i  . n i1 mi j 1

Then, the percent standard error of the estimator y is given by

vy % SE(y)  100 (3) y

Under the study, these estimates of average yield of a crop were obtained for four identified districts in the study States of India. These four district level estimates were pooled on the basis of gross cropped area under each crop in the identified district.

th Suppose for the t district, the estimate is obtained as yt . The pooled estimate over the four identified district is obtained as

 At yt 4 t 1 y  4  Wt yt (4) t 1  At t 1

At th whereWt  4 and At represents the gross cropped area of the crop in the t district.  At t 1

The estimate of variance of the estimator y given by

4 2 ˆ vy  Wt v(yt ) . (5) t1

The percent standard error of the estimator y is given by

vy % SE(y)  100 . (6) y

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This Chapter provides the details of the survey results conducted in the four randomly selected districts of each of the five selected States, namely Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha States. District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grain crops grown in the selected five States have been presented with their corresponding percentage standard errors. We shall also discuss district-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown in all the five States under study. The estimates pooled on the basis of district-wise estimates are also presented.

3.1 State: Uttar Pradesh

Under this section, we discuss the district-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grain crops together with their corresponding percentage standard errors in the four randomly selected districts, namely Bareilly, Barabanki, Varanasi and Bulandshar districts in the State. The district-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the total production of the crops have also been worked out together with their corresponding percentage standard errors.

3.1.1 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

The major food grain crops of paddy, maize, bajra, black gram, arhar and green gram were grown in the four randomly selected districts of Uttar Pradesh in Kharif 2013-14. District- wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage together with percentage standard errors in the food grain crops grown in the districts are presented below.

Paddy: The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage are presented in Table 3.1.1. Paddy is the major cereal crop grown in the State during Kharif season. It was grown in all the four districts selected under study. Table 3.1.1 reveals that the area of the sample farmers under the paddy crop was observed maximum in Bareilly district followed by Barabanki, Bulandshar and Varanasi. However, the area under the crop was maximum in Barabanki district (189974 ha) followed by Bareilly (159388 ha), Bulandshar (94705 ha) and Varanasi (45120 ha) districts. The estimates of yield were observed to the tune of 4038.76 kg/ha, the maximum, with 1.32% standard error (SE) in Varanasi district and minimum of 3133.19

15 kg/ha with 0.77% SE in Bareilly district. The estimates of yield were 4010.05 kg/ha with 4.66% SE and 3982.28 kg/ha with 4.98% SE in Bulandshar and Barabanki districts respectively. The estimates of seed were of the order of 50.74 kg/ha, 24.67 kg/ha, 15.84 kg/ha and 15.02 kg/ha in Varanasi, Bareilly, Bulandshar and Barabanki districts with corresponding percentage standard errors 0.69, 1.01, 0.67 and 10.57 in the four districts respectively. The estimates of feed were observed as 0.21 kg/ha in Bareilly and 0.61 kg/ha in Varanasi district. The estimates of wastage in paddy were observed maximum at 246.07 kg/ha in Barabanki followed by 196.64 kg/ha in Varanasi, 65.94 kg/ha in Bareilly and the minimum 30.39 kg/ha in Bulandshar district. The percentage standard errors in case of feed and wastage were observed higher due to wide variations in the observations.

Over-all estimates, based on selected districts, were observed to the tune of 3716.21 kg/ha with 2.30% SE, 21.62 kg/ha with 2.88% SE, 0.30 kg/ha with 24.45% SE and 141.07 kg/ha with 5.53% SE for yield, seed, feed and wastage respectively. The over-all estimates are weighted on the basis of area under paddy crop in the respective districts under study.

Maize: Maize crop was grown in Bulandshar and Varanasi districts only. The area under crop was maximum (44016 ha) in Bulandshar and the minimum (2907 ha) in Varanasi district. The estimates of yield were observed to the tune of 2921.91 kg/ha with 5.53% SE in Bulandshar and 2373.45 kg/ha with 8.90% SE in Varanasi district. The estimates of seed were 36.38 kg/ha and 17.68 kg/ha with percentage standard errors 11.99 and 9.90 in Varanasi and Bulandshar districts respectively. The estimates of feed were 50.86 kg/ha and 0.22 kg/ha in the two districts respectively. The estimate of wastage of maize crop was seen maximum 130.27 kg/ha in Varanasi while it was only 31.81 kg/ha in Bulandshar district.

Over-all estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 2887.93 kg/ha with 5.36% SE, 18.84 kg/ha with 8.83% SE, 3.36 kg/ha with 32.29% SE and 37.91 kg/ha with 11.33% SE respectively.

Bajra: Only 53 farmers in Bulandshar and 20 farmers in Varanasi district were observed growing bajra crop. The area under bajra crop was 5450 ha and 13663 ha in the two districts respectively. Table 3.1.1 reveals that the yield was estimated of the order of 1158.68 kg/ha with 7.53% SE and 1373.32 kg/ha with 5.92% SE in Bulandshar and Varanasi districts respectively while the estimates of seed were observed to the tune of 4.61 kg/ha in Bulandshar and 14.60 kg/ha in Varanasi district with 10.07% and 3.36% SE respectively. Bajra was fed to the livestock only in Varanasi district and the estimate was 38.13 kg/ha with

11.36% SE. The estimates of wastage were 19.35 kg/ha with 13.46% SE and 57.75 kg/ha with 12.01% SE in Bulandshar and Varanasi respectively.

Pooled over-all estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of the crop were of the order of 1239.19 kg/ha, 7.46 kg/ha, 10.87 kg/ha and 30.30 kg/ha with percentage standard errors 5.48, 4.83, 11.36 and 8.96 respectively.

Black gram: Black gram was grown in Bulandshar district only. The crop area was 1578 ha with 11.115 ha area of sample farmers in the district. The estimates were of the order of 616.04 kg/ha with 9.72% SE, 16.04 kg/ha with 1.26% SE, 0.11 kg/ha with 67.24% SE and 13.21 kg/ha with 19.23% SE for yield, seed, feed and wastage respectively.

Arhar: The crop was grown in Bulandshar district only. The estimate of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 782.99 kg/ha with 5.28% SE, 16.16 kg/ha with 1.79% SE, 0.10 kg/ha with 68.29% SE and 17.02 kg/ha with 13.83% SE respectively.

Green gram: Green gram was grown in Bulandshar district only. The crop area of the sample farmers was 9.239 ha out of 495 ha in the district. It can be seen from Table 3.1.1 that the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 708.38 kg/ha with 8.02% SE, 16.54 kg/ha with 2.36% SE, 0.16 kg/ha and 15.05 kg/ha respectively.

Table 3.1.1: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bareilly 299 291.084 159388 3133.19 24.67 0.21 65.94 [20] (0.77) (1.01) (83.99)* (13.20)*

Barabanki 300 263.422 189974 3982.28 15.02 0 246.07 [20] (4.98) (10.57)* (7.51)

Varanasi 291 133.418 45120 4038.76 50.74 0.61 196.64 [20] (1.32) (0.69) (79.81)* (5.40)

Bulandshar 205 200.203 94705 4010.05 15.84 0 30.39 [20] (4.66) (0.67) (10.55)*

Over-all 1095 888.127 489187 3716.21 21.62 0.30 141.07 [80] (2.30) (2.88) (24.45)* (5.53)

Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Varanasi 21 3.782 2907 2373.45 36.38 50.86 130.27 [6] (8.90) (11.99)* (34.01)* (14.26)*

Bulandshar 131 79.480 44016 2921.91 17.68 0.22 31.81 [16] (5.53) (9.90) (79.62)* (13.72)*

Over-all 152 83.262 46923 2887.93 18.84 3.36 37.91 [22] (5.36) (8.83) (32.29)* (11.33)*

Crop: Bajra

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bulandshar 53 22.961 5450 1185.68 4.61 0 19.35 [12] (7.53) (10.07)* (13.46)*

Varanasi 20 13.300 13663 1373.32 14.60 38.13 57.75 [5] (5.92) (3.36) (11.36)* (12.01)*

Over-all 73 36.261 19113 1239.19 7.46 10.87 30.30 [17] (5.48) (4.83) (11.36)* (8.96)

Crop: Black gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bulandshar 47 11.115 1578 616.04 16.04 0.11 13.21 [10] (9.72) (1.26) (67.24)* (19.23)*

Crop: Arhar

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bulandshar 67 25.395 8285 782.99 16.16 0.10 17.02 [14] (5.28) (1.79) (68.29)* (13.83)*

Crop: Green gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bulandshar 34 9.239 495 708.38 16.54 0.16 15.05 [6] (8.02) (2.36) (102.19)* (15.46)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.1.2 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown in the State are presented in Table 3.1.2 below.

Paddy: It can be seen from Table 3.1.2 that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production in paddy crop were 0.798%, 0.007% & 2.131% respectively in Bareilly district and 0.416%, 6.968% for seed and wastage in Barabanki district respectively. These were 1.278%, 0.015% and 4.879% respectively in Varanasi district respectively. In Bulandshar district, the estimates were 0.516% for seed and 0.913% for wastage. The estimates of wastage were observed maximum in Barabanki while minimum in Bulandshar district. A total of 2.936 %, 7.384%, 6.172% and 1.429% of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were observed in Bareilly, Barabanki, Varanasi and Bulandshar districts respectively with maximum of 7.384% in Barabanki followed by Varanasi, Bareilly and the minimum of 1.429% in Bulandshar district.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 0.639%, 0.009% and 4.027% respectively with total of 4.675% for paddy crop. Based on the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios, it may be concluded that 95.325% of the production of paddy crop would be available for human consumption in the State.

Maize: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of maize crop were 0.857%, 0.019% and 1.392% respectively in Bulandshar district and 1.563%, 2.469% and 5.877% respectively in Varanasi district with a total of 9.909% and 2.268% in Varanasi and Bulandshar districts respectively.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of maize crop were of the order of 0.901%, 0.170% and 1.670% respectively with a total 2.741% of maize

19 production. Based on the information, it is concluded that 97.259% of the production of maize crop would be available for human consumption in the State.

Bajra: On the basis of information collected from the sample farmers of Bulandshar and Varanasi districts, the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of Bajra were to the tune of 0.432%, 0%, 1.728% in Bulandshar and 1.071%, 2.765%, 4.268% in Varanasi district respectively. The total of the three ratios were 8.044% in Varanasi and 2.160% in Bulandshar district.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 0.614%, 1.977% and 2.452% respectively with a total of 5.043% of Bajra in the State. It may be concluded that 94.957% of the production of bajra would be available for human consumption in the State.

Black gram: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 5.169% with 3.039% for seed, 0.023% for feed and 2.107% for wastage in Black gram. It shows that 94.831% of the crop would be available for human consumption in the State.

Arhar: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production are based on the information collected from 67 farmers of 14 selected villages in Bulandshar district only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 2.243%, 0.027% and 2.268% respectively with a total 4.538% for arhar crop. It means that 95.462% production of the crop would be available for human consumption.

Green gram: It may be seen from Table 3.2.2 that ratios of 2.493% for seed, 0.039% for feed and 2.399% for wastage have been estimated with a total of 4.931% to the production of green gram.It may be concluded that 95.069% of green gram would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.1.2: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Bareilly 299 291.084 159388 0.798 0.007 2.131 2.936 [20] (1.02) (85.69)* (14.10)*

Barabanki 300 263.422 189974 0.416 0 6.968 7.384 [20] (7.68) (9.82)

Varanasi 291 133.418 45120 1.278 0.015 4.879 6.172 [20] (2.23) (79.42)* (5.42)

Bulandshar 205 200.203 94705 0.516 0 0.913 1.429 [20] (10.45)* (12.39)*

Over-all 1095 888.127 489187 0.639 0.009 4.027 4.675 [80] (2.60) (25.58)* (7.08)

Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Varanasi 21 3.782 2907 1.563 2.469 5.877 9.909 [6] (6.63) (35.27)* (10.45)*

Bulandshar 131 79.480 44016 0.857 0.019 1.392 2.269 [16] (26.21)* (88.88)* (24.58)*

Over-all 152 83.262 46923 0.901 0.170 1.670 2.741 [22] (23.40)* (32.92)* (19.36)*

Crop: Bajra

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bulandshar 53 22.961 5450 0.432 0 1.728 2.160 [12] (15.09)* (14.03)*

Varanasi 20 13.300 13663 1.071 2.765 4.268 8.045 [5] (5.15) (8.19) (13.67)*

Over-all 73 36.261 19113 0.614 1.977 2.452 5.043 [17] (8.01) (3.27) (8.56)

Crop: Black gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bulandshar 47 11.115 1578 3.039 0.023 2.107 5.169 [10] (8.03) (70.03)* (22.88)*

Crop: Arhar

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bulandshar 67 25.395 8285 2.243 0.027 2.268 4.538 [14] (6.88) (77.90)* (11.16)*

Crop: Green gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bulandshar 34 9.239 495 2.493 0.039 2.399 4.931 [6] (8.21) (101.73)* (22.92)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.1.3 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

Wheat is the only crop which was grown in all the four selected districts of Uttar Pradesh State during Rabi 2013-14.The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of the crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in the selected districts of Uttar Pradesh are presented in Table 3.1.3.

Wheat: Wheat crop was grown by 1185 out of 1200 sample farmers in all the 80 randomly selected villages of four districts in the State. It may be seen from Table 3.1.3 that crop area was maximum in Bareilly (201266 ha) followed by Bulandshar (196988 ha), Barabanki (162977 ha) and Varanasi (69429 ha).The estimate of yield was observed maximum 4643.63 kg/ha with 1.75% SE in Bulandshar followed by 4116.28 kg/ha with 1.24% SE in Bareilly, 3778.76 kg/ha with 1.73% SE in Barabanki and the minimum of 2997.46 kg/ha with 3.60% SE in Varanasi district.

The estimates of seed were of the order of 165.94 kg/ha, 161.45 kg/ha, 159.72 kg/ha and 137.37 kg/ha in Varanasi, Bareilly, Bulandshar and Barabanki districts respectively with corresponding percentage standard errors 1.15, 0.87, 0.90 and 2.39. Wheat is the crop which was fed to the livestock by the farmers of all the selected districts in the State. The estimates of feed were of the order of 292.35 kg/ha, the maximum in Bareilly followed by 190.35 kg/ha in Barabanki, 175.21 kg/ha in Bulandshar and the minimum of 74.31 kg/ha in Varanasi district with percentage standard errors 5.13, 8.29, 7.15 and 6.50 respectively. The estimates

22 of wastage were to the tune of 21.02 kg/ha, the minimum with 9.32% SE in Bulandshar, 49.23 kg/ha with 6.52% SE in Barabanki, 62.67 kg/ha with 5.35% SE in Varanasi and the maximum of 79.59 kg/ha with 4.44% SE in Bareilly district.

The pooled estimates, on the basis of four districts, were to the tune of 4070.61 kg/ha with 0.90% SE for yield, 155.18 kg/ha with 0.70% SE for seed, 205.40 kg/ha with 3.62% SE for feed and 51.59 kg/ha with 3.05% SE for wastage in the State.

Gram: Gram was grown in Varanasi district only and the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage are based on 42 observations. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 795.66 kg/ha with 1.63% SE, 81.85 kg/ha with 0.36% SE, 13.19 kg/ha with 14.51% SE and 50.23 kg/ha with 6.55% SE respectively.

Table 3.1.3: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

Crop: Wheat

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Barabanki 297 164.562 162977 3778.76 137.37 190.35 49.23 [20] (1.73) (2.39) (8.29) (6.52) Bareilly 300 294.057 201266 4116.28 161.45 292.35 79.59 [20] (1.24) (0.87) (5.13) (4.44) Bulandshar 292 376.738 196988 4643.63 159.72 175.21 21.02 [20] (1.75) (0.90) (7.15) (9.32) Varanasi 296 147.403 69429 2997.46 165.94 74.31 62.67 [20] (3.60) (1.15) (6.50) (5.35) Over-all 1185 982.760 630660 4070.61 155.18 205.40 51.59 [80] (0.90) (0.70) (3.62) (3.05)

Crop: Gram District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers in (ha) Distric Varanasi 42 7.976 2209t 795.66 81.85 13.19 50.23 [13] (ha) (1.63) (0.36) (14.51)* (6.55) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.1.4 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in the selected districts are presented in Table 3.1.4.

Wheat: It may be seen from Table 3.1.4 that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of wheat crop were of the order of 3.733%, 5.061% and1.321% in Barabanki, 3.984%, 7.119% and1.964% in Bareilly, 3.538%, 3.881% and 0.466% in Bulandshar and 5.718%, 2.491% and 2.112% in Varanasi district respectively with total of 13.067% the maximum in Bareilly followed by 10.321% in Varanasi, 10.115% in Barabanki and 7.885% the minimum in Bulandshar district.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 3.971%, 5.066% and 1.346% respectively with total of 10.383% of wheat crop. Based on the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios, it may be concluded that 89.617% of the production of wheat would be available for human consumption in the State.

Gram: It can be seen from Table 3.1.4 that the ratio 10.342% for seed, 1.655% for feed and 6.271% for wastage to the production of gram crop with total of 18.268% was observed in the district. It shows that 81.732% of the production of gram would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.1.4: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

Crop: Wheat District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Barabanki 297 164.562 162977 3.733 5.061 1.321 10.115 [20] (3.68) (8.39) (6.16) Bareilly 300 294.057 201266 3.984 7.119 1.964 13.067 [20] (1.26) (5.32) (4.75) Bulandshar 292 376.738 196988 3.538 3.881 0.466 7.885 [20] (2.34) (7.72) (9.53) Varanasi 296 147.403 69429 5.718 2.491 2.112 10.321 [20] (1.06) (5.88) (4.56) Over-all 1185 982.760 630660 3.971 5.066 1.346 10.383 [80] (1.19) (3.73) (3.00)

Crop: Gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Varanasi 42 7.976 2209 10.342 1.655 6.271 18.268 [13] (1.74) (14.72)* (5.42) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.1.5 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh It can be seen from Table 3.1.5 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios accounting for all the major food grain crops grown during Kharif season were of the order of 0.692% for seed, 0.089% for feed and 3.746% for wastage with percentage standard errors 3.30, 6.18 and 6.63 respectively with a total of 4.527%. It clearly indicates that 95.473% production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.1.5: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) 1095 0.639 0.009 4.027 4.675 489187 Paddy [80] (2.60) (25.58)* (7.08) 152 0.901 0.170 1.67 2.741 46923 Maize [22] (23.40)* (32.92)* (19.36)* 73 0.614 1.977 2.452 5.043 19113 Bajra [17] (8.01) (3.27) (8.56)

47 3.039 0.023 2.107 5.169 Black gram 1578 [10] (8.03) (70.03)* (22.88)* 67 2.243 0.027 2.268 4.538 Arhar 8285 [14] (6.88) (77.90)* (11.16)* 34 2.493 0.039 2.399 4.931 495 Green gram [6] (8.21) (101.73)* (22.92)* Pooled 1468 0.692 0.089 3.746 4.527 565581 [149] (3.30) (6.18) (6.63) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.1.6: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops grown in Rabi season 2013-14 are presented in Table 3.1.6. It may be seen from Table 3.1.6 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios of all the food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 were of the order of 3.993% for seed, 5.054% for feed and 1.363% for wastage with percentage standard errors 1.18, 3.74 and 2.95 respectively. It was 10.411% taking all the three ratios together in the State. This indicates that 89.589% of the production of the food grain crops grown in Rabi season would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.1.6: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total

1185 630660 3.971 5.066 1.346 10.383 Wheat [80] (1.19) (3.73) (3.00) 42 2209 10.342 1.655 6.271 18.268 Gram [13] (1.74) (14.72)* (5.42) 1227 632869 3.993 5.054 1.363 10.411 Pooled [93] (1.18) (3.74) (2.95)

Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.1.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh The pooled estimates of all food grain crops are based on the information collected from 2695 farmers residing in 242 randomly selected villages of Uttar Pradesh State. It can be seen from Table 3.1.7 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios accounting all the major food grain crops grown during Agricultural Year 2013-14 (both Kharif and Rabi seasons) are to the tune of 0.704% with 3.24 percentage standard error, 0.106% with 5.19 percentage standard error and 3.738% with 6.62 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 4.548%. It clearly indicates that 95.452% production of food grain crops grown would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.1.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

Season Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) 1468 0.692 0.089 3.746 4.527 565581 Kharif [149] (3.30) (6.18) (6.63) 1227 632869 3.993 5.054 1.363 10.411 Rabi [93] (1.18) (3.74) (2.95) Pooled 2695 0.704 0.106 3.738 4.548 1198450 [242] (3.24) (5.19) (6.62) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.1.8: Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif and Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh

Graphical presentation of the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14, Rabi 2013-14 and pooled estimates for both Kharif & Rabi 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh State are presented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

3.2 State: Karnataka Under this section, district-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage and ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of the major food grain crops grown with corresponding percentage standard errors in the four selected districts, namely Belgaum, Bijapur, Haveri and Tumkur districts in Karnataka State are presented.

3.2.1 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka

The major food grain crops of maize, paddy, bajra, green gram, ragi, jowar, horse gram and tur were grown in the districts of Karnataka during Kharif 2013-14. District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage together with their corresponding percentage standard errors are presented in Table 3.2.1.

Maize: Maize is the major cereal crop grown in the State. It was grown in all the four districts selected under study. It can be seen from Table 3.2.1 that area of the sample farmers was maximum at 465.530 ha in Haveri followed by 146.510 ha in Belgaum, 139.970 ha in Bijapur and the minimum 90.690 ha in Tumkur district. The area under maize crop was to the tune of 147684 ha, 120574 ha, 69222 ha and 25247 ha in the four districts respectively.

The estimate of yield was observed maximum at 3744.10 kg/ha with 3.89% SE in Haveri district followed by 3684.75 kg/ha with 5.77% SE in Bijapur, 3657.34 kg/ha with 4.45% SE in Belgaum and minimum at 1828.41 kg/ha with 3.60% SE in Tumkur district.

The estimates of seed were of the order of 14.72 kg/ha, 14.72 kg/ha, 19.07 kg/ha and 20.27 kg/ha in Belgaum, Bijapur, Haveri and Tumkur districts with corresponding percentage standard errors 9.77, 3.90, 3.15 and 7.41 respectively. The estimates of feed were observed to the tune of 270.75 kg/ha in Belgaum, 164.13 kg/ha in Bijapur, 231.08 kg/ha in Haveri and 44.97 kg/ha in Tumkur district. The estimates of wastage were observed maximum at 29.02 kg/ha in Haveri followed by 28.84 kg/ha in Bijapur, 11.68 kg/ha in Belgaum and the minimum 9.03 kg/ha in Tumkur district.

Over-all estimates, pooled over the four selected districts, of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3570.60 kg/ha with 2.52% SE, 16.88 kg/ha with 3.31% SE, 218.54 kg/ha with 9.37% SE and 21.83 kg/ha with 15.70% SE respectively.

Paddy: Table 3.2.1 reveals that the area of sample farmers under paddy and in the selected districts were observed maximum in Belgaum district followed by Haveri and Tumkur district with no crop area in Bijapur district. The estimate of yield was of the order of 3906.62

29 kg/ha with 7.50% SE in Belgaum, 3575.36 kg/ha with 9.36% SE in Haveri and 3625.82 kg/ha with 4.67% SE in Tumkur district.The estimates of seed were 61.56 kg/ha with 1.72% SE, 58.54 kg/ha with 8.72% SE and 58.19 kg/ha with 2.63% SE in Belgaum, Haveri and Tumkur districts respectively. The estimates of feed were 56.91 kg/ha in Haveri district. Paddy was not fed to livestock in other two districts of the State. The estimate of wastage was observed maximum at 69.16 kg/ha in Haveri followed by 21.25 kg/ha in Belgaum and the minimum at 13.36 kg/ha in Tumkur district.

Over-all estimates, pooled over the four selected districts in the State, were to the tune of 3755.04 kg/ha with 5.28% SE, 60.09 kg/ha with 3.28% SE, 33.25 kg/ha with 31.98% SE and 38.09 kg/ha with 12.30% SE for yield, seed, feed and wastage respectively.

Bajra: Bajra was grown in Belgaum and Bijapur districts. The area under bajra was 12352 ha and 69992 ha in the two districts respectively. Table 3.2.1 reveals that the estimate of yield was 796.70 kg/ha with 5.52% SE and 1036.19 kg/ha with 4.78% SE in Belgaum and Bijapur districts respectively while the estimates of seed were to the tune of 5.31 kg/ha in Belgaum and 5.20 kg/ha in Bijapur district with 7.11 and 7.18 percentage standard errors respectively. Bajra was used as feed to the livestock in Bijapur district only and the estimate was 44.40 kg/ha with 26.59 % SE. The estimates of wastage were 7.00 kg/ha and 18.27 kg/ha with 55.52% SE and 21.46% SE in Belgaum and Bijapur districts respectively.

Pooled over-all, the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of bajra were of the order of 1000.27 kg/ha, 5.22 kg/ha, 37.74 kg/ha and 16.58 kg/ha with percentage standard errors 4.26, 6.18, 26.59 and 20.41 respectively.

Green gram: It can be seen from Table 3.2.1 that estimate of yield was 840.34 kg/ha with 3.69% SE and 658.92 kg/ha with 8.14% SE in Belgaum and Tumkur districts respectively. The estimates of seed were to the tune of 16.49 kg/ha with 8.46% SE and 21.17 kg/ha with 5.27% SE in two districts respectively. Green gram was fed to the livestock in Tumkur district only and the estimate was 18.98 kg/ha. The estimates of wastage were 8.70 kg/ha and 7.91 kg/ha in Belgaum and Tumkur districts respectively.

Pooled over-all, estimates of yield and seed were of the order of 790.44 kg/ha, 17.78 kg/ha with 3.40% SE and 5.95% SE respectively while the estimates of feed and wastage were 5.22 kg/ha with 44.50% SE and 8.48 kg/ha with 27.36% SE respectively.

Ragi: Ragi was grown in Tumkur district only. The area under ragi was 153043 ha with 234.890 ha area of 245 sample farmers growing ragi in all the 20 sample villages. The

30 estimates were of the order of 1168.51kg/ha with 6.73% SE, 14.46 kg/ha with 6.63% SE, 48.77 with 17.06% SE and 21.01 with 20.78% SE for yield, seed, feed and wastage respectively.

Jowar: The crop was grown in Belgaum district only. The estimate were to the tune of 2607.39 kg/ha with 13.96% SE for yield, 8.25 kg/ha with 3.26% SE for seed, 134.65 kg/ha with 34.30% SE for feed and 14.94 kg/ha with 15.54% SE for wastage respectively.

Horse gram: Horse gram was grown in Tumkur district only. The area was 17219 ha in the district with 34.950 ha area of the 130 sample farmers growing crop in 18 selected villages. The estimates of yield and seed were 510.95 kg/ha with 5.17% SE and 28.09 kg/ha with 4.74% SE respectively. The estimates of feed and wastage were to the tune of 41.93 kg/ha with 8.67% SE and 15.63 kg/ha with 16.54% SE respectively.

Tur: The crop was grown in Bijapur district only. The various estimates are based on 166 observations (sample farmers) growing the crop in 17 selected villages of Bijapur district. The estimates were of the order of 1183.04 kg/ha with 5.52% SE and 12.23 kg/ha with 3.66% SE for yield and seed respectively. The estimate of wastage was observed as 10.70 kg/ha with 16.35% SE in the district.

Table 3.2.1: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka

Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) 160 146.510 120574 3657.34 14.72 270.75 11.68 Belgaum [17] (4.45) (9.77) (19.61)* (16.26)* 115 139.970 69222 3684.75 14.72 164.13 28.84 Bijapur [16] (5.77) (3.90) (20.78)* (43.53)* 275 465.530 147684 3744.10 19.07 231.08 29.02 Haveri [20] (3.89) (3.15) (8.56) (20.02)* 73 90.690 25247 1828.41 20.27 44.97 9.03 Tumkur [10] (3.60) (7.41) (13.91)* (11.17)* 623 842.700 362727 3570.60 16.88 218.54 21.83 Over-all [63] (2.52) (3.31) (9.37) (15.70)*

Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Belgaum 66 151.820 58597 3906.62 61.56 0 21.25 [5] (7.50) (1.72) (30.92)* 96 100.610 41051 3575.36 58.54 56.91 69.16 Haveri [14] (9.36) (8.72) (50.66)* (12.36)* 38 21.110 11659 3625.82 58.19 0 13.36 Tumkur [10] (4.67) (2.63) (15.71)* 200 273.540 111307 3755.04 60.09 33.25 38.09 Over-all [29] (5.28) (3.28) (31.98)* (12.30)*

Crop: Bajra

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Belgaum 33 19.400 12352 796.70 5.31 0 7.00 [6] (5.52) (7.11) (55.52)* Bijapur 66 78.230 69992 1036.19 5.20 44.40 18.27 [16] (4.78) (7.18) (26.59)* (21.46)* Over-all 99 97.630 82344 1000.27 5.22 37.74 16.58 [22] (4.26) (6.18) (26.59)* (20.41)*

Crop: Green gram

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Belgaum 53 25.610 16191 840.34 16.49 0 8.70 [8] (3.69) (8.46) (30.70)* Tumkur 54 6.440 6143 658.92 21.17 18.98 7.91 [7] (8.14) (5.27) (44.50)* (58.80)* Over-all 107 32.050 22334 790.44 17.78 5.22 8.48 [15] (3.40) (5.95) (44.50)* (27.36)*

Crop: Ragi

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) 245 234.890 153043 1168.51 14.46 48.77 21.01 Tumkur [20] (6.73) (6.63) (17.06)* (20.78)*

Crop: Jowar District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Belgaum 59 61.710 61.710 2607.39 8.25 134.65 14.94 [12] (13.96) (3.26) (34.30)* (15.54)*

Crop: Horse gram District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Tumkur 130 34.950 17219 510.95 28.09 41.93 15.63 [18] (5.17) (4.74) (8.67) (16.54)*

Crop: Tur

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Bijapur 166 309.480 180625 1183.04 12.23 0 10.70 [17] (5.52) (3.66) (16.35)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.2.2 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka

District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown in the state are presented in Table 3.2.2.

Maize: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of maize crop were to the tune of 0.452%, 7.695% and 0.330% in Belgaum, 0.441%, 5.275% and 0.917% in Bijapur, 0.578%, 6.155% and 0.802% in Haveri, 1.146%, 2.612% and 0.511% in Tumkur district with a total of 8.477%, 6.633%, 7.535% and 4.269% in Belgaum, Bijapur, Haveri and Tumkur districts respectively.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of maize were of the order of 0.550%, 6.252% and 0.647% respectively with a total 7.449%. Based on the information, it is concluded that 92.551% of maize production would be available for human consumption in the State.

Paddy: It can be seen from Table 3.2.2 that the estimate of seed varies with a minimum of 1.626% in Belgaum followed by 1.653% in Tumkur and 2.013% in Haveri district. Paddy was fed to the livestock in Haveri district only and the estimate was 1.948% with 39.23% SE.The estimates of wastage ratio were 0.512%, 2.269% and 0.275% in Belgaum, Haveri and Tumkur districts respectively. Taking together all the three ratios, these were of the order of 2.138%, 6.230% and 2.028% in Belgaum, Haveri and Tumkur respectively.

The over-all estimates based on the information of the sample farmers, of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 1.771%, 1.138% and 1.146% respectively with total of 4.055%. Therefore, it may be concluded that 95.945% of the production of paddy would be available for human consumption in the State.

Bajra: Bajra was grown in Belgaum and Bijapur districts only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of bajra were of the order of 0.671%, 0% and 0.810% with a total of 1.481% in Belgaum district, 0.539%, 4.581% and 1.777% with a total of 6.897% in Bijapur district. Higher the ratios were observed in Bijapur district as the estimate of ratio of feed was 4.581% while it was nil in Belgaum district.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of bajra were 0.559%, 3.893% and 1.632% respectively with a total of 6.084%. It may be concluded that 93.916% of the production of bajra would be available for human consumption in the State.

Green gram: Green gram was grown in Belgaum and Tumkur districts only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 2.004%, 0% and 1.041% with a total of 3.045% in Belgaum district and 3.343%, 3.279% and 1.401% with a total of 8.023% in Tumkur district.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 2.372%, 0.902% and 1.140% respectively with a total of 4.414%. Therefore, it may be concluded that 95.586% of green gram production would be available for human consumption in the State.

Ragi: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were based on the information collected in Tumkur district only. The estimate of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were observed as 7.361% with 1.416% for seed, 4.122% for feed and 1.823% for wastage in production of ragi crop. It shows that 92.639% of ragi crop production would be available for human consumption.

Jowar: Jowar was grown in Belgaum district only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 0.370%, 4.415% and 0.584% respectively with a total of 5.369%. It may be concluded that 94.631% of the production of jowar would be available for human consumption.

Horse gram: Horse gram was grown in Tumkur district only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 5.980%, 8.650% and 3.094% with a total of 17.724% in Tumkur district. It shows that 82.276% of the horse gram production would be available for human consumption.

Tur: Tur was grown in Bijapur district only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 1.238%, 0% and 1.016% with a total of 2.254% of tur production. It shows that 97.746% of the crop production would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.2.2:District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Belgaum 160 146.510 120574 0.452 7.695 0.330 8.477 [17] (11.85) (16.52)* (14.53)* Bijapur 115 139.970 69222 0.441 5.275 0.917 6.633 [16] (6.92) (22.52)* (46.04)* Haveri 275 465.530 147684 0.578 6.155 0.802 7.535 [20] (7.00) (7.54) (18.53)* Tumkur 73 90.690 25247 1.146 2.612 0.511 4.269 [10] (7.01) (14.33)* (8.61) Over-all 623 842.700 362727 0.550 6.252 0.647 7.449 [63] (4.65) (8.25) (15.78)*

Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Belgaum 66 151.820 58597 1.626 0 0.512 2.138 [5] (5.62) (21.93)* Haveri 96 100.610 41051 2.013 1.948 2.269 6.230 [14] (15.48)* (39.23)* (16.03)* Tumkur 38 21.110 11659 1.653 0 0.375 2.028 [11] (3.14) (14.68)* Over-all 200 273.540 111307 1.771 1.138 1.146 4.055 [30] (7.04) (24.76)* (12.81)*

Crop: Bajra

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Belgaum 33 19.400 12352 0.671 0 0.810 1.481 [6] (6.47) (52.18)* Bijapur 66 78.230 69992 0.539 4.581 1.777 6.897 [16] (9.77) (27.79)* (20.88)* Over-all 99 97.630 82344 0.559 3.893 1.632 6.084 [22] (8.09) (27.79)* (19.71)*

Crop: Green gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Belgaum 53 25.610 16191 2.004 0 1.041 3.045 [8] (10.31) (30.74)* Tumkur 54 6.440 6143 3.343 3.279 1.401 8.023 [7] (5.95) (48.52)* (68.45)* Over-all 107 32.050 22334 2.372 0.902 1.140 4.414 [15] (6.72) (48.52)* (30.81)*

Crop: Ragi

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Tumkur 245 234.890 153043 1.416 4.122 1.823 7.361 [20] (10.41)* (15.03)* (16.47)*

Crop: Jowar

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Belgaum 59 61.710 61.710 0.370 4.415 0.584 5.369 [12] (15.59 (34.35)* (9.45) )*

Crop: Horse gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Tumkur 130 34.95 17219 5.980 8.650 3.094 17.724 [18] (6.60) (8.48) (14.92)*

Crop: Tur

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bijapur 166 309.48 180625 1.238 0 1.016 2.254 [17] (13.38) (17.84)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.2.3 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka Jowar, wheat, maize, ragi, black gram, green gram and horse gram are the food grain crops grown in the selected districts of Karnataka State during Rabi 2013-14. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for these crops are presented in Table 3.2.3.

Jowar: Jowar was grown in all the four districts of the State. However, the number of farmers growing jowar crop was less than the total number of sample farmers (300) in each district. It may be seen from Table 3.2.3 that area under the crop was maximum in Bijapur (165998 ha) followed by Belgaum (97612 ha), Haveri (23338 ha) and the minimum in Tumkur (23.650 ha). The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 1478.12 kg/ha with 8.61% SE, 8.71 kg/ha with 4.55% SE, 112.10 kg/ha with 49.04% SE and 5.41 kg/ha with 26.93% SE respectively in Belgaum district. These were 855.18 kg/ha, 7.73 kg/ha, 2.87 kg/ha & 7.77 kg/ha with percentage standard errors 3.70, 2.75, 57.35 & 14.25 respectively in Bijapur district. The estimates were to the tune of 1063.30 kg/ha with 10.05% SE for yield, 8.64 kg/ha with 2.62% SE for seed, 7.57 kg/ha with 56.21% SE for feed and 47.74 kg/ha with 12.47% SE for wastage in Haveri district. The estimate of yield was minimum 692.89 kg/ha with 2.87% SE in Tumkur district. The estimates of seed and feed were of the order of 12.86 kg/ha with 5.86% SE and 34.32 kg/ha with 4.38% SE respectively. There was no wastage of crop in Tumkur district.

Pooled over-all, estimates were to the tune of 1083.98 kg/ha with 4.41% SE, 8.14 kg/ha with 2.25% SE, 40.41 kg/ha with 46.34% SE and 10.22 kg/ha with 9.23% SE for yield, seed, feed and wastage respectively.

Wheat: Wheat crop was grown in Belgaum and Bijapur districts. It may be seen from Table 3.2.3 that area under the crop was maximum in Bijapur (57511 ha) followed by Belgaum (39362 ha) district.

The estimates of yield, seed and wastage were to the tune of 2025.46 kg/ha with 4.96% SE, 51.23 kg/ha with 3.92% SE & 6.85 kg/ha with 14.61% SE in Belgaum district respectively. These were of the order of 968.30 kg/ha with 8.69% SE for yield, 62.23 kg/ha with 7.46% SE for seed, 7.02 kg/ha with 29.65% SE for wastage in Bijapur district. However, wheat was not used as livestock feed in the two districts.

Pooled over-all, estimates of yield, seed and wastage were to the tune of 1397.85 kg/ha with 4.62% SE, 57.76 kg/ha with 4.98% SE & 6.95 kg/ha with 18.72% SE respectively.

Maize: The crop was grown in Belgaum and Bijapur districts only. Table 3.2.3 reveals that area under the crop was maximum in Bijapur (33890 ha) followed by Belgaum (8703 ha) district. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 3321.61 kg/ha with 9.69% SE, 12.19 kg/ha with 4.25% SE, 235.59 kg/ha with 24.08% SE and 5.27 kg/ha with 35.11% SE in Belgaum district respectively. These were estimated to the tune of 2717.15 kg/ha with 5.77% SE for yield, 11.54 kg/ha with 3.91% SE for seed and 5.30 kg/ha with 37.59% SE for wastage in Bijapur district. However, maize was not used as livestock feed in Bijapur district.

Pooled over-all, estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3198.10 kg/ha with 8.07% SE, 12.06 kg/ha with 3.50% SE, 187.45 kg/ha with 24.08% SE and 5.28 kg/ha with 28.95% SE respectively.

Ragi: Ragi was grown by the 20 farmers residing in 5 villages out of 20 selected villages in Tumkur district. The estimates were of the order of 1256.82 kg/ha with 6.45% SE for yield, 14.52 kg/ha with 1.97 % SE for seed, 78.67 kg/ha with 13.81% SE for feed and 40.77 kg/ha with 24.25% SE for wastage in the district.

Black gram: The crop was grown in Belgaum district only. The estimates were to the tune of 1516.59 kg/ha with 7.78% SE for yield, 51.16 kg/ha with 6.52% SE for seed and 9.93 kg/ha with 25.47% SE for wastage. Black gram was not fed to the livestock in the district.

Green gram: Green gram was grown in Haveri district only. The area under the crop in the district was 1540 ha and 23.300 ha area of the 53 sample farmers growing crop in 5 selected villages only. The estimates were to the tune of 424.19 kg/ha with 8.17% SE for yield, 18.42 kg/ha with 5.71% SE for seed, 34.98 kg/ha with 7.25% SE for wastage. Green gram was not used as livestock feed in the district by the sample farmers.

Horse gram: Horse gram was grown in Haveri district only. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of the crop are based on the information collected from 54 sample farmers growing the crop in 13 villages of the district. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 444.34 kg/ha with 9.56% SE, 28.49 kg/ha with 1.91% SE, 26.61 kg/ha with 20.17% SE and 19.21 kg/ha with 16.85% SE respectively.

Table 3.2.3: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka Crop: Jowar

District Number of Crop Area Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample in District Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers (ha) (ha) Belgaum 90 87.920 97612 1478.12 8.71 112.10 5.41 [10] (8.61) (4.55) (49.04)* (26.93)* Bijapur 177 241.580 165998 855.18 7.73 2.87 7.77 [18] (3.70) (2.75) (57.35)* (14.25)* Haveri 158 126.710 23338 1063.30 8.64 7.57 47.74 [17] (10.05) (2.62) (56.21)* (12.47)* Tumkur 43 23.650 23.650 692.89 12.86 34.32 0 [4] (2.87) (5.86) (4.38) Over-all 468 479.860 286971.650 1083.98 8.14 40.41 10.22 [49] (4.41) (2.25) (46.34)* (9.23)

Crop: Wheat

District Number of Crop Area Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample in District [villages] Farmers (ha) Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) Belgaum 110 89.850 39362 2025.46 51.23 0 6.85 [12] (4.96) (3.92) (14.61)* Bijapur 70 77.240 57511 968.30 62.23 0 7.02 [13] (8.69) (7.46) (29.65)*

Over-all 180 167.09 96873 1397.85 57.76 0 6.95 [25] (4.62) (4.98) (18.72)*

Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha)

Belgaum 52 26.970 33890 3321.61 12.19 235.59 5.27 [8] (9.69) (4.25) (24.08)* (35.11)* Bijapur 17 14.850 8703 2717.15 11.54 0 5.30 [9] (5.77) (3.91) (37.59)* Over-all 69 41.82 42593 3198.10 12.06 187.45 5.28 [17] (8.07) (3.50) (24.08)* (28.95)*

Crop: Ragi

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) Tumkur 20 5.300 313 1256.82 1452 78.67 40.77 [7] (6.45) (1.97) (13.81)* (24.25)*

Crop: Black gram

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Belgaum 60 56.200 299 1516.59 51.16 0 9.93 [11] (7.78) (6.52) (25.47)*

Crop: Green gram

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) Haveri 53 23.300(ha) 1540 424.19 18.42 0 34.98 [5] (8.17) (5.71) (7.25)

Crop: Horse gram

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates(kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) Haveri 54 22.650(ha) 3390 444.34 28.49 26.61 19.21 [13] (9.56) (1.91) (20.17) (16.85)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the* corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.2.4 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown in Karnataka State during Rabi 2013-14 are presented in Table 3.2.4.

Jowar: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of jowar crop were to the tune of 0.630%, 8.672% and 0.394% in Belgaum, 0.928%, 0.392% and 0.968% in Bijapur, 0.972%, 0.937% and 5.065% in Haveri districts respectively. These were observed as 1.960% for seed and 5.063% for feed with no wastage in Tumkur district. A total of all the three ratios to production were of the order of 9.696%, 2.288%, 6.974% and 7.023% in Belgaum, Bijapur, Haveri and Tumkur districts respectively.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 0.830%, 3.253% and 1.106% respectively with a total 5.189%. Based on the information, it is concluded that 94.811% of the production of jowar would be available for human consumption in the State.

Wheat: It can be seen from Table 3.2.4 that the estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production of wheat crop were observed to the tune of 2.615% and 0.344% in Belgaum district and 6.934% and 0.917% in Bijapur district. Wheat was not fed to livestock in both the districts.

The over-all estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 5.179% with 6.35 percentage standard error and 0.684% with 29.64 percentage standard error respectively with total of 5.863% to the production of wheat crop. Therefore, it is concluded that 94.137% of wheat production would be available for human consumption in the State.

Maize: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of maize crop were of the order of 0.391%, 6.870% and 0.143% with total of 7.404% in Belgaum district, 0.437% for seed and 0.203% for wastage with total of 0.640% in Bijapur district.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of maize crop were to the tune of 0.440%, 5.467% and 0.155% respectively with a total of 6.022%.Therefore, it may be concluded that 93.978% of maize production would be available for human consumption in the State.

Ragi: Ragi was grown by 20 sample farmers of 7 villages in Tumkur district only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of ragi were to the tune of 1.185%, 6.581% and 3.237% with a total of 11.003%. It may be concluded that 88.997% of the crop would be available for human consumption.

Black gram: Black gram was grown in Belgaum district only. The estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 3.621% and 0.636% with a total of 4.257% to black gram production. Based on the information, 95.643% of black gram production would be available for human consumption.

Green gram: The estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production of green gram crop are based on the information available in Haveri district only. Green gram was not fed to the livestock in the district. The estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 4.767% and 8.876% respectively with a total of 13.643%. It may be concluded that 86.357% of the production of green gram would be available for human consumption.

Horse gram: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios were to the tune of 7.393%, 7.077% and 5.541% respectively with a total of 20.011% to the production of horse gram crop. Based on the information, it may be concluded that 79.989% of horse gram production would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.2.4: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka Jowar

District Number of Crop Area Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers (ha) (ha) Belgaum 90 87.920 97612 0.630 8.672 0.394 9.696 [10] (6.98) (49.63)* (31.01)* Bijapur 177 241.580 165998 0.928 0.392 0.968 2.288 [18] (4.12) (61.15)* (14.45)* Haveri 158 126.710 23338 0.972 0.937 5.065 6.974 [17] (8.73) (63.70)* (11.87)* Tumkur 43 23.650 23.650 1.960 5.063 0 7.023 [4] (5.69) (4.52) Over-all 468 479.860 286971.650 0.830 3.253 1.106 5.189 [49] (3.32) (45.23)* (9.34)

Crop: Wheat

District Number of Crop Area of Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Belgaum 110 89.850 39362 2.615 0 0.344 2.959 [12] (4.26) Bijapur 70 77.240 57511 6.934 0 (13.11)*0.917 7.851 [13] (7.91) (37.10)* Over-all 180 167.09 96873 5.179 0 0.684 5.863 [25] (6.35) (29.64)*

Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Area of Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Belgaum 52 26.970 33890 0.391 6.870 0.143 7.404 [8] (8.34) (22.92)* (28.53)* Bijapur 17 14.850 8703 0.437 0 0.203 0.640 [9] (7.50) (40.29)* Over-all 69 41.82 42593 0.400 5.467 0.155 6.022 [17] (6.69) (22.92)* (23.51)*

Crop: Ragi District Number of Crop Area of Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Tumkur 20 5.300 313 1.185 6.581 3.237 11.003 [7] (7.51) (15.69) (23.35)* * Crop: Black gram District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total Belgaum 60 56.200 299 3.621 0 0.636 4.257 [11] (9.30) (15.39)* Crop: Green gram District Number of Crop Area of Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Haveri 53 23.300 1540 4.767 0 8.876 13.643 [5] (12.52)* (12.84)* Crop: Horse gram District Number of Crop Area of Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Haveri 54 22.650 3390 7.393 7.077 5.541 20.011 [13] (8.95) (21.06)* (21.60)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.2.5 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for all the crops grown during Kharif season 2013-14 in Karnataka are presented in Table 3.2.5. It can be seen from Table 3.2.5 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios accounting all the major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka State were to the tune of 1.118% with 4.03 percentage standard error, 3.781% with 6.56 percentage standard error and 1.116 with 7.24 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 6.015%. It indicates that 93.985% of

45 the food grains grown during Kharif 2013-14 would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.2.5: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Karnataka Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) 200 1.771 1.138 1.146 4.055 Paddy 111307 [29] (7.04) (24.76)* (12.81)* 623 0.550 6.252 0.647 7.449 Maize 362727 [63] (4.65) (8.25) (15.78)* 99 0.559 3.893 1.632 6.084 Bajra 82344 [22] (8.09) (27.79)* (19.71)*

107 2.372 0.902 1.140 4.414 Green gram 22334 [15] (6.72) (48.52)* (30.81)* 245 1.416 4.122 1.823 7.361 Ragi 153043 [20] (10.41) (15.03)* (16.47)* 59 0.370 4.415 0.584 5.369 Jowar 62 [12] (15.59)* (34.35)* (9.45) 130 5.980 8.650 3.094 17.724 Horsegram 17219 [18] (6.60) (8.48) (14.92)* 156 1.238 0 1.016 2.254 Tur 180625 [17] (13.38)* (17.84)* Pooled 1629 1.118 3.781 1.116 6.015 929661 [196] (4.03) (6.56) (7.24) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.2.6 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for the crops grown in Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka are presented in Table 3.2.6. It reveals that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios accounting all the food grain crops were to the tune of 1.831% with 4.17 percentage standard error, 2.760% with 35.69 percentage standard error and 0.981% with 8.46 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 5.572%. It shows that 94.428% of the production of the crops grown in Rabi season would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.2.6: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) 468 0.830 3.253 1.106 5.189 Jowar 286972 [49] (3.32) (45.23)* (9.34) 180 96873 5.179 0 0.684 5.863 Wheat [25] (6.35) (29.64)* 69 42593 0.400 5.467 0.155 6.022 Maize [17] (6.69) (22.92)* (23.51)* 20 313 1.185 6.581 3.237 11.003 Ragi [7] (7.51) (15.69)* (23.35)*

60 299 3.621 0 0.636 4.257 Black gram [11] (9.30) (15.39)* 53 1540 4.767 0 8.876 13.643 Green gram [5] (12.52)* (12.84)* 54 3390 7.393 7.077 5.541 20.011 Horse gram [13] (8.95) (21.06)* (21.60)* 901 431980 1.831 2.760 0.981 5.572 Pooled [127] (4.17) (35.69)* (8.46) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.2.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013-14 in Karnataka It can be seen from Table 3.2.7 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown in Karnataka State during Agricultural Year 2013- 14 are based on the information collected from 2530 sample farmers of 323 selected villages in the State.

Table 3.2.7 reveals that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production accounting all the major food grain crops grown during Agricultural Year 2013-14 (both Kharif and Rabi seasons) were of the order of 1.344% with 2.91 percentage standard error, 3.457% with 10.28 percentage standard error and 1.073% with 5.70 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 5.874%. It clearly indicates that 94.126% production of food grain crops grown would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.2.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013-14 in Karnataka Season Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Kharif 1629 929661 1.118 3.781 1.116 6.015 [196] (4.03) (6.56) (7.24) Rabi 901 431980 1.831 2.760 0.981 5.572 [127] (4.17) (35.69)* (8.46) Pooled 2530 1361641 1.344 3.457 1.073 5.874 [323] (2.91) (10.28) (5.70) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.2.8: Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif and Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka State

Graphical presentation of the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14, Rabi 2013-14 and pooled estimates of both Kharif & Rabi 2013-14 in Karnataka State are presented in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6.

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

3.3 State: Madhya Pradesh Under this section, district-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage and estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production with corresponding percentage standard errors for major food grain crops grown in four selected districts, namely Indore, Bhopal, Ujjain and Jabalpur during Kharif 2013-14 and Rabi 2013-14 are presented.

3.3.1 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh

The major food grain crops of paddy, maize and black gram were grown in Jabalpur district. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of the food grain crops grown together with their corresponding percentage standard errors are presented in this sub-section.

Paddy: The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of paddy crop are presented in Table 3.3.1. It may be seen from Table 3.3.1 that the area of the sample farmers was 647.20 ha with crop area 83900 ha in Jabalpur district. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 2618.60 kg/ha with 8.77% SE, 105.11 kg/ha with 4.42% SE, 0.76 kg/ha with 39.70% SE and 55.13 kg/ha with 12.29% SE respectively.

Maize: It can be seen from Table 3.3.1 that the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for maize crop are based on 15 observations collected in 3 selected villages with 6.61 ha area of the sample farmers and 4300 ha crop area under the district. Table 3.3.1 reveals that estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of maize crop were to the tune of 539.22 kg/ha with 4.11% SE, 29.03 kg/ha with 6.07% SE, 16.79 kg/ha with 15.86% SE and 29.33 kg/ha with 0.42% SE respectively.

Black gram: The crop area under black gram was 21050 ha with 20.320 ha area of 33 sample farmers growing black gram in 8 sample villages. Table 3.3.1 reveals that the estimates were to the tune of 657.63 kg/ha with 6.87% SE for yield, 44.00 kg/ha with 9.31% SE for seed and 33.19 kg/ha with 24.10% SE for wastage. Black gram was not fed to livestock in the district.

The higher percentage standard errors were observed for the estimates of feed and wastage as these are based on few numbers of observations and higher variation among them.

Table 3.3.1: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh

Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) Jabalpur 297 647.20 83900 2618.60 105.11 0.76 55.13 [20] (8.77) (4.42) (39.70)* (12.29)*

Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha)

Jabalpur 15 6.61 4300 539.22 29.03 16.79 29.33 [3] (4.11) (6.07) (15.86)* (0.42)

Crop: Black gram District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) Jabalpur 33 20.32 21050 657.63 44.00 0 33.19 [8] (6.87) (9.31) (24.10)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.3.2 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh are presented in Table 3.3.2.

Paddy: It can be seen from Table 3.3.2 that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were of the order of 5.699%, 0.029% and 2.915% respectively with a total of 8.643%. It is therefore, concluded that 91.357% of paddy production would be available for human consumption.

Maize: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of maize were to the tune of 5.460%, 3.232% and 5.530% respectively with a total of 14.222%. It may be concluded that 85.778% production of maize would be available for human consumption.

Black gram: It can be seen from table 3.3.2 that the estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production of black gram were 7.197% and 5.369% with a total of 12.566%. Black gram was not fed to the livestock. It indicates that 87.434% of the horse gram production would be available for human consumption.

3.3.2: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh

Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Jabalpur 297 647.20 83900 5.699 0.029 2.915 8.643 [20] (14.25) (32.53)* (18.21)* Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Jabalpur 15 6.61 4300 5.460 3.232 5.530 14.22 [3] (4.98) (17.91)* (3.72) 2 Crop: Black gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample in District [villages] Farmers (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) Jabalpur 33 20.32 21050 7.197 0 5.369 12.566 [8] (15.46) (30.34)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage* standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.3.3 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh Wheat, gram and lentil were the major food grain crops grown in the selected districts of Madhya Pradesh during Rabi 2013-14. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of these crops are presented in Table 3.3.3.

Wheat: Wheat crop was grown in all four selected districts, namely Indore, Bhopal, Ujjain and Jabalpur during Rabi 2013-14. It may be seen from Table 3.3.3 that area under the crop was maximum in Ujjain (251300 ha) followed by Jabalpur (128600 ha), Indore (122500 ha) and the minimum in Bhopal (79200 ha) district.

The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3906.52 kg/ha with 1.66% SE, 117.88 kg/ha with 1.12% SE, 20.20 kg/ha with 19.46% SE and122.97 kg/ha with 13.81% SE respectively in Indore district. These were to the tune of 3345.50 kg/ha with 1.90% SE for yield, 107.13 kg/ha with 1.17% SE for seed, 44.24 kg/ha with 13.16% SE for feed and 34.95 kg/ha with 7.68% SE for wastage in Bhopal district. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 4289.77 kg/ha with 2.41% SE, 119.97 kg/ha with 1.46% SE, 69.44 kg/ha with 10.00% SE and 28.95 kg/ha with 8.37% SE respectively in Ujjain district, 3212.71 kg/ha with 5.25% SE for yield, 137.03 kg/ha with 3.49% SE for seed, 2.12 kg/ha with 9.98% SE for feed and 31.12 kg/ha with 6.73% SE for wastage in Jabalpur district.

Pooled over-all, the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3842.31 kg/ha with 1.57% SE, 121.55 kg/ha with 1.10% SE, 40.75 kg/ha with 7.88% SE and 47.94 kg/ha with 7.54% SE respectively.

Gram: Gram was grown in Bhopal, Ujjain and Jabalpur districts. Table 3.3.3 reveals that area was maximum in Ujjain (148500 ha) followed by Jabalpur (6600 ha) and Bhopal (34100 ha) district. The area of the sample farmers was 201.93 ha, the maximum in Jabalpur followed by 90.60 ha in Ujjain and 20.11 ha in Bhopal district.

The estimates of yield, seed and wastage were 379.57 kg/ha with 12.83% SE, 102.59 kg/ha with 11.28% SE and 9.46 kg/ha with 31.98% SE respectively in Bhopal district. These were of the order of 750.63 kg/ha with 11.83% SE for yield, 108.55 kg/ha with 6.62% SE for seed and 4.38 kg/ha with 31.95% SE for wastage in Ujjain district. Gram was not fed to the livestock in both the districts. In Jabalpur district, the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 538.80 kg/ha with 8.05% SE, 113.34 kg/ha with 2.31% SE, 4.93 kg/ha with 17.20% SE and 15.45 kg/ha with 12.49% SE respectively.

Pooled over-all, the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for gram were to the tune of 643.49 kg/ha with 8.50% SE, 109.00 kg/ha with 4.25% SE, 3.25 kg/ha with 6.93% SE and 8.02 kg/ha with 13.28% SE respectively.

Lentil: Lentil was grown in Jabalpur district only. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage are based on 39 observations. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 538.06 kg/ha with 6.37% SE, 76.01 kg/ha with 3.18% SE, 2.18 kg/ha with 36.70% SE and 13.31 kg/ha with 17.20% SE respectively.

Table 3.3.3: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh Crop: Wheat District No. of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) Indore 299 516.55 122500 3906.52 117.88 20.20 122.97 [20] (1.66) (1.12) (19.46)* (13.81)* Bhopal 300 1188.49 79200 3345.50 107.13 44.24 34.95 [20] (1.90) (1.17) (13.16)* (7.68) Ujjain 299 884.15 251300 4289.77 119.97 69.44 28.95 [20] (2.41) (1.46) (10.00)* (8.37) Jabalpur 289 593.87 128600 3212.71 137.03 2.12 31.12 [20] (5.25) (3.49) (9.98) (6.73) Over-all 1187 3183.06 581600 3842.31 121.55 40.75 47.94 [80] (1.57) (1.10) (7.88) (7.54) Crop: Gram District No. of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastag [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) e Bhopal 22 20.11 34100 379.57 102.59 0 9.46 [11] (12.83) (11.28) (31.98)* Ujjain 103 90.60 148500 750.63* 108.55* 0 4.38 [15] (11.83) (6.62) (31.95)* Jabalpur 170 201.93 66000 538.80* 113.34 4.93 15.45 [20] (8.05) (2.31) (17.20)* (12.49)* Over-all 295 312.64 248600 643.49 109.00 3.25 8.02 [46] (8.50) (4.25) (6.93) (13.28)*

Crop: Lentil District No. of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) 39 33.470 24550 538.06 76.01 2.18 13.31 Jabalpur [13] (6.37) (3.18) (36.70)* (17.20)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.3.4 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh are presented in Table 3.3.4.

Wheat: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of wheat were to the tune of 3.047%, 0.516% and 3.142% respectively with a total of 6.705% in Indore, 3.225%, 1.325% and 1.058% respectively with a total of 5.638% in Bhopal, 2.908%, 1.607% and 0.680% respectively with a total of 5.195% in Ujjain and 4.850%, 0.078% and 1.006% respectively with a total of 5.934% in Jabalpur district.

Over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to wheat production were of the order of 3.414%, 1.001% and 1.322% respectively with a total 5.737%. It clearly indicates that 94.263% production of wheat crop would be available for human consumption in the State.

Gram: It can be seen from Table 3.3.4 that the estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production of gram were to the tune of 32.786% and 2.954% in Bhopal district, 17.569% and 0.550% in Ujjain district while these were to the tune of 27.949%, 1.128% and 3.052% respectively in Jabalpur district. Taking together all the three ratios, these were of the order of 35.740%, 18.119% and 32.129% in Bhopal, Ujjain and Jabalpur districts respectively.

Over-all estimates, of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 22.412% with 7.36 percentage SE, 0.744% with 8.62 percentage SE and 1.544% with 13.85 percentage SE respectively with total of 24.700%. It may be concluded that 75.300% production of gram would be available for human consumption in the State.

Lentil: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 15.477%, 0.419% and 2.497% respectively with a total of 18.393%. Therefore, it may be concluded that 81.607% of lentil production would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.3.4: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh

Crop: Wheat

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Indore 299 516.55 122500 3.047 0.516 3.142 6.705 [20] (2.63) (18.43)* (12.57)* Bhopal 300 1188.49 79200 3.255 1.325 1.058 5.638 [20] (1.46) (12.87)* (7.78) Ujjain 299 884.15 251300 2.908 1.607 0.680 5.195 [20] (3.66) (8.85) (7.24) Jabalpur 289 593.87 128600 4.850 0.078 1.006 5.934 [20] (5.98) (15.69)* (4.18) Over-all 1187 3183.06 581600 3.414 1.001 1.322 5.737 [80] (2.37) (6.87) (6.59)

Crop: Gram

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Area of Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Sample District Farmers (ha) (ha) Bhopal 22 20.11 34100 32.786 0 2.954 35.740 [11] (19.46)* (33.11)* Ujjain 103 90.60 148500 17.569 0 0.550 18.119 [15] (11.84)* (32.07)* Jabalpur 170 201.93 66000 27.949 1.128 3.052 32.129 [20] (8.66) (21.40)* (15.91)* Over-all 295 312.64 248600 22.412 0.744 1.544 24.700 [46] (7.36) (8.62) (13.85)* Crop: Lentil

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) 39 33.47 24550 15.477 0.419 2.497 18.393 Jabalpur [13] (7.45) (35.51)* (13.88)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.3.5 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for all the crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh are presented in Table 3.3.5. It can be seen from Table 3.3.5 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios accounting all the major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 were to the tune of 5.978% with 11.03 percentage standard error, 0.149% with 15.99 percentage standard error and 3.491% with 14.74 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 9.618%. It indicates that 90.382% of the food grains grown during Kharif 2013-14 would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.3.5: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Paddy 297 5.699 0.029 2.915 8.643 83900 [20] (14.25)* (32.53)* (18.21)* Maize 15 5.460 3.232 5.530 14.222 4300 [03] (4.98) (17.91)* (3.72) Black gram 33 7.197 0 5.369 12.566 21050 [08] (15.46)* (30.34)* Pooled 345 5.978 0.149 3.491 9.618 109250 [31] (11.03)* (15.99)* (14.74)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.3.6 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for the crops grown during Rabi 2013- 14 in Madhya Pradesh are presented in Table 3.3.6. Table 3.3.6 reveals that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios accounting all the food grain crops were to the tune of 9.286% with 5.21 percentage standard error, 0.910% with 5.56 percentage standard error and 1.420% with 6.09 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 11.616%. It shows that 88.384% of the production of the crops grown in Rabi 2013-14 would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.3.6: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Wheat 1187 3.414 1.001 1.322 5.737 581600 [80] (2.37) (6.87) (6.59) Gram 295 22.412 0.744 1.544 24.700 248600 [46] (7.36) (8.62) (13.85)* Lentil 39 15.477 0.419 2.497 18.393 24550 [13] (7.45) (35.51)* (13.88)* Pooled 1521 9.286 0.910 1.420 11.616 854750 [139] (5.21) (5.56) (6.09) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.3.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown in Madhya Pradesh during Agricultural Year 2013-14 are presented in Table 3.3.7. Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the major food grain crops grown during Agricultural Year 2013-14 (both Kharif and Rabi seasons) were to the tune of 8.911% with 4.89 percentage standard error, 0.824% with 5.46 percentage standard error and 1.655% with 5.82 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 11.390%. It clearly indicates that 88.610% production of food grain crops grown would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.3.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh Season Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Kharif 345 109250 5.978 0.149 3.491 9.618 [31] (11.03)* (15.99)* (14.74)* Rabi 1521 854750 9.286 0.910 1.420 11.616 [139] (5.21) (5.56) (6.09) Pooled 1866 964000 8.911 0.824 1.655 11.390 [170] (4.89) (5.46) (5.82) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.3.8: Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif and Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh State

Graphical presentation of the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14, Rabi 2013-14 and pooled estimates of both Kharif & Rabi 2013-14 in Madhya Pradesh State are presented in Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 respectively.

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

3.4 State: Rajasthan

Under this section, district-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage together with the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios with their percentage standard errors for food grain crops grown in the four selected districts, namely Bharatpur, Chittorgarh, Jodhpur and Sikar of Rajasthan State are presented.

3.4.1 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan

The major food grain crops bajra, maize, jowar and chickpea were grown in selected villages of Rajasthan State during Kharif 2013-14. The district-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage together with percentage standard errors for the food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in the districts of Rajasthan State are presented in Table 3.4.1.

Bajra: Bajra was grown in Bharatpur, Jodhpur and Sikar districts of the State. Table 3.4.1 reveals that the area of the sample farmers under wheat crop was observed maximum (548.960 ha) in Sikar district followed by Bharatpur (400.420 ha) and Jodhpur (321.430 ha) district. The crop area was maximum in Jodhpur district (491430 ha) followed by Sikar (288588 ha) and Bharatpur (102485 ha) district.

Table 3.4.1 reveals that the estimates of yield were to the tune of 1915.47 kg/ha, the maximum, with 5.87% standard error (SE) in Bharatpur district followed by 1554.19 kg/ha with 5.39% SE and the minimum, 1312.50 kg/ha with 3.66% SE in Jodhpur district. The estimates of seed were of the order of 5.44 kg/ha, 7.26 kg/ha and 4.80 kg/ha with percentage standard errors 2.96, 7.32 and 5.29 in Bharatpur, Jodhpur and Sikar districts respectively. The estimates of feed were 298.43 kg/ha with 8.37% SE in Bharatpur, 96.85 kg/ha with 25.52% SE in Jodhpur and 229.57 kg/ha with 12.27% SE in Sikar district and the estimates of wastage were to the tune of 19.35 kg/ha, 14.05 kg/ha and 3.51 kg/ha with corresponding percentage standard errors 24.87, 71.77 and 58.35 in Bharatpur, Jodhpur and Sikar districts respectively.

Over-all estimates of were to the tune of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 1461.56 kg/ha with 2.77% SE, 6.24 kg/ha with 4.93% SE, 369.32 kg/ha with 4.55% SE and 11.22 kg/ha with 50.65% SE respectively. The over-all estimates are weighted on the basis of crop area under the crop in each of the district under study.

Maize: Maize crop was grown in Chittorgarh district only. The area under maize was 123942 ha with 386.440 ha area of the sample farmers growing the crop in all the 20 selected villages

61 of the district. Table 3.4.1 reveals that the estimates were to the tune of 3157.07kg/ha with 7.37% SE for yield, 25.08 kg/ha with 6.61% SE for seed, 31.18 kg/ha with 45.43% SE for feed and 27.61 kg/ha with 14.00% SE for wastage.

Jowar: The crop was grown in Chittorgarh district only. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of jowar crop are based on 16 observations only. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 2171.99 kg/ha with 4.19% SE, 15.00 kg/ha with 1.80% SE, 66.38 kg/ha with 27.25% SE and 9.68 kg/ha with 37.75% SE respectively.

Chickpea: The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of chickpea are based on the observations collected from 37 sample farmers only. On the basis of these information, the estimates of yield, seed and wastage were 1142.70 kg/ha with 9.36% SE, 13.81 kg/ha with 8.16% SE and 0.35 kg/ha with 65.70% SE respectively. Chickpea was not fed to livestock in the district.

Table 3.4.1: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan

Crop: Bajra

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) 280 400.420 102485 1915.47 5.44 298.43 19.35 Bharatpur [19] (5.87) (2.96) (8.37) (24.87)* 300 321.430 491430 1312.50 7.26 96.85 14.05 Jodhpur [20] (3.66) (7.32) (25.52)* (71.77)* 300 548.960 288588 1554.19 4.80 229.57 3.51 Sikar [20] (5.39) (5.29) (12.27) (58.35)* 880 1270.810 882503 1461.56 6.24 369.32 11.22 Over-all [59] (2.77) (4.93) (4.55) (50.65)* Crop: Maize

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Chittorgarh 294 386.440 123942 3157.07 25.08 31.18 27.61 [20] (7.37) (6.61) (45.43)* (14.00)

Crop: Jowar District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Chittorgarh 16 11.010 10456 2171.99 15.00 66.38 9.68 [3] (4.19) (1.80) (27.25)* (37.75)* Crop: Chickpea

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Yield Seed Feed Wastage Farmers (ha) (ha) Sikar 37 27.350 129 1142.70 13.81 0 0.35 [9] (9.36) (8.16) (65.70)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.4.2 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan State are presented in Table 3.4.2.

Bajra: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of bajra were to the tune of 0.304%, 16.509% and 0.933% in Bharatpur district, 0.613%, 7.056% and 1.012% in Jodhpur, 0.337%, 16.092% & 0.200% in Sikar district respectively with a total of 17.746%, 8.681% and 16.629% in Bharatpur, Jodhpur and Sikar districts respectively. Higher the ratios are due to maximum use of the crop for livestock feed in the districts.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 0.487%, 11.109% and 0.737% respectively with a total of 12.333%. Therefore, it is concluded that 87.667% of bajra production would be available for human consumption in the State.

Maize: Maize was grown in Chittorgarh district. It can be seen from Table 3.4.2 that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 0.872%, 0.877% and 0.875% respectively with a total of 2.624%. It is concluded that 97.376% of maize would be available for human consumption.

Jowar: Jowar was grown in Chittorgarh district. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of jowar were to the tune of 0.701%, 3.024% and 0.462%

63 respectively with a total of 4.187%. It is therefore, concluded that 95.813% of jowar would be available for human consumption.

Chickpea: Chickpea was grown in Chittorgarh district only. It may be concluded from Table 3.4.2 that estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production of chickpea were to the tune of 1.354% and 0.031% with a total of 1.385%. It indicates that 98.615% of chickpea production would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.4.2: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan

Crop: Bajra

District No. of Crop Area of Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bharatpur 280 400.420 102485 0.304 16.509 0.933 17.746 [19] (6.33) (9.30) (22.11)* Jodhpur 300 321.430 491430 0.613 7.056 1.012 8.681 [20] (6.66) (22.50)* (71.69)* Sikar 300 548.960 288588 0.337 16.092 0.200 16.629 [20] (7.99) (12.92) (51.43)* Over-all 880 1270.810 882503 0.487 11.109 0.737 12.333 [59] (5.05) (10.17) (55.19)*

Crop: Maize

District No. of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Chittorgarh 294 386.440 123942 0.872 0.877 0.875 2.624

[20] (14.29) (44.32)* (12.12)

Crop: Jowar

District No. of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Chittorgarh 16 11.010 10456 0.701 3.024 0.462 4.187 [3] (3.75) (23.58)* (39.39)*

Crop: Chickpea

District No. of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Sikar 37 27.350 129 1.354 0 0.031 1.385 [9] (16.15 (66.13)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage)* standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.4.3 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 20213-14 in Rajasthan Wheat, barley and gram are the major food grain crops grown in the selected districts of Rajasthan State during Rabi 2013-14. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for these crops are presented in Table 3.4.3.

Wheat: Wheat was the major crop grown in all four selected districts, namely Bharatpur, Chittorgarh, Jodhpur and Sikar during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan. It may be seen from Table 3.4.3 that area under the crop was maximum in Bharatpur (155130 ha) followed by Chittorgarh (123946 ha), Sikar (101345 ha) and the minimum in Jodhpur (67879 ha) district. The area of the sample farmers was of the order of 621.850 ha, 360.300 ha, 207.170 ha and 333.000 ha in Bharatpur, Chittorgarh, Jodhpur and Sikar respectively.

The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 4718.10 kg/ha with 3.98% SE, 160.86 kg/ha with 3.65% SE, 275.99 kg/ha with 20.08% SE and 50.70 kg/ha with 15.12% SE respectively in Bharatpur district. These were estimated to the tune of 4718.97 kg/ha with 4.69% SE for yield, 143.17 kg/ha with 2.58% SE for seed, 29.56 kg/ha with 40.00% SE for feed and 38.79 kg/ha with 12.07% SE for wastage in Chittorgarh district. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were of the order of 4096.20 kg/ha with 6.41% SE, 187.47 kg/ha with 8.18% SE, 55.36 kg/ha with 87.52% SE and 32.13 kg/ha with 70.61% SE respectively in Jodhpur district, 3949.99 kg/ha with 5.56% SE for yield, 135.82 kg/ha with 2.53% SE for seed, 7.11 kg/ha with 57.12% SE for feed and 7.88 kg/ha with 60.23% SE for wastage in Sikar district.

Pooled over-all, estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 4450.53 kg/ha with 2.46% SE, 154.34 kg/ha with 2.17% SE, 113.67 kg/ha with 18.31% SE and 34.92 kg/ha with 13.33% SE respectively.

Barley: Barley was the crop grown in Chittorgarh and Sikar districts. Table 3.4.3 reveals that area under the crop was 8037 ha in Chittorgarh district and 34166 ha in Sikar district. The area of the sample farmers was 36.910 ha and 61.230 ha in Chittorgarh and Sikar districts respectively.

The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage to the production of barley were to the tune of 3727.92 kg/ha with 8.75% SE, 114.04 kg/ha with 2.22% SE, 213.86 kg/ha with 4.57% SE and 32.35 kg/ha with 12.08% SE respectively in Chittorgarh district. The estimates were 3935.92 kg/ha with 7.60% SE for yield, 130.45 kg/ha with 3.97% SE for seed, 43.05 kg/ha with 24.57% SE for feed and 5.88 kg/ha with 71.81% SE for wastage in Sikar district.

Pooled over-all, the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3896.31 kg/ha with 6.42% SE, 127.32 kg/ha with 3.31% SE, 75.58 kg/ha with 11.60% SE and 10.92 kg/ha with 32.03% SE respectively.

Gram: Gram crop was grown in Chittorgarh and Sikar districts. It can be seen from Table 3.4.3 that area under gram crop was maximum, 66086 ha in Sikar district followed by 6717 ha in Chittorgarh district. The area of the sample farmers was 28.830 ha and 120.590 ha in Chittorgarh and Sikar districts respectively.

The estimates of yield, seed and wastage were to the tune of 1303.48 kg/ha with 13.20% SE, 65.46 kg/ha with 15.07% SE and 7.71 kg/ha with 27.92% SE respectively in Chittorgarh district. The estimates were of the order of 1548.29 kg/ha with 5.86% SE for yield, 45.36 kg/ha with 5.13% SE for seed and 1.48 kg/ha with 66.37% SE for wastage in Sikar district. Gram was not fed to the livestock in both the districts.

Pooled over-all, the estimates of yield, seed and wastage were to the tune of 1525.70 kg/ha with 5.49% SE, 47.21 kg/ha with 4.87% SE and 2.05 kg/ha with 44.46% SE respectively. Higher percentage standard errors for the estimates of feed and wastage were observed because these were based on less number of observations and wide variation among them.

Table 3.4.3: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percentage standard errors during Rabi 20213-14 in Rajasthan Crop: Wheat District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Bharatpur 299 621.850 155130 4718.10 160.86 275.99 50.70 [20] (3.98) (3.65) (20.08)* (15.12)* Chittorgarh 293 360.300 123946 4718.97 143.17 29.56 38.79 [20] (4.69) (2.58) (40.00)* (12.07)* Jodhpur 250 207.170 67879 4096.20 187.47 55.36 32.13 [17] (6.41) (8.18) (87.52)* (70.61)* Sikar 291 333.000 101345 3949.99 135.82 7.11 7.88 [20] (5.56) (2.53) (57.12)* (60.23)* Over-all 1133 1522.320 448300 4450.53 154.34 113.67 34.92 [77] (2.46) (2.17) (18.31)* (13.33)* Crop: Barley District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) Chittorgarh 42 36.910 8037 3727.92 114.04 213.86 32.35 [9] (8.75) (2.22) (4.57) (12.08)* Sikar 87 61.230 34166 3935.92 130.45 43.05 5.88 [15] (7.60) (3.97) (24.57)* (71.81)* Over-all 120 98.14 42203 3896.31 127.32 75.58 10.92 [24] (6.42) (3.31) (11.60)* (32.03)* Crop: Gram District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) of Sample Area in Observations Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Chittorgarh 32 28.830 6717 1303.48 65.46 0 7.71 [5] (13.20) (15.07)* (27.92)* Sikar 131 120.590 66086 1548.29 45.36 0 1.48 [17] (5.86) (5.13) (66.37)* Over-all 163 149.42 72803 1525.70 47.21 0 2.05 [22] (5.49) (4.87) (44.46)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.4.4 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan State are presented in Table 3.4.4.

Wheat: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of wheat were to the tune of 3.757%, 6.111% and 1.121% in Bharatpur, 3.190%, 0.633% and 0.874% in Chittorgarh, 4.729%, 1.529% and 0.950% in Jodhpur, 3.804%, 0.156% and 0.176% in Sikar district respectively. A total of all the three ratios were of the order of 10.989%, 4.697%, 7.208% and 4.136% in Bharatpur, Chittorgarh, Jodhpur and Sikar districts respectively. The ratios were observed maximum in Bharatpur district because the percentage ratio of feed is maximum.

Over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of wheat were 3.758%, 2.556% and 0.813% respectively with a total 7.127%. Based on the information, it is concluded that 92.873% of wheat production would be available for human consumption in the State.

Barley: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of the crop were to the tune of 3.175%, 6.019% and 0.920% respectively with a total of 10.114% in Chittorgarh district. The estimates were 3.880% for seed, 1.332% for feed and 0.117% for wastage with a total of 5.339% in Sikar district.

Over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios were of the order of 3.746%, 2.225% and 0.270% with total of 6.241% to crop production. It is therefore, concluded that 93.759% of barley production would be available for human consumption.

Gram: It can be seen from Table 3.4.4 that the estimates of seed and wastage ratios to gram production were of the order of 5.483% and 0.568% respectively with a total of 6.051% in Chittorgarh district. These were to the tune of 3.171% and 0.102% respectively with a total of 3.273% in Sikar district. Gram was not fed to the livestock in both the districts.

Over-all estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production were 3.384% with 8.35 percentage standard error and 0.145% with 44.43 percentage standard error respectively with total of 3.529%. Based on the information, it may be concluded that 96.471% of the production of gram would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.4.4: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan Crop: Wheat

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Seed Feed Wastage Total Farmers (ha) (ha) Bharatpur 299 621.850 155130 3.757 6.111 1.121 10.989 [20] (10.57) (17.84)* (13.93) Chittorgarh 293 360.300 123946 3.190 0.633 0.874 4.697 [20] (6.65) (38.95)* (13.13) Jodhpur 250 207.170 67879 4.729 1.529 0.950 7.208 [17] (3.07) (84.29)* (73.05)* Sikar 291 333.000 101345 3.804 0.156 0.176 4.136 [20] (7.41) (55. (59.98)* Over-all 1133 1522.320 448300 3.758 2.55659)* 0.813 7.127 [77] (4.36) (16.84)* (15.33)* Crop: Barley

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Seed Feed Wastage Total Farmers (ha) (ha) Chittorgarh 42 36.910 8037 3.175 6.019 0.920 10.114 [9] (8.18) (11.37) (15.17)* Sikar 87 61.230 34166 3.880 1.332 0.117 5.339 [15] (13.54)* (27.76)* (71.35)* Over-all 129 98.140 42203 3.746 2.225 0.270 6.241 [24] (11.43) (14.68) (26.91)*

Crop: Gram

District Number of Crop Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Seed Feed Wastage Total Farmers (ha) (ha) Chittorgarh 32 28.830 6717 5.483 0 0.568 6.051 [5] (24.97)* (15.97)* Sikar 131 120.590 66086 3.171 0 0.102 3.273 [17] (8.78) (68.96)* Over-all 163 149.42 72803 3.384 0 0.145 3.529 [22] (8.35) (44.43)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.4.5 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan are presented in Table 3.4.5. It can be seen from Table 3.4.5 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios were to the tune of 0.536% with 4.89 percentage standard error, 9.778% with 10.04 percentage standard error and 0.751% with 47.04 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 11.065%. It indicates that 88.935% of the food grains grown in Kharif 2013-14 would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.4.5: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Rajasthan Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Bajra 880 0.487 11.109 0.737 12.333 882503 [59] (5.05) (10.17)* (55.19)* Maize 294 0.872 0.877 0.875 2.624 123942 [20] (14.29)* (44.32)* (12.12)* Jowar 16 0.701 3.024 0.462 4.187 10456 [03] (3.75) (23.58)* (39.39)* Chickpea 37 1.354 0 0.031 1.385 129 [09] (16.15)* (66.13)* Pooled 1227 0.536 9.778 0.751 11.065 1017030 [91] (4.89) (10.04)* (47.04)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.4.6 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan State are presented in Table 3.4.6. it can be seen from Table 3.4.6 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios accounting all the food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 were to the tune of 3.709% with 3.75 percentage standard error, 2.201% with 15.60 percentage standard error and 0.686% with 14.53 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 6.596%. It shows that 93.404% of the crops production during Rabi season would be available for human consumption in Rajasthan State.

Table 3.4.6: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total Wheat 1133 448300 3.758 2.556 0.813 7.127 [77] (4.36) (16.84)* (15.33)* Barley 129 42203 3.746 2.225 0.270 6.240 [24] (11.43) (14.68)* (26.91)* Gram 163 72803 3.384 0 0.145 3.529 [722 (8.35) (44.43)*

Pooled 1425 563306 3.709 2.201 0.686 6.596 [123] (3.75) (15.60)* (14.53)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.4.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013-14 in Rajasthan It can be seen from Table 3.4.7 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown in Rajasthan during Agricultural Year 2013-14 are based on the observation collected from 2652 farmers residing in 214 selected villages of Rajasthan. The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the major food grain crops grown during Agricultural Year 2013-14 (both Kharif and Rabi seasons) were to the tune of 1.667% with 3.14 percentage standard error, 7.077% with 9.09 percentage standard error and 0.728% with 31.62 percentage standard error respectively with

71 a total of 9.472%. It clearly indicates that 90.528% production of food grain crops grown would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.4.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during 2013-14 in Rajasthan Season Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Kharif 1227 1017030 0.536 9.778 0.751 11.065 [91] (4.89) (10.04) (47.04)* Rabi 1425 563306 3.709 2.201 0.686 6.596 [123] (3.75) (15.60)* (14.53)* Pooled 2652 1580336 1.667 7.077 0.728 9.472 [214] (3.14) (9.09) (31.62)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.4.8: Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif and Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan

Graphical presentation of the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14, Rabi 2013-14 and pooled estimates of both Kharif & Rabi 2013-14 in Rajasthan State are presented in Figure 10, Figure 11 and Figure 12 respectively.

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

3.5 State: Odisha

In this section, district-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage and the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production with their percentage standard errors for major food grain crops grown in the four selected districts, namely Puri, Ganjam, Kalahandi and Bargarh districts during Kharif 2014-15, Rabi 2014-15 and Zaid 2014-15 are presented.

3.5.1 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha

The major food grain crops of paddy, green gram and ragi were grown in four selected districts of Odisha State during Kharif 2014-15. District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage together with their corresponding percentage standard errors are presented in Table 3.5.1.

Paddy: Paddy was grown in Bargarh district only. Crop area was 56497 ha with152.06 ha area of 141 sample farmers in the district. It can be seen from Table 3.5.1 that the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3217.18 kg/ha with 4.61% SE, 135.32 kg/ha with 5.89% SE, 19.04 kg/ha with 18.03% SE and 86.23 kg/ha with 14.77% SE respectively.

Green gram: Green gram was grown in Bargarh district only. The area under crop was 14264 ha in the district with 30.36 ha area of the sample farmers. Table 3.5.1 reveals that the estimates were of the order of 435.56kg/ha with 7.06% SE for yield, 20.98 kg/ha with 2.54% SE for seed, 4.15 kg/ha with 33.77% SE for feed and 21.03 kg/ha with 15.05% SE for wastage.

Ragi: The crop was grown in Ganjam district only. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of the crop are based on 51 observations collected in 08 sample villages. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 1064.86 kg/ha with 6.50% SE, 12.88 kg/ha with 5.42% SE, 11.34 kg/ha with 54.59% SE and 26.79 kg/ha with 11.51% SE respectively.

The higher percentage standard errors were observed for the estimates of feed and wastage due to less number of observations and wide variation among them.

Table 3.5.1: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha

Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) Bargarh 141 152.060 56497 3217.18 135.32 19.04 86.23 [14] (4.61) (5.89) (18.03)* (14.77)* Over-all 141 152.060 56497 3217.18 135.32 19.04 86.23 [14] (4.61) (5.89) (18.03)* (14.77)*

Crop: Green gram District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) Bargarh 75 30.360 14264 435.56 20.98 4.15 21.03 [12] (7.06) (2.54) (33.77)* (15.05)* Over-all 75 30.360 14264 435.56 20.98 4.15 21.03 [12] (7.06) (2.54) (33.77)* (15.05)*

Crop: Ragi District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Yield Seed Feed Wastage (ha) (ha) Ganjam 51 12.530 2041 1064.86 12.88 11.34 26.79 [8] (6.50) (5.42) (54.59)* (11.51)* Over-all 51 12.530 2041 1064.86 12.88 11.34 26.79 [8] (6.50) (5.42) (54.59)* (11.51)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.5.2 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha State are presented in Table 3.5.2.

Paddy: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were to the tune of 4.427%, 0.623% and 2.947% respectively with a total of 7.997%. Based on the

75 information, it is concluded that 92.003% of paddy production would be available for human consumption.

Green gram: It can be seen from Table 3.5.2 that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of green gram were 5.613%, 1.063% and 5.020% respectively with a total of 11.696%. Therefore, it is concluded that 88.304% of green gram production would be available for human consumption.

Ragi: Based on the information collected in Ganjam district, the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of ragi crop were to the tune of 1.253%, 1.049% and 2.496% respectively with a total of 4.798%. it is therefore, concluded that 95.202% of the production of ragi would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.5.2: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2013-14 in Odisha

Crop: Paddy

District No. of Crop Area Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers (ha) (ha) Bargarh 141 152.060 56497 4.427 0.623 2.947 7.997 [14] (6.67) (20.89)* (17.38)*

Over-all 141 152.060 56497 4.427 0.623 2.947 7.997 [14] (6.67) (20.89)* (17.38)*

Crop: Green gram District No. of Crop Area Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers (ha) (ha) Bargarh 75 30.360 14264 5.613 1.063 5.020 11.696 [12] (5.72) (38.36)* (12.23)*

Over-all 75 30.360 14264 5.613 1.063 5.020 11.696 [12] (5.72) (38.36)* (12.23)*

Crop: Ragi

District No. of Crop Area Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Farmers (ha) (ha) Ganjam 51 12.530 2041 1.253 1.049 2.496 4.798 [8] (9.22) (55.68)* (11.65)*

Over-all 51 12.530 2041 1.253 1.049 2.496 4.798 [8] (9.22) (55.68)* (11.65)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.5.3 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha Paddy was the only crop grown during Rabi 2014-15 in all four selected districts of Odisha State. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of paddy crop are presented in Table 3.5.3.

Paddy: Paddy is grown in all four selected districts, namely Puri, Ganjam, Kalahandi and Bargarh of Odisha State during Rabi 2014-15. It may be seen from Table 3.5.3 that area under the crop was 99396 ha in Puri, 263864 ha in Ganjam, 138550 ha in Kalahandi and 174143 ha in Bargarh district with maximum in Ganjam district and minimum in Puri district. The area of the sample farmers was 627.000 ha, 850.300 ha, 525.860 ha and 608.840 ha in Puri, Ganjam, Kalahandi and Bargarh districts respectively.

It can be seen from Table 3.5.3 that the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of paddy were to the tune of 3155.59 kg/ha with 6.39% SE, 74.13 kg/ha with 2.44% SE, 23.84 kg/ha with 22.02% SE and 65.09 kg/ha with 15.16% SE respectively in Puri district. These were 4525.29 kg/ha with 4.09% SE for yield, 101.62 kg/ha with 4.05% SE for seed, 5.32 kg/ha with 12.82% SE for feed and 36.01 kg/ha with 20.02% SE for wastage in Ganjam district. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were of the order of 3715.48 kg/ha with 5.18% SE, 104.83 kg/ha with 2.24% SE, 0.06 kg/ha with 57.47% SE and 49.65 kg/ha with 17.90% SE respectively in Kalahandi district. The estimates were 4144.57 kg/ha with 3.90% SE for yield, 119.86 kg/ha with 7.98% SE for seed, 24.22 kg/ha with 16.53% SE for feed and 60.22 kg/ha with 11.19% SE for wastage in Bargarh district.

Pooled over-all, the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3669.45 kg/ha with 2.33% SE, 102.93 kg/ha with 2.91% SE, 11.83 kg/ha with 11.12% SE and 49.32 kg/ha with 8.20% SE respectively.

Table 3.5.3: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Puri 283 627.00 99396 3155.59 74.13 23.84 65.09 [20] (6.39) (2.44) (22.02)* (15.16)* Ganjam 300 805.30 263864 3525.29 101.62 5.32 36.01 [20] (4.09) (4.05) (12.82)* (20.02)*

Kalahandi 263 525.86 138550 3715.48 104.83 0.06 49.65 [19] (5.18) (2.24) (57.47)* (17.90)*

Bargarh 262 608.84 174143 4144.57 119.86 24.22 60.22 [20] (3.90) (7.98) (16.53)* (11.19)* Over-all 1108 [79] 675953 3669.45 102.93 11.83 49.32 (2.33) (2.91) (11.12)* (8.20) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.5.4 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crop grown in Odisha State during Rabi 2014-15 are presented in Table 3.5.4.

Paddy: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were to the tune of 2.504%, 0.740% and 2.050% respectively in Puri district, 3.040%, 0.158% and 1.097% respectively in Ganjam district. The estimates were to the tune of 3.074% for seed, 0.002% for feed and 1.296% for wastage in Kalahandi district and 3.218%, 0.610% and 1.537% respectively in Bargarh district with a total of 5.294%, 4.295%, 4.372% and 5.365% in Puri, Ganjam, Kalahandi and Bargarh districts respectively.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy crop were to the tune of 3.014%, 0.328% and 1.391% respectively with a total 4.733%. It shows that 95.267% of the production of paddy would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.5.4: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha

Crop: Paddy District Number of Crop Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Area of Area in [villages] Sample District Seed Feed Wastage Total Farmers (ha) (ha) Puri 283 627.00 99396 2.504 0.740 2.050 5.294 [20] (7.61) (18.86)* (13.02)* Ganjam 300 805.30 263864 3.040 0.158 1.097 4.295 [20] (5.58) (16.61)* (22.48)*

Kalahandi 263 525.86 138550 3.074 0.002 1.296 4.372 [19] (5.11) (57.61)* (15.08)*

Bargarh 262 608.84 174143 3.218 0.610 1.537 5.365 [20] (11.73)* (15.00)* (12.03)* Over-all 1108 675953 3.014 0.328 1.391 4.733 [79] (4.15) (10.03)* (8.71) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.5.5 District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha Green gram and paddy were the food grain crops grown in the selected districts of Odisha State during Zaid 2014-15. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of these crops are presented in Table 3.5.5.

Green gram: Green gram was grown in all four selected districts of Odisha State during Zaid 2014-15. The crop area was 33971 ha in Puri district, 210 ha in Ganjam, 3456 ha in Kalahandi and 1432 ha in Bargarh district with area of sample farmers 284.54 ha, 209.900 ha, 161.470 ha and 30.130 ha in Puri, Ganjam, Kalahandi and Bargarh districts respectively.

It can be seen from Table 3.5.5 that the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of green gram were to the tune of 374.88 kg/ha with 5.81% SE, 29.94 kg/ha with 2.21% SE, 9.94 kg/ha with 18.60% SE and 18.84 kg/ha with 12.71% SE respectively in Puri district and 376.59 kg/ha with 5.09% SE for yield, 35.42 kg/ha with 1.56% SE for seed, 0.18 kg/ha with 58.14% SE for feed and 8.09 kg/ha with 9.24% SE for wastage in Ganjam district. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were of the order of 289.96 kg/ha with 7.83% SE, 25.02 kg/ha with 5.34% SE, 0.24 kg/ha with 51.04% SE and 12.84 kg/ha with 12.33% SE

79 respectively in Kalahandi district. The estimates were 381.00 kg/ha with 7.25% SE for yield, 21.04 kg/ha with 3.65% SE for seed, 1.84 kg/ha with 68.23% SE for feed and 15.42 kg/ha with 13.85% SE for wastage in Bargarh district.

Pooled over-all, estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for green gram were to the tune of 367.60 kg/ha with 5.19% SE, 29.21 kg/ha with 2.01% SE, 8.73 kg/ha with 18.42% SE and 18.13 kg/ha with 11.52% SE respectively.

Paddy: Paddy was grown in Puri and Bargarh districts only during Zaid 2014-15. It may be seen from Table 3.5.5 that area under crop was 31710 ha and 75836 ha with area of the sample farmers 178.53 ha and 256.05 ha in Puri and Bargarh districts respectively. It can be seen from Table 3.5.5 that the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of paddy were to the tune of 4226.67 kg/ha with 9.68% SE, 70.85 kg/ha with 3.83% SE, 23.82 kg/ha with 18.73% SE and 139.11 kg/ha with 14.42% SE respectively in Puri district. These were 5506.82 kg/ha with 5.74% SE for yield, 96.30 kg/ha with 5.92% SE for seed, 2.38 kg/ha with 49.80% SE for feed and 47.20 kg/ha with 24.89% SE for wastage in Bargarh district.

Pooled over-all, the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for paddy crop were to the tune of 5129.37 kg/ha with 4.94% SE, 88.80 kg/ha with 4.62% SE, 8.70 kg/ha with 17.91% SE and 74.30 kg/ha with 13.70% SE respectively.

Table 3.5.5: District-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage in major food grains with percent standard errors grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha Crop: Green gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Puri 223 283.54 33971 374.88 29.94 9.94 18.84 [16] (5.81) (2.21) (18.60)* (12.71) Ganjam 215 209.90 210 376.59 35.42 0.18 8.09* [19] (5.09) (1.56) (58.14)* (9.24)

Kalahandi 138 161.47 3456 289.96 25.02 0.24 12.84 [16] (7.83) (5.34) (51.04)* (12.33)

Bargarh 24 30.13 1432 381.00 21.04 1.84 15.42* [8] (7.25) (3.65) (68.23)* (13.85) Over-all 600 39069 367.60 29.21 8.73 18.13* [59] (5.19) (2.01) (18.42)* (11.52) *

Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates (kg/ha) Observations of Sample Area in Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] Farmers District (ha) (ha) Puri 132 178.53 31710 4226.67 70.85 23.82 139.11 [14] (9.68) (3.83) (18.73)* (14.42)* Bargarh 98 256.05 75836 5506.82 96.30 2.38 47.20 [12] (5.74) (5.92) (49.80)* (24.89)* Over-all 230 107546 5129.37 88.80 8.70 74.30 [26] (4.94) (4.62) (17.91)* (13.70)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.5.6 District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha State are presented in Table 3.5.6.

Green gram: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of green gram were 8.779%, 2.676% and 5.245% respectively with a total of 16.700% in Puri district, 9.974%, 0.056% and 2.214% respectively with a total of 12.224% in Ganjam district. The estimates were to the tune of 9.912% for seed, 0.069% for feed and 4.474% for wastage with total of 14.455% in Kalahandi, 5.668%, 0.469% and 4.223% respectively with a total of 10.360% in Bargarh district.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 8.772% with 4.26 percentage standard error, 2.350% with 22.21 percentage standard error and 5.123% with 11.42 percentage standard error respectively with a total 16.245% to green gram production. It is concluded that 83.755% of green gram production would be available for human consumption in the State.

Paddy: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were to the tune of 1.808%, 0604% and 3.487% respectively with a total of 5.899% in Puri district. These were 1.928% for seed, 0.951% for feed and 0.899% for wastage with a total of 3.778% in Bargarh district.

The over-all estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were of the order of 1.893%, 0.849% and 1.662% respectively with a total 4.404%. It shows that 95.596% of paddy production would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.5.6: District-wise estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha

Crop: Green gram

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Puri 223 283.54 33971 8.779 2.676 5.245 16.700 [16] (4.82) (20.41)* (12.80)* Ganjam 215 209.90 210 9.974 0.056 2.214 12.244 [19] (4.43) (66.07)* (10.38)*

Kalahandi 138 161.47 3456 9.912 0.069 4.474 14.455 [16] (7.43) (44.62)* (7.82)

Bargarh 24 30.13 1432 5.668 0.469 4.223 10.360 [8] (8.51) (64.66)* (16.82)* Over-all 600 39069 8.772 2.350 5.123 16.245 [59] (4.26) (22.21)* (11.42)*

Crop: Paddy

District Number of Crop Area Crop Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations of Sample Area in [villages] Farmers District Seed Feed Wastage Total (ha) (ha) Puri 132 178.53 31710 1.808 0.604 3.487 5.899 [14] (8.06) (21.96)* (16.67)* Bargarh 98 256.05 75836 1.928 0.951 0.899 3.778 [12] (14.30) (100.56) (23.46)* Over-all 230 107546 1.893* 0.849* 1.662 4.404 [26] (10.52) (79.59)* (13.65)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage* standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.5.7 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for all the crops grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha State are presented in Table 3.5.7. It can be seen from Table 3.5.7 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for all major food grain crops grown during Kharif 2014-15 were to the tune of 4.570% with 5.20 percentage standard error, 0.721% with 18.00 percentage standard error and 3.341% with 12.43 percentage standard error

82 respectively with a total of 8.632%. It indicates that 91.368% of the food grains grown in Kharif season would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.5.7: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif 2014-15 in Odisha Crop Number of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in District Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) 141 4.427 0.623 2.947 7.997 Paddy 56497 [14] (6.67) (20.89)* (17.38)* 75 5.613 1.063 5.020 11.696 Green gram 14264 [12] (5.72) (38.36)* (12.23)* 51 1.253 1.049 2.496 4.798 Ragi 2041 [08] (9.22) (55.68)* (11.65)* Pooled 267 4.570 0.721 3.341 8.632 72802 [34] (5.20) (18.00)* (12.43)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.5.8 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha Paddy was the only crop grown in the selected districts of Odisha State. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy grown during Rabi 2014-15 are presented in Table 3.5.8. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were of the order of 3.014% with 4.15 percentage standard error, 0.328% with 10.03 percentage standard error and 1.391% with 8.71 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 4.733%. It shows that 95.267% of the production of paddy crop would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.5.8: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi 2014-15 in Odisha Crop Number of Crop Area Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations in District [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total Paddy 1108 675953 3.014 0.328 1.391 4.733 [79] (4.15) (10.03)* (8.71) Pooled 1108 675953 3.014 0.328 1.391 4.733 [79] (4.15) (10.03)* (8.71) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.5.9 Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for the crops grown during Zaid season in Odisha State are presented in Table 3.5.9. It can be seen from Table 3.5.9 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios accounting all the major food grain crops grown during Zaid 2014-15 were to the tune of 3.726% with 4.74 percentage standard error, 1.249% with 41.22 percentage standard error and 2.584% with 8.82 percentage standard error respectively with a total of 7.559%. It indicates that 92.441% of the food grains grown in Zaid would be available for human consumption in the State.

Table 3.5.9: Crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha Crop Number of Crop Area Estimate of Percentage Ratios Observations in District [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total

230 1.893 0.849 1.662 4.404 Paddy 107546 [26] (10.52)* (79.59)* (13.65)* 600 8.772 2.350 5.123 16.245 Green gram 39069 [59] (4.26) (22.21)* (11.42)* Pooled 830 3.726 1.249 2.584 7.559 146615 [85] (4.74) (41.22)* (8.82)

Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.5.10: Graphical presentation of crop-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif, Rabi and Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha State

Graphical presentation of the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif 2014-15, Rabi 2014-15, Zaid 2014-15 and pooled estimates of Kharif, Rabi and Zaid 2014-15 in Odisha State are presented in Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15 and Figure 16.

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

3.6 State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage and estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops Under this section, we discuss the State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grain crops with corresponding percentage standard errors, grown during Kharif, Rabi and Zaid seasons. We shall also discuss the seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops. Pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage are weighted over the area under each crop in the selected districts of the States under study.

3.6.1 State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grains grown during Kharif season

In this sub-section, pooled over the States estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grain crops grown during Kharif season are presented.

Paddy: Pooled over the States, estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage to the production of paddy are presented in Table 3.6.1. The pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage are based on the information collected from 1733 farmers of 143 selected villages. It can be seen from Table 3.6.1 that area was to the tune of 740891 ha under paddy crop. Pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were of the order of 3559.69 kg/ha with 1.96% SE, 45.52 kg/ha with 2.09% SE, 8.70 kg/ha with 18.61% SE and 111.69 kg/ha with 4.79% SE respectively.

Maize: Table 3.6.1 reveals that the area under maize crop was 537892 ha. The pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for maize crop are based on the estimates of four States, namely Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. It can be seen from Table 3.6.1 that pooled estimates were to the tune of 3391.53 kg/ha with 2.42% SE for yield, 19.04 kg/ha with 2.92% SE for seed, 154.98 kg/ha with 9.16% SE for feed and 24.63 kg/ha with 10.17% SE for wastage.

Bajra: The area under bajra was 983960 ha. It can be seen from Table 3.6.1 that pooled over the States estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 1418.64 kg/ha with 2.57% SE, 6.18 kg/ha with 4.49% SE, 334.61 kg/ha with 4.51% SE and 12.04 kg/ha with 42.40% SE respectively.

Black gram: Pooled over the States estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of black gram are based on the estimates of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh States. The area under black gram was 22628 ha. It can be seen from Table 3.6.1 that pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed

87 and wastage were to the tune of 654.73 kg/ha with 6.45% SE, 42.05 kg/ha with 9.06% SE, 0.01 kg/ha with 67.24% SE and 31.80 kg/ha with 23.41% SE respectively.

Green gram: Pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of green gram are based on the estimates of Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Odisha States. The area under green gram crop was 37093 ha. It can be seen that pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 652.88 kg/ha with 3.07% SE, 18.99 kg/ha with 3.52% SE, 4.74 kg/ha with 31.62% SE and 13.39 kg/ha with 13.84% SE respectively.

Jowar: Jowar was grown in Karnataka and Rajasthan States. The area was 10517.71 ha under jowar crop. Table 3.6.1 reveals that pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 2174.55 kg/ha with 4.16% SE, 14.96 kg/ha with 1.79% SE, 66.78 kg/ha with 26.93% SE and 9.71 kg/ha with 37.41% SE respectively.

Arhar: Arhar crop was grown in Uttar Pradesh. It can be seen from Table 3.6.1 that pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were of the order of 782.99 kg/ha with 5.29% SE, 16.16 kg/ha with 1.80% SE, 0.10 kg/ha with 68.29% SE and 17.02 kg/ha with 13.84% SE respectively.

Ragi: Ragi was grown in Karnataka and Odisha States. It can be seen from Table 3.6.1 that area under ragi crop was 155084 ha. The pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 1167.15 kg/ha with 6.65% SE, 14.44 kg/ha with 6.55% SE, 48.28 kg/ha with 17.01% SE and 21.09 kg/ha with 20.43% SE respectively.

Chickpea: Chickpea was grown in Rajasthan State. The pooled estimates of yield, seed and wastage to the production of chickpea were 1142.70 kg/ha with 9.36% SE, 13.81 kg/ha with 8.16% SE and 0.35 kg/ha with 65.70% SE respectively. Chick pea was not fed to livestock in Rajasthan.

Horse gram: Horse gram was grown in Karnataka State only. It can be seen from Table 3.6.1 that pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were of the order of 510.95 kg/ha with 5.17% SE, 28.09 kg/ha with 4.74% SE, 41.93 kg/ha with 8.67% SE and 15.63 kg/ha with 16.54% SE respectively.

Tur: Tur was grown in Karnataka State only. Pooled over the States estimates of yield, seed and wastage were to the tune of 1183.04 kg/ha with 5.52% SE, 12.23 kg/ha with 3.66% SE and 10.70 kg/ha with 16.35% SE respectively. Tur was not fed to the livestock in the State.

Table 3.6.1: State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grains grown during Kharif season Crop: Paddy State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) U P 1095 489187 3716.21 21.62 0.30 141.07 [80] (2.30) (2.88) (24.45)* (5.53) Karnataka 200 111307 3755.04 60.09 33.25 38.09 [29] (5.28) (3.28) (31.98)* (12.30)* M P 297 83900 2618.60 105.11 0.76 55.13 [20] (8.77) (4.42) (39.70)* (12.29)* Odisha 141 56497 3217.18 135.32 19.04 86.23 [14] (4.61) (5.89) (18.03)* (14.77)* Pooled 1733 740891 3559.69 45.52 8.70 111.69 [143] (1.96) (2.09) (18.61)* (4.79)

Crop: Maize State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha)

U P 152 46923 2887.93 18.84 3.36 37.91 [22] (5.36) (8.83) (32.29)* (11.33)* Karnataka 623 362727 3570.60 16.88 218.54 21.83 [63] (2.52) (3.31) (9.37) (15.70)* M P 15 4300 539.22 29.03 16.79 29.33 [03] (4.11) (6.07) (15.86)* (0.42) Rajasthan 294 123942 3157.07 25.08 31.18 27.61 [20] (7.37) (6.61) (45.43)* (14.00) Pooled 1084 537892 3391.53 19.04 154.98 24.63 [108] (2.42) (2.92) (9.16) (10.17)

Crop: Bajra State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) U P 73 19113 1239.19 7.46 10.87 30.30 [17] (5.48) (4.83) (11.36)* (8.96) Karnataka 99 82344 1000.27 5.22 37.74 16.58 [22] (4.26) (6.18) (26.59)* (20.41)* Rajasthan 880 882503 1461.56 6.24 369.32 11.22 [59] (2.77) (4.93) (4.55) (50.65)* Pooled 1052 983960 1418.64 6.18 334.61 12.04 [98] (2.57) (4.49) (4.51) (42.40)*

Crop: Black gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Yield Seed Feed Wastage U P 47 1578 616.04 16.04 0.11 13.21 [10] (9.72) (1.26) (67.24)* (19.23)* M P 33 21050 657.63 44.00 0 33.19 [08] (6.87) (9.31) (24.10)* Pooled 80 22628 654.73 42.05 0.01 31.80 [18] (6.45) (9.06) (67.24)* (23.41)*

Crop: Green gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha)

U P 34 495 708.38 16.54 0.16 15.05 [6] (8.02) (2.36) (102.19)* (15.46)* Karnataka 107 22334 790.44 17.78 5.22 8.48 [15] (3.40) (5.95) (44.50)* (27.36)* Odisha 75 14264 435.56 20.98 4.15 21.03 [12] (7.06) (2.54) (33.77)* (15.05)* Pooled 216 37093 652.88 18.99 4.74 13.39 [33] (3.07) (3.52) (31.62)* (13.84)*

Crop: Jowar State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 59 61.71 2607.39 8.25 134.65 14.94 [12] (13.96) (3.26) (34.30)* (15.54)* Rajasthan 16 10456 2171.99 15.00 66.38 9.68 [03] (4.19) (1.80) (27.25)* (37.75)* Pooled 75 10517.71 2174.55 14.96 66.78 9.71 [15] (4.16) (1.79) (26.93)* (37.41)* Crop: Arhar

State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Yield Seed Feed Wastage U P 67 8285 782.99 16.16 0.10 17.02 [14] (5.28) (1.79) (68.29)* (13.83)* Pooled 67 8285 782.99 16.16 0.10 17.02 [14] (5.29) (1.80) (68.29)* (13.84)

Crop: Ragi State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 245 153043 1168.51 14.46 48.77 21.01 [20] (6.73) (6.63) (17.06)* (20.78)* Odisha 51 2041 1064.86 12.88 11.34 26.79 [8] (6.50) (5.42) (54.59)* (11.51)* Pooled 296 155084 1167.15 14.44 48.28 21.09 [28] (6.65) (6.55) (17.01)* (20.43)* Crop: Chick pea

State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Yield Seed Feed Wastage Rajasthan 37 129 1142.70 13.81 0 0.35 [09] (9.36) (8.16) (65.70)* Pooled 37 129 1142.70 13.81 0 0.35 [09] (9.36) (8.16) (65.70)*

Crop: Horse gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 130 17219 510.95 28.09 41.93 15.63 [18] (5.17) (4.74) (8.67) (16.54)* Pooled 130 17219 510.95 28.09 41.93 15.63 [18] (5.17) (4.74) (8.67) (16.54)*

Crop: Tur

State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations in Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 166 180625 1183.04 12.23 0 10.70 [17] (5.52) (3.66) (16.35)* Pooled 166 180625 1183.04 12.23 0 10.70 [17] (5.52) (3.66) (16.35)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.6.2 State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif season In this sub-section, pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif season are presented.

Paddy: The pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were to the tune of 1.671% with 5.81 percentage SE, 0.228% with 19.11 percentage SE and 3.386% with 5.98 percentage SE respectively with a total of 5.285%. Therefore, it is concluded that 94.715% production of paddy crop would be available for human consumption.

Maize: It can be seen from Table 3.6.2 that the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of maize were to the tune of 0.694% with 5.51 percentage SE, 4.459% with 8.06 percentage SE and 0.828% with 9.46 percentage SE respectively with a total of 5.981%. It is concluded that 94.019% production of maize crop would be available for human consumption.

Bajra: It can be seen from Table 3.6.2 that pooled-over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 0.495% with 4.52 percentage SE,

10.328% with 9.85 percentage SE and 0.845% with 43.34 percentage SE respectively with a total of 11.668%. It can be concluded that 88.332% of bajra production would be available for human consumption.

Black gram: Table 3.6.2 reveals that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios were to the tune of 6.907% with 14.99 percentage SE, 0.002% with 70.03 percentage SE and 5.142% with 29.48 percentage SE respectively with a total of 12.051%. Based on the observation, it is concluded that 87.949% of black gram production would be available for human consumption.

Green gram: It can be seen from Table 3.6.2 that pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of green gram were 3.620% with 4.32 percentage SE, 0.952% with 32.20 percentage SE and 2.649% with 11.97 percentage SE respectively with a total of 7.211%. Therefore, it is concluded that 92.789% of green gram production would be available for human consumption.

Jowar: pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of jowar were 0.699% with 3.74 percentage SE, 3.032% with 23.38 percentage SE and 0.463% with 39.10 percentage SE respectively with a total of 4.194%. Therefore, it is concluded that 95.806% of jowar production would be available for human consumption.

Arhar: The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of arhar were of the order of 2.243%, 0.027% and 2.268% respectively with total of 4.538%. It clearly indicates that 95.462% production of arhar would be available for human consumption.

Ragi: The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 1.414%, 4.082% and 1.832% respectively with a total of 7.328%. It is concluded that 92.672% production of ragi crop would be available for human consumption.

Chickpea: It can be seen from the table 3.6.2 that estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 1.354% and 0.031% respectively with a total of 1.385%. It indicates that 98.615% of chickpea production would be available for human consumption.

Horse gram: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 5.980%, 8.650% and 3.094% respectively with a total of 17.724%. It indicates that 82.276% of the horse gram production would be available for human consumption.

Tur: The estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production were 1.238% and 1.016% respectively with a total of 2.254%. It shows that 97.746% of the crop production would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.6.2: State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif season Crop: Paddy State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 1095 489187 0.639 0.009 4.027 4.675 [80] (2.60) (25.58)* (7.08) Karnataka 200 111307 1.771 1.138 1.146 4.055 [29] (7.04) (24.76)* (12.81)* M P 297 83900 5.699 0.029 2.915 8.643 [20] (14.25)* (32.53)* (18.21)* Odisha 141 56497 4.427 0.623 2.947 7.997 [14] (6.67) (20.89)* (17.38)* Pooled 1733 740891 1.671 0.228 3.386 5.285 [143] (5.81) (19.11)* (5.98)

Crop: Maize

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 152 46923 0.901 0.170 1.670 2.741 [22] (23.40)* (32.92)* (19.36)* Karnataka 623 362727 0.550 6.252 0.647 7.449 [63] (4.65) (8.25) (15.78)* M P 15 4300 5.460 3.232 5.530 14.222 [03] (4.98) (17.91)* (3.72) Rajasthan 294 123942 0.872 0.877 0.875 2.624 [20] (14.29)* (44.32)* (12.12)* Pooled 1084 537892 0.694 4.459 0.828 5.981 [108] (5.51) (8.06) (9.46)

Crop: Bajra State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 73 19113 0.614 1.977 2.452 5.043 [17] (8.01) (3.27) (8.56) Karnataka 99 82344 0.559 3.893 1.632 6.084 [22] (8.09) (27.79)* (19.71)* Rajasthan 880 882503 0.487 11.109 0.737 12.333 [59] (5.05) (10.17)* (55.19)* Pooled 1052 983960 0.495 10.328 0.845 11.668 [98] (4.52) (9.85) (43.34)*

Crop: Black gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha)

U P 47 1578 3.039 0.023 2.107 5.169 [10] (8.03) (70.03)* (22.88)* M P 33 21050 7.197 0 5.369 12.566 [08] (15.46)* (30.34)* Pooled 80 22628 6.907 0.002 5.142 12.051 [18] (14.99)* (70.03)* (29.48)*

Crop: Green gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 34 495 2.493 0.039 2.399 4.931 [6] (8.21) (101.73)* (22.92)* Karnataka 107 22334 2.372 0.902 1.140 4.414 [15] (6.72) (48.52)* (30.81)* Odisha 75 14264 5.613 1.063 5.020 11.696 [12] (5.72) (38.36)* (12.23)* Pooled 216 37093 3.620 0.952 2.649 7.221 [33] (4.32) (32.20)* (11.97)*

Crop: Jowar

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha)

Karnataka 59 61.710 0.370 4.415 0.584 5.369 [12] (15.59)* (34.35)* (9.45) Rajasthan 16 10456 0.701 3.024 0.462 4.187 [03] (3.75) (23.58)* (39.39)* Pooled 75 10517.71 0.699 3.032 0.463 4.194 [15] (3.74) (23.38)* (39.10)*

Crop: Arhar

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha)

U P 67 8285 2.243 0.027 2.268 4.538 [14] (6.88) (77.90)* (11.16)* Pooled 67 8285 2.243 0.027 2.268 4.538 [14] (6.88) (78.22)* (11.18)

Crop: Ragi

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha)

Karnataka 245 153043 1.416 4.122 1.823 7.361 [20] (10.41) (15.03)* (16.47)* Odisha 51 2041 1.253 1.049 2.496 4.798 [8] (9.22) (55.68)* (11.65)* Pooled 296 155084 1.414 4.082 1.832 7.328 [28] (10.29)* (14.98)* (16.18)*

Crop: Chick pea

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Rajasthan 37 129 1.354 0 0.031 1.385 [09] (16.15) (66.13)* Pooled 37 129 1.354 0 0.031 1.385 [09] (16.15) (66.24)*

Crop: Horse gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 130 17219 5.980 8.650 3.094 17.724 [18] (6.60) (8.48) (14.92)* Pooled 130 17219 5.980 8.650 3.094 17.724 [18] (6.60) (8.48) (14.92)*

Crop: Tur

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 166 180625 1.238 0 1.016 2.254 [17] (13.38)* (17.84)* Pooled 166 180625 1.238 0 1.016 2.254 [17] (13.38)* (17.84)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.6.3: Graphical presentation of state-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif season Graphical presentation of pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif season are shown in Figure 17.

Crop: - Paddy

100

101

102

Figure 17

3.6.4 State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grains grown during Rabi season

In this sub-section, pooled over the States estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grain crops grown during Rabi season are presented.

Wheat: State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for wheat crop are presented in Table 3.6.4. The pooled estimates of wheat crop are based on the estimates of four States, namely Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

The pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of wheat crop are based on the information collected from 3685 farmers from 262 selected villages. The area under wheat was 1757433 ha in the selected districts of the States. It can be seen from Table 3.6.4 that pooled state-wise estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were of the order of 3944.64 kg/ha with 0.94% SE, 138.47 kg/ha with 0.76% SE, 116.19 kg/ha with 5.20% SE and 43.67 kg/ha with 4.07% SE respectively.

Gram: The area under the crop was 323612 ha in the selected districts. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage are based on the information collected from 500 farmers residing in 81 selected villages. It can be seen from Table 3.6.4 that pooled estimates were to the tune of 843.00 kg/ha with 5.46% SE for yield, 94.91 kg/ha with 3.79% SE for seed, 2.59 kg/ha with 6.71% SE for feed and 6.97 kg/ha with 12.11% SE for wastage.

103

Jowar: Jowar was grown in Karnataka only. It may be seen from Table 3.6.4 that area under crop was 286971.65 ha. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 1083.98 kg/ha with 4.41% SE, 8.14 kg/ha with 2.25% SE, 40.41 kg/ha with 46.34% SE & 10.22 kg/ha with 9.23% SE respectively.

Maize: Maize crop was grown in Karnataka only. Table 3.6.4 reveals that estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage are based on 69 observations collected from the farmers of 17 villages. It is clear from Table 3.6.4 that the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3198.10 kg/ha with 8.07% SE, 12.06 kg/ha with 3.50% SE, 187.45 kg/ha with 24.08% SE and 5.28 kg/ha with 28.95% SE respectively.

Ragi: The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of ragi are based on the information collected from 20 farmers growing ragi in 7 villages of Karnataka State. It can be seen from Table 3.6.4 that the estimates were of the order of 1256.82 kg/ha with 6.45% SE for yield, 14.52 kg/ha with 1.97% SE for yield, 78.67 kg/ha with 13.81% SE for feed and 40.77 kg/ha with 24.25% SE for wastage.

Black gram: The crop was grown in Karnataka only. The estimate were to the tune of 1516.59 kg/ha with 7.78% SE for yield, 51.16 kg/ha with 6.52% SE for seed and 9.93 kg/ha with 25.47% SE for wastage.

Green gram: Green gram was grown in Karnataka only. The area under the crop was 1540 ha in the selected districts. The estimates were to the tune of 424.19 kg/ha with 8.17% SE for yield, 18.42 kg/ha with 5.71% SE for seed and 34.98 kg/ha with 7.25% SE for wastage.

Horse gram: Horse gram crop was grown in Karnataka. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of the crop are based on 54 sample farmers of 13 selected villages. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were of the order of 444.34 kg/ha with 9.56% SE, 28.49 kg/ha with 1.91% SE, 26.61 kg/ha with 20.17% SE and 19.21 kg/ha with 16.85% SE respectively.

Lentil: Lentil crop was grown in Madhya Pradesh only. It can be seen from Table 3.6.4 that 39 sample farmers were growing lentil in 13 selected villages. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were 538.06 kg/ha with 6.37% SE, 95.95 kg/ha with 3.18% SE, 2.18 kg/ha with 36.70% SE and 13.31 kg/ha with 17.20% SE respectively.

Barley: Barley was grown in Rajasthan only. Table 3.6.4 reveals that area under the crop was 42203 ha. It can be seen from Table 3.6.4 that estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were

104 to the tune of 3896.31 kg/ha with 6.42% SE, 127.32 kg/ha with 3.31% SE, 75.58 kg/ha with 11.60% SE and 10.92 kg/ha with 32.03% SE respectively.

Paddy: Paddy was grown in Odisha during Rabi season. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 3669.45 kg/ha with 2.33% SE, 102.93 kg/ha with 2.91% SE, 11.83 kg/ha with 11.12% SE and 49.32 kg/ha with 8.20% SE respectively.

Table 3.6.4: State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage of major food grains with percent standard errors (Rabi season) Crop: Wheat

State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts [villages] (ha) Yield Seed Feed Wastage U P 1185 630660 4070.61 155.18 205.40 51.59 [80] (0.90) (0.70) (3.62) (3.05) Karnataka 180 96873 1397.85 57.76 0 6.95 [25] (4.62) (4.98) (18.72)* M P 1187 581600 3842.31 121.55 40.75 47.94 [80] (1.57) (1.10) (7.88) (7.54) Rajasthan 1133 448300 4450.53 154.34 113.67 34.92 [77] (2.46) (2.17) (18.31)* (13.33)* Pooled 3685 1757433 3944.64 138.47 116.19 43.67 [262] (0.94) (0.76) (5.20) (4.07)

Crop: Gram State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts [villages] (ha) Yield Seed Feed Wastage U P 42 2209 795.66 81.85 13.19 50.23 [13] (1.63) (0.36) (14.51)* (6.55) M P 295 248600 643.49 109.00 3.25 8.02 [46] (8.50) (4.25) (6.93) (13.28)* Rajasthan 163 72803 1525.70 47.21 0 2.05 [22] (5.49) (4.87) (44.46)* Pooled 500 323612 843.00 94.91 2.59 6.97 [81] (5.46) (3.79) (6.71) (12.11)*

105

Crop: Jowar State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 468 286971.65 1083.98 8.14 40.41 10.22 [49] (4.41) (2.25) (46.34)* (9.23) Pooled 468 286971.65 1083.98 8.14 40.41 10.22 [49] (4.41) (2.25) (46.34)* (9.23)

Crop: Maize State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 69 42593 3198.10 12.06 187.45 5.28 [17] (8.07) (3.50) (24.08)* (28.95)* Pooled 69 42593 3198.10 12.06 187.45 5.28 [17] (8.07) (3.50) (24.08)* (28.95)*

Crop: Ragi

State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 20 313 1256.82 14.52 78.67 40.77 [7] (6.45) (1.97) (13.81)* (24.25)* Pooled 20 313 1256.82 14.52 78.67 40.77 [7] (6.45) (1.97) (13.81)* (24.25)*

Crop: Black gram State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 60 299 1516.59 51.16 0 9.93 [11] (7.78) (6.52) (25.47)* Pooled 60 299 1516.59 51.16 0 9.93 [11] (7.78) (6.52) (25.47)*

106

Crop: Green gram State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 53 1540 424.19 18.42 0 34.98 [5] (8.17) (5.71) (7.25) Pooled 53 1540 424.19 18.42 0 34.98 [5] (8.17) (5.71) (7.25)

Crop: Horse gram State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Karnataka 54 3390 444.34 28.49 26.61 19.21 [13] (9.56) (1.91) (20.17)* (16.85)* Pooled 54 3390 444.34 28.49 26.61 19.21 [13] (9.56) (1.91) (20.17)* (16.85)*

Crop: Lentil State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) M P 39 24550 538.06 95.95 2.18 13.31 [13] (6.37) (3.18) (36.70)* (17.20)* Pooled 39 24550 538.06 95.95 2.18 13.31 [13] (6.37) (3.18) (36.70)* (17.20)*

Crop: Barley State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Rajasthan 120 42203 3896.31 127.32 75.58 10.92 [24] (6.42) (3.31) (11.60)* (32.03)* Pooled 120 42203 3896.31 127.32 75.58 10.92 [24] (6.42) (3.31) (11.60)* (32.03)*

107

Crop: Paddy State No. of Crop Area Estimates (kg/ha) Observations under Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Odisha 1108 675953 3669.45 102.93 11.83 49.32 (2014-15) [79] (2.33) (2.91) (11.12)* (8.20) Pooled 1108 675953 3669.45 102.93 11.83 49.32 [79] (2.33) (2.91) (11.12)* (8.20) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.6.5 State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi season In this sub-section, pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi season are presented in Table 3.6.5.

Wheat: Pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of wheat were to the tune of 3.799% with 1.46 percentage SE, 2.801% with 4.68 percentage SE and 1.166% with 4.00 percentage SE respectively a total of 7.766%. Therefore, it can be concluded that 92.234% of wheat production would be available for human consumption. Gram: It can be seen from Table 3.6.5 that the pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 18.049% with 7.03 percentage SE, 0.583% with 8.46 percentage SE and 1.262% with 13.07 percentage SE respectively with a total of 19.893%. Based on the information, it can be concluded that 80.107% of gram production would be available for human consumption.

Jowar: The pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of jowar were of the order of 0.830%, 3.253% and 1.106% respectively with a total of 5.189%. Therefore, it is concluded that 94.811% of jowar production would be available for human consumption.

Maize: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 0.440% with 6.69 percentage SE, 5.467% with 22.92 percentage SE and 0.155% with 23.51 percentage SE respectively with a total of 6.022% production of maize crop. Therefore, it may be concluded that 93.978% of maize production would be available for human consumption.

Ragi: Ragi was grown in Karnataka only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 1.185%, 6.581% and 3.237% with a total of 11.003%.

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Hence, it is concluded that 88.997% of ragi production would be available for human consumption.

Black gram: Bajra was also grown in Karnataka. The estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production of black gram were of the order of 3.621% and 0.636% with a total of 4.257. Black gram was not fed to the livestock. Based on this information, 95.643% of black gram production would be available for human consumption.

Green gram: Green gram was grown in Karnataka only. It can be seen from Table 3.6.5 that estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 4.767% and 8.876% respectively with a total of 13.643%. It may be concluded that 86.357% of green gram production would be available for human consumption.

Horse gram: Horse gram was grown in Karnataka only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 7.393%, 7.077% and 5.541% respectively with a total of 20.011%. Therefore, it may be concluded that 79.989% of horse gram crop production would be available for human consumption.

Lentil: Lentil was grown in Rajasthan only. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of lentil were 15.477%, 0.419% and 2.497% respectively with a total of 18.393%. It may be concluded that 81.607% of lentil production would be available for human consumption.

Barley: Barley was grown in Rajasthan during Rabi season. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 3.746%, 2.225% and 0.270% respectively with a total of 6.241%. It is therefore, concluded that 93.759% of barley production would be available for human consumption.

Paddy: Paddy was grown in Odisha during Rabi season. It may be seen from Table 3.6.5 that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 3.014% with 4.15 percentage SE, 0.328% with 10.03 percentage SE and 1.391% with 8.71 percentage SE respectively with a total of 4.733%. It clearly indicates that 95.267% of the production of paddy crop in Rabi season would be available for human consumption.

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Table 3.6.5: State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi season Crop: Wheat State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total U P 1185 630660 3.971 5.066 1.346 10.383 [80] (1.19) (3.73) (3.00) Karnataka 180 96873 5.179 0 0.684 5.863 [25] (6.35) (29.64)* M P 1187 581600 3.414 1.001 1.322 5.737 [80] (2.37) (6.87) (6.60) Rajasthan 1133 448300 3.758 2.556 0.813 7.127 [77] (4.36) (16.84)* (15.33)* Pooled 3685 1757433 3.799 2.801 1.166 7.766 [262] (1.46) (4.68) (4.00)

Crop: Gram

State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 42 2209 10.342 1.655 6.271 18.268 [13] (1.74) (14.72)* (5.42) M P 295 248600 22.412 0.744 1.544 24.700 [46] (7.36) (8.62) (13.85)* Rajasthan 163 72803 3.384 0 0.145 3.529 [22] (8.35) (44.43)* Pooled 500 323612 18.049 0.583 1.262 19.893 [81] (7.03) (8.46) (13.07)

Crop: Jowar

State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 468 286971.65 0.830 3.253 1.106 5.189 [49] (3.32) (45.23)* (9.34) Pooled 468 286971.65 0.830 3.253 1.106 5.189 [49] (3.32) (45.23)* (9.34)

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Crop: Maize State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 69 42593 0.400 5.467 0.155 6.002 [17] (6.69) (22.92)* (23.51)* Pooled 69 42593 0.400 5.467 0.155 6.002 [17] (6.69) (22.92)* (23.51)*

Crop: Ragi

State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 20 313 1.185 6.581 3.237 11.003 [7] (7.51) (15.69)* (23.35)* Pooled 20 313 1.185 6.581 3.237 11.003 [7] (7.51) (15.69)* (23.35)*

Crop: Black gram

State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 60 299 3.621 0 0.636 4.257 [11] (9.30) (15.39)* Pooled 60 299 3.621 0 0.636 4.257 [11] (9.30) (15.39)*

Crop: Green gram

State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 53 1540 4.767 0 8.876 13.643 [5] (12.52)* (12.84)* Pooled 53 1540 4.767 0 8.876 13.643 [5] (12.52)* (12.84)*

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Crop: Horse gram

State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 54 3390 7.393 7.077 5.541 20.011 [13] (8.95) (21.06)* (21.60)* Pooled 54 3390 7.393 7.077 5.541 20.011 [13] (8.95) (21.06)* (21.60)*

Crop: Lentil

State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) M P 39 24550 15.477 0.419 2.497 18.393 [13] (7.45) (35.51)* (13.88)* Pooled 39 24550 15.477 0.419 2.497 18.393 [13] (7.45) (35.51)* (13.88)*

Crop: Barley

State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Rajasthan 129 42203 3.746 2.225 0.270 6.241 [24] (11.43)* (14.68)* (26.91)* Pooled 129 42203 3.746 2.225 0.270 6.241 [24] (11.43)* (14.68)* (26.91)*

Crop: Paddy State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Odisha 1108 675953 3.014 0.328 1.391 4.733 [79] (4.15) (10.03)* (8.71) Pooled 1108 675953 3.014 0.328 1.391 4.733 [79] (4.15) (10.03)* (8.71) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

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3.6.6: Graphical presentation of state-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi season Graphical presentation of pooled over all the states estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Rabi season are shown in Figure 18.

Crop: - Wheat

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Figure 18

3.6.7 State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grains grown during Zaid Season

Green gram and paddy were the two crops, grown in Odisha State during Zaid season. Therefore, in this section, we discuss the estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for these two crops.

Green gram: The area under green gram crop was 39069 ha. Table 3.6.7 reveals that estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 367.60 kg/ha with 5.19% SE, 29.21 kg/ha with 2.01% SE, 8.73 kg/ha with 18.42% SE and 18.13 kg/ha with 11.52% SE respectively.

Paddy: It may be seen from Table 3.6.7 that area under paddy crop was 107546 ha during Zaid season. The estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage to the production of paddy were to the tune of 5129.37 kg/ha with 4.94% SE, 88.80 kg/ha with 4.62% SE, 8.70 kg/ha with 17.91% SE and 74.30 kg/ha with 13.70% SE respectively.

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Table 3.6.7: State-wise pooled estimates of yield, seed, feed and wastage for major food grains grown during Zaid Season

Crop: Green gram State No. of Crop Area in Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Districts [villages] (ha) Yield Seed Feed Wastage Odisha 600 39069 367.60 29.21 8.73 18.13 [59] (5.19) (2.01) (18.42)* (11.52)* Pooled 600 39069 367.60 29.21 8.73 18.13 [59] (5.19) (2.01) (18.42)* (11.52)*

Crop: Paddy State No. of Crop Area in Estimates (kg/ha) Observations Districts Yield Seed Feed Wastage [villages] (ha) Odisha 230 107546 5129.37 88.80 8.70 74.30 [26] (4.94) (4.62) (17.91)* (13.70)* Pooled 230 107546 5129.37 88.80 8.70 74.30 [26] (4.94) (4.62) (17.91)* (13.70)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.6.8 State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Zaid Season In this sub-section, the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of crops grown during Zaid season are presented.

Green gram: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of green gram were 8.772%, 2.350% and 5.123% respectively with a total 16.245%. Based on the information, it is concluded that 83.755% of green gram production would be available for human consumption.

Paddy: It can be seen from Table 3.6.8 that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were 1.893%, 0.849% and 1.662% respectively with a total 4.404% of paddy production. Therefore, it may be concluded that 95.596% of paddy production would be available for human consumption.

Higher percentage standard errors were observed for the estimates of feed and wastage as these are based on less numbers of observations and higher variation among them.

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Table 3.6.8: State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Zaid Season Crop: Green gram State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Odisha 600 39069 8.772 2.350 5.123 16.245 [59] (4.26) (22.21)* (11.42)* Pooled 600 39069 8.772 2.350 5.123 16.245 [59] (4.26) (22.21)* (11.42)*

Crop: Paddy State No. of Crop Area in Estimates of percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Odisha 230 107546 1.893 0.849 1.662 4.404 [26] (10.52)* (79.59)* (13.65)* Pooled 230 107546 1.893 0.849 1.662 4.404 [26] (10.52)* (79.59)* (13.65)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.6.9: Graphical presentation of state-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Zaid season Graphical presentation of pooled over the States estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Zaid season are shown in Figure 19.

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Figure 19

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3.7 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of crops grown in all the states during Kharif, Rabi and Zaid seasons In this section, pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of the crops (cereals, pulses and cereals & pulses separately) grown in Kharif, Rabi and Zaid seasons are discussed.

3.7.1 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals grown during Kharif season In this sub-section, the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals grown during Kharif season are presented. It can be seen from Table 3.7.1 that paddy, maize, bajra, jowar and ragi are the main cereals grown in the selected districts of five States under study. Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals are based on 4240 observations collected in 392 selected villages with 2428345 ha area in the selected districts under study. Table 3.7.1 reveals that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereal crops were to the tune of 0.957% with 3.49 percentage standard error (SE), 5.516% with 7.65 percentage SE and 1.678% with 9.70 percentage SE respectively with total of 8.151%. It is concluded that 91.849% of the production of cereals grown in Kharif season would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.7.1: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals grown during Kharif season Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) 1733 1.671 0.228 3.386 5.285 Paddy [143] 740891 (5.81) (19.11)* (5.98)

1084 0.694 4.459 0.828 5.981 Maize 537892 [108] (5.51) (8.06) (9.46) 1052 0.495 10.328 0.845 11.668 Bajra 983960 [98] (4.52) (9.85) (43.34)* 75 0.699 3.032 0.463 4.194 Jowar 10518 [15] (3.74) (23.38)* (39.10)* 296 1.414 4.082 1.832 7.328 Ragi 155084 [28] (10.29)* (14.98)* (16.18)* Pooled 4240 2428345 0.957 5.516 1.678 8.151 [392] (3.49) (7.65) (9.70) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

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3.7.2 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses grown during Kharif season

It can be seen from Table 3.7.2 that black gram, green gram, arhar/tur, chick pea and horse gram are the main pulses grown during Kharif season. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses are based on 696 observations collected in 109 selected villages. The area under these crops was to the tune of 265979 ha. It can be seen from Table 3.7.2 that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all pulses were to the tune of 2.391% with 6.14 percentage SE, 0.694% with 9.21 percentage SE and 1.678% with 10.54 percentage SE respectively with total of 4.852%. Therefore, it is concluded that 95.248% of the production of pulses grown in Kharif season would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.7.2: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses grown during Kharif season Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total

80 6.907 0.002 5.142 12.051 Black gram 22628 [18] (14.99)* (70.03)* (29.48)* 216 3.620 0.952 2.649 7.221 Green gram 37093 [33] (4.32) (32.20)* (11.97)* 233 1.282 0.001 1.071 2.354 Arhar/Tur 188910 [31] (12.36)* (77.90)* (16.22)* 37 1.354 0 0.031 1.385 Chick pea 129 [9] (16.15)* (66.24)* 130 5.980 8.650 3.094 17.724 Horse gram 17219 [18] (6.60) (8.48) (14.92)* Pooled 696 2.391 0.694 1.768 4.852 265979 [109] (6.14) (9.21) (10.54)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

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3.7.3 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Kharif season

In this sub-section, the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses) grown during Kharif season are presented. It can be seen from Table 3.7.3 that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown in Kharif season were to the tune of 1.098% with 3.04 percentage SE, 5.040% with 7.55 percentage SE and 1.687% with 8.77 percentage SE respectively with a total of 7.826%. Therefore, it is concluded that 92.174% of the production of food grain crops grown in Kharif season would be available for human consumption. Note that these estimates are based on the data collected in four selected districts of each of the five States under study.

Table 3.7.3: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Kharif season No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Crops Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total 4240 2428345 0.957 5.516 1.678 8.151 Cereals [392] (3.49) (7.65) (9.70) 696 2.391 0.694 1.768 4.852 Pulses 265979 [109] (6.14) (9.21) (10.54)* Pooled 4936 1.098 5.040 1.687 7.826 2694324 [501] (3.04) (7.55) (8.77) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.7.4: Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Kharif season Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Kharif season are presented in Figure 20, Figure 21 and Figure 22 respectively.

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Figure 20

Figure 21

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Figure 22 3.7.5 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals grown during Rabi season

In this sub-section, the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals grown during Rabi season are presented. It can be seen from Table 3.7.5 that wheat, jowar, maize, paddy, ragi and barley are the major cereals grown in the selected districts of five States under study. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all cereal crops are based on 5479 observations collected from 438 selected villages. The area under these crops was 2805467 ha. Table 3.7.5 reveals that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the cereals were to the tune of 3.254% with 1.43 percentage SE, 2.284% with 7.56 percentage standard error and 1.185% with 3.60 percentage standard error respectively with total of 6.723%. Therefore, it is concluded that 93.277% of the production of cereal crops grown during Rabi season would be available for human consumption.

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Table 3.7.5: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals grown during Rabi season Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Wheat 3685 1757433 3.799 2.801 1.166 7.766 [262] (1.46) (4.68) (4.00) Jowar 468 286972 0.830 3.253 1.106 5.189 [49] (3.32) (45.23)* (9.34) Maize 69 42593 0.400 5.467 0.155 6.022 [17] (6.69) (22.92)* (23.51)* Paddy 1108 675953 3.014 0.328 1.391 4.733 [79] (4.15) (10.03)* (8.71) Ragi 20 313 1.185 6.581 3.237 11.003 [7] (7.51) (15.69)* (23.35)* Barley 129 42203 3.746 2.225 0.270 6.241 [24] (11.43)* (14.68)* (26.91)* Pooled 5479 2805467 3.254 2.284 1.185 6.723 [438] (1.43) (7.56) (3.60) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.7.6 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses grown during Rabi season

The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses grown during Rabi season in the selected five States are presented. It can be seen from Table 3.7.6 that gram, black gram, green gram, horse gram and lentil were the main pulses grown during Rabi season. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses are based on 706 observations collected in 123 selected villages. The area under these crops was to the tune of 353391 ha. It can be seen from Table 3.7.6 that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios were to the tune of 17.698% with 6.58 percentage SE, 0.631% with 7.69 percentage SE and 1.421% with 10.80 percentage SE respectively with a total of 19.750%. It shows that 80.250% of the production of pulses grown in Rabi season would be available for human consumption.

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Table 3.7.6: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses grown during Rabi season Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Gram 500 323612 18.049 0.583 1.262 19.894 [81] (7.03) (8.46) (13.07)* Black gram 60 299 3.621 0 0.636 4.257 [11] (9.30) (15.39)*

Green gram 53 1540 4.767 0 8.876 13.643 [5] (12.52) (12.84) Horse gram 54 3390 7.393 7.077 5.541 20.011 [13] (8.95) (21.06)* (21.60)* Lentil 39 24550 15.477 0.419 2.497 18.393 [13] (7.45) (35.51)* (13.88)* Pooled 706 353391 17.698 0.631 1.421 19.750 [123] (6.58) (7.69) (10.80)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation(2.81) among them. 3.7.7 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Rabi season

In this sub-section, the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses) grown during Rabi Season are presented. It can be seen from Table 3.7.7 that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops are based on 6185 observations collected in 561 selected villages. The area under these crops was to the tune of 3158858 ha. It can be seen from Table 3.7.7 that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 4.869% with 2.81 percentage SE, 2.099% with 7.32 percentage SE and 1.212% with 3.43 percentage SE respectively with a total of 8.180%. It can be concluded that 91.820% of the production of food grain crops grown in Rabi season would be available for human consumption.

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Table 3.7.7: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Rabi season Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total 5479 2805467 3.254 2.284 1.185 6.723 Cereals [438] (1.43) (7.56) (3.60) 706 353391 17.698 0.631 1.421 19.750 Pulses [123] (6.58) (7.69) (10.80) Pooled 6185 3158858 4.869 2.099 1.212 8.180 [561] (2.81) (7.32) (3.43) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

3.7.8: Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Rabi season Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Rabi season are presented in Figure 23, Figure 24 and Figure 25 respectively.

Figure 23

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Figure 24

Figure 25

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3.7.9 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and both cereals & pulses grown during Zaid season

Paddy, the cereal and green gram, the pulse were the crops grown in Odisha State during Zaid season. In this sub-section, the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and both cereals & pulses are presented.

Paddy: Table 3.7.9 reveals that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of paddy were 1.893%, 0.849% and 1.662% respectively with a total 4.404%. Therefore, it may be concluded that 95.596% of paddy production during Zaid season would be available for human consumption.

Green gram: It can be seen from Table 3.7.9 that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulse crop i.e. green gram were to the tune of 8.772%, 2.350% and 5.123% respectively with a total 16.245% of green gram production. Therefore, it is concluded that 83.755% of green gram production would be available for human consumption.

Table 3.7.9: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals and pulses grown during Zaid Season Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Paddy 230 107546 1.893 0.849 1.662 4.404 [26] (10.52)* (79.59)* (13.65)*

Pooled 230 107546 1.893 0.849 1.662 4.404 [26] (10.52)* (79.59)* (13.65)*

Crop: Green gram

Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Green gram 600 39069 8.772 2.350 5.123 16.245 [59] (4.26) (22.21)* (11.42)* Pooled 600 39069 8.772 2.350 5.123 16.245 [59] (4.26) (22.21)* (11.42)* Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

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3.7.10 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Zaid season

It has already been stated in sub-section 3.7.7 that paddy and green gram were the two food grain crops grown in Odisha only during Zaid season. Therefore, pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to their production has been presented here. It can be seen from Table 3.7.10 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops were to the tune of 3.726% with 4.74 percentage SE, 1.249% with 41.22 percentage SE and 2.584% with 8.82 percentage SE respectively with a total of 7.559%. Therefore, it is concluded that 92.441% of the production of all food grain crops grown in Zaid season would be available for human consumption.

The percentage standard errors are observed higher for the estimates of feed and wastage in these crops due to less numbers of observations and wide variation among them.

Table 3.7.10: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Zaid Season Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha)

Paddy 230 107546 1.893 0.849 1.662 4.404 [26] (10.52)* (79.59)* (13.65)*

Green gram 600 39069 8.772 2.350 5.123 16.245 [59] (4.26) (22.21)* (11.42)* Pooled 830 146615 3.726 1.249 2.584 7.559 [85] (4.74) (41.22)* (8.82) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them. 3.7.11 Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Zaid season

Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown during Zaid season are presented in Figure 26, Figure 27 and Figure 28 respectively.

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Cereal: - Paddy

Figure 26

Pulse: - Green gram

Figure 27

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Figure 28 3.8 State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during all seasons in the selected States In this section, State-wise pooled estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during all seasons in the selected districts of five States under study are presented. These estimates are weighted on the area under each crop in the selected districts of the States. The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of the food grain crops are presented in Table 3.8.

Paddy: The pooled estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of paddy were to the tune of 2.282 with 2.69% SE, 0.316 with 9.08% SE and 2.380 with 4.70% SE respectively with a total of 4.978% of paddy production. Therefore, it is concluded that 95.022% of paddy grown would be available for human consumption in the country.

Maize: It can be seen from Table 3.8 that the pooled estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage were to the tune of 0.672 with 5.37% SE, 4.533 with 8.05% SE and 0.778 with 9.53% SE respectively with a total of 5.983% of maize production. it can be concluded that 94.017% of maize production would be available for human consumption.

134

Bajra: It is observed from Table 3.8 that pooled estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of bajra were of the order of 0.495 with 4.52% SE, 10.328 with 9.85% SE and 0.845 with 43.34% SE respectively with a total of 11.668% of bajra production. Therefore, it is concluded that 88.332% of bajra production would be available for human consumption.

Black gram: The pooled estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of black gram are based on the estimates of the crop grown in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh States only. The estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production were to the tune of 7.160 with 14.46% SE, 0.002 with 70.03% SE and 5.186 with 29.23% SE respectively with a total of 12.348%. Therefore, it is concluded that 87.652% of black gram production would be available for human consumption.

Green gram: The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of black gram are based on the estimates of Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Odisha States. It can be seen from Table 3.8 that the estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production were 6.233 with 3.25% SE, 1.636 with 18.36% SE and 4.016 with 8.26% SE respectively with a total of 11.885%. Therefore, it is concluded that 88.115% of the production of green gram crop would be available for human consumption.

Jowar: The pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of jowar are based on the estimates of Karnataka and Rajasthan States. It can be seen from Table 3.8 that the estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of jowar were of the order of 0.826 with 3.22% SE, 3.245 with 43.75% SE and 1.083 with 9.22% SE respectively with a total of 5.154% of jowar production. It shows that 94.846% of jowar production would be available for human consumption.

Arhar/Tur: The estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production were of the order of 1.282, 0.001 and 1.071 respectively with a total of 2.354%. It means that 97.646% production of arhar/tur would be available for human consumption.

Ragi: The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of ragi were of the order of 1.414%, 4.087% and 1.835% respectively with a total of 7.336%. Therefore, it is concluded that 92.664% production of ragi crop would be available for human consumption.

Chickpea: It can be seen from Table 3.8 that the estimates of seed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 1.354% and 0.031% for seed and wastage respectively with a

135 total of 1.385%. It indicates that 98.615% of chickpea production would be available for human consumption.

Horse gram: It can be seen from Table 3.8 that the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of horse gram were 6.212%, 8.391% and 3.497% respectively with a total of 18.100%. It can be concluded that 81.900% of the horse gram production would be available for human consumption.

Wheat: It can be seen from Table 3.8 that pooled estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of wheat were to the tune of 3.799 with 1.46% SE, 2.801 with 4.68% SE and 1.166 with 4.00% SE respectively. Based on the information, it can be concluded that a total of 7.766% of the production of wheat crop were utilized for seed, feed and wastage. Therefore, it is concluded that 92.234% of the wheat production would be available for human consumption in the country.

Gram: It can be seen from Table 3.8 that the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of gram are based on three States, namely Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan only. The estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of gram crop were to the tune of 18.049 with 7.03% SE, 0.583 with 8.46% SE and 1.262 with 13.07% SE respectively with total of 19.893% of gram production. It clearly indicates that 80.107% of gram production would be available for human consumption.

Lentil: Table 3.8 reveals that the pooled estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of lentil were of the order of 15.477 with 7.45% SE, 0.419 with 35.51% SE and 2.497 with 13.88% SE respectively with a total of 18.393%. Therefore, it is concluded that 81.607% of lentil production would be available for human consumption.

Barley: The estimates of percentage ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production of barley were to the tune of 3.746, 2.225 and 0.270 respectively with a total of 6.241% of barley production. Therefore, it can be concluded that 93.759% of barley production would be available for human consumption.

The percentage standard errors of the estimates of feed and wastage were seen on higher side in some of the crops because these estimates are based on less number of observations and wide variation among them.

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Table 3.8: State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during all seasons in the selected States Crop: Paddy State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total U P 1095 489187 0.639 0.009 4.027 4.675 (K) [80] (2.60) (25.58)* (7.08) Karnataka 200 111307 1.771 1.138 1.146 4.055 (K) [29] (7.04) (24.76)* (12.81)* M P 297 83900 5.699 0.029 2.915 8.643 (K) [20] (14.25)* (32.53)* (18.21)* Odisha 1479 839996 2.965 0.415 1.530 4.910 (K, R Z) [119] (2.50) (8.75) (6.68) Pooled 3071 1524390 2.282 0.316 2.380 4.978 [249] (2.69) (9.08) (4.70)

Crop: Maize

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 152 46923 0.901 0.170 1.670 2.741 (K) [22] (23.40)* (32.92)* (19.36)* Karnataka 692 405320 0.534 6.170 0.595 7.299 (K, R) [80] (4.32) (7.78) (15.36)* M P 15 4300 5.460 3.232 5.530 14.222 (K) [03] (4.98) (17.91)* (3.72) Rajasthan 294 123942 0.872 0.877 0.875 2.624 (K) [20] (14.29)* (44.32)* (12.12)* Pooled 1153 580485 0.672 4.533 0.778 5.983 [125] (5.37) (8.05) (9.53)

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Crop: Bajra State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 73 19113 0.614 1.977 2.452 5.043 (K) [17] (8.01) (3.27) (8.56) Karnataka 99 82344 0.559 3.893 1.632 6.084 (K) [22] (8.09) (27.79)* (19.71)* Rajasthan 880 882503 0.487 11.109 0.737 12.333 (K) [59] (5.05) (10.17)* (55.19)* Pooled 1052 983960 0.495 10.328 0.845 11.668 [98] (4.52) (9.85) (43.34)*

Crop: Black gram State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 47 1578 3.039 0.023 2.107 5.169 (K) [10] (8.03) (70.03)* (22.88)* Karnataka 60 299 3.621 0 0.636 4.257 (R) [11] (9.30) (15.39)* M P 33 21050 7.197 0 5.369 12.566 (K) [08] (15.46)* (30.34)* Pooled 140 22927 7.160 0.002 5.186 12.348 [29] (14.46)* (70.03)* (29.23)*

Crop: Green gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 34 495 2.493 0.039 2.399 4.931 (K) [6] (8.21) (101.73)* (22.92)* Karnataka 160 23874 2.526 0.844 1.639 5.009 (K, R) [20] (6.10) (48.52)* (20.54)* Odisha 675 53333 7.927 2.006 5.095 15.028 (K, Z) [71] (3.62) (19.82)* (9.01) Pooled 869 77702 6.233 1.636 4.016 11.885 [97] (3.25) (18.36)* (8.26)

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Crop: Jowar

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Karnataka 527 287033 0.830 3.253 1.106 5.189 (K, R) [61] (3.32) (45.22)* (9.34) Rajasthan 16 10456 0.701 3.024 0.462 4.187 (K) [03] (3.75) (23.58)* (39.39)* Pooled 543 297489 0.826 3.245 1.083 5.154 [64] (3.22) (43.75)* (9.22)

Crop: Arhar/Tur

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 67 8285 2.243 0.027 2.268 4.538 (K, Arhar) [14] (6.88) (77.90)* (11.16)* Karnataka 166 180625 1.238 0 1.016 2.254 (K, Tur) [17] (13.38)* (17.84)* Pooled 233 188910 1.282 0.001 1.071 2.354 [31] (12.36)* (77.90)* (16.22)*

Crop: Ragi

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total Karnataka 265 153356 1.416 4.127 1.826 7.369 (K, R) [27] (10.39) (14.98)* (16.41)* Odisha 51 2041 1.253 1.049 2.496 4.798 (K) [8] (9.22) (55.68)* (11.65)* Pooled 316 155397 1.414 4.087 1.835 7.336 [35] (10.27)* (14.93)* (16.12)*

139

Crop: Chickpea

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Rajasthan 37 129 1.354 0 0.031 1.385 (K) [09] (16.15) (66.13)* Pooled 37 129 1.354 0 0.031 1.385 [09] (16.15) (66.24)*

Crop: Horse gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total Karnataka 184 20609 6.212 8.391 3.497 18.100 (K, R) [31] (5.59) (7.87) (12.39)* Pooled 184 20609 6.212 8.391 3.497 18.100 [31] (5.59) (7.87) (12.39)*

Crop: Wheat

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total U P 1185 630660 3.971 5.066 1.346 10.383 (R) [80] (1.19) (3.73) (3.00) Karnataka 180 96873 5.179 0 0.684 5.863 (R) [25] (6.35) (29.64)* M P 1187 581600 3.414 1.001 1.322 5.737 (R) [80] (2.37) (6.87) (6.60) Rajasthan 1133 448300 3.758 2.556 0.813 7.127 (R) [77] (4.36) (16.84)* (15.33)* Pooled 3685 1757433 3.799 2.801 1.166 7.766 [262] (1.46) (4.68) (4.00)

140

Crop: Gram

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) U P 42 2209 10.342 1.655 6.271 18.268 (R) [13] (1.74) (14.72)* (5.42) M P 295 248600 22.412 0.744 1.544 24.700 (R) [46] (7.36) (8.62) (13.85)* Rajasthan 163 72803 3.384 0 0.145 3.529 (R) [22] (8.35) (44.43)* Pooled 500 323612 18.049 0.583 1.262 19.893 [81] (7.03) (8.46) (13.07)

Crop: Lentil

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) M P 39 24550 15.477 0.419 2.497 18.393 (R) [13] (7.45) (35.51)* (13.88)* Pooled 39 24550 15.477 0.419 2.497 18.393 [13] (7.45) (35.51)* (13.88)*

Crop: Barley

State No. of Crop Area Estimates of Percentage Ratios Observations in Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) Rajasthan 129 42203 3.746 2.225 0.270 6.241 (R) [24] (11.43)* (14.68)* (26.91)* Pooled 129 42203 3.746 2.225 0.270 6.241 [24] (11.43)* (14.68)* (26.91)*

Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

141

3.9 Graphical presentation of State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during all seasons in the selected States In this section, graphical presentation of State-wise pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during all seasons in the selected States are presented in Figure 29 below.

Crop: - Paddy

142

143

144

145

146

147

Figure 29

148

3.10 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grains In this section, pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of the food grains (cereals, pulses and cereals & pulses both separately) are presented.

3.10.1 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals In this sub-section, the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the cereals grown in the selected States are presented. It can be seen from Table 3.10.1 that paddy, wheat, maize, bajra, jowar, ragi and barley were the main cereal crops grown in the selected districts of five States under study. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the cereals are based on 9949 information collected in 857 selected villages. The area was 5341357 ha in the selected districts under study. The result reveals that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all cereals grown were to the tune of 2.182% with 1.22 percentage SE, 3.724% with 5.71 percentage SE and 1.419% with 5.45 percentage SE respectively with total of 7.325%. Therefore, it is concluded that, 92.675% of cereals would be available for human consumption in the country.

Table 3.10.1: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals Crop No. of Crop Area in Estimates of percentage Ratios Observations Districts Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] (ha) 3071 2.282 0.316 2.380 4.978 Paddy 1524390 [249] (2.69) (9.08) (4.70) 3685 3.799 2.801 1.166 7.766 Wheat 1757433 [262] (1.46) (4.68) (4.00) 1153 0.672 4.533 0.778 5.983 Maize 580485 [125] (5.37) (8.05) (9.53) 1052 0.495 10.328 0.845 11.668 Bajra 983960 [98] (4.52) (9.85) (43.34)* 543 0.826 3.245 1.083 5.154 Jowar 297489 [64] (3.22) (43.75)* (9.22) 316 1.414 4.087 1.835 7.336 Ragi 155397 [35] (10.27)* (14.93)* (16.12)* 129 3.746 2.225 0.270 6.241 Barley 42203 [24] (11.43)* (14.68)* (26.91)* Pooled 9949 5341357 2.182 3.724 1.419 7.325 [857] (1.22) (5.71) (5.46)

Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

149

3.10.2 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses

In this sub-section, the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all pulses grown in five States under study are discussed. It can be seen from Table 3.10.2 that black gram, green gram, gram, arhar/tur, chick pea, horse gram and lentil were the main food grain pulses grown in all the States under study. The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses are based on 2002 observations collected in 291 selected villages. The area under these crops was to the tune of 658439 ha. It can be seen from Table 3.10.2 that estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all pulses grown were to the tune of 10.985% with 5.72 percentage SE, 0.758% with 6.33 percentage SE and 1.781% with 6.56 percentage SE respectively with total of 13.524% to the production of all pulses. Therefore, it is concluded that 86.476% of pulses grown would be available for human consumption in the country.

Table 3.10.2: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of pulses Crop No. of Crop Area Estimates of percentage Ratios Observations in Districts [villages] (ha) Seed Feed Wastage Total 140 7.160 0.002 5.186 12.348 Black gram 22927 [29] (14.46)* (70.03)* (29.23)* 869 6.233 1.636 4.016 11.885 Green gram 77702 [97] (3.25) (18.36)* (8.26) 500 18.049 0.583 1.262 19.893 Gram 323612 [81] (7.03) (8.46) (13.07)* 233 1.282 0.001 1.071 2.354 Arhar/Tur 188910 [31] (12.36)* (77.90)* (16.22)* 37 1.354 0 0.031 1.385 Chick pea 129 [9] (16.15)* (66.24)* 184 6.212 8.391 3.497 18.100 Horse gram 20609 [31] (5.59) (7.87) (12.39)* 39 15.477 0.419 2.497 18.393 Lentil 24550 [13] (7.45) (35.51)* (13.88)* Pooled 2002 10.985 0.758 1.781 13.524 658439 [291] (5.72) (6.33) (6.56) Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate.* Based on few observations and higher variation among them.

150

3.10.3 Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains

In this sub-section, the pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops are presented. It can be seen from Table 3.10.3 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains are based on 11951 observations collected in 1148 selected villages of the five States under study. The area under these crops was to the tune of 5999796 ha in the selected districts under study.

It can be seen from Table 3.10.3 that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains were to the tune of 3.148% for seed with 2.34% SE, 3.399% for feed with 5.57% SE and 1.459% for wastage with 4.81% SE with a total of 8.005%. It shows that 91.995% of food grains production would be available for human consumption in the country.

Table 3.10.3: Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains

Crop No. of Gross Ratios (percentage) Observations cropped Seed Feed Wastage Total [villages] Area (ha) 9949 2.182 3.724 1.419 7.325 Cereals 5341357 [857] (1.33) (5.71) (5.46) 2002 10.985 0.758 1.781 13.524 Pulses 658439 [291] (5.72) (6.33) (6.56) Pooled 11951 3.148 3.399 1.459 8.005 5999796 [1148] (2.34) (5.57) (4.81)

Note: The figures within parentheses indicate the percentage standard error of the corresponding estimate. 3.10.4 Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown in the selected States Graphical presentation of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of cereals, pulses and all food grain crops (cereals and pulses both) grown in the selected States are presented in Figure 30, Figure 31 and Figure 32 respectively.

151

Figure 30

Figure 31

152

Figure 32

3.10.5 Remarks

For the period under report, estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of the food grain crops along with percentage standard errors for each State and all the States under study have been obtained using suitable estimation procedure. The estimates were found to the tune of 3.148 with 2.34% SE for seed, 3.399 with 5.57 % SE for feed and 1.459 with 4.81% SE for wastage with a total of 8.005%. It indicates that over-all ratios has gone down by 4.5% approximately as compared to the ratios used since long for estimating the total availability of food grains for human consumption in the country. It may be noted that percentage standard errors of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grains are lying between 2.34 to 5.57. This indicates that these estimates are within a reasonable degree of precision and therefore, reliable.

It may be noted that pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the major food grain crops are based on data collected in four selected districts of each of the five States under study by taking one State from each region of the country. It is therefore, recommended that a large scale survey covering all the States need to be conducted for developing the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for adoption as standards.

153

v/;k; 4 CHAPTER 4 lkjka'k ,oa fu"d"kZ SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 4.1 lkjka'k Hkkjr tSls —`f"k iz/kku ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds lQy fodkl ds fy, —`f"k iwoZ&vkisf{kr gS D;ksafd ;gka 70 çfr'kr ls vf/kd tula[;k viuh vkthfodk ds fy, izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls —`f"k ij fuHkZj gS A dk;Z&lewg dh “ekax ,oa vkiwfrZ vuqekud” uked fjiksVZ ls Kkr gksrk gS fd o"kZ 2020 esa [kk|kUu ds fy, Hkkjr dh ekax yxHkx 350 yk[k Vu vFkkZr ekStwnk ekax ls yxHkx 32 izfr'kr vf/kd gks tk,xh A ;g uhfr fuekZrkvksa ,oa f'k{kkfonksa ds fy, ,d pqukSrh gS fd D;k vkus okys o"kksZa esa ns'k viuh vkcknh ds fy, vko';d [kk| ek=k miyC/k djkus esa l{ke gks ik,xk ? c<+rh tula[;k dh c<+rh [kk| vko';drkvksa dk ns[krs gq,] [kk|kUu miyC/krk gsrq fofHkUu pj.kksa esa mRiknu esa o``f) djus ds lkFk&lkFk [kk|kUu mRiknu dh {kfr d® U;wure djus ds fy, Bksl iz;kl djus dh vko';drk gS A bl rjg ds uqdlku ;fn fdlku Lrj ij gksrs gSa rks mudh vk; ij bldk izfrdwy izHkko gksxk vkSj ns'k dh vkcknh ds fy, [kk|kUu dh miyC/krk esa Hkh dVkSrh gksxh A fiNys yxHkx 60 o"kksZa ls ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k [kk|kUu dh dqy ek=k dh x.kuk djus ds fy,] Hkkjro"kZ esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk orZeku esa ç;¨x g¨us okyk 12.5 izfr'kr 'kqf)—`r dkjd dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS A ;g ikjaifjd vkadM+s lansgkLizn gksus ds dkj.k le;≤ ij budh iqu% ijh{kk dh vko';drk eglwl dh xbZ gS A izeq[k [kk|kUuksa ds mRiknu ds fy, cht dh vf/kd mit nsus okyh fdLeksa ¼gkbZ ;hfYMax oSjkbVh½] fofHkUu

—f"k dk;ksZa ds fy, vk/kqfud vkStkjksa dk iz;ksx ,oa HkaMkj.k ds fy, csgrj lqfo/kkvksa bR;kfn ds dkj.k izeq[k [kk|kUuksa ds mRiknu esa i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikr orZeku esa iz;qDr vuqikrksa dh rqyuk esa de gksus pkfg, A ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, uohu fodflr fd, x, ;s 'kqf)—`r dkjd ljdkj ,oa uhfr fuekZrkvksa }kjk ;kstuk cukus ,oa Hkfo"; ds fy, uhfr;kWa fu/kkZfjr djus ess vR;Ur ykHkdkjh fl) gksaxs A bls /;ku esa j[krs gq,] izeq[k [kk|kUuksa esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyu ds fy, ekxZn'khZ v/;;u uked orZeku v/;;u fd;k x;k gS ftlds ¼1½ [kk|kUu mRiknu esa cht ,oa i'kq&Hkkstu dh ek=k ¼2½ [kk|kUu mRiknu esa dVkbZ ,oa dVkbZ&mijkar pj.kksa esa g¨us okyh {kfr dh ek=k rFkk ¼3½ [kk|kUu mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa rFkk ekuo miHkksx ds fy,

154

[kk|kUuksa dh 'kq) miyC/krk dk vkdyu djuk eq[; mn~~ns'; gSa A bl v/;;u ls Hkfo"; esa foLr`r iSekus ij vf[ky Hkkjrh;&Lrj ij ,d çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k ysdj izeq[k [kk|kUuksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyu ds fy, mi;qDr izfrp;u i)fr ds fodkl ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr gksxkA bl v/;;u ds vUrxZr fodflr fd, x, vkdyd ikWap jkT;ksa vFkkZr mRrjh {ks= ls mRrj izns'k] iwohZ {ks= ls mM+hlk] nf{k.kh {ks= ls dukZVd] if'peh {ks= ls jktLFkku rFkk dsUnzh; {ks= ls e/; izns'k esa vk;ksftr izfrn'kZ losZ{k.kksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaaA bu izR;sd jkT;ksa esa ls] jkT; ds izR;sd Hkkx dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okys 4 ftyksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA ftys dks Lrj ds :i esa ysrs gq,] Lrfjr f}&pj.kh; ;kn``fPNd izfrp;u i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftlesa xkao izFke pj.k izfrp;u bdkbZ ds :i esa ,oa [kk|kUu Qlysa mxkus okys fdlku] ftuds ikl i'kq/ku Hkh gS] dks f}rh; pj.k bdkbZ ds :i esa fy;k x;k gSA izR;sd p;fur ftys ls izfrn'kZ izfrLFkkiu jfgr ljy ;kn``fPNd izfrp;u i)fr ¼,l-vkj-,l-MCY;q-vks-vkj-½ dk iz;ksx djds 20 xkao®a ds ,d izfrn'kZ dk p;u fd;k x;k ftlesa xkaoksa dk vkcaVu fofHkUu rglhyksa@CykWdksa esa vkuqikfrd :i ls fd;k x;k gSA izfrp;fur xkaoksa ds fdlkuksa dks rhu ifjpkyu tksr&vkdkj lewgks vFkkZr y?kq ¼2 gsDVs;j rd½] e/;e ¼2&4 gsDVs;j½] ,oa c``gr ¼4 gsDVs;j ls vf/kd½ esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd izfrpkyu tksr&vkdkj lewg esa ls] iwoZ Lrjhdj.k dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] [kk|kUu Qly mxkus okys ,sls 15 fdlkuksa dk tks i'kq/ku Hkh j[krs gSa ¼ izR;sd tksr&vkdkj lewg ls 5 fdlku½ dk ;kn``fPNd izfrp;u fd;k x;kA ;fn fdlh ifjpkyu tksr&vkdkj leqg esa fdlku de ik;s x;s rks lehiorhZ de tksr&vkdkj lewg ls 'ks"k fdlkuksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qly®a] Qly ds rgr {ks= ¼flafpr@vflafpr½] iz;qDr fd, x, cht] vukt lap;u@[kfygku lapkyu dh ,ot esa Jfed dh nh xbZ [kk|kUu Qly dh ek=k] Qly mRiknu dh [ksr ls fcØh] laxzghr ek=k] dVkbZ vof/k esa ,oa [ksr ls mRikn dks HkaMkj.k LFky ij ys tkrs gq, g¨us okys uqdlku] i'kqv®a d® f£ykbZ xbZ ek=k] ?kj esa [kir] HkaMkj.k LFky ij gksus okyh {kfr] HkaMkj.k LFky ls eaMh ds fy, ifjogu] eaMh esa gksus okyk uqdlku ,oa eaMh esa csph xbZ ek=k ls lEcaf/kr vkWdM+sa tkap&iM+rky }kjk ,df=r fd;s x;s gSaA

,e-,l- ,Dlsl (MS ACCSES) esa fodflr lkW¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx djds ,df=r vkadM+ksa dks vadh—`r ¼fMftVkbTM½ fd;k x;k rFkk ,l-,-,l- (SAS) esa cuk, x, dEI;wVj izksxzke ds ek/;e ls vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

155 mŸkj çns'k jkT; esa] [kjhQ _rq ¼Qly vof/k½ esa /kku] eDdk] cktjk] mM+n] vjgj] ewax rFkk jch _rq esa xsgWw] puk izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds :i esa mxkbZ x;ha A [kjhQ _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% /kku ds fy, 2.30 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3716.21 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 2.88 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 21.62 fd-xzk-@gs-] eDdk ds fy, 5.36 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 2887.93 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 8.83 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 18.84 fd-xzk-@gs-] cktjk ds fy, 5.48 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1239.19 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 4.83 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 7.46 fd-xzk-@gs-] mM+n ds fy, 9.72 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 616.04 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 1.26 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 16.04 fd-xzk-@gs-] vjgj ds fy, 5.8 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 782.99 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 1.79 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 16.16 fd- xzk-@gs- vkSj ewax ds fy, 8.02 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 708.38 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 2.36 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 16.54 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A jch _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% xsgWaw ds fy, 0.90 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 4070.61 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 0.70 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 155.18 vkSj pus ds fy, 1.63 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 795.66 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 0.36 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 81.85 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A

[kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyd /kku ds fy, Øe'k%

0.639 çfr'kr] 0.009 çfr'kr ,oa 4.027 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.675 çfr'kr] eDdk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.901 çfr'kr] 0.170 çfr'kr ,oa 1.670 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 2.741 çfr'kr] cktjk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.614 çfr'kr] 1.977 çfr'kr ,oa 2.452 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 5.043 çfr'kr] mM+n ds fy, Øe'k% 3.039 çfr'kr] 0.023 çfr'kr ,oa 2.107 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 5.169 çfr'kr] vjgj ds fy, Øe'k% 2.243 çfr'kr] 0.027 çfr'kr ,oa 2.268 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.538 çfr'kr vkSj ewax ds fy, Øe'k% 2.493 çfr'kr] 0.039 çfr'kr ,oa 2.399 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.931 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A

;s vkdyd jch _rq esa xsgWaw ds fy, Øe'k% 3.971 çfr'kr] 5.066 çfr'kr ,oa 1.346 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 10.383 çfr'kr vkSj pus ds fy, 10.342 çfr'kr] 1.655 çfr'kr ,oa 6.271 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 18.268 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A [kjhQ _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd Øe'k% 3.30 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.692 çfr'kr] 6.18 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.089 çfr'kr rFkk 6.63 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.746 çfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 4.527 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd mRrj izns'k esa [kjhQ _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 95.473 çfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A

156 jch _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 1.18 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.993 çfr'kr] 3.74 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 5.054 çfr'kr rFkk 2.95 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.363 çfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 10.411 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd mRrj izns'k esa jch _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 89.589 çfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A

—`f"k o"kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku mxk;h xbZ lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 3.24 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.704 çfr'kr] 5.19 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.106 çfr'kr rFkk 6.62 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.738 çfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 4.548 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd mRrj izns'k jkT; esa —`f"k o"kZ ds nkSjku mxkbZ xbZ dqy [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 95.452 izfr'kr mRiknu ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k gksxk A dukZVd jkT; esa] [kjhQ _rq ¼Qly vof/k½ esa eDdk] /kku] cktjk] ewax] jkxh] Tokj] pus dh nky] rqj rFkk jch _rq esa Tokj] xsgWw] eDdk] jkxh] mM+n] ewax] pus dh nky izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds :i esa mxkbZ x;ha A [kjhQ _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% eDdk ds fy, 2.52 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3570.60 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 3.31 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 16.88 fd-xzk-@gs-] /kku ds fy, 5.28 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3755.04 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 3.28 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 60.09 fd-xzk- @gs-] cktjk ds fy, 4.26 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1000.27 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 6.18 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 5.22 fd-xzk-@gs-] ewax ds fy, 3.40 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 790.44 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 5.95 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 17.78 fd-xzk-@gs-] jkxh ds fy, 6.73 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1168.51 fd- xzk-@gs- rFkk 6.63 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 14.46 fd-xzk-@gs-] Tokj ds fy, 13.96 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 2607.39 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 3.26 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 8.25 fd-xzk-@gs-] pus dh nky ds fy, 5.17 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 510.95 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 4.74 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 28.09 fd-xzk- @gs- vkSj rqj ds fy, 5.52 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1183.04 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 3.66 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 12.23 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A jch _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% Tokj ds fy, 4.41 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1083.98 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 2.25 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 8.14 fd-xzk-@gs-] xsgWaw ds fy, 4.62 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1397.85 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 4.98 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 57.76 fd-xzk-@gs-] eDdk ds fy, 8.07 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3198.10 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 3.50 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 12.06 fd-xzk-@gs-] jkxh ds fy, 6.45 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1256.82 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 1.97 çfr'kr

157 ekud =qfV lfgr 14.52 fd-xzk-@gs-] mM+n ds fy, 7.78 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1516.59 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 6.52 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 51.16 fd-xzk-@gs-] ewax ds fy, 8.17 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 424.19 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 5.71 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 18.42 fd-xzk-@gs-] vkSj pus dh nky ds fy, 9.56 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 444.34 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 1.91 çfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 28.49 fd-xzk- @gs- ds Øe esa Fks A [kjhQ _rq esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyd eDdk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.550 çfr'kr] 6.252 çfr'kr ,oa 0.647 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 7.449 çfr'kr] /kku ds fy, Øe'k% 1.771 çfr'kr] 1.138 çfr'kr ,oa 1.146 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.055 çfr'kr] cktjk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.559 çfr'kr] 3.893 çfr'kr ,oa 1.632 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 6.084 çfr'kr] ewax ds fy, Øe'k% 2.372 çfr'kr] 0.902 çfr'kr ,oa 1.140 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.414 çfr'kr] jkxh ds fy, Øe'k% 1.416 çfr'kr] 4.122 çfr'kr ,oa 1.823 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 7.361 çfr'kr] Tokj ds fy, Øe'k% 0.370 çfr'kr] 4.415 çfr'kr ,oa 0.584 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 5.369 çfr'kr] pus dh nky ds fy, Øe'k% 5.980 çfr'kr] 8.650 çfr'kr ,oa 3.094 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 17.724 çfr'kr vkSj rqj ds fy, Øe'k% 1.238 çfr'kr] 0 çfr'kr ,oa 1.016 çfr'kr rFkk lexz 2.254 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A

;s vkdyd jch _rq esa Tokj ds fy, Øe'k% 0.830 izfr'kr] 6.252 izfr'kr ,oa 1.106 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 5.189 çfr'kr] xsgWaw ds fy, Øe'k% 5.179 izfr'kr] 0 izfr'kr ,oa 0.684 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 5.863 çfr'kr] eDdk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.400 izfr'kr] 5.467 izfr'kr ,oa 0.155 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 6.022 çfr'kr] jkxh ds fy, Øe'k% 1.185 izfr'kr] 6.581 izfr'kr ,oa 3.237 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 11.003 çfr'kr] mM+n ds fy, Øe'k% 3.621 izfr'kr] 0 izfr'kr ,oa 0.636 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.257 çfr'kr] ewax ds fy, Øe'k% 4.767 izfr'kr] 0 izfr'kr ,oa 8.876 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 13.643 çfr'kr vkSj pus dh nky ds fy, 7.393 izfr'kr] 7.077 izfr'kr ,oa 5.541 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 20.011 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A

[kjhQ _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd Øe'k% 4.03 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.118 izfr'kr] 6.56 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.781 izfr'kr rFkk 7.24 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.116 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 6.015 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd dukZVd esa [kjhQ _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 93.985 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A

158 jch _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 4.17 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.831 izfr'kr] 35.69 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 2.760 izfr'kr rFkk 8.46 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.981 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 5.572 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd dukZVd esa jch _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 94.428 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A

—f"k o"kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku mxk;h xbZ lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 2.91 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.344 izfr'kr] 10.28 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.457 izfr'kr rFkk 5.70 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.073 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 5.874 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd dukZVd jkT; esa —f"k o"kZ ds nkSjku mxkbZ xbZ dqy [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 94.126 izfr'kr mRiknu ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k gksxk A e/; çns'k jkT; esa] [kjhQ _rq ¼Qly vof/k½ esa /kku] eDdk] mM+n rFkk jch _rq esa xsgWw] puk] elwj izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds :i esa mxkbZ x;ha A [kjhQ _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k%

/kku ds fy, 8.77 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 2618.60 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 4.42 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 105.11 fd-xzk-@gs-] eDdk ds fy, 4.11 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 539.22 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 6.07 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 29.03 fd-xzk-@gs- vkSj mM+n ds fy, 6.87 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 657.63 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 9.31 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 44.00 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A jch _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% xsgWaw ds fy, 1.57 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3842.31 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 1.10 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 121.55 fd-xzk-@gs-] puk ds fy, 8.50 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 643.49 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 4.25 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 109.00 fd-xzk- @gs-] vkSj elwj ds fy, 6.37 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 538.06 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 3.18 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 76.01 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A [kjhQ _rq esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyd /kku ds fy, Øe'k% 5.699 izfr'kr] 0.029 izfr'kr ,oa 2.915 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 8.643 çfr'kr] eDdk ds fy, Øe'k% 5.460 izfr'kr] 3.232 izfr'kr ,oa 5.530 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 14.222 çfr'kr] mM+n ds fy, Øe'k% 7.197 izfr'kr] 0 izfr'kr ,oa 5.369 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 12.566 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A

;s vkdyd jch _rq esa xsgWaw ds fy, Øe'k% 3.414 izfr'kr] 1.001 izfr'kr ,oa 1.322 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 5.737 çfr'kr] puk ds fy, Øe'k% 22.412 izfr'kr] 0.744 izfr'kr ,oa 1.544 izfr'kr rFkk lexz

159

24.700 çfr'kr] elwj ds fy, Øe'k% 15.477 izfr'kr] 0.419 izfr'kr ,oa 2.497 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 18.393 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A [kjhQ _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd Øe'k% 11.03 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 5.978 izfr'kr] 15.99 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.149 izfr'kr rFkk 14.74 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.491 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 9.618 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd e/; çns'k esa [kjhQ _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 90.392 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A jch _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 5.21 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 9.286 izfr'kr] 5.56 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.910 izfr'kr rFkk 6.09 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.420 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 11.616 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd e/; çns'k esa jch _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 88.384 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A

—f"k o"kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku mxk;h xbZ lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 4.89 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 8.911 izfr'kr] 5.46 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.824 izfr'kr rFkk 5.82 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.655 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 11.390 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd e/; çns'k jkT; esa —f"k o"kZ ds nkSjku mxkbZ xbZ dqy [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 88.610 izfr'kr mRiknu ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k gksxk A jktLFkku jkT; esa] [kjhQ _rq ¼Qly vof/k½ esa cktjk] eDdk] Tokj rFkk dkcqyh puk vkSj jch _rq esa xsgWw] t©a rFkk puk izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds :i esa mxkbZ x;ha A [kjhQ _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% cktjk ds fy, 2.77 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1461.56 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 4.93 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 6.24 fd-xzk-@gs-] eDdk ds fy, 7.37 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3157.07 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 6.61 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 25.08 fd-xzk-@gs-] Tokj ds fy, 4.19 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 2171.99 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 1.80 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 15.00 fd-xzk-@gs- vkSj dkcqyh puk ds fy, 9.36 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1142.70 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 8.16 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 13.81 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A jch _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% xsgWaw ds fy, 2.46 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 4450.53 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 2.17 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 154.34 fd-xzk-@gs-] t©a ds fy, 6.42

160 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3896.31 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 3.31 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 127.32 fd-xzk- @gs-] vkSj puk ds fy, 5.49 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1525.70 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 4.87 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 47.21 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A [kjhQ _rq esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyd cktjk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.487 izfr'kr] 11.109 izfr'kr ,oa 0.737 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 12.333 çfr'kr] eDdk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.872 izfr'kr] 0.877 izfr'kr ,oa 0.875 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 2.624 çfr'kr] Tokj ds fy, Øe'k% 0.701 izfr'kr] 3.024 izfr'kr ,oa 0.462 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.187 çfr'kr rFkk dkcqyh puk ds fy, Øe'k% 1.354 izfr'kr] 0 izfr'kr ,oa 0.031 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 1.385 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A

;s vkdyd jch _rq esa xsgWaw ds fy, Øe'k% 3.758 izfr'kr] 2.556 izfr'kr ,oa 0.813 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 7.127 çfr'kr] t© ds fy, Øe'k% 3.746 izfr'kr] 2.225 izfr'kr ,oa 0.270 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 6.241 çfr'kr] puk ds fy, Øe'k% 3.384 izfr'kr] 0 izfr'kr ,oa 0.145 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 3.529 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A [kjhQ _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd Øe'k% 4.89 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.536 izfr'kr] 10.04 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 9.778 izfr'kr rFkk 47.04 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.751 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 11.065 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd jktLFkku esa [kjhQ _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 88.935 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A jch _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 3.75 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.709 izfr'kr] 15.60 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 2.201 izfr'kr rFkk 14.53 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.686 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 6.596 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd jktLFkku esa jch _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy,

[kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 93.404 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A

—f"k o"kZ 2013&14 ds nkSjku mxk;h xbZ lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 3.14 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.667 izfr'kr] 9.09 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 7.077 izfr'kr rFkk 31.62 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.728 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 9.472 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd jktLFkku jkT; esa —f"k o"kZ ds nkSjku mxkbZ xbZ dqy [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk izfr'kr mRiknu ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k gksxk A 90.528

161 v¨fM'kk jkT; esa] [kjhQ _rq ¼Qly vof/k½ esa /kku] ewax] jkxh ,oa jch _rq esa /kku v©j tk;n _rq esa eawx rFkk /kku izeq[k [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds :i esa mxkbZ x;ha A [kjhQ _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% /kku ds fy, 4.61 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3217.18 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 5.89 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 135.32 fd-xzk-@gs-] ewax ds fy, 7.06 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 435.56 fd- xzk-@gs- rFkk 2.54 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 20.98 fd-xzk-@gs- vkSj jkxh ds fy, 6.50 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1064.86 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 5.42 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 12.88 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A jch _rq esa mit ,oa cht nj ds vkdyd Øe'k% /kku ds fy, 2.33 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3669.45 fd-xzk-@gs- rFkk 2.91 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 102.93 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks rFkk tk;n _rq esa Øe'k% ewax ds fy, 5.19 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 367.60 fdyksxzke@gs- rFkk 2.01 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 29.21 fd-xzk-@gs-] vkSj /kku ds fy, 4.94 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 5129.37 fd-xzk- @gs- rFkk 4.62 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 88.80 fd-xzk-@gs- ds Øe esa Fks A [kjhQ _rq esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyd /kku ds fy, Øe'k% 4.427 izfr'kr] 0.623 izfr'kr ,oa 2.947 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 7.997 çfr'kr] ewax ds fy, Øe'k% 5.613 izfr'kr] 1.063 izfr'kr ,oa 5.020 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 11.696 çfr'kr rFkk jkxh ds fy, Øe'k% 1.253 izfr'kr] 1.049 izfr'kr ,oa 2.496 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.798 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A

;s vkdyd jch _rq esa /kku ds fy, Øe'k% 3.014 izfr'kr] 0.328 izfr'kr ,oa 1.391 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.773 çfr'kr ,oa tk;n _rq esa ewax ds fy, Øe'k% 8.772 izfr'kr] 2.350 izfr'kr ,oa 5.123 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 16.245 çfr'kr v©j /kku ds fy, Øe'k% 1.893 izfr'kr] 0.849 izfr'kr ,oa 1.662 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.404 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A [kjhQ _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd Øe'k% 4.570 izfr'kr] 0.721 izfr'kr ,oa 3.341 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 8.632 çfr'kr FksA blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd v¨Mh'kk esa [kjhQ _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 91.368 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxkA tk;n _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 3.726 izfr'kr] 1.249 izfr'kr ,oa 2.584 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 7.559 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd v¨Mh'kk esa tk;n _rq esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy,

[kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 92.441 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A

162

—f"k o"kZ 2014&15 ds nkSjku mxk;h xbZ lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds lkewfgd vkdyd Øe'k% 3.895 izfr'kr] 0.611 izfr'kr ,oa 2.086 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 6.592 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd v¨Mh'kk jkT; esa —f"k o"kZ ds nkSjku mxkbZ xbZ dqy [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 93.408 izfr'kr mRiknu ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k gksxk A [kjhQ _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;okj lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd /kku ds fy, Øe'k% 2.282 izfr'kr] 0.316 izfr'kr ,oa 2.380 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 4.978 çfr'kr] eDdk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.672 izfr'kr] 4.533 izfr'kr ,oa 0.778 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 5.983 çfr'kr] cktjk ds fy, Øe'k% 0.495 izfr'kr] 10.328 izfr'kr ,oa 0.845 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 11.668 çfr'kr] mM+n ds fy, Øe'k% 7.160 izfr'kr] 0.002 izfr'kr ,oa 5.186 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 12.348 çfr'kr] ewax ds fy, Øe'k% 6.233 izfr'kr] 1.636 izfr'kr ,oa 4.016 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 11.885 çfr'kr] Tokj ds fy, Øe'k% 0.826 izfr'kr] 3.245 izfr'kr ,oa 1.083 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 5.154 çfr'kr] vjgj@rqj ds fy, Øe'k% 1.282 izfr'kr] 0.001 izfr'kr ,oa 1.071 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 2.354 çfr'kr] jkxh ds fy, Øe'k% 1.414 izfr'kr] 4.087 izfr'kr ,oa 1.835 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 7.336 çfr'kr] dkcqyh puk ds fy, Øe'k% 1.354 izfr'kr] 0 izfr'kr ,oa 0.031 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 1.385 çfr'kr] pus dh nky ds fy, Øe'k% 6.212 izfr'kr] 8.391 izfr'kr ,oa 3.497 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 18.100 çfr'kr ds Øe esa Fks A vr% blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk Tkk ldrk gS fd ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa esa /kku 95.022 izfr'kr] eDdk 94.017 izfr'kr] cktjk 88.332 izfr'kr] mM+n 87.652 izfr'kr] ewax 88.115 izfr'kr] Tokj 94.846 izfr'kr] vjgj@rqj 97.646 izfr'kr] jkxh 92.664 izfr'kr] dkcqyh puk 98.615 izfr'kr ,oa pus dh nky 81.900 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A jch _rq esa mxkbZ xbZ [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;okj lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd xsgWaw ds fy, Øe'k% 3.799 izfr'kr] 2.801 izfr'kr ,oa 1.166 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 7.766 çfr'kr] puk ds fy, Øe'k% 18.049 izfr'kr] 0.583 izfr'kr ,oa 1.262 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 19.893 çfr'kr] elwj ds fy, Øe'k% 15.477 izfr'kr] 0.419 izfr'kr ,oa 2.497 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 18.393 çfr'kr] t© ds fy, Øe'k% 3.746 izfr'kr] 2.225 izfr'kr ,oa 0.270 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 6.241 çfr'kr ds Øe esa ik;s x;s A bu cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds vkdyd®a ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk Tkk ldrk gS fd ekuo miHkksx ds fy, xsgWaw 92.234 izfr'kr] puk 80.107 izfr'kr] elwj 81.607 izfr'kr ,oa t©a 93.759 izfr'kr mRiknu miyC/k gksxk A

163 ik¡pä jkT;ä ds p;fur fty®a esa mxkbZ xbZ izeq[k vukt Qlyksa esa /kku] xsgWaw] eDdk] cktjk] Tokj] jkxh ,oa t©a Fkha A mxkbZ xbZ vukt Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;okj lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd Øe'k% 1.22 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 2.182 izfr'kr] 5.71 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.724 izfr'kr rFkk 5.45 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.419 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 7.325 çfr'kr Fks A blls Li"V :i esa Kkr gksrk gS fd [kk|kUu vukt Qlyksa dk 92.675 izfr'kr mRiknu ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k gksxk A ik¡pä jkT;ä ds p;fur fty®a esa mxkbZ xbZ izeq[k nky Qlyksa esa mM+n] ewax] puk] vjgj@rqj] dkcqyh puk] pus dh nky ,oa elwj Fkha A mxkbZ xbZ nky Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds jkT;okj lkewfgd ¼iwYM½ vkdyd Øe'k% 5.72 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 10.985 izfr'kr] 6.33 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 0.758 izfr'kr rFkk 6.56 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.781 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 13.524 çfr'kr Fks A blls Kkr gksrk gS fd [kk|kUu nky Qlyksa dk 86.476 izfr'kr mRiknu ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k gksxk A ik¡pä jkT;ä esa mxkbZ xbZ lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht ds vkdyd 2.34 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.148 izfr'kr] i'kq&Hkkstu ds vkdyd 5.57 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.399 izfr'kr rFkk {kfr ds vkdyd 4.81 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.459 izfr'kr ds Øe esa rFkk lexz 8.005 çfr'kr FksA vr% ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk Tkk ldrk gS fd ns'k esa [kk|kUu Qlyksa dk 91.995 izfr'kr mRiknu ekuo miHkksx ds fy, miyC/k gksxk A

4.2 fu"d"kZ bl v/;;u esa] p;fur ik¡pä jkT;ä esa ls çR;sd jkT; ,oa lHkh jkT;ä ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dk izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr vkdyu v/;k; 2 esa oÆ.kr mi;qDr vkdyu çfØ;k ds vuqlkj fd;k x;k gS A [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht ds vkdyd 2.34 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.148 izfr'kr] i'kq&Hkkstu ds vkdyd 5.57 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 3.399 izfr'kr rFkk {kfr ds vkdyd 4.81 izfr'kr ekud =qfV lfgr 1.459 izfr'kr rFkk lexz 8.005 çfr'kr vkdfyr fd;s x;s A bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke®a ls Li"V :i ls ladsr feyrk gS fd ns'k esa ekuo miHkksx ds fy, [kk|kUu Qlyksa dh dqy miyC/krk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikr igys vuqikrksa dh rqyuk esa 4.5 izfr'kr de g® x;s gSaA ifj.kke®a ls ;g Hkh fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd lHkh [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa dh

164 izfr'kr ekud =qfV;k¡ 2.34 ls 5.57 ds e/; esa ik;h xÃa t® bu vkdyd®a dh fo'ouh;rk çnÆ'kr djrs gSaA bl v/;;u dh सीमा ;g gS fd bl अ鵍ययन के तहत पा車च रा煍यⴂ के चयननत निलⴂ मᴂ चयननत गा車वⴂ मᴂ से प्र配येक मᴂ [kk|kUu Qlysa mxkus okys fdlku ftuds ikl i'kq/ku Hkh gS] dk losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gSA vr% ;g laLrqfr dh tkrh gS fd [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa cht] i'kq&Hkkstu ,oa {kfr ds vuqikrksa ds ekud (standard) vkdyd fodflr djus ds fy, lHkh jkT;¨a d¨ ysdj foLr`r iSekus ij ,d losZ{k.k dh vko';drk gS निlds vUrxZr [kk|kUu Qlysa mxkus okys fdlku ftuds ikl i'kq/ku Hkh gS ,oa [kk|kUu Qlysa mxkus okys fdlku ftuds ikl i'kq/ku नहĂ gSS] दोनⴂ तरह ds नकसानⴂ dk चयन fd;k tk,A

4.1 Summary

Agriculture is a pre-requisite for successful development of economy of a country like India because more than 70 per cent of the population depends directly and indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood. Report of the Working Group on “Demand and Supply Projections”, estimated India’s demand for food grains by 2020 will be around 350 million tonnes i.e. more than 32 per cent over the existing ones. This is a challenge for policy makers and academicians, whether the country will be able to provide required quantum of food to the country’s population in coming years. In view of the increasing food requirement of ever increasing population, more efforts need to be made for availability of food grains by increasing production as well as minimizing the losses of food grains at various stages of handling. If such losses take place at the farmer’s level, these will affect adversely their income and also curtail availability of food grains to the population.

While calculating the total quantity of food grains available for human consumption, a netting factor of 12.5 per cent is being used to account for seed, feed, and wastages for the past more than 60 years. Since the present netting factor is a much old norm, doubts have been raised from time to time necessitating re-examination of the basis for this conventional figure. Because, due to adoption of high yielding varieties of seed for production of major food grains, use of modern implements for various agricultural operations, better facilities for storage etc, seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grains should be lesser than the ratios which are

165 being used at present. The new netting factor so developed will be of immense use for planning and formulation of future policies by the Government and policy makers for the economic development of the country. Keeping in view, the project entitled Pilot study for estimation of seed, feed and wastage ratios of major food grains has been undertaken with the objective of estimating (i) the quantity of seed and feed used out of food grains production, (ii) wastage at harvesting and post-harvest stages of food grains production and (iii) seed, feed and wastage ratios in food grains production and net availability of food grains for human consumption. The study will also pave way for developing a suitable sampling methodology for estimation of seed, feed and wastage ratios of major food grains at All India level by undertaking a large scale sample survey for the purpose in future.

The estimates obtained under present study are based on the sample survey conducted in five States, namely Uttar Pradesh from Northern region, Odisha from Eastern region, Karnataka from Southern region, Rajasthan from Western region and Madhya Pradesh from Central region. In each of these States, 4 districts representing each part of the State were selected.

The sampling design adopted for data collection was two stage random sampling with villages as first stage sampling units (FSU) and the farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock as second stage units (SSU). From each of the selected districts, a sample of 20 villages (FSUs) was selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) in propotion to the number of villages in different tehsils/blocks/taluks. The farmers of sampled villages were divided into three operational holding size groups, namely Small (up to 2 ha), Medium (2-4 ha) and Large (more than 4 ha).

A sample of 15 farmers (5 farmers from each holding size group) was randomly selected adopting pre-stratification of the farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock in each operational holding size group. The shortfall of farmers in any operational holding size group has been compensated from is immediate lower holding size group.

Detailed data was collected by enquiry regarding food grain crops grown, area under crop (irrigated/un-irrigated), seed used, quantity of food grain crop given to labor in lieu of harvesting/threshing operations, sale of crop production from the field, quantity stored, losses incurred at the harvesting stage and while taking produce from field to storage, feed to livestock,

166 home consumption, wastages taken place at storage, transportation from storage to mandi, losses in mandi and quantity sold in mandi.

The data collected has been digitized using Software developed in MS ACCSES and analyzed through Computer Programme prepared in SAS.

In Uttar Pradesh State, paddy, maize, bajra, black gram, arhar, green gram in Kharif season and wheat, gram in Rabi season were the major food grain crops grown. The estimates of yield and seed rates were to the tune of 3716.21 kg/ha with 2.30% SE and 21.62 kg/ha with 2.88% SE for paddy, 2887.93 kg/ha with 5.36% SE, 18.84 kg/ha with 8.83% SE for maize, 1239.19 kg/ha with 5.48% SE, 7.46 kg/ha with 4.83% SE for bajra, 616.04 kg/ha with 9.72% SE, 16.04 with 1.26% SE for black gram, 782.99 kg/ha with 5.28% SE, 16.16 kg/ha with 1.79% SE for arhar and 708.38 kg/ha with 8.02% SE, 16.54 kg/ha with 2.36% SE for green gram respectively for Kharif. The estimates of yield and seed rates were of the order of 4070.61 kg/ha with 0.90% SE, 155.18 kg/ha with 0.70% SE for wheat and 795.66 kg/ha with 1.63% SE, 81.85 kg/ha with 0.36% SE for gram respectively for Rabi.

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 0.639%, 0.009% and 4.027% respectively with total of 4.675% for paddy, 0.901%, 0.170% and 1.670% respectively with a total 2.741% for maize, 0.614%, 1.977% and 2.452% respectively with a total of 5.043% for bajra, 3.039%, 0.023% and 2.107% respectively with a total of 5.169% for black gram, 2.243%, 0.027% and 2.268% respectively with a total of 4.538% for arhar and 2.493%, 0.039% and 2.399% respectively with a total of 4.931% for green gram during Kharif season.

These were to the tune of 3.971%, 5.066% and 1.346% respectively with total of 10.383% for wheat, 10.342%, 1.655% and 6.271% respectively with total of 18.268% for gram crop in Rabi season.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif were to the tune of 0.692% with 3.30% SE, 0.089% with 6.18% SE and 3.746% with 6.63% SE respectively with a total of 4.527%. It clearly indicates that 95.473% production of food grain crops grown during Kharif would be available for human consumption in Uttar Pradesh.

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Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi were 3.993% with 1.18% SE, 5.054% with 3.74% SE and 1.363% with 2.95% SE respectively with a total of 10.411%. It indicates that 89.589% production of food grains grown in Rabi would be available for human consumption in Uttar Pradesh.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains grown during the Agricultural Year 2013-14 were to the tune of 0.704% with 3.24% SE, 0.106% with 5.19% SE and 3.738% with 6.62% SE respectively with a total of 4.548%. It shows that 95.452% production of all food grains grown during the Agricultural Year would be available for human consumption in the State.

In Karnataka State, the major food grain crops grown were maize, paddy, bajra, green gram, ragi, jowar, horse gram, tur in Kharif season and jowar, wheat, maize, ragi, black gram, green gram, horse gram in Rabi season. The estimates of yield and seed rates were to the tune of 3570.60 kg/ha with 2.52% SE and 16.88 kg/ha with 3.31% SE for maize, 3755.04 kg/ha with 5.28% SE and 60.09 kg/ha with 3.28% SE for paddy, 1000.27 kg/ha with 4.26% SE, 5.22 kg/ha with 6.18% SE for bajra, 790.44 kg/ha with 3.40% SE and 17.78 kg/ha with 5.95% SE for green gram, 1168.51 kg/ha with 6.73% SE and 14.46 kg/ha with 6.63% SE for ragi, 2607.39 kg/ha with 13.96% SE and 8.25 kg/ha with 3.26% SE for jowar, 510.95 kg/ha with 5.17% SE and 28.09 kg/ha with 4.74% SE for horse gram, 1183.04 kg/ha with 5.52% SE and 12.23 kg/ha with 3.66% SE for tur respectively in Kharif season.

The estimates of yield and seed rates for the crops grown in Rabi season were 1083.98 kg/ha with 4.41% SE and 8.14 kg/ha with 2.25% SE for jowar, 1397.85 kg/ha with 4.62% SE and 57.76 kg/ha with 4.98% SE for wheat, 3198.10 kg/ha with 8.07% SE and 12.06 kg/ha with 3.50% SE for maize, 1256.82 kg/ha with 6.45% SE and 14.52 kg/ha with 1.97 % SE for ragi, 1516.59 kg/ha with 7.78% SE and 51.16 kg/ha with 6.52% SE for black gram, 424.19 kg/ha with 8.17% SE and 18.42 kg/ha with 5.71% SE for green gram and 444.34 kg/ha with 9.56% SE and 28.49 kg/ha with 1.91% SE for horse gram respectively.

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 0.550%, 6.252% and 0.647% with a total of 7.449% for maize, 1.771%, 1.138% and 1.146% with a total of 4.055% for paddy, 0.559%, 3.893% and 1.632% with a total of 6.084% for bajra, 2.372%, 0.902% and 1.140% with a total of 4.414% for green gram, 1.416%, 4.122% and 1.823% with a total of

168

7.361% for ragi, 0.370%, 4.415% and 0.584% with a total of 5.369 for jowar, 5.980%, 8.650% and 3.094% with total of 17.724 for horse gram and 1.238%, 0% and 1.016% with a total of 2.254 for tur respectively during Kharif season.

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 0.830%, 6.252% and 1.106% with a total of 5.189% for jowar, 5.179%, 0% and 0.684% with a total of 5.863% for wheat, 0.400%, 5.467% and 0.155% with a total of 6.022 for maize, 1.185%, 6.581% and 3.237% with a total of 11.003% for ragi, 3.621%, 0% and 0.636% with a total of 4.257% for black gram, 4.767%, 0% and 8.876% with a total of 13.643% for green gram, 7.393%, 7.077% and 5.541% with a total of 20.011% for horse gram respectively in Rabi season.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Kharif were to the tune of 1.118% with 4.03% SE, 3.781% with 6.56% SE and 1.116% with 7.24% SE respectively with a total of 6.015%. Therefore, 93.985% production of food grains grown during Kharif would be available for human consumption in Karnataka State.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi were 1.831% with 4.17% SE, 2.760% with 35.69% SE and 0.981% with 8.46% SE respectively with a total of 5.572%. It indicates that 94.428% of the production of the food grains grown in Rabi would be available for human consumption in Karnataka State.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Agricultural Year 2013-14 were to the tune of 1.344% with 2.91% SE, 3.457% with 10.28% SE and 1.073% with 5.70% SE respectively with a total of 5.874%. It clearly indicates that 94.126% production of all the food grains grown would be available for human consumption in Karnataka.

In Madhya Pradesh State, the major food grain crops grown were paddy, maize, black gram in Kharif season and wheat, gram, lentil in Rabi season. The estimates of yield and seed rates were to the tune of 2618.60 kg/ha with 8.77% SE and 105.11 kg/ha with 4.42% SE for paddy, 539.22 kg/ha with 4.11% SE and 29.03 kg/ha with 6.07% SE for maize, 657.63 kg/ha with 6.87% SE and 44.00 kg/ha with 9.31% SE for black gram respectively for Kharif season. These estimates were of the order of 3842.31 kg/ha with 1.57% SE and 121.55 kg/ha with 1.10% SE for wheat, 643.49 kg/ha with 8.50% SE and 109.00 kg/ha with 4.25% SE for gram and 538.06 kg/ha with 6.37% SE and 76.01 kg/ha with 3.18% SE for lentil respectively for Rabi season.

169

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 5.699%, 0.029% and 2.915% with a total of 8.643% for paddy, 5.460%, 3.232% and 5.530% with total of 14.222% for maize, 7.197%, 0% and 5.369% with a total of 12.566% for black gram in Kharif season.

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 3.414%, 1.001% and 1.322% with a total 5.737% for wheat, 22.412%, 0.744% and 1.544% with a total of 24.700% for gram, 15.477%, 0.419% and 2.497% with a total of 18.393% for lentil respectively during Rabi season.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Kharif were to the tune of 5.978% with 11.03% SE, 0.149% with 15.99% SE and 3.491% with 14.74% SE respectively with a total of 9.618%. It clearly indicates that 90.392% production of food grain crops grown during Kharif season would be available for human consumption in the State.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown during Rabi were 9.286% with 5.21% SE, 0.910% with 5.56% SE and 1.420% with 6.09% SE respectively with a total of 11.616%. It indicates that 88.384% production of the food grains grown during Rabi season would be available for human consumption in Madhya Pradesh State.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains grown during Agricultural Year 2013-14 were to the tune of 8.911% with 4.89% SE, 0.824% with 5.46% SE and 1.655% with 5.82% SE respectively with a total of 11.390%. It clearly indicates that 88.610% production of food grains would be available for human consumption in Madhya Pradesh State.

In Rajasthan State, the major food grain crops grown were bajra, maize, jowar, chick pea in Kharif season and wheat, barley, gram in Rabi season. The estimates of yield and seed rates were to the tune of 1461.56 kg/ha with 2.77% SE and 6.24 kg/ha with 4.93% SE for bajra, 3157.07kg/ha with 7.37% SE and 25.08 kg/ha with 6.61% SE for maize, 2171.99 kg/ha with 4.19% SE and 15.00 kg/ha with 1.80% SE for jowar and 1142.70 kg/ha with 9.36% SE and 13.81 kg/ha with 8.16% SE for chick pea respectively in Kharif season.

170

The estimates of yield and seed rates were of the order of 4450.53 kg/ha with 2.46% SE and 154.34 kg/ha with 2.17% SE for wheat, 3896.31 kg/ha with 6.42% SE and 127.32 kg/ha with 3.31% SE for barley and 1525.70 kg/ha with 5.49% SE and 47.21 kg/ha with 4.87% SE for gram respectively in Rabi season.

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were of the order of 0.487%, 11.109% and 0.737% with a total of 12.333% for bajra, 0.872%, 0.877% and 0.875% with total of 2.624% for maize, 0.701%, 3.024% and 0.462% with a total of 4.187% for jowar and 1.354%, 0% and 0.031% respectively with a total of 1.385% for chickpea during Kharif season.

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 3.758%, 2.556% and 0.813% with a total 7.127% for wheat, 3.746%, 2.225% and 0.270% with a total of 6.241% for barley, 3.384%, 0% and 0.145% respectively with a total of 3.529% for gram in Rabi season.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grains grown during Kharif were to the tune of 0.536% with 4.89% SE, 9.778% with 10.04% and 0.751% with 47.04% SE respectively with a total of 11.065%. It indicates that 88.935% production of food grain crops grown during Kharif season would be available for human consumption in Rajasthan State.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grains grown during Rabi were 3.709% with 3.75% SE, 2.201% with 15.60% SE and 0.686% with 14.53% SE respectively with a total of 6.596%. It clearly indicates that 93.404% of the production of the food grains grown during Rabi season would be available for human consumption in Rajasthan State.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains grown during Agricultural Year 2013-14 were to the tune of 1.667% with 3.14% SE, 7.077% with 9.09% SE and 0.728% with 31.62% SE respectively with a total of 9.472%. It indicates that 90.528% production of all food grain crops would be available for human consumption in Rajasthan.

In Odisha State, the major food grain crops grown were paddy, green gram, ragi in Kharif season, paddy in Rabi season and green gram, paddy in Zaid season. The estimates of yield and

171 seed rates were to the tune of 3217.18 kg/ha with 4.61% SE and 135.32 kg/ha with 5.89% SE respectively for paddy (K), 435.56 kg/ha with 7.06% SE and 20.98 kg/ha with 2.54% SE respectively for green gram (K), 1064.86 kg/ha with 6.50% SE and 12.88 kg/ha with 5.42% SE for ragi.

The estimates of yield and seed rates were of the order of 3669.45 kg/ha with 2.33% SE and 102.93 kg/ha with 2.91% SE respectively for paddy (R). These estimates were 367.60 kg/ha with 5.19% SE and 29.21 kg/ha with 2.01% SE respectively for green gram (Z), 5129.37 kg/ha with 4.94% SE and 88.80 kg/ha with 4.62% SE respectively for paddy (Z).

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were 4.427%, 0.623% and 2.947% respectively with a total of 7.997% for paddy (K), 5.613%, 1.063% and 5.020% respectively with a total of 11.696% for green gram (K), 1.253%, 1.049% and 2.496% respectively with a total of 4.798% for ragi.

The estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production were to the tune of 3.014%, 0.328% and 1.391% respectively with a total 4.773% for paddy (R), 8.772%, 2.350% and 5.123% respectively with a total of 16.245% for green gram (Z) and 1.893%, 0.849% and 1.662% respectively with a total of 4.404% for paddy (Z).

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains grown during Kharif were to the tune of 4.570%, 0.721% and 3.341% respectively with a total of 8.632%. It indicates that 91.368% production of food grain crops grown during Kharif would be available for human consumption in Odisha State.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains grown during Zaid were to the tune of 3.726%, 1.249% and 2.584% respectively with a total 7.559%. It indicates that 92.441% of the production of the food grain crops grown in Zaid season would be available for human consumption in the State.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grains grown during Agricultural Year 2014-15 were to the tune of 3.895%, 0.611% and 2.086% respectively with a total of 6.592%. It indicates that 93.408% production of all food grain crops would be available for human consumption in Odisha State.

172

Pooled over the States, the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of major food grain crops grown during Kharif season were of the order of 2.282%, 0.316% and 2.380% respectively with a total of 4.978% for paddy, 0.672%, 4.533% and 0.778% respectively with a total of 5.983% for maize, 0.495%, 10.328% and 0.845% respectively with a total of 11.668% for bajra, 7.160%, 0.002% and 5.186% respectively with a total of 12.348% for black gram, 6.233%, 1.636% and 4.016% respectively with a total of 11.885% for green gram, 0.826%, 3.245% and 1.083% respectively with a total of 5.154% for jowar, 1.282%, 0.001% and 1.071% respectively with a total of 2.354% for arhar/tur, 1.414%, 4.087% and 1.835% respectively with a total of 7.336% for ragi, 1.354%, 0% and 0.031% respectively with a total of 1.385% for chickpea, 6.212%, 8.391% and 3.497% respectively with a total of 18.100% for horse gram. Therefore, it can be concluded that 95.022% production of paddy, 94.017% maize, 88.332% bajra, 87.652% black gram, 88.115% green gram, 94.846% jowar 97.646% arhar/tur, 92.664% ragi, 98.615% chickpea and 81.900% horse gram production would be available for human consumption.

Pooled over the States, the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of food grain crops grown during Rabi season were to the tune of 3.799%, 2.801% and 1.166% respectively with a total of 7.766% for wheat, 18.049%, 0.583% and 1.262% respectively with total of 19.893% for gram, 15.477%, 0.419% and 2.497% respectively with a total of 18.393% for lentil, 3.746%, 2.225% and 0.270% respectively with a total of 6.241% for barley. On the basis of these estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios, it may be concluded that 92.234% production of wheat, 80.107% gram, 81.607% lentil and 93.759% barley production would be available for human consumption.

The major cereal crops grown were paddy, wheat, maize, bajra, jowar, ragi and barley in the selected districts of the States under study. Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all cereals were to the tune of 2.182% with 1.22% SE, 3.724% with 5.71% SE and 1.419% with 5.45% SE respectively with total of 7.325%. It clearly indicates that 92.675% of the production of cereal food grain crops would be available for human consumption.

The major pulses crops grown were black gram, green gram, gram, arhar/tur, chick pea, horse gram and lentil grown in the selected districts of five States under study. Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all pulses crops were to the tune of 10.985%

173 with 5.72% SE, 0.758% with 6.33% SE and 1.781% with 6.56% SE respectively with total of 13.524%. It clearly shows that 86.476% of the production of pulses food grain crops would be available for human consumption.

Pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops grown in the selected States were to the tune of 3.148% with 2.34% SE for seed, 3.399% with 5.57 % SE for feed and 1.459% with 4.81% SE for wastage with a total of 8.005% accounting seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all food grain crops. Therefore, it may be concluded that 91.995% of the production of food grains would be available for human consumption in the country.

4.2 Conclusion

In this study, estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of the food grain crops along with percentage standard errors for each State and all the States under study have been obtained using suitable estimation procedure as discussed earlier in Chapter 2. The estimates were found to the tune of 3.148 with 2.34% SE for seed, 3.399 with 5.57 % SE for feed and 1.459 with 4.81% SE for wastage with a total of 8.005%. The results of the study clearly indicate that over-all ratios of seed, feed and wastage to the production have gone down by 4.5 percentage points as compared to the ratios used earlier for estimating the total availability of food grains for human consumption in the country. It may be noted that percentage standard errors of pooled estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios to the production of all the food grains vary from 2.34 to 5.57 indicating the reliability of the estimates.

The limitation of the study is that this survey was conducted by selecting the farmers who were growing the food grain crops and having livestock in each of the selected villages in the selected districts of the five states under study. Therefore, it is recommended that a large scale survey covering all the States need to be conducted in such a way that both the types of farmers (growing food grain crops and having livestock and growing food grain crops and not having livestock) should be selected for developing the estimates of seed, feed and wastage ratios for adoption as standards.

174

REFERENCES

1. Bansil, P.C. (1989): “Seed, Feed and Wastage Rates in food grains- A regional study”, Techno Economic Research Institute, Delhi. 2. Bansil, P.C. (2012): “Seed, Feed and Wastage Rates, Economic and Political Weekly”, Volume XLVII, No. 26 and 27, June 30, Supplement Issue, 111-115. 3. Bhall, G.S., Hazell, P. and Kerr. J. (1999): “Prospects for India’s Cereal supply and demand to 2020”, IFPRI 2020, Vision Brief No. 63. 4. Chand, R. (2007): “Demand for Food grains”, Economic and Political Weekly (Commentary), December 29, 10-17. 5. Despande, R.S., Maruthi, I., Khalil. S., Desai, R.B. and Neelkanta, N.T. (2007): “Estimation of seed, feed and wastage ratios for major food grains in India”, Report, Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore. 6. Kumar, P. (1998): “Food demand and supply projections for India, Agricultural Economics Policy Paper, IARI, New Delhi, 98-101. 7. Singh, D. and Chaudhary, F.S. (2002): “Theory and Analysis of Sample Survey Designs”, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi.

175

APPENDIX - I

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012

[Pilot study for Estimation of Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratios of Major Food grains]

State: Uttar Pradesh District: Barabanki

Listing of Selected No. of Farmers S. Tehsil/ Selected Farmers Farmers Village ID No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L

1 Nawabganj Ismilpur 110101 80 2 1 83 20 2 1 12 2 1 2 Piproli 110102 468 2 2 472 20 2 2 11 2 2 3 Sharifabad 110103 310 4 1 315 20 4 1 10 4 1 4 Shemri 110104 313 2 0 315 20 2 0 13 2 0 5 Haidergarh Behta 110201 411 2 1 414 20 2 1 12 2 1 6 Barawan 110202 453 2 1 456 20 2 1 12 2 1 7 Tejwapur 110203 94 1 1 96 20 1 1 13 1 1 8 Bhikhra 110204 554 0 2 556 20 0 2 13 0 2 9 Fatehpur Mohamadpur 110301 169 5 1 175 20 5 1 5 9 1 10 Goragajni 110302 588 3 2 593 20 3 2 10 3 2 11 Amar Sanda 110303 488 2 0 490 20 2 0 13 2 0 12 Shikohna 110304 513 3 0 516 20 3 0 12 3 0 13 Shiroli Gospur Mushkabad 110401 209 0 0 209 20 0 0 15 0 0 14 Maulabad 110402 18 2 0 20 18 2 0 13 2 0 15 Ramsnehighat Hukami 110501 737 3 3 743 20 3 3 9 3 3 16 Belahari 110502 333 3 0 336 20 3 0 12 3 0 17 Amhiya 110503 724 6 0 730 20 6 0 9 6 0 18 Ramnagar Olyapur 110601 168 0 0 168 20 0 0 15 0 0 19 Ruhera 110602 286 0 0 286 20 0 0 15 0 0 20 Sultanpur 110603 60 2 1 63 20 2 1 12 2 1 TOTAL 7036 398 44 16 236 48 16

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1855

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: Uttar Pradesh District: Bulandshar

Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected No. of Farmers Village ID Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Bulandshar Kudbal Banaras 120101 585 2 0 587 20 2 0 13 2 0 2 Mahabatpur Garhi 120102 245 15 0 260 20 15 0 5 10 0 3 Kajipura 120103 268 0 0 268 20 0 0 15 0 0 4 Naithla Hasanpur 120104 700 5 0 705 20 5 0 10 5 0 5 Shikandrabad Shahpani 120201 305 14 4 323 20 14 4 5 6 4 6 Mohana 120202 408 8 0 416 20 8 0 7 8 0 7 Khurja Dharpa Chuhadpur 120301 736 5 2 743 20 5 2 8 5 2 8 Nagla Shekhu 120302 470 12 7 489 20 12 7 5 5 5 9 Lekhawati Mirjapur 120303 328 2 0 330 20 2 0 13 2 0 10 Shikarpur Rangupur 120401 457 10 2 469 20 10 2 5 8 2 11 Shehatpur Berri 120402 347 11 4 362 20 11 4 5 6 4 12 Ahmadgarh 120403 950 4 6 960 20 4 6 6 4 5 13 Anoopshar Viroli 120501 531 15 7 553 20 15 7 5 5 5 14 Karoji 120502 257 3 2 262 20 3 2 10 3 2 15 Dibae Palakser 120601 310 0 0 310 20 0 0 15 0 0 16 Danpur 120602 1450 4 0 1454 20 4 0 11 4 0 17 Bhimpur 120603 357 2 0 359 20 2 0 13 2 0 18 Syana Pota Kabulpur 120701 660 15 1 676 20 15 1 5 9 1 19 Kamalpur 120702 279 7 4 290 20 7 4 5 6 4 20 Longa 120703 290 6 6 302 20 6 6 5 5 5 TOTAL 10118 400 140 45 166 95 39

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1270

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: Uttar Pradesh District: Bareilly

S. Tehsil/ Selected Village ID No. of Farmers Listing of Selected No. Taluka Village Farmers Farmers S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Sadar Maheshpur Thakuran 130101 20 7 2 29 20 7 2 6 7 2 2 Balla Kotha 130102 381 2 0 383 20 2 0 13 2 0 3 Kalari 130103 20 4 0 24 20 4 0 11 4 0 4 Meerganj Pitauli 130201 20 3 1 24 20 3 1 11 3 1 5 Mirganj (Nauganva) 130202 16 8 4 28 16 8 4 5 6 4 6 Kherseni 130203 20 3 0 23 20 3 0 12 3 0 7 Bahedi Kanman 130301 15 10 2 27 15 10 2 5 8 2 8 Damkhoda 130302 18 5 2 25 18 5 2 8 5 2 9 Vijoriya 130303 20 12 3 35 20 12 3 5 7 3 10 Viharipur 130304 13 6 1 20 13 6 1 8 6 1 11 Bhojpur 130305 20 11 0 33 20 11 0 5 10 0 12 Rampura 130306 20 9 0 29 20 9 0 6 9 0 13 Anwla Kiratpur (Nauganva) 130401 20 7 2 29 20 7 2 6 7 2 14 Mirjapur 130402 20 4 0 24 20 4 0 11 4 0 15 Nawabganj Basega 130501 20 1 0 25 20 1 0 14 1 0 16 Mathurapur 130502 45 4 0 49 20 4 0 11 4 0 17 Faridpur Kuwadanda 130601 28 2 0 30 20 2 0 13 2 0 18 Kurmari 130602 20 3 0 23 20 3 0 12 3 0 19 Pachauli 130603 20 0 0 20 20 0 0 15 0 0 20 Rasueya 130604 35 0 0 35 20 0 0 15 0 0 TOTAL 915 382 101 17 192 91 17

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 2083

Selected Village (nh) 20

iii

State: Uttar Pradesh District: Varanasi

No. of Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected Village ID Farmers Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Sadar Lohata 140101 101 0 0 101 20 0 0 15 0 0 2 Kamauli 140102 96 0 0 96 20 0 0 15 0 0

3 Mustafabad 140103 287 3 0 290 20 3 0 12 3 0

4 Bhorkala 140104 167 0 0 167 20 0 0 15 0 0

5 Dhaurahara 140105 261 1 0 262 20 1 0 14 1 0

6 Rauna Kala 140106 167 0 0 167 20 0 0 15 0 0

7 Kundaria 140107 133 0 0 133 20 0 0 15 0 0

8 Sajoei 140108 216 1 0 217 20 1 0 14 1 0

9 Beruka 140109 143 0 0 143 20 0 0 15 0 0

10 Ameenee 140110 221 2 0 223 20 2 0 13 2 0

11 Bihada 140111 213 6 0 219 20 6 0 9 6 0

12 Gudiya 140112 107 0 0 107 20 0 0 15 0 0

13 Odaraha 140113 121 0 0 121 20 0 0 15 0 0

14 Laskaria 140114 139 0 0 139 20 0 0 15 0 0

15 Pindara Auraw 140201 117 0 0 117 20 0 0 15 0 0 16 Amaut 140202 303 2 0 305 20 2 0 13 2 0

17 Basani 140203 173 0 0 173 20 0 0 15 0 0

18 Sarveepur 140204 93 0 0 93 20 0 0 15 0 0

19 Birawn 140205 112 0 0 112 20 0 0 15 0 0

20 Koeirajpur 140206 147 0 0 147 20 0 0 15 0 0

TOTAL 3332 400 15 0 285 15 0

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1333

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: MP District: Bhopal

Listing of Selected No. of Farmers S. Tehsil/ Selected Village ID Farmers Farmer No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Barasia Dillod 210101 155 85 45 285 20 15 15 5 5 5 2 Harra Kheda 210102 80 70 50 200 20 15 15 5 5 5 3 Ichagiri 210103 100 40 25 165 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Sonkachh 210104 70 54 6 130 20 15 6 5 5 5 5 Tarawali 210105 75 35 30 140 20 15 15 5 5 5 6 Nalkheda 210106 80 40 30 150 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Garentiya dangi 210107 127 72 86 285 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Semara Kalan 210108 80 7 25 112 20 7 15 5 5 5 9 Mankhiyai 210109 70 40 20 130 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Kulhor 210110 80 45 30 155 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Huzur Toomda 210201 250 150 100 500 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Entkhedi 210202 40 25 12 77 20 15 12 5 5 5 13 Phanda 210203 150 100 70 320 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Khajuri 210204 39 47 90 176 20 15 15 5 5 5 15 Kodiya 210205 50 30 20 100 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 Tara Sevaniya 210206 50 30 20 100 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Kolukhedi 210207 70 40 25 135 20 15 15 5 5 5 18 Mugaliya 210208 100 60 50 210 20 15 15 5 5 5 19 Parwaliya Sadak 210209 15 15 15 45 15 15 15 5 5 5 20 Acharpura 210210 50 35 20 105 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 3520 395 292 288 100 100 100

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 522

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: MP District: Indore

Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected No. of Farmers Village ID Farmers Farmer No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Indore Tillor Khurd 220101 632 107 61 800 20 15 15 5 5 5 2 Shakkar Khedi 220102 160 34 16 210 20 15 15 5 5 5 3 Pedmi 220103 403 110 51 564 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Gurda Khedi 220104 56 25 18 99 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Kpalya khedi 220105 179 6 7 192 15 6 7 5 5 5 6 Mhow New Guradiya 220201 205 26 19 250 18 15 15 5 5 5 7 Jamli 220202 474 37 16 527 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Gawli Palasia 220203 1626 112 52 1790 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Dhawadiya 220204 23 20 20 63 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Pigdamber 220205 474 28 15 517 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Depalpur Mirjhapur 220301 98 25 20 143 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Bhama Kheda 220302 123 24 27 174 20 15 15 5 5 5 13 Bhagoda 220303 202 32 19 253 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Bahirampur 220304 98 21 15 134 20 15 15 5 5 5 15 Krishnapur 220305 39 18 19 76 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 Sawer Lal Kheda 220401 95 17 15 127 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Ajnod 220402 603 94 32 729 20 15 15 5 5 5 18 Badodiya Khan 220403 192 62 46 300 20 15 15 5 5 5 19 Lasudiya Parmar 220404 380 37 27 444 20 15 15 5 5 5 20 Mekhlama 220405 258 160 27 445 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 7837 393 291 292 100 100 100

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 660

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: MP District: Ujjain

Listing of Selected Tehsil/ Selected No. of Farmers S. No. Village ID Farmers Farmer Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Khacharod Badgoun 230101 228 100 69 397 20 15 15 5 5 5 2 Lusdavan 230102 135 72 25 232 20 15 15 5 5 5 3 Kamthana 230103 215 75 22 312 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Kamed 230104 175 60 18 253 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Mahidpur Katar Baijnath 230201 160 70 55 285 20 15 15 5 5 5 6 Akiya Parbal 230202 130 80 40 250 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Nagda Parsutiya 230301 200 80 38 318 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Rohl Khurd 230302 250 125 60 435 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Rupet 230303 225 100 85 410 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Bercha 230304 210 85 25 320 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Tarana Kaytha 230401 300 150 90 540 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Ujjain Alampura 230501 60 30 20 110 20 15 15 5 5 5 13 Amirpura 230502 55 22 18 95 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Badnagar Khedawda 230601 250 90 35 375 20 15 15 5 5 5 15 Bhatpachlana 230602 250 110 80 440 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 Banbani 230603 110 60 38 208 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Kharsod Kalan 230604 550 350 110 1010 20 15 15 5 5 5 18 Amlah 230605 500 300 100 900 20 15 15 5 5 5 19 Gatiya Kheda Khajuriya 230701 122 42 20 184 20 15 15 5 5 5 20 Lasudiya 230702 82 38 18 138 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 7212 400 300 300 100 100 100

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1110

Selected Village (nh) 20

vii

State: MP District: Jabalpur

No. of Farmers Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected Village ID Farmers Farmer No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Jabalpur Temre 240101 60 27 22 109 20 15 15 5 5 5 2 Gaunsour 240102 90 20 15 125 20 15 15 5 5 5 3 Dundi 240103 40 25 20 85 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Pipariya 240104 95 30 22 147 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Ghat Piparia 240105 95 18 15 128 20 15 15 5 5 5 6 Regazori 240106 122 44 15 181 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Kundam Piparia 240201 35 28 18 81 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Saroli 240202 102 33 24 159 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Jaitpuri 240203 30 22 18 70 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Khina 240204 85 22 20 127 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Liti 240205 77 21 24 122 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Patan Kaithara 240301 62 16 16 94 20 15 15 5 5 5 13 Kakar Kheda 240302 188 55 18 261 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Khamon 240303 91 19 22 132 20 15 15 5 5 5 15 Nichi 240304 117 20 15 152 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 Sehora Talad 240401 501 23 28 552 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Junwani Kurd 240402 119 27 18 164 20 15 15 5 5 5 18 Podi Kala 240403 288 22 17 327 20 15 15 5 5 5 19 Riwaza 240404 88 26 20 134 20 15 15 5 5 5 20 Mukura 240405 87 24 23 134 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 3284 400 300 300 100 100 100

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1457

Selected Village (nh) 20

viii

State: Karnataka District: Tumkur

Listing of Selected Tehsil/ No. of Farmers S. No. Selected Village Village ID Farmers Farmers Taluka S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Tiptur Huchagondanahalli 310101 20 12 7 39 20 12 7 5 5 5 2 Gudigondanahalli 310102 20 5 6 31 20 5 6 5 5 5 3 Tumkur Doddanaravagala 310201 200 5 3 208 20 5 3 7 5 3 4 Haraluru 310202 207 13 1 221 20 13 1 5 9 1 5 Sira Chinnenahalli 310301 110 18 5 133 20 15 5 5 5 5 6 Seebi 310302 310 70 19 399 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Madhugiri Chinnenahalli 310401 159 16 14 189 20 15 14 5 5 5 8 Kadagatharu 310402 605 38 16 659 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Kunigal Jodi Hosahalli 310501 381 5 1 387 20 5 1 9 5 1 10 Kothagere 310502 250 11 5 266 20 11 5 5 5 5 11 Haliuru 310503 300 6 5 311 20 6 5 5 5 5 12 Koratagere Vaddagere 310601 230 145 4 379 20 15 4 5 6 4 13 Bychapura 310602 225 13 10 248 20 13 10 5 5 5 14 Gubbi Hosakote 310701 300 50 6 356 20 15 6 5 5 5 15 Bidre 310702 200 10 2 212 20 10 2 5 8 2 Chikkanaya- Hosalakatte 310801 198 12 3 213 20 12 3 5 7 3 16 kanahalli 17 Choulakatte 310802 102 11 2 115 20 11 2 5 8 2 18 Turuvekere Sampige 310901 20 15 5 40 20 15 5 5 5 5 19 Muttugedahalli 310902 215 6 5 226 20 6 5 5 5 5 20 Mudhugire Kottagaralahalli 311001 807 123 47 977 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 5609 400 229 129 106 113 81

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 2727

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: Karnataka District: Haveri

Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected No. of Farmers Village ID Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M S S S M L S M L 1 Hirekeruru Madulru 320101 465 61 13 539 20 15 9 5 5 5 2 Bogive 320102 223 72 16 311 20 15 6 5 5 5 3 Kodamaggi 320103 90 29 7 126 20 15 7 5 5 5 4 Haveri Yalagach 320201 370 183 70 623 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Kuragunda 320202 402 148 49 599 20 15 14 5 5 5 6 Aladakatti 320203 458 97 50 605 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Hanagal Belagalapeta 320301 365 92 48 505 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Havanagi 320302 211 47 22 280 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Kallapura 320303 180 39 13 232 20 15 6 5 5 5 10 Mantagi 320304 306 61 23 390 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Ranibennur Hirebidari 320401 222 159 105 486 20 15 15 5 5 5 Bennakana- 320402 440 165 77 682 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 konada 13 Kuppeluru 320403 252 168 85 505 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Antaravali 320404 261 160 61 482 20 15 15 5 5 5 15 Shiggon Bada 320501 192 61 26 279 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 N.M.Tadasa 320502 242 62 22 326 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Byadagi Hirianaji 320601 234 62 13 309 20 15 8 5 5 5 18 Hedigonda 320602 317 110 52 479 20 15 11 5 5 5 19 Savanur Chilurabadni 320701 369 93 40 502 20 15 15 5 5 5 20 Teggihalli 320702 204 72 25 301 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 8561 400 300 256 100 100 100

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 713

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: Karnataka District: Belgaum

Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected No. of Farmers Village ID Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Gokak Yadawad 330101 878 438 658 1974 20 15 15 5 5 5 2 Hunashyal 330102 460 60 6 526 20 15 6 5 5 5 3 Ramdurga Halagatti 330201 467 128 44 639 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Kadampur 330202 70 97 70 237 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Sounatti Harugoppa 330301 222 120 72 414 20 15 15 5 5 5 6 Hooli 330302 906 347 159 1412 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Hukkeri Bastawad 330401 200 60 15 275 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Kotabagi 330402 150 175 128 453 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 khanapur Nagargali 330501 23 20 7 50 20 15 7 5 5 5 10 Halaga 330502 124 43 13 180 20 15 13 5 5 5 11 Athani Kagwad 330601 1093 421 80 1594 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Adahalli 330602 908 527 65 1500 20 15 15 5 5 5 13 Bailhongal Hanbaratti 330701 506 143 24 673 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Sutagitti 330702 470 181 26 677 20 15 15 5 5 5 15 Chikodi Aadi 330801 237 141 12 390 20 15 12 5 5 5 16 Jaganur 330802 256 202 80 538 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Raibag Mekhali 330901 228 107 34 369 20 15 15 5 5 5 18 Katakbhavi 330902 528 153 103 784 20 15 15 5 5 5 19 Belgaum Bastawada(H) 331001 715 94 9 818 20 15 9 5 5 5 20 Sulagi(Y) 331002 298 51 11 360 20 15 11 5 5 5 TOTAL 13863 400 300 268 100 100 100

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1306

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: Karnataka District: Bijapur

Listing of Farmers Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected No. of Farmers Village ID Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Muddebihal Tumbagi 340101 546 701 812 2059 20 15 15 5 5 5 2 Kauadimatti 340102 201 118 74 393 20 15 15 5 5 5 3 Bhantanur 340103 975 513 781 2269 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Indi Basanal 340201 428 170 89 687 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Rgarkhed 340202 675 374 263 1312 20 15 15 5 5 5 6 Tadawalaga 340203 932 330 102 1364 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Ahersang 340204 540 160 46 746 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Sindagi Bandal 340301 731 346 77 1154 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Aski 340302 359 95 388 842 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Kadani 340303 377 253 60 690 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Kalkeri 340304 665 448 317 1430 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Bijapur Madabhavi 340401 948 407 246 1601 20 15 15 5 5 5 13 Jambagi (A) 340402 800 344 206 1350 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Makanapur 340403 680 454 178 1312 20 15 15 5 5 5 15 Halagani 340404 506 217 195 918 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 Kumte 340405 484 240 82 806 20 15 15 5 5 5 Basavana Baykod 340501 375 220 99 694 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Bagewadi 18 Dindawar 340502 373 208 705 1286 20 15 15 5 5 5 19 Itagi 340503 411 186 65 662 20 15 15 5 5 5 20 Nidagundi 340504 319 63 350 732 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 22307 400 300 300 100 100 100

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 698

Selected Village (nh) 20

xii

State: Rajasthan District: Chittorgarh

Number of farmers Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected Village Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village ID S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Chhittorgarh Sambhupura 410101 100 9 5 114 20 9 5 5 5 5 2 Semalpura 410102 510 16 4 530 20 15 4 5 6 4 3 Negadia Khurd 410103 570 18 15 603 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Megapura 410104 359 8 5 372 20 8 5 5 5 5 5 Rawta Bhata Javra Kala 410201 61 16 8 85 19 10 8 5 5 5 6 Maupura 410202 21 15 7 43 20 15 7 5 5 5 7 Devpura 410203 18 14 5 37 18 14 5 5 5 5 8 Kapasan Dama Khera 410301 140 29 21 207 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Roliya 410302 283 46 15 344 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Kapasan 410303 1771 177 86 2034 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Mewda 410304 108 37 44 189 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Nimbahera Arnoda 410401 808 10 2 820 20 10 2 5 8 2 13 Ahirpura 410402 193 2 1 196 20 2 1 12 2 1 14 Badisadri Pind 410501 38 24 18 80 15 12 11 5 5 5 15 Jaysinghpura 410502 18 14 12 44 18 14 12 5 5 5 16 Payri 410503 20 6 0 26 20 6 0 9 6 0 17 Dungla Aalod 410601 291 150 97 538 20 15 15 5 5 5 18 Bhatoli Gujran 410602 172 66 61 299 20 15 15 5 5 5 19 Sedwana 410603 153 65 25 243 20 15 10 5 5 5 20 Kishan Kareri 410604 636 209 110 955 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 7742 390 250 190 111 102 87

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1737

Selected Village (nh) 20

xiii

State: Rajasthan District: Sikar

No. Of farmers Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected Village Id Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L Ramgadh/ Dhani Khanreta 420101 40 35 15 90 20 15 15 5 5 5 1 Sekhawadi 2 Fatehpur Roopnagar 420201 180 140 0 320 20 30 0 5 10 0 3 Laxmangarh Paalri 420301 140 260 32 432 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Panlawa 420302 145 260 20 425 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Bhojasar Bada 420303 130 270 18 418 20 15 15 5 5 5 6 Sikar Chaaran ka Baas 420401 476 68 14 558 20 15 14 5 5 5 7 Dhod Shyampura 420501 364 97 48 509 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Pewa 420502 630 235 30 895 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Dantaramgarh Raypura 420601 128 18 15 161 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Vijaynagar 420602 217 126 41 384 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Gumanpura 420603 65 22 10 97 20 20 10 5 5 5 12 Dhaka ki dhani 420604 70 30 6 106 20 24 6 5 5 5 13 Srimadhopur Nehro ki dhani 420701 109 30 21 160 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Mundru 420702 220 116 14 350 20 16 14 5 5 5 15 Khandela Kanwat 420801 1127 88 17 1232 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 Samota ka Baas 420802 215 22 20 257 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Neem ka thana Baasri Khurd 420901 176 54 13 243 20 17 13 5 5 5 18 Kushalpura 420902 186 31 05 222 20 25 5 5 5 5 19 Luharnas 420903 161 09 01 171 40 9 1 5 9 1 20 Ramsinghpura 420904 241 32 02 275 20 28 2 5 8 2 TOTAL 7305 420 349 230 100 112 88

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1184

Selected Village (nh) 20

xiv

State: Rajasthan District: Jodhpur

Listing of Selected Number of farmers S. Tehsil/ Selected Village Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village ID S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Jodhpur Manaklaw 430101 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 2 Manai 430102 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 3 Bhopalgarh Bhopalgarh 430201 1428 688 585 2701 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Shergarh Khirja Khas 430301 55 121 67 243 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Dechu 430302 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 6 Kalyan Singh Nagar 430303 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Chandsama 430304 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Phalodi Khichan 430401 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Rampura 430402 14 15 15 44 14 15 15 5 5 5 10 Ausiyan Panditji Ki daani 430501 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Bapini 430502 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Bilada Bilan Chak I 430601 8 8 6 22 8 8 6 5 5 5 13 Babdi Chataliya 430701 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Balesar Kui Indra 430801 20 15 12 47 20 15 12 5 5 5 15 Khuriala 430802 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 Pipad Shar Mandpuria 430901 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Lohawat Mahasatee Nagar 431001 20 15 10 45 20 15 10 5 5 5 18 Vishnu Nagar 431002 20 15 15 50 20 15 15 5 5 5 19 Tivri Mathanian 431101 20 9 9 38 20 9 9 5 5 5 20 Kirmasriya Kalan 431102 38 57 43 138 7 9 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 3878 369 281 277 100 100 100

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1846

Selected Village (nh) 20

State: Rajasthan District: Bharatpur

Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected Number of farmers Village ID Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Bharatpur Aghapur 440101 240 117 105 462 20 15 10 5 5 5 2 Bahnera 440102 285 45 14 344 20 15 10 5 5 5 3 Kumher Pidhi 440201 270 30 40 340 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Bireharu 440202 381 66 16 463 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Nadwai Gaddoli 440301 186 17 17 220 20 14 12 5 5 5 6 Deeg Januthar 440401 304 86 22 412 20 15 15 5 5 5 7 Aau 440402 291 52 35 378 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Nagar Thoon 440501 315 55 23 393 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Mudhera 440502 281 61 21 363 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Kaman Jurhari 440601 255 57 15 327 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Udaka 440602 200 50 22 272 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Bolukhera 440603 305 106 25 436 20 15 15 5 5 5 13 Pahari Satwari 440701 152 41 19 212 20 15 15 5 5 5 14 Gopalgarh 440702 181 32 23 236 20 15 15 5 5 5 15 Bayana Brahmabad 440801 595 19 5 619 20 15 5 5 5 5 16 Virampura 440802 329 26 3 358 20 15 3 5 7 3 17 Vair Halena 440901 624 150 6 780 20 15 6 5 5 5 18 Gusawar Chokar Vada Kala 441001 718 39 10 767 20 15 10 5 5 5 19 Rupwas Fatehpur 441101 215 105 35 355 20 15 7 5 5 5 20 Khrera 441102 108 84 36 228 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 7965 400 299 243 100 102 98

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1534

Selected Village (nh) 20

xvi

State: Odihsa District: Puri

Listing of Selected Total No. of Farmers S. Tehsil/ Selected Village ID Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Astarang Ratanpur 510101 71 18 5 94 20 15 5 5 5 5 2 Brahmagiri Janla 510201 31 15 9 55 20 15 9 5 5 5 3 Barudi 510202 64 18 17 99 20 15 15 5 5 5 4 Delanga Sripurusottampur 510301 20 15 1 36 20 15 1 5 9 1 5 Kanaphasia 510302 20 15 0 35 20 15 0 5 10 0 6 Gop Andra Ichhapur 510401 400 30 6 436 20 15 6 5 5 5 7 Birutunga 510402 163 15 0 178 20 15 0 5 10 0 8 Kakatapur Raisa 510501 47 20 15 82 20 15 15 5 5 5 9 Kuruma 510502 45 8 5 58 20 15 5 5 5 5 10 Kanas Anjira 510601 20 15 0 35 20 15 0 5 10 0 11 Krishna Prasad Bajarakot 510701 30 17 16 63 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Nimapara Salanga 510801 75 35 5 115 20 15 5 5 5 5 13 Manijangha 510802 66 51 9 126 20 15 9 5 5 5 14 Ekamakana 510803 47 15 0 62 20 15 0 5 10 0 15 Pipili Thanathana 510901 160 50 5 215 20 15 5 5 5 5 16 Chhanaghar 510902 320 70 0 390 20 15 0 5 10 0 17 Purisadar Siara 511001 155 15 0 170 20 15 0 5 10 0 18 Talajangha 511002 500 295 0 795 20 15 0 5 10 0 19 Satyabadi Sukala 511101 280 80 30 390 20 15 15 5 5 5 20 Sri Ramachandrapur 511102 295 105 15 415 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 3849 400 300 120 100 139 61

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1713

Selected Village (nh) 20

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State: Odihsa District: Ganjam Listing of Selected Total No. of Farmers S. Tehsil/ Selected Village Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village ID S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Aska Alipur 520101 59 15 1 75 20 15 1 5 9 1 2 Bellaguntha Kushapali 520201 50 16 8 74 20 15 8 5 5 5 3 Bhanjanagar Malasapadar 520301 70 5 4 79 20 5 4 6 5 4 4 Chhatrapur Paitari 520401 26 22 24 82 20 15 15 5 5 5 5 Chiketi Khardhar 520501 38 11 1 50 20 11 1 5 9 1 6 Dharakote Olamba 520601 195 15 5 215 20 15 5 5 5 5 7 Digapahandi Khajuripalli 520701 56 5 0 61 20 5 0 10 5 0 8 Hinjilicut Badiambagaon 520801 66 13 1 80 20 13 1 5 9 1 9 Jagannath prasad Bardanda 520901 74 42 16 132 20 15 15 5 5 5 10 Kabi surya nagar Athagadpatna 521001 260 25 18 303 20 15 15 5 5 5 11 Khallikote Bilashpur 521101 40 16 15 71 20 15 15 5 5 5 12 Kodala Chandapalli 521201 29 23 21 73 20 15 15 5 5 5 (Beguniapada) 13 Kukudakhandi Gurunthi 521301 84 39 1 124 20 15 1 5 9 1 14 Patrapur Samntarapur 521401 60 12 0 72 20 12 0 5 10 0 15 Polasara Kalamba 521501 179 21 20 220 20 15 15 5 5 5 16 Purusottampur Hatapur 521601 80 30 25 135 20 15 15 5 5 5 17 Rangeilunda Satakutuni 521701 24 21 18 63 20 15 15 5 5 5 18 Sanakhemundi Palisamantarapur 521801 80 20 5 105 20 15 5 5 5 5 19 Sheragada Chasamahul 521901 90 15 4 109 20 15 4 5 6 4 20 Sorada Sarnauti 522001 95 15 0 110 20 15 0 5 10 0 TOTAL 2233 400 271 150 106 127 67

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 3234

Selected Village (nh) 20

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State: Odihsa District:Kalahandi

Total No. of Farmers Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected Village ID Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Bhabanipatna Upar Rachuguda 530101 49 39 05 93 20 25 5 5 5 5 2 Dharmagarh Ichhapur 530201 175 7 3 185 40 7 3 5 7 3 3 Podabeda 530202 123 10 2 135 38 10 2 5 8 2 4 Golamunda Jamgudabahali 530301 69 8 0 77 42 8 0 7 8 0 5 Funda 530302 84 20 16 120 20 15 15 5 5 5 6 Manghari 530303 240 10 1 251 40 9 1 5 9 1 7 Jaipatna Kuchagaon 530401 262 47 20 329 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Dhanasuli 530402 88 28 11 127 20 19 11 5 5 5 9 Junagarh Kandulbandh 530501 129 2 6 137 42 2 6 8 2 5 10 Jilingdara 530502 74 9 7 90 34 9 7 5 5 5 11 Kalampur Bankapala 530601 97 11 5 113 34 11 5 5 5 5 12 Karlamunda Kendmunde 530701 58 15 3 76 32 15 3 5 7 3 13 Bagburai 530702 83 8 0 91 42 8 0 7 8 0 14 Kesinga Pipalbhadi 530801 45 19 2 66 29 19 2 5 8 2 15 Kokasara Chikili 530901 181 48 6 235 29 15 6 5 5 5 16 Chiliguda 530902 138 29 4 171 28 18 4 5 6 4 17 Madanpur Ramapur Lamer 531001 37 8 5 50 37 8 5 5 5 5 18 Turchi 531002 75 15 5 95 30 15 5 5 5 5 19 Mochelbeda 531003 47 6 1 54 43 6 1 8 6 1 20 Narla Ulikupa 531101 105 81 15 201 20 15 15 5 5 5 TOTAL 2696 640 249 111 110 119 71

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1713

Selected Village (nh) 20

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State: Odihsa District: Bargarh

Listing of Selected S. Tehsil/ Selected Total No. of Farmers Village ID Farmers Farmers No. Taluka Village S M L Total S M L S M L 1 Ambabhona Lakhanapur 540101 50 18 16 84 20 15 15 5 5 5 2 Chal 540102 26 16 9 51 20 15 9 5 5 5 3 Atabira Jhankabahal 540201 16 7 7 30 16 7 7 5 5 5 4 Barpali Julat 540301 30 20 10 60 20 15 10 5 5 5 5 Bargarh Bagdihi 540401 78 05 2 85 20 5 2 8 5 2 6 Bhatli Karllakhai 540501 32 18 11 61 20 15 11 5 5 5 7 Bheden Chichinda 540601 170 28 25 223 20 15 15 5 5 5 8 Salna 540602 51 7 8 66 20 7 8 5 5 5 9 Bijepur Darlipali 540701 42 14 2 58 20 14 2 5 8 2 10 Sandhibahal 540702 29 23 1 53 20 15 1 5 9 1 11 Gaisibat Nababarpur 540801 27 33 3 63 20 15 3 5 7 3 12 Gamiapali 540802 70 48 7 125 20 15 7 5 5 5 13 Jharbandh Tuhungidadar 540901 52 10 4 66 20 10 4 5 6 4 14 Padmapur Khaliapali 541001 88 12 3 103 20 12 3 5 7 3 15 Pathuri 541002 115 65 10 190 20 15 5 5 5 5 16 Kudasingha 541003 91 27 1 119 20 15 1 5 9 1 17 Paikmal Jamseth 541101 46 14 2 62 20 14 2 5 8 2 18 Bodashambar 541102 42 15 6 63 20 15 6 5 5 5 19 Sohela Jhagadajhal 541201 76 13 3 92 20 13 3 5 7 3 20 Somakata 541202 54 14 11 79 20 14 11 5 5 5 TOTAL 1733 396 261 125 103 121 76

Total No. of Villages (Nh) 1214

Selected Village (nh) 20

State- wise Listing of Farmers in Different Holding Groups

State District Small Medium Large Total Uttar Pradesh Varanasi 400 15 0 415 Bareilly 382 101 17 500 Barabanki 398 44 16 458 Bulandshar 400 140 45 585 TOTAL 1958

Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur 400 300 300 1000 Bhopal 395 292 288 975 Indore 393 291 292 976 Ujjain 400 300 300 1000 TOTAL 3951

Karnataka Tumkur 400 229 129 758 Haveri 400 300 256 956 Belgaum 400 300 268 968 Bijapur 400 300 300 1000 TOTAL 3682

Rajasthan Bharatpur 400 299 243 942 Chittorgarh 390 250 190 830 Sikar 420 349 230 999 Jodhpur 369 281 277 927 TOTAL 3698

Puri 400 300 120 820 Odisha Ganjam 400 271 150 821 Kalahandi 640 249 111 1000 Bargarh 396 261 125 782 TOTAL 3423

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APPENDIX – II

ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012

Pilot study for Estimation of Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratios of Major Food grains

List-I: List of selected villages

State: ______District: ______S. No. Tehsil/Taluka Selected Village Crops grown 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Additional villages:

S. No. Tehsil/Taluka Selected Village Crops grown 1 2 3 4 5

Name of District In-charge with signature and date ______

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ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURE STATISTICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012

Pilot Study for Estimation of Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratios of Major Food grains Schedule-I: General information regarding farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock in the selected village

(A) Identification Particulars Items Information Code State District Tehsil Selected Village

(B) General information about the village S.No. Items Information 1 2 3 1 Source of irrigation Ground water/River/Canal/Pond 2 Crops grown in the village 3 Net area under cultivation (ha) 4 Distance of nearest Mandi from the selected village 5 No. of farmers according to up to 2 ha = 2 to 4 ha = > 4 ha = Agricultural Operational Holding

(C-1) Farmers having operational holding (up to 2 hectare) S.No. Name of the Father’s/Husband’s OH* Food grain crops grown/to be grown Livestock Farmer Name (ha) during AY 2013-14 (Number) Kharif Rabi Zaid (summer) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

(C-2) Farmers having operational holding (2-4 hectare) S.No. Name of the Father’s/Husband’s OH* Food grain crops grown/to be grown Livestock Farmer Name (ha) during AY 2013-14 (Number) Kharif Rabi Zaid (summer) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

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(C-3) Farmers having operational holding (more than 4 hectare) S.No. Name of the Father’s/Husband’s OH* Food grain crops grown/to be grown Livestock Farmer Name (ha) during AY 2013-14 (Number) Kharif Rabi Zaid (summer) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 *Operational Holding = (Self owned land + Land leased-in) - (Land leased out) Livestock = Buffalo, He- Buffalo, Male and Female Buffalo Calf, Cow, Ox, Bull, Heifer and Calf, Horses, Pony, Camel

Name of Field Investigator with signature and date ______

Name of Field Supervisor with signature and date ______

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ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012

Pilot study for Estimation of Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratios of Major Food grains List-II: List of selected farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock

A) Identification Particulars:

Items Information Code State District Tehsil Village

(B) List of selected farmers S.No. Name of the Father’s/Husband’s OH* Food grain crops grown/to be grown Livestock Farmer Name (ha) during AY 2013-14 (Number) Kharif Rabi Zaid (summer) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

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(C) Name of additional farmers S.No. Name of the Father’s/Husband’s OH* Food grain crops grown/to be grown Livestock Farmer Name (ha) during AY 2013-14 (Number) Kharif Rabi Zaid (summer) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6

*Operational Holding = (Self owned land + Land leased-in) - (Land leased out) Livestock = Buffalo, He- Buffalo, Male and Female Buffalo Calf, Cow, Ox, Bull, Heifer and Calf, Horses, Pony, Camel

Name of Field Investigator with signature and date: ______

Name of Field Supervisor with signature and date: ______

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ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012

Pilot study for Estimation of Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratios of Major Food grains Schedule-II (A): Season wise detailed information of food grains from the selected farmer of the selected village

(A) Identification Particulars:

Items Information Code Items Information Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 State District tehsil/taluka Selected village Name of selected farmer Father/husband’s name Operational holding (ha) Season (Kharif/Rabi/Zaid) Date of visit Name of Field Investigator

(B) Crop wise production, distribution and transportation loss during the previous season Season Name of Area Seed used Distribution of Production (kg) Transportation

food (ha) (kg) loss, if any,

grain (kg)

crops

irrigated

storage

(kg)

use

Own

Mandi

Storage

Total Production

threshing

Purchased harvesting

Irrigated /Un

Stored for Seed

labour in lieu of labour in lieu of

Produce given to Produce given to

Threshing Floor to

floor before Stored for domestic

Sale from threshing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Signature of Field Investigator ______

Name and signature of Field Supervisor______

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ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012

Pilot study for Estimation of Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratios of Major Food grains Schedule-II (B): Detailed information of distribution of food grains of the selected farmer in selected village during previous and current visit (A) Identification Particulars: Items Information Code Items Information Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 State District Tehsil/taluka Selected village Name of selected farmer Father/husband’s name Operational holding (ha) Season (Kharif/Rabi/Zaid) Date of visit Name of Field Investigator

(B) Consumption and wastage/loss of food grains during previous and current visit

Season Name Crop Food grain Utilization and loss of food grain (kg) No. Utilization and loss of Balance, of code stored (kg) of seed (kg) if any, (kg) food Domestic Seed Sale for Live Storage Handling/ Transport- Loss live- Used Sale Stor- Hand- Food Seed grain Human/ stock loss cleaning ation loss in stock as as age ling/ grain crops other feed loss (S to M) mandi fed seed seed loss clean- uses ing (Village loss & Mandi) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Storage loss: Rat attack, Insect (Weevil/mites) infestation, Dampness S to M= Storage to Mandi

Signature of Field Investigator ______

Name and signature of Field Supervisor ______

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APPENDIX - III

ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012

Pilot study for Estimation of Seed, Feed and Wastage Ratios of Major Food grains INSTRUCTION MANUAL

The project entitled “Pilot study for estimation of seed, feed and wastage of major food grains” has been taken with the main objectives i) To estimate the quantity of seed and feed used in food grains production, ii) To estimate wastage at harvest and post harvest stages of food grains production and iii) To estimate seed, feed and wastage ratios in food grains production and net availability of food grains for human consumption.

The aim of the project is to collect reliable information by way of primary data collection on seed, feed and wastage of major food grains in the country. The sampling design adopted is stratified two stage random sampling with districts as strata. Within each district, villages growing food grain crops in each season be primary stage sampling units and farmers growing different food grains and having livestock within village as ultimate stage sampling units.

The survey work of above mentioned project is to be carried out in 5 States, preferably one each from Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central region of the country. The States are Uttar Pradesh from Northern region, West Bengal from Eastern region, Karnataka from Southern region, Rajasthan from Western region and Madhya Pradesh from Central region. These States have been selected on the basis of maximum food grain production during the last three year 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12.

From each selected State, 4 districts have been randomly selected. Accordingly, 20 districts have been randomly selected for the conduct of survey. From each of the selected district, a sample of 20 villages has been selected by simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). This sample of 20 villages will be allocated to different tehsils using proportional allocation.

The selection of States, districts and villages has been done at IASRI and the List-1: list of selected villages of each district of the state is to be handed over to the Head of the data collection agency for further distribution among the data collection officials i.e. primary worker/field investigator/enumerator engaged in data collection work. Tehsil-wise list of additional villages has also been prepared and kept at IASRI. In case of rejection of selected village due to valid reason, IASRI will tell the substitute village(s).

For the purpose of data collection, two schedules have been designed as per the objectives of the project. Schedule-1 is for recording the information of farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock in each holding size. On the basis of operational holdings, the farmers of the selected villages have been divided into

xxx three operational holding size categories viz; Small (up to 2 ha), Medium (2-4 ha) and Large (more than 4 ha). The information is to be collected with the help of village head-man as well Lekhpal/Patwari/Talhati/Tehsil Official who maintained the land record.

The enumeration for each of the operational holding size category of farmers will be carried out in each randomly selected village as follows:

Small (up to 2 ha) Medium (2-4 ha) Large (more than 4 ha)

Enumeration of 20 farmers Enumeration of 15 farmers Enumeration of 15 farmers

10 farmers having 2 livestock 08 farmers having 2 livestock 08 farmers having 2 livestock

10 farmers having more than 07 farmers having more than 2 07 farmers having more than 2 livestock livestock 2 livestock

Within each randomly selected village, a sample of 15 farmers will be randomly selected adopting pre- stratification of all the farmers growing food grains and having livestock from different operational holding size categories as follows:

3 farmers having 2 livestock and 2 farmers having more than 2 livestock from each operational holding size category (Small, Medium and Large)

If the farmers are not available as per the above mentioned criterion, 5 farmers are to be selected from each operational holding size category. If the farmers are not available in any of the holding size group, they will be selected from the lower holding size group and list of enumeration of farmers will be increased accordingly such that enumeration of total 50 farmers must be completed for selection of 15 farmers. Accordingly, the total number of randomly selected farmers will be 300 in each of the district.

The selection of farmers and List 2: list of 15 randomly selected farmers will be prepared by the Field Investigators/ Field Supervisors.

From these 15 randomly selected farmers in each randomly selected village, detailed enquiry regarding the food grain crops grown and area under crop (irrigated and un-irrigated), production and utilization of crop produce for seed for the next year, animal feed, home consumption etc. will be collected by enquiry. The data on wastage at different harvest and post-harvest stages at farmer’s level will also be collected by enquiry.

Information on total quantity of food grains produced and out of this, the quantity kept for seed, feed and wastage incurred at different harvest and post-harvest stages and as such, the quantity of food grains available for human consumption will be estimated.

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The study will be conducted for Agricultural Year 2014-15 in Odisha state.

Criteria for filling in the schedules

Schedule-I: General information regarding farmer household in the selected village

(A) Identification Particulars: Name of the State, District, Tehsil and selected village are self explanatory. Their codes may also be written against each item. (B) General information about the village: The items like source of irrigation, crops grown in the village, net area under cultivation (ha) and distance of nearest mandi from the selected village are also self explanatory. The source of irrigation in the village may be more than one, therefore tick ground water, river, canal or pond as per the availability of source(s) irrigation in the village. Name of food grain crops grown in each agricultural season will be written (either major or minor). The season wise crop grown in the village may also be recorded from the khasra register. Net area under cultivation (ha) will be available in the khasra register and will be recorded with the help of Village Head-person/ Patwari. Number of farmers according to Agricultural Operational Holding Under this study, operational holding is divided into three categories viz; small (up to 2 hectare), medium (2 to 4 ha) and large (more than 4 hectare). The number of farmers in each operational holding size category will be recorded either with the help of Khatauni register or knowledgeable person of the selected village.

(C-1) Farmers having operational holding (up to 2 hectare)

(C-2) Farmers having operational holding (2 to 4 hectare)

(C-3) Farmers having operational holding (more than 4 hectare)

For detail inquiry, the information from five randomly selected farmers has to be collected in each operational holding category. Therefore, a list of 20, 15 and 15 farmers growing food grain crops and having livestock is to be prepared in Tables C-1, C-2 and C-3 respectively as per the procedure mentioned on page 2. Only, those farmers will be listed who are growing food grain crops and having livestock also.

The name of the farmer and his father’s/husband’s name will be written in column 2 and 3 respectively (self- explanatory).

The operational holding (ha) of the farmer is to be recorded in column 4 as per below:

Operational Holding = (Self owned land + Land leased-in) - (Land leased out)

Food grain crops grown/to be grown during AY 2013-14 will be recorded season wise i.e. Kharif, Rabi and Zaid (summer) in column 5, 6 and 7 respectively.

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Livestock possessed by the farmer will be recorded in column 8.

Livestock = Buffalo, He- Buffalo, Male and Female Buffalo Calf, Cow, Ox, Bull, Heifer and Calf, Horses, Pony, Camel etc.

These information are to be recorded in Tables C-1, C-2 and C-3 respectively.

After filling Schedule-1, Field Investigator has to sign with his name and date. Supervisor will check all the entries and also sign with his name and date.

List-2: list of selected farmer households: After completing all the information in Schedule-1, Field Investigator will select 5 farmers from each holding size category (small, medium and large) as per the procedure explained on page 2 out of the farmers listed in Table C-1, C-2 and C-3 of Schedule-1.

The name of these 15 selected farmers, 5 from each holding size category will be recorded according to the format of List-2 by the Field Investigator and it will be checked by the Supervisor.

After completing the List-2, Field Investigator and Supervisor have to sign with their name(s) and date.

The detail information from the 15 selected farmers listed in List-2 will be collected in six rounds with the interval of two months. The information is to be recorded in schedule-II (A) and Schedule-II (B).

Schedule-II (A): Season wise detailed information from the selected farmer of the selected village

(A) Identification Particulars: Name of the State, district, tehsil/taluka, selected village, selected farmer, his father/husband’s name, operational holding (ha) and agricultural season (Kharif/Rabi/Zaid) are self explanatory. The date of visit and name of the field investigator will also be recorded in the given space. (B) Crop wise production, distribution and transportation loss during the previous season: In this part, season, name of the food grain crop(s), crop-wise production, distribution of production and transportation loss will be recorded. The field investigator has to visit at the end of the each agricultural season to collect this information from the selected farmers in each of the selected village. The field investigator will fill-in this schedule once in each season when production of each food grain crops grown by him is obtained after harvesting/threshing. Column 1 & 2: Season and Name of food grain crops which were grown by the farmers in each season has to be written in column 1 and 2 respectively.

Column 3 & 4: The area sown under each of the crop in ha and whether crop is irrigated or un-irrigated will be written in column 3 and 4 respectively.

Column 5 & 6: The quantity (kg) of seed used for production of the crop has to be filled-in. If the seed used was kept in the last agricultural year, it is to be written in column 5 and if it is purchased from the market/outside, it will be written in column 6.

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Column 7 to 11: The break-up of production of each food grain crop in terms of produce given to labour in lieu of harvesting, produce given to labour in lieu of threshing, sale from threshing floor before storage (sale at threshing floor or directly from threshing floor to mandi), stored for domestic use, stored for use of seed in the next agricultural year and total production is to be recorded from column 7 to 11 respectively. All the information is to be recorded in kilogram.

Note: The produce stored separately for use in domestic purpose and for use as seed in the next season may be written in separate given columns. Sometime, the farmer does not have separate storage facility and entire produce is stored at one place. In such case, Field Investigator would ask from the farmer whether he will use some of the quantity stored as seed in the next season. If yes, the quantity earmarked for seed will be written in column 11.

Column 12 & 13: Wastage/ losses of food grain crops from threshing floor to storage and threshing floor to mandi would be written in column 12 and column 13 respectively.

The total of column 7 to 13 will match with the quantity written in column 14.

After filling Schedule-II (A), field investigator will put his signature. The Supervisor, after proper checking of the filled-in entries, will put his signature with his name and date.

Schedule-II (B): Detailed information of distribution of food grains of the selected farmer in selected village during previous and current visit

(This schedule has to be filled in after every two months)

(A) Identification Particulars: Self-explanatory

(B) Consumption and wastage/loss of food grains during previous and current visit Column 1, 2 & 3: Self-explanatory

Column 4 & 5: The food grain crops stored for domestic and seed purpose would be written in column 4 and 5 respectively (the quantity in column 10 and 11 of schedule II(A) is to be written here).

Column 6-11: The utilization and loss of food grain during storage are to be recorded in these columns. Sale of food grain crop produced for human/other uses (either given in kind to someone or sale in the village or mandi) would be recorded in column 6.

The utilization of food grain crop production as live stock feed, storage loss (due to rat attack, insect (weevil/mites) infestation and dampness in the storage), handling/ cleaning loss, transportation loss from storage to mandi (in case sale in mandi) and loss incurred in mandi during unloading/weighing at

trader’s shop are to be written from column 7 to 11 respectively.

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Note: There is a practice of feeding food grains, oil seeds or any other produce grown by the farmer at his own farm (column 7). They fed to livestock grain as whole after soaking, floor, half crushed (Dalia) etc. Storage loss may be due to rat attack, insect (Weevil/mites) infestation and dampness, if any (column 8).

Column 12: The number of livestock fed as concentrate from the produce is to be written in this column 12.

Column 13-16: Utilization and loss of seed if stored as seed is to be recorded in these columns. The quantity used as seed at his own field, sale as seed to others, storage losses and losses during handling/cleaning are to be written in column number 13 to 16 respectively.

Column 17 & 18: On the day visit, after recording information in columns 6 to 16 (utilization and losses of food grains in different heads), the balanced quantity under food grains has to be written in column 17 and the balance quantity of seed if any, has to be written in column 18.

Column 17 = Column 4 – (Sum of the columns from 6 to 11)

Column 18 = Column 5 – (Sum of the columns from 13 to 16)

The Field Investigator has to sign at appropriate place. Supervisor must check the entries and write his name with signature and date.

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