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Home , Bakaniya, Barkheda Nathu, Bhojtal, Bhopal district, Borkhedi, Kajlas

International Journal of Lakes and Rivers. ISSN 0973-4570 Volume 13, Number 1 (2020), pp. 1-16 © Research Publications http://www.ripublication.com

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Region of , India

Mohammad Faisal Khan College of Science & Theoretical Studies Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, KSA.

ABSTRACT

Lake Water samples were collected from fifteen (15) locations during pre and post monsoon season. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Alkalinity, Carbonate Alkalinity, Bi-Carbonate Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Ca Hardness, Mg Hardness, Ca Content, Mg Content, Chloride, Phosphate, Total Phosphoras, Organic Phosphoras, Nitrate, Biological Oxigen Demand and Chemical Oxigen Demand were analyzed to know the present status of the lakewater quality. After statistical analysis it was cleared that the positive co-relationship occurred between the attributes and attributes are independent to each other and these varied according to locations.

Key words: upper lake, physico-chemical parameters, India.

2010 MSC NO: 62J10, 62H86, 62P12.

INTRODUCTION:

Upper lake is an east westerly elongated typical tropical lake, was built by king Bhoj of (1,000-1,055) by constructing a massive earthen structures across Kolans River. The lake has catchment area of 361 km2 with a water submergence length of 12 km and maximum width of 1.75 km at Full Tank Level. Available records reveal that the lake area was approximately 2 km2 in the beginning. In 1963 the water spread area of the lake increased form 13.8 km2 to maximum of 36.1 km2 by constructing 11 radial gates at Bhadbhada waste weir. 2 Mohammad Faisal Khan

Catchment area of the lake falls into geographically separated two different administrative units (districts). 84 villages in the catchment support population of approximately 0.3 million. 80% of the catchment is rural which has agriculture as predominant land use covering roughly 251 km2 of the catchment. The excess water from this lake overflows into another lake called Kaliasot through the waste weir constructed in the west end of the lake. This water finds its way into Yamuna River through . Bhopal Municipal Corporation is the principal custodian of this lake. On the lake embankment is a garden and the road laid on it that connects the old city with the new which shows fast urban development. Recently two new roads have been built, one across the lake and the other running along its east shoreline.

Deccan trap basalt and Vindhyan sand stones are the principal rock formation of . These traps have low porosity and permeability and therefore not favourable for ground water storage. Weathering of the basalt rocks has given rise to black cotton soil in the region.

The lake is primarily used for drinking water supply to the city. Other uses include tourism, navigation fisheries and entertainment. Most of these are in harmony with the sustenance of lake ecology. For large number of fishermen families it is a source of livelihood.

In the past, the major threats to this lake have been the untreated sewage waste water entering the lake from its urban catchment and the non point sources of waste water and solid waste emanating from human activities in its fringe area. Apart from this, what still exists, is the siltation of this lake due to the soil eroded from its predominantly agriculture catchment which is drained by surface runoff carrying soil and agrochemicals. The lake ecosystem was infested by macrophytic growth in its littoral area and floating weeds spreading over the lake. Water quality also deteriorated due to these threats. A major lake conservation and management project was undertaken by the state government with support from the then Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) Japan. Successful implementation and still continuing efforts by the state has significantly improved its ecological status as reflected in its improved water quality, biological diversity, fish productivity and overall ecohydrology Wld (2019, November).

Correlation Matrix:

The correlation matrix of n random variables X1, ..., Xn is the n . n matrix whose i,j entry is corr(Xi, Xj). If the measures of correlation used are product-moment coefficients, the correlation matrix is the same as the covariance matrix of the Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 3

standardized random variables Xi / σ (Xi) for i = 1, ..., n. This applies to both the matrix of population correlations (in which case "σ" is the population standard deviation), and to the matrix of sample correlations (in which case "σ" denotes the sample standard deviation). Consequently, each is necessarily a positive-semidefinite matrix.

Analysis of Variance [9, p.256-258]

Analysis of variance (abbreviated as ANOVA) is an extremely useful technique concerning researches in the fields of economics, biology, education, psychology, sociology, and business/industry and in researches of several other disciplines. This technique is used when multiple sample cases are involved. As stated earlier, the significance of the difference between the means of two samples can be judged through either z-test or the t-test, but the difficulty arises when we happen to examine the significance of the difference amongst more than two sample means at the same time. The ANOVA technique enables us to perform this simultaneous test and as such is considered to be an important tool of analysis in the hands of a researcher. Using this technique, one can draw inferences about whether the samples have been drawn from populations having the same mean.

The ANOVA technique is important in the context of all those situations where we want to compare more than two populations such as in comparing the yield of crop from several varieties of seeds, the gasoline mileage of four automobiles, the smoking habits of five groups of university students and so on. In such circumstances one generally does not want to consider all possible combinations of two populations at a time for that would require a great number of tests before we would be able to arrive at a decision. This would also consume lot of time and money, and even then certain relationships may be left unidentified (particularly the interaction effects). Therefore, one quite often utilizes the ANOVA technique and through it investigates the differences among the means of all the populations simultaneously.

In short, we have to make two estimates of population variance viz., one based on between samples variance and the other based on within samples variance. Then the said two estimates of population variance are compared with F-test, wherein we work out.

F Estimate of population variance based on between samples variance/Estimate of population variance based on within samples variance.

This value of F is to be compared to the F-limit for given degrees of freedom. If the F value we work out is equal or exceeds the F-limit value (to be seen from F tables), we may say that there are significant differences between the sample means. 4 Mohammad Faisal Khan

Location map of the Study area

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 5

SAMPLE COLLECTION: The sampling locations consist of upper lake area. Lake water samples were collected from fifteen (15) locations during pre and post monsoon season. Samples were collected in plastic container to avoid unpredictable changes in characteristic as per standard procedure (APHA, 1998).

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF UPPER LAKE WATER: The collected samples were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters such as Total alkalinity, Carbonet alkalinity, Bi-Carbonet alkalinity, Total hardness, Ca hardness, Mg hardness, Ca content, Mg content, Chloride,Phosphate,Total Phosphorus, Org. Phosphorus, Nitrate, BOD and COD as per the standard methods (APHA, 1998).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The water quality analysis of different locations of Lake water samples have been carried out for Total alkalinity, Carbonet alkalinity, Bi-Carbonet alkalinity, Total hardness, Ca hardness, Mg hardness, Ca content, Mg content, Chloride, Phosphate,Total Phosphorus, Org. Phosphorus, Nitrate, BOD and COD. The status of water quality of these lake water sources is presented in table 1 and 2. The BOD exceed 3 mg/l, it affects congulation and rapid sand-filtration processes conventional water treatment plants, requiring expensive advanced water treatment.COD contents are very high. High COD interferes with oxygen transfer to the soil, resulting death of rice plants. Total alkalinity value of lake water samples varied between 41.8mg/l to 89mg/l and 47mg/i to 90mg/l during pre and post monsoon season respectively. The Total alkalinity value of Barkheda Salam area lake water was found to be 89mg/l and 90mg/l during pre and post monsoon season respectively. Chloride in all samples is below the standard desirable limit. Total hardness in all the samples were found to be within the limit. Values are slightly higher in post monsoon than pre monsoon season. Magnesium was found to be within the limit. Nitrate concentrate were very less in all area. Dissolved Phosphates are under the desirable limits.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA Correlation matrix was prepared within the studied parameters in pre and post moonsoon and tabulated in Table 3 and Table 4 for determining the relationship between the physico-chemical variables. Two way analysis of variance was applied and tabulated in Table 5 and Table 6 to know the similarities or non similarities between the sampling sites and sample variables. The statistical treatment of data was done by using the Microsoft Excel software. All the attributes were positively co- 6 Mohammad Faisal Khan related. Two way analysis of variance showed that the physico-chemical attributes were independent to each other and these were dependent on locations.

Table 1. Water Quality at different locations of Upper Lake in pre-moonsoon seasons (Laboratory Analysis) Units mg/l

Total Carbonate Bi- Total Name of Area Layer Ca hardness Alkalinity alkalinity Carbonatealkalinity Hardness Surface 50 7.9 43.7 75.9 51.4 Surface 48 9.8 37.0 82.1 51.5 Surface 45.8 15 31.0 83.0 46.0 Surface 41.8 20.2 21.8 79.7 48.0 NEELBAD Surface 51.2 23.8 28.3 77.9 51.0 Surface 55.8 17.9 37.8 71.8 51.9 Surface 62 21 40.0 77.0 59.0 JAMONIVACHHIR Surface 72 24 48.0 82.0 67.2 Surface 71 13.0 57.0 85.0 68.3 Surface 46 12.0 35.0 76.0 54.6 VAN VIHAR Surface 64 16.0 48.0 78.0 60.9 MUNGALIYA CHHAP Surface 78 14.0 78.0 95.0 75.6 BARKHEDA SALAM Surface 89 12.0 101.0 132.0 109.2 MANUABHAN TEKRI Surface 55 21.0 37.0 78.0 58.8 Surface 61 24.0 36.0 81.0 54.6

Mg Calcium Magnesium Chloride Phosphate Total Phosphorus Org.Phosphorus Nitrate BOD COD hardness content content 24.6 20.9 6.3 16.97 0.836 1.362 0.524 0.592 5.9 39.9 29.7 21.8 7.4 15.00 0.716 1.472 0.766 0.812 5.2 36.2 36.8 19.7 9.1 14.00 0.274 1.790 1.622 1.862 6.2 44.2 32.7 20.5 6.9 14.96 0.607 1.648 1.064 0.643 6.6 33.0 26.7 20.7 6.5 15.00 0.494 1.650 1.156 0.674 4.9 29.1 19.9 22.2 5.0 13.00 0.238 1.648 1.396 0.468 4.9 36.4 18.1 25.9 4.3 15.00 0.464 1.890 1.429 0.478 4.6 24.2 15.8 28.3 3.7 15.96 1.220 1.658 0.444 0.522 4.4 28.4 16.8 29.2 4.2 18.04 0.246 1.144 0.896 0.574 4.3 43.9 21.8 23.0 4.9 15.05 0.735 1.642 1.000 0.092 4.0 32.4 17.3 26.0 4.3 13.00 0.714 1.904 1.179 0.880 3.7 28.2 32.6 31.8 8.0 15.00 1.270 3.456 2.324 1.641 4.0 32.2 42.7 44.9 10.3 34.95 2.948 4.046 0.898 0.312 4.5 70.2 19.3 25.1 5.0 14.00 0.314 1.558 1.248 0.472 4.2 36.2 25.6 22.7 6.3 15.00 0.186 1.562 1.382 0.772 4.1 28.3

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 7

Table 2. Water Quality at different locations of Upper Lake in post-moonsoon seasons (Laboratory Analysis) Units mg/l

Total Carbonate Total Ca Name of Area Layer Bi-Carbonatealkalinity Alkalinity alkalinity Hardness hardness

BAKANIYA Surface 53 20.1 33.8 100 73.5

KHORI Surface 52.2 16.2 36.2 90 63.0

MEERPUR Surface 50.1 24.4 26.2 92 60.9

KODIYA Surface 47.0 19.8 26.2 100 60.9

NEELBAD Surface 56 25.8 30.4 96 58.8

BORKHEDI Surface 51 22 28 100 63.0

KAJLAS Surface 62 24 36 94 52.5

JAMONIVACHHIR Surface 59 24 38.2 96 65.1

BARKHEDA NATHU Surface 62 27.9 36 88 54.6

BHAURI Surface 65 11 55.8 70 48.3

VAN VIHAR Surface 64.2 13.3 51.8 80 60.9

MUNGALIYA CHHAP Surface 67.8 14 65.3 106 73.5

BARKHEDA SALAM Surface 90 12 90 165 126.0

MANUABHAN TEKRI Surface 53.7 24 30 90 63.0

NANDNI Surface 57.8 18 40 84 65.1

Mg Calcium Magnesium Total Org. Chloride Phosphate Nitrate BOD COD hardness content content Phosphorus Phosphorus 26.5 30.9 6.4 23.96 0.798 1.356 0.519 0.580 3.2 14.0 27.0 26.5 6.6 20.00 0.712 1.468 0.759 0.800 4.8 10.0 31.1 26.6 7.8 21.98 0.276 1.886 1.617 1.849 5.0 20.0 39.1 25.6 9.5 25.97 0.586 1.644 1.058 0.631 3.6 12.0 37.2 24.7 9.0 20.94 0.492 1.644 1.152 0.660 3.6 18.0 37.0 26.5 9.0 19.98 0.237 1.653 1.418 0.457 3.4 14.0 41.5 22.1 10.1 19.06 0.459 1.884 1.425 0.466 3.2 10.0 30.9 27.3 7.5 18.94 1.216 1.653 0.437 0.510 4.0 10.0 33.4 22.9 8.1 19.00 0.248 1.142 0.894 0.562 3.6 10.0 21.7 20.3 5.3 19.98 0.738 1.644 0.906 0.079 4.0 22.0 19.1 25.6 4.6 15.98 0.709 1.884 1.175 0.830 4.0 14.0 44.5 31.9 10.8 20.94 1.271 3.590 2.319 1.633 5.0 20.0 54.0 52.9 13.1 38.92 3.147 4.042 0.895 0.300 18.0 28.0 27.0 26.5 6.6 19.98 0.309 1.553 1.244 0.460 4.4 10.0 18.9 27.3 4.6 21.98 0.179 1.557 1.378 0.761 4.0 8.0

8 Mohammad Faisal Khan

1400

NANDNI 1200 MANUABHAN TEKRI BARKHEDA SALAM 1000 MUNGALIYA CHHAP VAN VIHAR BHAURI 800 BARKHEDA NATHU JAMONIVACHHIR 600 KAJLAS BORKHEDI

400 NEELBAD KODIYA MEERPUR 200 KHORI BAKANIYA 0 TA CA BCA TH CaH MgH Ca Mg Chl Ph TP OP N BOD COD

Fig 1: Graphical representation of data (PreMoonsoonData)

1400 NANDNI

1200 MANUABHAN TEKRI BARKHEDA SALAM

1000 MUNGALIYA CHHAP VAN VIHAR 800 BHAURI BARKHEDA NATHU 600 JAMONIVACHHIR KAJLAS 400 BORKHEDI NEELBAD 200 KODIYA MEERPUR 0 KHORI TA CA BCA TH CaH MgH Ca Mg Chl Ph TP OP N BOD COD BAKANIYA

Fig 2: Graphical representation of data(PostMoonsoonData) Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal...

Table 3. Pearson Correlation Matrix for pre- monsoon

TA CA BCA TH CaH MgH Ca Mg Chl Ph TP OP N BOD COD

TA 1

CA -0.0160453 1

BCA 0.9052517 -0.3739948 1

TH 0.7286406 -0.2746781 0.8695446 1

CaH 0.9046326 -0.1979509 0.9524609 0.9151487 1

MgH 0.0840914 -0.3066579 0.3575963 0.6730776 0.3382337 1

Ca 0.9128978 -0.1869764 0.9482552 0.8989136 0.9968854 0.3056136 1

Mg 0.1226735 -0.351645 0.3997218 0.6798455 0.352831 0.9851379 0.3183308 1

Chl 0.6346641 -0.3031869 0.7791093 0.9280089 0.8665239 0.5475342 0.8426753 0.5480842 1

Ph 0.6694232 -0.3115018 0.8284732 0.8916921 0.8731204 0.5374285 0.8496413 0.5261001 0.869532 1

TP 0.7019727 -0.188797 0.8398944 0.8600359 0.8237723 0.6361257 0.815534 0.6390395 0.689133 0.8371502 1

OP 0.111957 0.1495446 0.1075048 0.0263326 -0.0108274 0.2480265 0.0132935 0.2681301 -0.2595086 -0.1733655 0.3893709 1

N -0.0248554 -0.0778755 0.0189033 0.0138048 -0.1643908 0.4033734 -0.1587013 0.452069 -0.2823337 -0.1531973 0.1854384 0.634227 1

BOD -0.5817218 -0.1416563 -0.4140336 -0.1357768 -0.4289007 0.4430101 -0.4460755 0.3962853 -0.0617326 -0.138725 -0.2307159 -0.169939 0.2405436 1

COD 0.413867 -0.5156491 0.6540989 0.81378 0.6730039 0.6263326 0.6517264 0.6578089 0.8610901 0.6692504 0.5441845 -0.1786449 -0.0604702 0.1557295 1

9 10

Table 4. Pearson Correlation Matrix for post-moonsoon

TA CA BCA TH CaH MgH Ca Mg Chl Ph TP OP N BOD COD

TA 1

CA -0.0160453 1

BCA 0.9052517 -0.3739948 1

TH 0.7286406 -0.2746781 0.8695446 1

CaH 0.9046326 -0.1979509 0.9524609 0.9151487 1

MgH 0.0840914 -0.3066579 0.3575963 0.6730776 0.3382337 1

Ca 0.9128978 -0.1869764 0.9482552 0.8989136 0.9968854 0.3056136 1

Mg 0.1226735 -0.351645 0.3997218 0.6798455 0.352831 0.9851379 0.3183308 1

Chl 0.6346641 -0.3031869 0.7791093 0.9280089 0.8665239 0.5475342 0.8426753 0.5480842 1

Ph 0.6694232 -0.3115018 0.8284732 0.8916921 0.8731204 0.5374285 0.8496413 0.5261001 0.869532 1

TP 0.7019727 -0.188797 0.8398944 0.8600359 0.8237723 0.6361257 0.815534 0.6390395 0.689133 0.8371502 1

OP 0.111957 0.1495446 0.1075048 0.0263326 -0.0108274 0.2480265 0.0132935 0.2681301 -0.2595086 -0.1733655 0.3893709 1

N -0.0248554 -0.0778755 0.0189033 0.0138048 -0.1643908 0.4033734 -0.1587013 0.452069 -0.2823337 -0.1531973 0.1854384 0.634227 1 Mohammad Faisal Khan

BOD -0.5817218 -0.1416563 -0.4140336 -0.1357768 -0.4289007 0.4430101 -0.4460755 0.3962853 -0.0617326 -0.138725 -0.2307159 -0.169939 0.2405436 1

COD 0.413867 -0.5156491 0.6540989 0.81378 0.6730039 0.6263326 0.6517264 0.6578089 0.8610901 0.6692504 0.5441845 -0.1786449 -0.0604702 0.1557295 1

TA: Total Alkalinity, CA: Carbonate Alkalinity, BCA: Bi-Carbonate Alkalinity, TH: Total Hardness, CaH: Ca Hardness, MgH: Mg Hardness, Ca: Ca Content, Mg: Mg Content, Chl: Chloride, Ph: Phosphate, TP: Total Phosphoras, OP: Organic Phosphoras, N: Nitrate, BOD : Biological Oxigen Demand, COD: Chemical Oxigen Demand.

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal...

Table 5. Analysis the Data using two way Anova(Premoonsoon)

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance BAKANIYA 15 346.784 23.11893333 561.2309788 KHORI 15 347.466 23.1644 577.9538664 MEERPUR 15 356.348 23.75653333 560.4031403 KODIYA 15 330.122 22.00813333 494.2416076 NEELBAD 15 339.074 22.60493333 519.8315702 BORKHEDI 15 340.35 22.69 530.4256349 KAJLAS 15 355.361 23.69073333 623.6432309 JAMONIVACHHIR 15 393.604 26.24026667 794.6524759 BARKHEDA NATHU 15 413.6 27.57333333 883.6230341 BHAURI 15 328.219 21.88126667 527.5049921 VAN VIHAR 15 364.077 24.2718 685.0010946 MUNGALIYA CHHAP 15 472.891 31.52606667 1116.675536 BARKHEDA SALAM 15 658.954 43.93026667 2057.697295 MANUABHAN TEKRI 15 357.192 23.8128 601.8988993 NANDNI 15 362.502 24.1668 616.6190725

TA 15 890.6 59.37333333 181.2906667 CA 15 251.6 16.77333333 28.65495238 BCA 15 679.6 45.30666667 413.3035238

TH 15 1254.4 83.62666667 206.9049524 11 12

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance CaH 15 908 60.53333333 248.2038095 MgH 15 380.4 25.36 65.76114286 Ca 15 382.7 25.51333333 41.40409524 Mg 15 92.2 6.146666667 3.749809524 Chl 15 244.93 16.32866667 28.25502667 Ph 15 11.262 0.7508 0.482234029 TP 15 28.43 1.895333333 0.616310667 OP 15 17.328 1.1552 0.214214314 N 15 10.794 0.7196 0.215609971 BOD 15 71.5 4.766666667 0.746666667

COD 15 542.8 36.18666667 122.5255238

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Mohammad Faisal Khan Rows 6685.815249 14 477.5582321 7.731319172 6.66E-13 1.742528 Columns 144012.8497 14 10286.63212 166.5330651 1.4E-100 1.742528 Error 12106.78429 196 61.7693076

Total 162805.4492 224

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal...

Table 6. Analysis the Data using two way Anova(Postmoonsoon)

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

BAKANIYA 15 346.784 23.11893333 561.2309788

KHORI 15 347.466 23.1644 577.9538664

MEERPUR 15 356.348 23.75653333 560.4031403

KODIYA 15 330.122 22.00813333 494.2416076

NEELBAD 15 339.074 22.60493333 519.8315702

BORKHEDI 15 340.35 22.69 530.4256349

KAJLAS 15 355.361 23.69073333 623.6432309

JAMONIVACHHIR 15 393.604 26.24026667 794.6524759

BARKHEDA NATHU 15 413.6 27.57333333 883.6230341

BHAURI 15 328.219 21.88126667 527.5049921

VAN VIHAR 15 364.077 24.2718 685.0010946

MUNGALIYA CHHAP 15 472.891 31.52606667 1116.675536

BARKHEDA SALAM 15 658.954 43.93026667 2057.697295

MANUABHAN TEKRI 15 357.192 23.8128 601.8988993

NANDNI 15 362.502 24.1668 616.6190725

TA 15 890.6 59.37333333 181.2906667

CA 15 251.6 16.77333333 28.65495238

BCA 15 679.6 45.30666667 413.3035238 13 14

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

TH 15 1254.4 83.62666667 206.9049524

CaH 15 908 60.53333333 248.2038095

MgH 15 380.4 25.36 65.76114286

Ca 15 382.7 25.51333333 41.40409524

Mg 15 92.2 6.146666667 3.749809524

Chl 15 244.93 16.32866667 28.25502667

Ph 15 11.262 0.7508 0.482234029

TP 15 28.43 1.895333333 0.616310667

OP 15 17.328 1.1552 0.214214314

N 15 10.794 0.7196 0.215609971

BOD 15 71.5 4.766666667 0.746666667

COD 15 542.8 36.18666667 122.5255238

ANOVA

Mohammad Faisal Khan Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Rows 6685.8152 14 477.5582321 7.731319172 6.66E-13 1.742528

Columns 144012.85 14 10286.63212 166.5330651 1.4E-100 1.742528

Error 12106.784 196 61.7693076

Total 162805.45 224

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 15

CONCLUSIONS In general water quality of upper lake region is not harmful to human beings. Most of parameters showed analogous trend in seasonal variation. The values are comparatively high in post monsoon. It indicates that the extent of pollution occurred due to mining, industrial discharge, domestic discharge and other anthropogenic. There is postive co-relationship between the physico-chemical attributes. The physico-chemical attributes are independent to each other and these vary according to locations.

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is very thankful to Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, KSA, and Zip Code: 11673 for valuable suggestion where at present the author is working.

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