The History of Germany II
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Rebuilding the Soul: Churches and Religion in Bavaria, 1945-1960
REBUILDING THE SOUL: CHURCHES AND RELIGION IN BAVARIA, 1945-1960 _________________________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _________________________________________________ by JOEL DAVIS Dr. Jonathan Sperber, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2007 © Copyright by Joel Davis 2007 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled REBUILDING THE SOUL: CHURCHES AND RELIGION IN BAVARIA, 1945-1960 presented by Joel Davis, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________ Prof. Jonathan Sperber __________________________________ Prof. John Frymire __________________________________ Prof. Richard Bienvenu __________________________________ Prof. John Wigger __________________________________ Prof. Roger Cook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe thanks to a number of individuals and institutions whose help, guidance, support, and friendship made the research and writing of this dissertation possible. Two grants from the German Academic Exchange Service allowed me to spend considerable time in Germany. The first enabled me to attend a summer seminar at the Universität Regensburg. This experience greatly improved my German language skills and kindled my deep love of Bavaria. The second allowed me to spend a year in various archives throughout Bavaria collecting the raw material that serves as the basis for this dissertation. For this support, I am eternally grateful. The generosity of the German Academic Exchange Service is matched only by that of the German Historical Institute. The GHI funded two short-term trips to Germany that proved critically important. -
Europe's Rebirth After the Second World War
Journal of the British Academy, 3, 167–183. DOI 10.5871/jba/003.167 Posted 5 October 2015. © The British Academy 2015 Out of the ashes: Europe’s rebirth after the Second World War, 1945–1949 Raleigh Lecture on History read 2 July 2015 IAN KERSHAW Fellow of the Academy Abstract: This lecture seeks to explain why the Second World War, the most destruc- tive conflict in history, produced such a contrasting outcome to the First. It suggests that the Second World War’s maelstrom of destruction replaced a catastrophic matrix left by the First — of heightened ethnic, border and class conflict underpinned by a deep and prolonged crisis of capitalism — by a completely different matrix: the end of Germany’s great-power ambitions, the purging of the radical Right and widescale ethnic cleansing, the crystallisation of Europe’s division, unprecedented rates of economic growth and the threat of nuclear war. Together, these self-reinforcing components, all rooted in what soon emerged as the Cold War, conditioned what in 1945 had seemed highly improbable: Europe’s rise out of the ashes of the ruined continent to lasting stability, peace and prosperity. Keywords: Cold War, Germany, ethnic cleansing, economic growth, matrix, Europe’s division, radical Right, nuclear war. It is a great honour to deliver this Raleigh Lecture. When invited to do so, I was asked, in the context of the 70th anniversary of the end of the most terrible war in history, to speak on some topic related to the end of the Second World War. As the war recedes into history the recognition has grown that it was the epicentre and determin- ing episode in the 20th century in Europe. -
Everyday Antisemitism in Pre-War Nazi Germany: the Popular Bases by Michael H
Everyday Antisemitism in Pre-War Nazi Germany: The Popular Bases By Michael H. Kater The thesis that manifestations of "Antisemitism" in the Third Reich were largely a result of manipulations by Nazi politicians rather than the reflection of true sentiments among the German people appears firmly established nowadays. This thesis treats the course of German history as being devoid of a specific antisemitic tradition and regards what authentic symptoms of Antisemitism there were, before and during Hitler's rise to power, as merely incidental.1 One might well agree with Hajo Holborn's suggestion that Hitler, the supreme propagandist of his Nazi Party (NSDAP) and of the Third Reich, conjured up Antisemitism by arousing hatred within the Germans, in order to further the regime's ultimate goals. But then one cannot, like Eva Reichmann, altogether discount pre-existing notions of Judeo-phobia among the German people and, by implication, absolve them of their complicity in the Holocaust.2 Since the appearance of Reichmann's and Holborn's writings, 1 The first view has been succinctly stated by Thomas Nipperdey, “1933 und Kontinuitaet der deutschen Geschichte,” Historische Zeitschrift 227, 1978: 98. An example of the second view is in William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1930–1935 , Chicago, 1965, p. 77, who writes that the inhabitants of the small North German town of Northeim (“Thalburg”) were drawn to anti-Semitism because they were drawn to Nazism, not the other way around ' . 2 Hajo Holborn, “Origins and Political Character of Nazi Ideology,” Political Science Quarterly 79, 1964: 546; Eva G. -
Central European History and the Holy Roman Empire
Central European History and the Holy Roman Empire Joachim Whaley Central European History began to appear at a crucial juncture in the historiography of the Holy Roman Empire. Of course its remit was much broader. Founded sixteen years before the British journal German History, Central European History, together with the Austrian History Yearbook (founded 1965) and the East European Quarterly (founded 1967), took over the role occupied between 1941 and 1964 by the Journal of Central European Affairs. Each of these US journals shared an openness to new approaches and to work on all periods since the Middle Ages as well as a desire to keep ‘readers abreast of new literature in the field….’ with ‘reflective, critical reviews or review articles dealing with works of central importance… [and] bibliographical articles dealing with limited periods or themes…’1 This was an ambitious programme but, remarkably, the journal was as good as its word in relation to medieval and early modern studies.2 The second issue in Volume 1 (1968) published William J. McGill on Kaunitz’s Italian policy; Volume 2 brought Theodor Brodek on ‘Lay Community and Church Institutions of the Lahngau in the Late Middle Ages’ and Mack Walker on ‘Napoleonic Germany and the Hometown Communities’. Successive volumes included important essays by Leon Stein, Otakar Odložilík, Carl C. Christensen, Marlene Jahss LeGates, James Allen Vann, Bodo Nischan, Stephen W. Rowan, Thomas J. Glas-Hochstettler, R.J.W. Evans and others. The first major review articles on pre-modern subjects appeared in 1978 with Erik Midelfort’s fine survey ’The Revolution of 1525? Recent Studies of the Peasants’ War’ and Gerald Strauss’s essay ‘The Holy Roman Empire Revisited’. -
Germany and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion: Confession, Identity, and Transnational Relations
Germany and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion: Confession, Identity, and Transnational Relations Jonas A. M. van Tol Doctor of Philosophy University of York History February 2016 Abstract From its inception, the French Wars of Religion was a European phenomenon. The internationality of the conflict is most clearly illustrated by the Protestant princes who engaged militarily in France between 1567 and 1569. Due to the historiographical convention of approaching the French Wars of Religion as a national event, studied almost entirely separate from the history of the German Reformation, its transnational dimension has largely been ignored or misinterpreted. Using ten German Protestant princes as a case study, this thesis investigates the variety of factors that shaped German understandings of the French Wars of Religion and by extension German involvement in France. The princes’ rich and international network of correspondence together with the many German-language pamphlets about the Wars in France provide an insight into the ways in which the conflict was explained, debated, and interpreted. Applying a transnational interpretive framework, this thesis unravels the complex interplay between the personal, local, national, and international influences that together formed an individual’s understanding of the Wars of Religion. These interpretations were rooted in the longstanding personal and cultural connections between France and the Rhineland and strongly influenced by French diplomacy and propaganda. Moreover, they were conditioned by one’s precise position in a number of key religious debates, most notably the question of Lutheran-Reformed relations. These understandings changed as a result of a number pivotal European events that took place in 1566 and 1567 and the conspiracy theories they inspired. -
History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity
History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library First Published: 1882 Print Basis: Second edition, revised Source: Electronic Bible Society Date Created: 2002-11-27 Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber) Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Philip Schaff Christianity. The German Reformation. Table of Contents About This Book. p. ii History of the Christian Church. p. 1 Preface. p. 2 Orientation. p. 3 The Turning Point of Modern History. p. 3 Protestantism and Romanism. p. 4 Necessity of a Reformation. p. 7 The Preparations for the Reformation. p. 9 The Genius and Aim of the Reformation. p. 10 The Authority of the Scriptures. p. 12 Justification by Faith. p. 14 The Priesthood of the Laity. p. 16 The Reformation and Rationalism. p. 17 Protestantism and Denominationalism.. p. 26 Protestantism and Religious Liberty. p. 31 Religious Intolerance and Liberty in England and America. p. 42 Chronological Limits. p. 50 General Literature on the Reformation. p. 51 LUTHER©S TRAINING FOR THE REFORMATION, A.D. L483-1517. p. 55 Literature of the German Reformation. p. 55 Germany and the Reformation. p. 57 The Luther Literature. p. -
Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects Summer 2016 Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939 Christian Wilbers College of William and Mary - Arts & Sciences, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wilbers, Christian, "Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1499449834. http://doi.org/10.21220/S2JD4P This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939 Christian Arne Wilbers Leer, Germany M.A. University of Münster, Germany, 2006 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy American Studies Program The College of William and Mary August 2016 © Copyright by Christian A. Wilbers 2016 ABSTRACT Historians consider the years between World War I and World War II to be a period of decline for German America. This dissertation complicates that argument by applying a transnational framework to the history of German immigration to the United States, particularly the period between 1919 and 1939. The author argues that contrary to previous accounts of that period, German migrants continued to be invested in the homeland through a variety of public and private relationships that changed the ways in which they thought about themselves as Germans and Americans. -
Migrations in the German Lands: an Introduction ALEXANDER SCHUNKA
12 Migrations in the German Lands: An Introduction ALEXANDER SCHUNKA Overview he history of human cultures is a history of migrations and movements.1 TThe contours of human mobility are remarkably sensitive to a broader historical context, and migrations have to a large extent produced and affected historical realities. Based on the insight that cultures are always shaped by mobility and exchange, scholars have developed a growing interest in under- standing the cross-cultural connections and conflicts that emerge in response to migration. Dealing with the history of immigration into Germany during the last five hundred years, the present volume breaks new ground. For a long time, immigration into Germany was not considered as historically relevant as the emigrations of Germans to the New World, to Russia, and elsewhere. The question of whether Germany was predominantly a land of emigration or one of immigration has become a political issue during the last thirty years, leaving its imprint on historical research. Migration illustrates a particular tension between the realities of human movement in German history and the capacity of the country’s social, cultural, and political institutions to absorb its effects. Indeed, the politics of migration in Germany have helped to produce any number of frank assertions about the desirability—and in fact the very nature of—a heterogeneous Germany. The stakes were perhaps never more clear than in the political statements originating in the 1982 federal coalition agreement between the West German ruling Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) and the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP): the “Federal Republic of Germany is not a country of immigration. -
The Edelweiss Pirates: an Exploratory Study Ryan Reilly
Florida State University Libraries 2016 The Edelweiss Pirates: An Exploratory Study Ryan Reilly Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE THE EDELWEISS PIRATES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY By RYAN REILLY A thesis submitted to the College of Criminology & Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with Honors in the Major Degree Awarded: Spring, 2016 Abstract The Edelweiss Pirates were teenagers who came together in and around Cologne during the Third Reich to escape the discipline and control of the Hitler Youth. Among other activities, members would gather in the evenings and take trips on the weekends; some members also assaulted Hitler Youth patrols and distributed Allied propaganda. For years, scholars and other authorities have debated whether the Edelweiss Pirates should be categorized as anti-Nazi resisters or juvenile delinquents. However, there are perhaps no objectively correct answers, which stems in part from ambiguity in assessing the motives, ideologies, and behaviors exhibited by members of the group. Moreover, historical understanding of the group is limited. This thesis thus seeks to increase and contribute to that understanding. This is accomplished through comprehensive searches of ten German archives, and analyses of the relevant archived materials: police records, government reports, newspaper articles, scholarly literature, and other obscure sources. -
Reformation Memory and German Exceptionalism in Weimar Thought
Copyright @ 2017 Australia and New Zealand Journal of European Studies https://cesaa.org.au/anzjes/ Vol9 (3) ISSN 1837-2147 (Print) ISSN 1836-1803 (On-line) Cat Moir University of Sydney [email protected] The Politics of Prophecy: Reformation Memory and German Exceptionalism in Weimar Thought Abstract In the German-speaking world, the memory of the Reformation has often been closely connected to the theory of German historical exceptionalism, the idea that Germany’s historical development took a ‘special path’ (Sonderweg) to modernity. Yet considering how much attention has been paid to the question of a German Sonderweg and the significance of Weimar as a turning point in the story, scholars have paid little attention to the ideology of exceptionalism in the Weimar Republic itself. This article contributes to the historiography of the Sonderweg debate by examining the complex ways in which the poet Hugo Ball (1886-1927) and the philosopher Ernst Bloch (1885-1977) traced a narrative of German exceptionalism back to the Reformation era. It argues that these writers appealed to the intellectual and political legacies of the Reformation in an attempt to explain the formative events of their own time: the First World War, and the Russian and German Revolutions. The divergent ideological conclusions they drew reveals much about the conflicted atmosphere of Weimar thought, in which German intellectuals struggled to bridge the gap between crisis and tradition. Key words: Sonderweg, Weimar thought, Reformation memory, Ernst Bloch, Hugo Ball, Thomas Münzer In the German-speaking world and beyond, the memory of the Reformation has often been closely connected to the theory of Germany’s historical exceptionalism. -
Austria and Prussia
Austria and Prussia German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. Enderink 3174298 Comparative History First supervisor: Dr. Mr. F.W. Lantink Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. M.R. Prak June 2010 Austria and Prussia; German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. Enderink 2 Austria and Prussia; German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. Enderink Contents Introduction 5 Thesis 5 Motivation 6 Historiography 7 The comparative method 8 Sources 9 Chapter I - State & Politics 11 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Prussia and Austria in Germany (1815-1850) 11 1.2.1 The era of Metternich 11 1.2.2 After the revolutions 13 1.3 Implications of the 1848 revolutions 14 1.4 Customs Unions and the Zollverein 16 1.5 Prussia and Austria in Germany (1850-1871) 20 1.6 Conclusion 24 Chapter II - State & Society 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 The German Question 26 2.3 Nationalism among the non-German population 28 2.4 Social classes 31 2.5 Citizens in government 36 2.5.1 Education 36 3 Austria and Prussia; German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. Enderink 2.5.2 Parliaments and constitutions 37 2.5.3 The modern military 39 2.6 Conclusion 40 Chapter III - State & Economy 42 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 The role of the state 42 3.3 Taxation in agriculture and industry 45 3.4 Industrialization 46 3.5 State finance 49 3.6 Banking 52 3.7 Conclusion 54 Conclusion 56 Biobliography 63 4 Austria and Prussia; German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. -
A Short History of Germany
CTV » |-aill|||lK-4JJ • -^ V •^ VmOO^* «>^ "^ * ©IIS * •< f I * '^ *o • ft *0 * •J' c*- ^oV^ . "^^^O^ 4 o » 3, 9 9^ t^^^ 5^. ^ L^' HISTORY OF GERMANY. A SHORT HISTORY OF GERMANY BY Mrs. H. C. HAWTREY WITH ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS BY AMANDA M. FLATTERY 3 4i,> PUBLISHED FOR THE BAY VIEW READING CLUB Central Office, 165 Boston Boulevard DETROIT, MICH. 1903 iTI --0 H^ THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Two Copies Received JUL to 1903 •J Copyrigiil Entry Buss OL XXc N» COPY B. Copyright, 1903, by LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. r t" t KOBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK. PREFACE. It would be absurd to suppose that a History of Germany could be written within the compass of 300 pages. The merest outline is all that could be given in this little book, and very much of vast interest and im- portance has necessarily been omitted. But some knowledge of the political events of former days is necessary for all persons—more especially trav- ellers—who desire to understand and appreciate the customs, buildings, paintings, etc., of any country, and it is hoped that short continental histories may be useful to many who have not time or opportunity for closer study. My aim in the present volume has been simply to give one marked characteristic of each King or Emperor's reign, so as to fix it in the memory; and to show how Prussia came to hold its present position of importance amongst the continental powers of Europe. Emily Hawtrey. iiL BOOK I. HISTORY OF GERMANY. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. The mighty Teutonic or German race in Europe did not begin to play its part in history until the decline of the Roman Empire ; but we must all of us feel the warm- est interest in it when it does begin, for it represents not only the central history of Europe in the Middle Ages, but also the rise of our own forefathers in their home and birthplace of Germany.