A 4 OXFORD READERS Nazism

Edited by Neil Gregor

OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents

Preface v General Introduction i

A. Contemporary Characterizations of National Socialism Introduction 21 1 HERMANN RAUSCHNING, Germany's Revolution of Destruction 24 2 EWALD VON KLEIST-SCHMENZIN, National Socialism: A Menace 27 3 THOMAS MANN, German Address: A Call to Reason 30 4 THEODOR HEUSS, The Party 33 5 FRITZ GERLICH, The Impossibility of Constructive Achievement 36 6 INGBERT NAAB, The Third Reich is Here! 38 7 ALFONS WILD. Hitler and Christianity 40 8 ERICH FROMM, The Psychology of Nazism 42 9 CARL MIERENDORFF, Overcoming National Socialism 45 10 KARL KAUTSKY, Some Causes and Consequences of National Socialism 48 11 HAROLD LASKI, The Meaning of Fascism 52 12 ERNST TOLLER, On the German Situation 56

B. The Emergence of National Socialism Introduction 59 i A Special Path? 63 13 HANS-ULRICH WEHLER, The German Empire 1871-1918 63 14 JURGEN KOCKA, The Causes of National Socialism 66 15 GEOFF ELEY, What Produces Fascism: Pre-industrial Traditions or a Crisis of Capitalism? 71 16 DIETER GROH, The Special Path of German History: Myth or Reality? 77 ii The National Socialist Movement 81 17 MARTIN BROSZAT, The Social Motivation and Fiihrer Bond in National Socialism 81 18 JEREMY NOAKES, The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony 84 19 ALBRECHT TYRELL, The NSDAP as Party and Movement 88 20 ROGER GRIFFIN, The Rise of German Fascism 90 21 JURGEN FALTER, The NSDAP: A 'People's Protest Party' 92 Vlll CONTENTS iii The Failure of Weimar and the Crisis of 1933 95 22 KARL-DIETRICH BRACHER, Stages of the Seizure of Power 95 23 HANS MOMMSEN, The National Socialist Seizure of Power and German Society 97 24 RICHARD BESSEL, Why Did the Weimar Republic Collapse? 100 25 DETLEV PEUKERT, The Crisis of Classical Modernity 102 26 IAN KERSHAW, 30 January 1933 106 iv National Socialism, Civil Society, and the Seizure of Power 1929-1933 109 27 WILLIAM SHERIDAN ALLEN, The Nazi Seizure of Power 109 28 ZDENEK ZOFKA, The Growth of National Socialism in the Countryside 112 29 RUDY KOSHAR, Toward the Mass Party 115 30 ODED HEILBRONNER, The Abandoned Regulars' Table 118 31 WOLFRAM PYTA, Protestant Rural Milieu and National Socialism prior to 1933 121

C. The National Socialist Regime Introduction 125 i The National Socialist Regime as a Monolith: Theories of Totalitarianism 129

32 CARLTON j. H. HAYES, The Novelty of Totalitarianism 129 33 HANNAH ARENDT, Ideology and Terror 132 34 KARL-DIETRICH BRACHER, Totalitarianism as Concept and Reality 134 ii Marxist Theories of National Socialism 138 35 WALTER ULBRICHT, The Nature of Hitler Fascism 138 36 E. PATERNA, W. FISCHER, K. GOSSWEILER, G. MARKUS, AND K. PATZOLD, The Beginning of a New Stage of State Monopoly Development 140 37 ERNST GOTTscHLiNG, The Fascist State: The German Example 142 iii The Regime as a Polycratic State 146 a. Wartime Emigre Writers 146 38 ERNST FRAENKEL, The Dual State 146 39 FRANZ NEUMANN, Behemoth 149 b. The Regime and the Conservative Establishment 152 40 TIM MASON, The Primacy of Politics 152 41 PETER HAYES, The Nazi Empire 1938-1944 157 42 HANS MOMMSEN, The Civil Service in the Third Reich 159 43 JANE CAPLAN, State Formation and Political Representation in Nazi Germany 163 CONTENTS IX

44 DIETER REBENTISCH AND KARL TEPPE, Administration versus Human Leadership 165 45 KLAUS-JURGEN MULLER, The Army and the Third Reich 168 46 WILHELM DEIST, The Gleichschaltung of the Armed Forces 171 47 MANFRED MESSERSCHMIDT, The Wehrmacht in the National Socialist State 174 48 LOTHAR GRUCHMANN, Justice in the Third Reich 177 49 RALPH ANGERMUND, Jews on Trial 180 c. Charismatic Authority and the Erosion of Rational-Bureaucratic Government 183 50 ROBERT KOEHL, Feudal Aspects of National Socialism 183 51 MARTIN BROSZAT, The Hitler State 186 52 PETER DiEHL-THiELE, Party and State in the Third Reich 189 53 HANS MOMMSEN, Cumulative Radicalization and Self-Destruction of the Nazi Regime 191 54 PETER HUTTENBERGER, National Socialist Polycracy 194 55 TIM MASON, Intention and Explanation 198 56 MICHAEL GEYER, The State in National Socialist Germany 202 57 IAN KERSHAW, Working towards the Fiihrer 206

D. The 'Seductive Surface' of National Socialism Introduction 211

58 ERNST BLOCH, Inventory of Revolutionary Appearance 214 59 KLAUS VONDUNG, Magic and Manipulation 216 60 ANSON G. RABINBACH, The Aesthetics of Production in the Third Reich 219 61 HANS DIETER SCHAFER, Split Consciousness 223 62 PETER REICHEL, The 'Seductive Surface' of the Third Reich 226 63 ALF LUDTKE, The Honour of Labour: Industrial Workers and the Power of Symbols under National Socialism 230 64 JOST DULFFER, The Matrix of Totalitarian Imagery: Public Space, the National Socialist Year, and the Generational Cycle 232

E. National Socialism and German Society Introduction 238 i Resistenz? 241

65 MARTIN BROSZAT, Resistenz and Resistance 241 66 KLAUS TENFELDE, The Social Bases of Resistenz and Resistance 244 67 IAN KERSHAW, Resistance without the People? 246 68 KLAUS-MICHAEL MALLMANN AND GERHARD PAUL, ReSiStenZ OV Loyal Reluctance? 248 X CONTENTS ii Participation 253

69 ROBERT GELLATELY, The Gestapo and Social Cooperation: The Example of Political Denunciation 253 70 CLAUDIA KOONZ, Mothers in the Fatherland 255 71 PAUL WEINDLING, Racial Hygiene and Professional Leadership 258 72 MICHAEL H. KATER, The Problem of Motivation Reconsidered 262 73 MICHAEL BURLEIGH, Death and Deliverance 266 74 CHRISTOPHER BROWNING, Reflections on a Massacre 268 75 OMER BARTOV, The Missing Years: German Workers, German Soldiers 272 76 MICHAEL ZIMMERMANN, The Conditions for Genocide 276

F. The Impact of National Socialism Introduction 279

77 DAVID SCHOENBAUM, The Third Reich and Society 282 78 RALF DAHRENDORF, National Socialist Germany and the Social Revolution 284 79 DETLEV PEUKERT, Brown Revolution? 287 80 JENS ALBER, National Socialism and Modernization 291 81 DETLEV PEUKERT, Persecution and Coordination 294 82 FALK PINGEL, The Concentration Camps as Part of the National Socialist System of Domination 297 83 GISELA BOCK, Racial Policy and Women's Policy 302 84 HANS-GEORG STUMKE, The Persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany 305 85 DETLEV GARBE, Between Resistance and Martyrdom 307 86 ULRICH HERBERT, Hitler's Foreign Workers 310 87 CHRISTIAN STREIT, Soviet Prisoners of War—Mass Deportation— Forced Workers 314 88 LENI YAHIL, Killing Operations 317 89 RAUL HILBERG, Children 321 90 FRANCISZEK PIPER, The Number of Victims 323 91 YITZHAK ARAD, Operation Reinhard 326 92 FRANK GOLCZEWSKI, Poland 329 93 MICHAEL BURLEIGH AND WOLFGANG WIPPERMANN, The Persecution of Sinti and Roma 331 CONTENTS XI

G. The Legacy of National Socialism Introduction 334 i Confronting the Past 338 94 PETER STEINBACH, On the Engagement with National Socialist Violent Crimes in the Federal Republic of Germany 338 95 WOLFGANG BENZ, Post-war Society and National Socialism: Memory, Amnesia, Defensiveness 341 96 NORBERT FREI, The Politics of the Past 344 ii Denazification and War Crimes Trials 347 97 LUTZ NIETHAMMER, The Fellow-Travellers' Factory 347 98 CLEMENS VOLLNHALS, Denazification 350 99 HERMANN LANGBEIN, In the Name of the German People 352 100 ADALBERT RUCKERL, National Socialist Extermination Camps as Reflected in German Trials 357 iii Bitburg, Historicization, and the Historikerstreit 360 101 CHARLES s. MAIER, Bitburg History 360 102 RAUL HILBERG, Bitburg as Symbol 363 103 GEOFF ELEY, Nazism, Politics, and the Image of the Past 366 104 PETER BALDWIN, The Historikerstreit in Context 370

iv Holocaust Memory in the 1990s 374 105 JAMES E. YOUNG, Germany: The Ambiguity of Memory 374 106 LUTZ NIETHAMMER, Jews and Russians in the Memory of the Germans 377 107 ISABEL WOLLASTON, A War against Memory? 381

Notes 385 Further Reading 438 Acknowledgements 444 Index 451