Epigäische Spinnen Und Weberknechte Im Naturpark Sextner Dolomiten Und Am Sellajoch (Südtirol, Italien) (Araneae, Opiliones)

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Epigäische Spinnen Und Weberknechte Im Naturpark Sextner Dolomiten Und Am Sellajoch (Südtirol, Italien) (Araneae, Opiliones) © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Ber. nat.-med. Verein Innsbruck Band 86 S. 165-200 Innsbruck, Okt. 1999 Epigäische Spinnen und Weberknechte im Naturpark Sextner Dolomiten und am Sellajoch (Südtirol, Italien) (Araneae, Opiliones) Vilo ZINGERLE *) Epigeic Spider and Harvestman Communities of the Northern Dolomites (Sesto/Sexten Nature Park and Sella Pass, South Tyrol, Italy) (Araneae, Opiliones) Synopsis: Arachnid communities of the subalpine, alpine and nival belts were investigated in north-eastern Italy. Sesto/Sexten Nature Park and Sella Pass (Dolomites). Altogether nine sites were sampled using 36 pitfall-traps during a whole year, from spring 1997 to spring 1998. Additionally alpine and nival habitats were sampled during summer 1996. 1997 and 1998 by hand collecting. The total material captured by pitfalls comprises 2512 adult and 440 inadult spiders. 110 species in 12 families. Dominant families are Linyphiidae (54 % of total adult specimens). Lycosidae (35 %), Thomisidae (4 %) and Gnaphosidae (2,5 %). Additionally 91 adult and 269 inadult harvestmen were colltected. 9 species in 4 families (58% Phalangiidae. 28 % Nemastomatidae. 8 % Trogulidae and 6 % Ischyropsalididae). At several summits additional 6 spider spe- cies and ! harvestman were captured by hand. Species number, diversity value ^log) according to SHANNON-WEAVER and evenness were calculated for each site. The effects of environmental factors and the relationship between species were in- vestigated by correspondence analysis. The spider and harvestman communites were also compared with previous studies in the Northern Dolomites and m the Central Alps. The alpine grasslands of the northern Dolomites are dominated by spider spe- cies belonging to the family Lycosidae. e.g. Aloper.osa taeniata (C. L. KOCH). Pardosa bianda (C. L. KOCH), P. mixta (KULCZYNSKI) and P. riparici (C. L. KOCH). Forests near to the timberlme are dommated by Imyphiid spiders which reach 78% of the spiders collected there. In these habitats specie^ number and diversity value are generally higher than in other habitats indicating a "mixed" fauna with alpine and subalpine elements. Screes are generally characterized by lower numbers of indi- viduals and species. Typical inhabitants are: Lepihyphantes variabilis Kui CZYNSKI, Pardosa nigra (C. L. KOCH). Tiso aestivus (L. KOCH) and Rugailwdes bellicasus (SIMON). Zoogeographically interesting species were discussed, i.e. Eperigone triloba- ta (EMERTON). Miniali candida DENIS, Walckeiiaeria languida (SIMON). Porrlmmma cf. cambridgei MERRETT. Ozyp/ila ladi na THALER & ZINGERLE. Xysticits obscurus COLLETT and Heliophanus iineiventris SIMON. Altogether 23 species are endemic to the Alps and 13 endemic to the Alpine system: 10 species show boreal-alpine and arctic-alpine distribution pattern. 25 spi- der species are not yet included in the Italian checklist. According to the red list of South-Tyrol 35 species of spiders can be considered as endangered in the area (30 % of the species captured). Endemic species seem to be restricted to the highest sum- mits ("Nunatakks"). demonstrating isolation and speciation effects during last glaciation, but also suggesting a high impact on the local fauna. The Linyphiidae Lepthyphantes merretli MILLIDGE. L bruniteli THALER and the harvestman Megabmuis arma- tus (Kui CYNSKI) are endemic to the Dolomites. Typical endemic glassland species from the southern border of the Alps seem to be absent in the northern Dolomites. Re-immigrants "over short distance" from the southern border of the Alps are Lepthyphantes cf.fragilis (THORELL) and Troglohyphantes tirolensis SCHENKEL. *) Anschrift des Verfassers: Mag. V. Zingerle. Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie der Universität Innsbruck. Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Österreich. 165 © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 1. Einleitung: Das Wissen über die Spinnen und Weberknechte der Dolomiten ist noch immer unzureichend, obwohl das Gebiet aus faunistischen und liergeographischen Gesichtspunkten von grossem Interesse ist. Bisher liegen hauptsachlich Arbeiten vor. die ;iuf Handaufsammlungen basieren: KOCH (1876). KULCZYNSKI (1887). MAR- CUZZI (1956). JANETSCHEK ( 1957). DENIS (1963) und VANIN ( 1996). Rezent wurden in den nördlichen Dolomiten auch einige Untersuchungen mil Hilfe von Bodenfallen und Sauggerateii durchgeführt und veröffentlicht (Natur- park Puez-Geisler: ZINGERLE 1997: Kastelruth: GRUPPALI et al. 1995). Weitere Studien wurden in den zentralen und südlichen Dolomiten durchgeführt (MARCELLINO 1988. ZINGERLE 1998). Dennoch schätzt HELI.RIGL (1996a). daß in Südtirol nicht einmal die Hälfte der hier lebenden Spinnenarten bisher nachgewiesen wurde. Listen über die bisher bekannten Spinnen und Weberknechte der nördlichen Dolomiten können aus den Arbeiten von NOFLATSCHFR (1996) und HELLRIGL (1996b) entnommen werden; von Norditalien aus den Checklists von PESARINI ( 1994) und CHEMINI ( 1994). Nur wenig ist bisher über den Einfluss der Eiszeiten auf die Spinnen- und Weberknechtfauna bekannt. Kürzlich wurden'mehrere Gebiete, vom Alpenrand bis zu den nördlichen Dolomiten, unter diesem Blickwinkel untersucht und verglichen (ZINGERLE 1999). THALER (1988) hat in diesem Zusammenhang bereits über die niva- le Reliktfauna der Region berichtet. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse erlauben eine bessere Einschätzung der Auswirkung glazialer Ereignisse auf die Fauna der nördlichen Dolomiten und ermöglichen zudem Vergleiche zu den besser untersuchten Nachbarregionen der Zentralalpen: Brennerberge (SCHMÖLZER 1962). Südabfall der Zillcrtaler Alpen (CHRISTANDL-PESKOLLER & JANETSCHEK 1976). Ötzaler Alpen (PUNTSCHIÌR 1980). Schweizer Nationalpark (DETHIER 1983) und Großglockner (THALER 1989). 2. Methodik: 2.1. Sammelmethoden und Auswertung: Die Zonosen wurden mittels Barberfallen (Durchmesser 7 cm. Tiefe 9 cm. Fangflüssigkeit: JVnge FormulinlöMing) erfaßt. Insgesamt wurden .m den 9 untersuchten Stundorten 36 Fallen (4 pro Standort) eingesetzt. Die Fallen wurden im Se Ilajochgebiet am 25.5.1997 und im Naturpark Sextner Dolomiten am 21.5.1997 aufgestellt. Sie wurden während der Vegetationsperiode etwa im vierwöchigem Abstand entleert: Sexten: 22.6.. 24.7., 22.8.. 21.9.. 21.10.: Sellajoeh: 25.6.. 25.7.. 21.8.. 20.9.. 22.10. Währenddem Winterhalbjahres blieben die Fallen im Einsatz und wurden im Fruhjahr/Sommerbeginn 1998 abgebaut (Sexten am 2.6.: Sellajoeh: Standorte S-B und S-C am 19.5.. Standorte S-A und S-D aufgrund der hohen Schneelage erst am 7.7.). Barbertalien erfassen die epigaische Fauna und geben Aufschluß über die Aktivitatsdichte. Bei längerfristigem Einsatz geben sie eine gute Übersieht über das Arteninventar der untersuchten Lebensraume. Folgende Parameter wurden berechnet: Gesamtsumme jeder Art. Gesamtlangzahlen an den verschiedenen Standorten (N). durchschnittliche Fangzahlen (x), Alienzahl (S). Diversitatsindices Hs (In) und H, (2log). Evenness (F.) und Varianz, (Var) (MUHI.KNBKRG 1993). Mit Hilfe mul- tivaruter Statistik (Korrespondenzanalyse. CA) wurde versucht, sowohl die Beziehung der Standorte und der Arten zueinan- der /u ermitteln, als auch den Einfluss von externen Faktoren auf die Zonosen m erkennen. Die schiefe Verteilung der Ausgangsdaten, die sieh durch die unterschiedlichen AbundanzVerhältnisse zwischen den Arten ergibt, wurde durch eine Wurzeltransformation ausgeglichen: für die Darstellung entlang der ersten 2 Ordinationsachsen wurde nach der von HILL emp- fohlenen Methode vorgegangen (HiLL-Scaling). Einzelfange wurden /war in die Analyse mit einbe/ogen. blieben allerdings in der graphischen Darstellung unberücksichtigt. Für nähere Hinweise zur inultivanaten Analyse sei auf die Arbeiten von BRAAK (1987. 1988). BRAAK & SMILAUER (1998) und PIELOU (1984) hingewiesen. Zusätzlich zu den Fallenlangen wurden während den Vegetationsperioden 19%. 1997 und 1998 in der alpinen und niva- len Zone im Naturpark SeMner Dolomiten, am Sellastock und auf dem Langkofel Handtange durchgeführt (genaue Standortsangabe s. Tab. 5). Bestimmung der Spinnen nach HEIMER & NENTWIG (1991). WIEHLL(I953. 1956. 19601. LOCKET & MILLIDGE (1951. 19531. LOCKET et al. (1974). ROBERTS (1993). HARM ( 1971). TOVGIOKGI ( 1966). LUGETTI & TONCÌIDRGI ( 1969). GRIMM (1985). Bestimmung und Besprechung der Weberknechte nach MARTENS (1978). Die Charakterisierung von Habitat und Verbreitung 166 © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at der Spinnen orieniiert sich an die Darstellungen über die Arachnofauna der Schweiz (MAURER & HANCGI 1990, HÄN'GGI e! al. 1995) und Österreich bzw. Nordtirol (THALER 1993a. 1995. THALER & BUCHAK 1994. 1996. BUCHAR & THALER 1995J.- Folgende Formen bedürfen noch einer taxonomischen Bearbeitung: 14 Mecopisthe.\ sp.. 16 Mkrttrgus sp., 28 Wahkenaeria iProsapoiheca) sp.. 38 Ceiìtmmentei sp.. 43 Lepthxphames sp., 47 Lepthyphcmh'i cLfragilix, 61 Porrhomma cf. Cambridge/. 99 Zora sp. und Trogulm sp. — 2.2. Lage und Beschreibung des Untersuchungsgebietes: Lage: Die Untersuchungen wurden in der alpinen und subalpinen Stute der nördlichen Dolomiten durchgeführt. F.s wurden dabei zwei Gebiete ausgewählt: der Naturpark Sextner Dolomiten im östlichen Bereich und das Sellajoch in den west- lichen Dolomiten. Der Naturpark Sextner Dolomiten ist der östlichste der 7 Naturparke Südtirols und nimmt eine Fläche von ca. 11.650 Hektar ein. Die Abgrenzung des Naturparks verläuft im Westen durch das Sextental, im Norden durch das obere Pustertal und im Süden durch die Dolomiten des Cadore und
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