{FREE} Jawbreaker: the Attack on Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A
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9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp
Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5. -
The Coils of the Anaconda: America's
THE COILS OF THE ANACONDA: AMERICA’S FIRST CONVENTIONAL BATTLE IN AFGHANISTAN BY C2009 Lester W. Grau Submitted to the graduate degree program in Military History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________ Dr. Theodore A Wilson, Chairperson ____________________________ Dr. James J. Willbanks, Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Robert F. Baumann, Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Maria Carlson, Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Jacob W. Kipp, Committee Member Date defended: April 27, 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Lester W. Grau certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: THE COILS OF THE ANACONDA: AMERICA’S FIRST CONVENTIONAL BATTLE IN AFGHANISTAN Committee: ____________________________ Dr. Theodore A Wilson, Chairperson ____________________________ Dr. James J. Willbanks, Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Robert F. Baumann, Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Maria Carlson, Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Jacob W. Kipp, Committee Member Date approved: April 27, 2009 ii PREFACE Generals have often been reproached with preparing for the last war instead of for the next–an easy gibe when their fellow-countrymen and their political leaders, too frequently, have prepared for no war at all. Preparation for war is an expensive, burdensome business, yet there is one important part of it that costs little–study. However changed and strange the new conditions of war may be, not only generals, but politicians and ordinary citizens, may find there is much to be learned from the past that can be applied to the future and, in their search for it, that some campaigns have more than others foreshadowed the coming pattern of modern war.1 — Field Marshall Viscount William Slim. -
Pak-Us Strategic Partnership Amidst Conflicting Approaches Towards Militancy (2005-2015)
PAK-US STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP AMIDST CONFLICTING APPROACHES TOWARDS MILITANCY (2005-2015) ASIF SALIM Ph.D (Scholar) DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR SESSION: 2014-15 PAK-US STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP AMIDST CONFLICTING APPROACHES TOWARDS MILITANCY (2005-2015) Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE MARCH, 2018 i ABSTRACT International system based on anarchic theories and approaches in which power politics and statism are the basic components which play vital role when states conduct the relations with one another. The power of the state can be appraised through its ability to protect its national interests at any cost. States in relation with equal strength can easily protect their national interests but when the small and big state interests are clashed with each other, double standers and distrust take birth. Pakistan and the US relation is the best example of the realistic ideas in which it can be safely quoted „There is no permanent friendship and enmity. There are interests that decide the faith of friendship and enmity‟. After the partition of subcontinent civil and military leadership deviated from the golden principles of the founder (Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah) and joined the western bloc. America warmly welcomed Pakistan as the US needed partner in South and Southwest Asia and Asia Pacific to counter the spread of communistic ideologies in the region. From the day one the leader ship of Pakistan was not concerned with the communism but interested to acquire economic and military assistance from the US so as to keep balance with India. -
Cultural Intelligence in Covert Operatives
OVERT ACCEPTANCE: CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE IN COVERT OPERATIVES CHIP MICHAEL BUCKLEY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mercyhurst University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN APPLIED INTELLIGENCE RIDGE SCHOOL FOR INTELLIGENCE STUDIES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE MERCYHURST UNIVERSITY ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA JANUARY 2015 RIDGE SCHOOL FOR INTELLIGENCE STUDIES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE MERCYHURST UNIVERSITY ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA OVERT ACCEPTANCE: CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE IN COVERT OPERATIVES A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mercyhurst University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN APPLIED INTELLIGENCE Submitted By: CHIP MICHAEL BUCKLEY Certificate of Approval: ___________________________________ Stephen Zidek, M.A. Assistant Professor The Ridge School of Intelligence Studies and Information Science ___________________________________ James G. Breckenridge, Ph.D. Associate Professor The Ridge School of Intelligence Studies and Information Science ___________________________________ Phillip J. Belfiore, Ph.D. Vice President Office of Academic Affairs January 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Chip Michael Buckley All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION To my father. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge a number of important individuals who have provided an extraordinary amount of support throughout this process. The faculty at Mercyhurst University, particularly Professor Stephen Zidek, provided invaluable guidance when researching and developing this thesis. My friends and classmates also volunteered important ideas and guidance throughout this time. Lastly, my family’s support, patience, and persistent inquiries regarding my progress cannot be overlooked. v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Overt Acceptance: Cultural Intelligence in Covert Operatives A Critical Examination By Chip Michael Buckley Master of Science in Applied Intelligence Mercyhurst University, 2014 Professor S. -
Operation Anaconda: Playing the War in Afghanistan
Democratic Communiqué 26, No. 2, Fall 2014, pp. 84-106 Medal of Honor: Operation Anaconda: Playing the War in Afghanistan Tanner Mirrlees This article examines the confluence of the U.S. military and digital capitalism in Medal of Honor: Operation Anaconda (MOHOA), a U.S. war-on-Afghanistan game released for play to the world in 2010. MOHOA’s convergent support for the DOD and digital capitalism’s interests are analyzed in two contexts: industry (ownership, development and marketing) and interactive narrative/play (the game’s war simulation, story and interactive play experience). Following a brief discussion of the military-industrial-communications-entertainment complex and video games, I analyze MOHOA as digital militainment that supports digital capi- talism’s profit-interests and DOD promotional goals. The first section claims MO- HOA is a digital militainment commodity forged by the DOD-digital games com- plex and shows how the game’s ownership, development and advertisements sup- port a symbiotic cross-promotional relationship between Electronic Arts (EA) and the DOD. The second section analyzes how MOHOA’s single player mode simu- lates the “reality” of Operation Anaconda and immerses “virtual-citizen-soldiers” in an interactive story about warfare. Keywords: digital militainment, video games, war simulation, war -play, war in Afghanistan, military-industrial-media-entertainment network Introduction: From the Battlefields of Afghanistan to the Battle-Space of Medal of Honor: Operation Anaconda n March 2002, a little less than half a year following U.S. President George W. Bush’s declaration of a global war on terrorism (GWOT), the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) launched “Operation Anaconda.”1 As part of the U.S.-led and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-supported I“Operation Enduring Freedom,” Operation Anaconda was a two-week long and multi- national war-fighting effort to kill Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters in the Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains.2 Operation Anaconda brought together U.S. -
George W. Bush Presidential Records in Response to the Systematic Processing Project and Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Requests Listed in Attachment A
VIA EMAIL (LM 2019-110) July 26, 2019 The Honorable Pat A. Cipollone Counsel to the President The White House Washington, D.C. 20502 Dear Mr. Cipollone: In accordance with the requirements of the Presidential Records Act (PRA), as amended, 44 U.S.C. §§2201-2209, this letter constitutes a formal notice from the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) to the incumbent President of our intent to open George W. Bush Presidential records in response to the systematic processing project and Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests listed in Attachment A. This material, consisting of 46,940 pages, 21,657 assets and 6 video clips, has been reviewed for the six PRA Presidential restrictive categories, including confidential communications requesting or submitting advice (P5) and material related to appointments to federal office (P2), as they were eased by President George W. Bush on November 15, 2010. These records were also reviewed for all applicable FOIA exemptions. As a result of this review, 6,246 pages and 4,892 assets in whole and 844 pages and 530 assets in part have been restricted. Therefore, NARA is proposing to open the remaining 39,850 pages, 16,235 assets and 6 video clips that do not require closure under 44 U.S.C. § 2204. A copy of any records proposed for release under this notice will be provided to you upon your request. We are also concurrently informing former President George W. Bush’s representative, Freddy Ford, of our intent to release these records. Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 2208(a), NARA will release the records 60 working days from the date of this letter, which is October 23, 2019, unless the former or incumbent President requests a one-time extension of an additional 30 working days or asserts a constitutionally based privilege, in accordance with 44 U.S.C. -
BOOK REVIEW: the Generals
BOOK REVIEWS end simply is wearing stars, not leading of the institution and concerns over the the military properly into the next century senior leader’s career compete for consider- and candidly rendering their best military ation in the decision space. In an effort to advice to our nation’s civilian leaders. demonstrate an example of “doing it right” Ricks convincingly traces modern in the modern era, Ricks reaches deep failures of generalship to their origins below the senior-leader level to examine in the interwar period, through World the relief of Colonel Joe Dowdy, USMC, War II, Korea, Vietnam, and Operations the commander of First Marine Regiment Desert Storm, Iraqi Freedom, and Enduring in the march to Baghdad. Dowdy’s (not Freedom. He juxtaposes successful Army uncontroversial) relief demonstrates that and Marine generals through their histories there is no indispensable man, and if a com- with the characteristics of history’s failed mander loses confidence in a subordinate, generals. Ricks draws specific, substanti- the subordinate must go. In Ricks’s view, if The Generals: American Military ated conclusions about generalship, Army it is a close call, senior leaders should err on Command from World War II to Today culture, civil-military relations, and the the side of relief: the human and strategic By Thomas E. Ricks way the Army has elected to organize, train, costs of getting that call wrong are virtually Penguin Press, 2012 and equip itself in ways that ultimately unconscionable. Ricks rightly concludes 576 pp. $32.95 suboptimized Service performance. Specifi- that too much emphasis has been placed ISBN: 978-1-59420-404-3 cally identifying the Army’s modern-era on the “career consequence” of relief for reluctance to effect senior leader reliefs as individual officers. -
'Twas the Season
january Deadlines to Dead Bodies by Jonathon King Make Your Reservation I recall the story with a reporter’s clarity. for Edgar® Week now! It began as a medical piece I was writing on the open-heart surgery of an infant, a tiny boy Planning to attend this year’s Edgar® ceremonies? The Grand born with a defect and no alternative. I met Hyatt Hotel is offering a heavily discounted room rate of his parents — a cop and an attorney — and $245/night for the week of April 23-27, 2007. This is almost they were open and intelligent and held back $100 off the regular room rate. little. I followed the procedure, the worrisome To qualify for this rate, you MUST book your reservations by recovery, the failure, and then months later I March 15, 2007. Call 800-233-1234 or 212-233-1234 and ask witnessed the eventual transplant. for the "MWA" rate. I watched as the heart from one dead child was placed into the chest of one I’d come to Jonathon King know. I filled notebooks with quotes and details and observations. I took my own kids to the boy’s first birthday party. I got close. Then I had to write the boy’s obituary. He died at the age of 20 months. “You know, Jon. We knew it was coming, but it was so hard,” the mother told me the day her son died in her arms. “He was so innocent of everything he’d been through. The last word he said was ‘Elmo’.” I used that detail, a child’s last word, Elmo, in the lead paragraph of my obit to capture what that story was all about: Innocence. -
BOOK REVIEW: the Generals
BOOK REVIEWS Ryan Crocker’s diplomatic savvy, and runaway inflation, and, most importantly, George Kennan’s strategic acumen—in wasting 58,000 American lives. other words, to approximate a fraction of Ricks’s generalized portraits of the the soul of George Marshall. World War II generals will meet with broad The Generals is a serious study of acceptance. His model officer is Marshall, senior-level leadership that rivals H.R. an Army chief of staff who was in the right, McMasters’s Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, place at the right time. The main attribute McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Ricks cites is Marshall’s inclination to the Lies That Led to Vietnam, and Lewis relieve officers he thought were inadequate Sorley’s A Better War: The Unexamined to the task. He let hundreds go in his 6 years Victories and Final Tragedy of America’s as chief, which became a lost art (except for Last Years in Vietnam. Ricks’s tone toward Ridgway) after he left. certain of his subjects eclipses censure His number one antihero is Taylor. and borders on vituperation, while others The Generals: American Military Ricks, unfortunately, gets carried away here: bask in the gentle glow of his prose. This Command from World War II to Today “Maxwell Taylor arguably was the most may bother some readers, but not this By Thomas E. Ricks destructive general in American history. reviewer—in fact, it is refreshing to read Penguin Press, 2012 As Army Chief of Staff in the 1950s, he a commentator calling a spade a spade in 576 pp. -
The Micromanagement Myth and Mission Command: Making the Case for Oversight of Military Operations by Christopher J
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 33 The Micromanagement Myth and Mission Command: Making the Case for Oversight of Military Operations by Christopher J. Lamb Center for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is National Defense University’s (NDU’s) dedicated research arm. INSS includes the Center for Strategic Research, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, and Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction. The military and civilian analysts and staff who comprise INSS and its subcomponents execute their mission by conducting research and analysis, publishing, and participating in conferences, policy support, and outreach. The mission of INSS is to conduct strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the unified combatant commands in support of the academic programs at NDU and to perform outreach to other U.S. Government agencies and the broader national security community. Cover: General William Westmoreland luncheon meeting with President Lyndon B. Johnson, The White House, April 6, 1968 (Yoichi Okamoto/ Courtesy LBJ Presidential Library/C9391-17A) The Micromanagement Myth and Mission Command The Micromanagement Myth and Mission Command: Making the Case for Oversight of Military Operations By Christopher J. Lamb Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 33 Series Editor: Thomas F. Lynch III National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. August 2020 Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the State Department, Defense Department, or any other agency of the Federal Government. -
The Kitsch of War: Misappropriating Sun Tzu for an American Imperial Hypermasculinity
THE KITSCH OF WAR: Misappropriating Sun Tzu for an American Imperial Hypermasculinity Ching-Chane Hwang National Sun Yat-sen University and L. H. M. Ling The New School International Affairs Working Paper 2008-04 March 2008 Forthcoming in Bina D’Costa and Katrina Lee-Koo (eds), Gender and Global Politics in the Asia Pacific. London: Palgrave Macmillan. This is a substantially revised version of International Affairs Working Paper 2005-02 Copyright 2008 by Ching-Chane Hwang and L.H.M. Ling THE KITSCH OF WAR: Misappropriating Sun Tzu for an American Imperial Hypermasculinity Ching-Chane Hwang National Sun Yat-sen University and L.H.M. Ling The New School [email protected] www.gpia.info International Affairs Working Paper 2008-04 March 2008 ABSTRACT Sun Tzu seems more popular than ever. The Bush Administration attributes its successful invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq to tactics in The Art of War such as “shock and awe” and “decapitation.” However, neither exists in Sun Tzu’s manual. More seriously, this misappropriation reinforces an imperial hypermasculinity in US foreign policy given its neoliberal logic of “conversion or discipline” for Self/Other relations. Rival camps of imperial hypermasculinity arise in reaction, thereby rationalizing the US Self’s resort to such in the first place. Locking the world into ceaseless rounds of hostility between opposed enemies, we argue, contradicts Sun Tzu’s purpose. The Art of War sought to transform, not annihilate, the enemy as mandated by the cosmo-moral, dialectical world order that governed Sun Tzu’s time. In misappropriating Sun Tzu, then, the Bush Administration turns The Art of War into mere kitsch. -
David Hume Kennerly Archive Project
DAVID HUME KENNERLY ARCHIVE PROJECT 50 YEARS BEHIND THE SCENES OF HISTORY The David Hume Kennerly Archive is an extraordinary collection of images, objects and recollections created and collected by a great American photographer, journalist, artist and historian documenting 50 years of United States and world history. The goal of the DAVID HUME KENNERLY ARCHIVE PROJECT is to protect, organize and share its rare and historic objects – and to transform its half-century of images into a cutting- edge digital educational tool that is fully searchable and available to the public for research and artistic appreciation. 2 DAVID HUME KENNERLY Pulitzer Prize-winning photojournalist David Hume Kennerly has spent his career documenting the people and events that have defined the world. The last photographer hired by Life Magazine, he has also worked for Time, People, Newsweek, Paris Match, Der Spiegel, Politico, ABC, NBC, CNN and served as Chief White House Photographer for President Gerald R. Ford. Kennerly’s images convey a deep understanding of the forces shaping history and are a peerless repository of exclusive primary source records that will help educate future generations. His collection comprises a sweeping record of a half-century of history and culture – as if Margaret Bourke-White had continued her work through the present day. 3 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE The David Hume Kennerly collection of photography, historic artifacts, letters and objects might be one of the largest and most historically significant private collections ever produced and collected by a single individual. Its 50-year span of images and objects tells the complete story of the baby boom generation.