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“Green” Islam and Social Movements for Sustainability Ph.D. Dissertation

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“Green” Islam and Social Movements for Sustainability Ph.D. Dissertation PhD Program in Political Theory and Political Science XXIX Cycle “Green” Islam and social movements for sustainability Socio-ecological transitions in the Muslim world Ph.D. Dissertation by Donatella Vincenti A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the Department of Political Science, LUISS University Guido Carli, Rome, Italy LUISS Advisors: External Advisor: Prof. Sebastiano Maffettone, LUISS Guido Carli Prof. Maurits Berger, LUCSoR Leiden University, The Netherlands Dr. Marcello Di Paola, LUISS Guido Carli Rome, December 2016 “Ecological crises […] present themselves as generalized revolts of the means; no entity – whale, river, climate, earthworm, tree, calf, cow, pig, brood – agrees any longer to be treated ‘simply as a means’ but always insists on being treated ‘always also as an end...it is rather the simple consequence of the disappearance of the notion of external nature”. Latour, Bruno. Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy, trans. Catherine Porter (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2004), 155−6. ii Declaration By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature: ………………………… Date: …………………………….. Dedication This work is dedicated to my family’s love for its 1,250 sqm plot of land. iii Abstract Sustainability is an overused term in global politics. Yet, deciding on what to sustain indefinitely, and over time, in the face of the current ecological crisis is essentially a matter of moral-ethical concern. The primary objective of this dissertation is to investigate whether Islam, as a religion and spiritual tradition, has something to say about present- day sustainability problems. A secondary, but no less important objective of the present work is to examine the cultural, social, and political aspects of sustainability mobilisation and activism in predominantly Muslim contexts. The qualitative ethnographic study, which is based on fifteen semi-structured interviews and two focus groups conducted between 2015 and 2016, focuses on permaculture and eco-justice movements presently operating in Arab-Muslim countries (namely, Morocco and Tunisia) and uses methodological triangulation of frame and narrative analysis. Its main purpose is to empirically detect whether, among the motivational framing strategies deployed by sustainability movement actors to provide reasons for sustainability engagement and action, there is indication of moral-ethical motives that are consistent with the “eco-Islamic” worldview. The study shows that, especially in the Moroccan case, some religious-spiritual motives echo “eco-Islamic” wisdom and its foundational tenets. Overall, however, the normative and performative nature of Islamic ‘eco-tradition’ is unorthodox and syncretic. Keywords: eco-Islam; religion; ecology; commons; social movements; sustainability; socio-ecological transitions. iv Acknowledgements Writing a doctoral thesis is an intellectual and emotional challenge that requires passion, expertise and commitment. Insights and fresh ideas came from my scholarly interactions, as well as from simple conversations with various people who, directly or indirectly, in one way or another, influenced my academic journey. I would like to use this page to thank all the people who somehow made the accomplishment of this thesis possible. Although I cannot mention all their names, I would like especially to thank the following people and institutions who have contributed to this dissertation. My sincere gratitude goes first of all to my Supervisor, Professor Sebastiano Maffettone, who has guided the development and evolution of this doctoral project and has given me the opportunity and confidence to engage in this interdisciplinary work. I also owe deep gratitude to my Co-Supervisor, Dr. Marcello di Paola, who has untiringly advised and continually inspired me throughout these past years. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to my External Co-Supervisor, Professor Maurits Berger, for his willingness to accept me as a Visiting PhD student at Leiden University (Leiden, The Netherlands), as well as for his valuable help, cooperation and support, and for his precious contribution in supervising, reviewing and improving the writing of this thesis. I offer special thanks to Byron Skelton for his great help in proofreading and editing my manuscripts and thesis. I am also grateful to all the Professors of the LUISS PhD Programme in “Political Theory and Political Science” (XXIX Cycle) – Department of Political Science, and to the Center for Ethics and Global Politics (CEGP) based at LUISS University “Guido Carli”. Thanks to Dr. Domenico Melidoro and to Dr. Valentina Gentile for having supported my research activity, as well as for having coordinated the three-year Doctoral Programme. I am deeply indebted v to Professor Francesca Corrao, who has generously nurtured my scholarly and research endeavors at LUISS University. Her immense knowledge of the discipline has helped me refine my thought and analysis on the present research topic. I would like to extend my gratitude to Professor Leonardo Morlino, who encouraged me to think critically about the subject-matter and gave me enormous help in conducting the empirical research. I would also like to thank Professor Lorenzo De Sio (LUISS), and Professor Paolo Montesperelli (University of Rome “La Sapienza”) for their useful methodological advice and recommendations. In addition, I must acknowledge the substantial contribution of Professor Eva Pföstl, who has assisted me during my fieldwork period and has given visibility to my research thanks to the support of Fondazione Simone Cesaretti. My heartfelt appreciation also goes out to Dr. Daniele Santoro for his interest in my research on the “Islamic commons”. I also wish to express my most sincere gratitude to Khawla Al-Muhannadi for her inspiring speeches on environmental activism in Muslim contexts, and to Professor Giuseppe Carrus (“Roma Tre” University) for his bibliographical suggestions in the area of social and environmental psychology. Thanks to all my colleagues at LUISS University “Guido Carli” for our constructive conversations and debates. I would like to thank Ali Emre Benli, Sebastián Rudas Neyra, Tehseen Nisar, Silvia Cavasola, Silvia Menegazzi, Cecilia Sottilotta, Giovanni Vezzani, Silvia Mocchi, Antonio Calcara, Chiara Cancellario, Andrea Fumarola, Noemi Trino, Antonella Piccinin, Kostas Athanasiadis, among many others. Many thanks to Mohammed Hashas, Odetta Pizzingrilli, Lorenzo Liso, Simone Sibilio, and Renata Pepicelli for a stimulating working and research environment open to learning and innovation. Some chapters of this dissertation were presented in conferences and workshops, including “European Science Foundation ESF Rights vi to a Green Future Final Conference” (Kontakt der Kontinenten, Soesterberg, NL, October 28th-31st, 2014); “Florence SWIF – Sustainability of Well-being International Forum. 2015: Food for sustainability and not just food” (Florence, Italy, June 4th-6th, 2015); and “Societas Ethica’s 52nd Annual Conference. Globalisation and Global Justice” (Linköping, Sweden, August 20th-23rd, 2015). I am grateful to the speakers and audiences of these events for their valuable remarks and comments. I also want to extend my thankfulness to the Staff members and PhD members of the Leiden University Centre for the Study of Religion – LUCSoR (Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands). Professor Maurits Berger, thank you for having hosted me as a Visiting PhD Scholar during the Fall Semester (A.Y. 2014-2015). Thanks to Associate Professor Erik Bähre for having invited me to the Leiden Global Graduate Workshop (May 12th, 2015), and most importantly for his methodological advice concerning social and anthropological research methodology. Special thanks goes out to Anne Marieke Schwencke for having inspired my research on “eco-Islam”, as well as for having shared her profound knowledge of the topic with me when we met in Leiden in 2015. Thanks to Stella Morgana, Astrid Bodini, Sami al-Daghistani, Hayat Ahlili, Roukayya Oueslati, Johannes Makar, Hanine Omari, Marcela Probert, Michał Prawdzik, Selen Baskara, Ayşe Nazlı van Sooylet, Mattias Brand, Tim Meijers, and all the other colleagues, students and Professors I met in the Netherlands. I owe my deep gratefulness to my Dutch flatmate in Leiden, Myriël Donkersloot, for her welcoming attitude and kindness when I had just arrived in the Netherlands, and, above all, for our memorable discussions on my research topic. vii I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my local informants, without whose availability and active cooperation the collection of empirical data would not have been possible. I also thank all the wonderful people I had the pleasure either to meet during my fieldwork in Morocco and Tunisia, or to interview by phone, Skype, or e-mail. Finally, this work could not have taken place without the deep love, extraordinary patience, and support of my husband Daniele Tiddi, and of my lovely family. I would like to express my deepest thanks to my mother Luisa Bevilacqua, to my father Enrico Vincenti, and to my sister Marianna Vincenti for their moral and material support. Donatella Vincenti
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