Presentación El Cine De Propaganda Nazi En América

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Presentación El Cine De Propaganda Nazi En América PRESENTACIÓN EL CINE DE PROPAGANDA NAZI EN AMÉRICA LATINA. APORTES PARA EL ANÁLISIS DE LA DIPLOMACIA CULTURAL ALEMANA DURANTE EL TERCER REICH EN LA REGIÓN Nazi Cinema in Latin America. Contributions to the Analysis of German Cultural Diplomacy During the Third Reich i the Area María Valeria Galvána CONICET / IIP-Universidad Nacional de San Martin Marina Moguillanskyb CONICET / IDAES-Universidad Nacional de San Martin DOI: 10.15366/secuencias2020.52 El cine ocupó un lugar central en la Alemania del nacionalsocialismo. Tanto para Adolf Hitler como para su Ministro de Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, la propaganda en gene- ral y el cine en particular eran recursos muy relevantes no sólo para producir consenso y exaltar ideas afines al régimen, sino también para el entretenimiento y la ilustración populares. Desde el comienzo del Tercer Reich, el cine sería regulado por nuevas insti- tuciones, con la creación de la Cámara del Cine del Reich (Reichsfilmkammer); también era regulado por una división específica del partido Nazi y asimismo tenía incumbencia el Ministerio de Propaganda. Según la mirada de Goebbels, el cine alemán necesitaba nuevos talentos provenientes del propio pueblo alemán y nuevas ideas para conver- tirse en un poder mundial, compitiendo en igualdad de condiciones con Hollywood1. Según un discurso que pronunció el 28 de marzo de 1933 frente a representantes de la industria del cine, Goebbels consideraba que el cine nacionalsocialista debía ser de alta calidad, con un sentido de las formas cinematográficas, proveyendo al pueblo de entretenimiento y formación, con un compromiso directo con el régimen, pero sin que ello implicase que las películas se centrasen siempre en la ideología política. [a] María valeria galván es profesora e investigadora adjunta del CONICET con lugar de trabajo en el Instituto de Investigaciones Políticas, en la Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Tiene varias publicaciones académicas sobre la historia cultural e intelectual del Nacionalismo, la Guerra Fría Cultural y el Posperonismo. Es autora de El Nacionalismo de derecha en la Argentina posperonista. El semanario Azul y Blanco (1956-1969) (Rosario, Prohistoria Ediciones, 2013), coeditó junto a Florencia Osuna el libro Política y cultura durante el «Onganiato». Nuevas perspectivas para la investigación de la presidencia de Juan Carlos Onganía (1966-1970) (Ro- sario, Prohistoria, 2014) y co-coordinó también con Osuna el libro La Revolución Libertadora en el marco de la Guerra Fría (Rosario, Prohistoria, 2018). [b] Marina Moguillansky es profesora e investigadora Adjunta del CONICET, con lugar de trabajo en la Escuela de Altos Estudios Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de San Martín, y profesora invitada de la Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). Publicó Cines del Sur. La [1] Stephen Brockmann, A Crit- integración cinematográfica entre los países del Mercosur(Buenos Aires, Imago Mundi, 2016). ical History of German Film Coordina el Núcleo de Estudios en Cultura y Comunicación en IDAES-UNSAM. mmoguillans- (Nueva York, Camden House, [email protected]. 2010) p.135. 8 Secuencias - 52 / Segundo semestre de 2020 En principio, los cambios más evidentes que produjo el ascenso del nazismo en el mundo del cine se observaron en la contratación de actores, directores y técnicos para la producción de películas, con la prohibición de los judíos en la industria. Si bien algunas de estas medidas afectaron negativamente a la industria, generando un éxodo de talentos, resultó aun así un período de expansión. Según el historiador Ri- chard Grundberg, el cine fue en estos años una industria importante, con una produc- ción aproximada de 100 películas anuales (entre 1933 y 1944), de modo que en todo el período se produjeron en total unos 1100 films. También fue una buena época del cine en cuanto a la atracción de espectadores: si en 1933 se vendieron 250 millones de entradas al cine, en 1942 se registró un total de 1000 millones de espectadores2. Por otro lado, el cine fue uno de los vehículos privilegiados para la propaganda y la diplomacia cultural hacia otros países por parte de la Alemania nacionalsocialista. Si bien el término «diplomacia cultural» suele asociarse a las políticas estatales de posguerra y Guerra Fría, la diplomacia cultural se puede definir a grandes rasgos como la relación entre el sistema cultural de un país y su comportamiento en el siste- ma internacional; es decir, todas aquellas prácticas internacionales gubernamentales, motivadas por los ideales y la cultura de un país3. En efecto, a partir de los años noventa comenzó a usarse en el sentido de «propa- ganda». Pero, originalmente, el término se refería a la acción de los diplomáticos que, en misión, apelaban a intercambios y flujos culturales en beneficio de los intereses de su propio país. En un segundo momento, el término se extendió al intercambio de ideas, información —y otros aspectos de la cultura— entre distintas naciones para incentivar el entendimiento mutuo. En la actualidad se utiliza más el término soft power, definido por Joseph Nye como la habilidad de obtener algo a través de la coerción o de las recompensas, sobre la base del atractivo de la cultura de un país, de sus ideales políticos y de sus políticas4. Claro que los protagonistas de la diplomacia cultural no son las naciones ni los pueblos en abstracto, sino los agentes enviados de los gobiernos. La diplomacia cultural es una práctica internacional de los gobiernos que operan a través de ella, en el nombre de un ethos nacional claramente definido. Es una actividad que arti- cula la confluencia entre internacionalismo y nacionalismo estatal. La cooperación diplomática se instrumentaliza a través de diversos agentes, medios e instituciones situadas entre dos países en base a aspectos culturales: intercambios académicos, visitas culturales, incentivos al turismo, radios oficiales, publicaciones periódicas, [2] Richard Grundberg, Historia traducciones, exportación e importación de cine, literatura, música, teatro. social del Tercer Reich (Barce- En este sentido, el cine de una Alemania que en las décadas de los años veinte lona, Ed. Destino, 1976), p. 398. y treinta contaba con una de las compañías productoras y distribuidoras de cine más [3] Akira Iriye, «Culture and importantes del mundo, la Universum Film Agentur (UFA), contribuyó a que las Power: International Relations producciones cinematográficas fueran una herramienta protagónica en su diplomacia as Intercultural Relations» (Dip- cultural. Así, como señala Eric Rentschler en The Ministry of Illusion. Nazi Cinema lomatic History, 1979, vol. 3, n.º 2), p. 115-128. and its Afterlife, en el cine de propaganda nazi el discurso político aparecía más bien diluido, debido a que, justamente, se trataba sobre todo de un cine de entretenimiento [4] Joseph S. Nyep, «Soft Pow- e ilusión5. er» (Foreign Policy, 80, 1990) pp. 153-171. Los estudios del cine de propaganda nazi [5] Eric Rentschler, The Ministry of Illusion. Nazi Cinema and its Si bien De Caligari a Hitler, el trabajo pionero de Siegfried Kracauer, es de 1947, Afterlife (Boston, Harvard Uni- versity Press, 2002). será sólo algunos años más tarde que los investigadores comenzarán a estudiar el cine Presentación 9 de propaganda nazi con mayor profundidad. Durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970, se publica un conjunto de estudios sobre el cine en el Tercer Reich que sienta las bases del análisis de esta filmografía. Las primeras investigaciones fueron llevadas adelan- te principalmente por historiadores y cientistas políticos, interesados en indagar las instancias de producción ideológica del nacionalsocialismo alemán, y luego serían 6 [6] Los principales títulos fue- criticadas por sus sesgos . ron: Erwin Leiser, Deutschland Una segunda ola de estudios sobre el cine de la Alemania nazi se inicia en la Erwache! (Hamburgo, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, 1968); Gerd década de 1990, con un enfoque vinculado a los estudios culturales y mayor atención Albrecht, Nationalsozialistische a las especificidades del cine en tanto discurso. Los trabajos más importantes fueron Filmpolitik. Eine soziologische Entertaining the Third Reich y The Ministry of Illusion. Nazi Cinema and its After- Untersuchung über die Spielfilme des Dritten Reiches (Stuttgart, 7 life : ambos cuestionaron las hipótesis más comúnmente asumidas por los análisis Ferdinand Enke, 1969); y David previos. En primer lugar, ampliaron el corpus de películas analizadas, tomando en Stuart Hull, Film in the Third Re- ich. A Study of the German Cin- cuenta no sólo aquellos films explícitamente considerados como propagandísticos ema, 1933-1945 (Berkeley, Uni- sino también películas populares y de entretenimiento. En segundo lugar, esta nueva versity of California Press, 1969). escuela dentro de los estudios del cine producido durante el Tercer Reich se carac- terizó por considerar a los films como textos de un registro cultural complejo que, [7] Linda Schulte-Sasse, Enter- como tales, ofrecen elementos discursivos de semántica plurivalente8. Los sucesivos taining the Third Reich (Durham, Duke University Press, 1996) trabajos que se fueron publicando contribuyeron a producir una comprensión más y Eric Rentschler, The Ministry compleja acerca de asuntos antes descuidados, como los roles femeninos en la pan- of Illusion. Nazi Cinema and its 9 10 Afterlife (Londres, Harvard Uni- talla , la lógica del entretenimiento, el sistema de estrellas y la popularidad en el versity Press, 1996). marco del cine de la Alemania nazi11. La tercera y más reciente generación de estudios sobre
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