The Swimming Behavior of the Aquatic Larva of Neoneuromus Ignobilis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Swimming Behavior of the Aquatic Larva of Neoneuromus Ignobilis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae) Eastern Illinois University The Keep Faculty Research & Creative Activity Biological Sciences January 2012 The swimming behavior of the aquatic larva of Neoneuromus ignobilis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae). Cheng-Quan Cao Leshan Teachers University, Leshan, Sichuan, China Zhiwei Liu Eastern Illinois University, zliu@eiu.edu Shen-Zhi Chen Leshan Teachers University, Leshan, Sichuan, China Chao Tong Leshan Teachers University, Leshan, Sichuan, China Follow this and additional works at: http://thekeep.eiu.edu/bio_fac Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Cao, Cheng-Quan; Liu, Zhiwei; Chen, Shen-Zhi; and Tong, Chao, "The swimming behavior of the aquatic larva of Neoneuromus ignobilis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae)." (2012). Faculty Research & Creative Activity. 194. http://thekeep.eiu.edu/bio_fac/194 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Research & Creative Activity by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact tabruns@eiu.edu. I! .!ll, "!f. t!i Acta Entomologica Sinica, January 2012, 55 ( 1): 133 -138 ISSN 0454-6296 Swimming behavior of the aquatic larva of Neoneuromus ignobilis ( Megaloptera : Corydalidae : Corydalinae) CAO Cheng-Quan1 ' *, LIU Zhi-Wei2 , CHEN Shen-Zhi1 , TONG Chao1 ( 1. College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Leshan Teachers University, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, China; 2. Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA) Abstract: In order to explore the pattern and significance of swimming, through photos and videos we observed and recorded the swimming behavior of the aquatic larvae of Megaloptera in detail for the first time using the endemic Chinese species Neoneuromus ignobilis Navas, 1932 as the test insect, which were collected from the Dadu River and reared in nature-simulated environments. Four swimming postures are recognized and described herein in detail, i. e., vertical, parallel, back and side swimming, and these postures were used by the larvae disproportionately, with a frequency of 89.08%, 5. 49%, 4. 40% and 0. 61% , respectively. The swimming larvae tend to pose their body into an S-shape, with various degree of sinuation. By changing the directions of the head and tail, they can easily rise up or sink and change swimming postures. The propulsion was generated by the wriggling of the body while the legs were mostly held close to the body. Larvae of different instars varied greatly in swimming ability, the 6th ins tar larvae being the best and most active swimmer compared to the 2nd and final instars. The larvae may also employ complex defense behaviors not often known from relatively ancient insect groups, like chemical defense as secretion from the end of abdomen. Key words: Megaloptera; Neoneuromus ignobilis ; aquatic insect; larva; swimming behavior; swimming posture 2008) , and this situation is especially serious for the 1 INTRODUCTION Chinese megalopterans (Wang et al., 2001 ) . The behavioral ecology, especially on swimming Neoneuromus ignobilis Navas, 1932 behavior, is characterized as a lack of details and ( Corydalinae, Corydalidae, Megaloptera ) IS existing only as brief, generic descriptions in the endemic to China ( Liu, 2008) . It is mostly aquatic studies mentioned above. in the larval stage, as is the case for all megalopteran In the present study, we report in detail the insects ( Yang, 1985; New and Theischinger, swimming behavior of the larvae of N. ignobilis. The 1993). Larvae of Megaloptera are often sensitive to larval development of Megaloptera typically consists changes in water quality and thus are often of 10 - 12 instars and, for species whose larval considered to be useful indicators of water quality development takes place in permanent water, the and valuable in environmental monitoring ( Morse et older larvae tend to move ashore, and subsequently al. , 1994 ; Elliott , 1996 ) . Larvae of certain pupate and emerge in the sand on the shore (New Megaloptera species have also been used as food, in and Theischinger, 1993; Cover and Resh, 2008). traditional Chinese medicine, and as fish food in aquaculture of fish species with specialized feeding With the aid of video filming and computer assisted requirements ( Liu, 2008) . analysis, we studied the swimming behavior of larvae In recent years, great progress have been made of the 2nd, 6th and final instars of the species. in studies on the taxonomy and systematics of the Specifically we described in detail the swimming Megaloptera, especially from China and Southeast postures, swimming capability and speed, incentives Asia, where the highest diversity of the order occurs for swimming, and responses to simulated stimuli ( Cover and Resh, 2008 ; Liu, 2008) . However, the and induced defensive swimming. Finally, we biology of megalopteran insects , except for a few discussed the adaptive implications of the various species, is generally poorly known ( Smith, 1970; aspects of the swimming behavior of the species m Smock , 1994 ; Elliott, 1996 ; Cover and Resh , aquatic and terrestrial environments. £~1~H3 : I!YJJI~'~j!f ff~,l':\liffJEJJ)j 13 (09ZA042); I!YJJI!frjfJI.:Jst ff § ~JJ)j 13 (2010JY0149 ) fF:jllfmf))-: \!!IJl\t~, ~, 1979 ±f 11Jl1:, 1\lJ±, ii~ ~rf , »JJJ!.!Il."!fr.liffJE, E-mail: chqcao1314@163.com * Jlliifl.fF:jllf Corresponding author, E-mail: chqcao1314@ 163. com !J)I:fl11j B WJ Received: 2011-D9-D2; *5¥: B WJ Accepted: 2011-11-22 134 ff:..!H.$:* Acta EntoTTWlogica Sinica 55~ The swimming postures of the larvae of N. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ignobilis are summarized into four categories, i. e., vertical swimming, parallel swimming, back 2. 1 Test insects swimming, and side swimming. Each swimming All larvae of N. igrwbilis used for this study posture is characterized in a certain degree of were collected from the Dadu River in Leshan City, sinuation of the S-shape that the swimming larvae Sichuan Province, China and kept in a recovery tank usually form by curling the body. Some of the similar to the aquarium described below filling to a swimming postures are more frequently observed than depth of 40 em with water maintained at 25 ± 2 "C others. and collected from the Dadu River. In addition to the 3. 1. 1 Vertical swimming (Fig. 1 : A). This was microbes and invertebrates in the water already, a the most commonly used posture, being observed for small amount of chironomid larvae were added in the about 89. 08% of the time. It is mainly used for water as additional food supply for the larvae of N. swimming up and down, and occasionally also for ignobilis. swimming forward and backward, but with much 2. 2 Insect breeding equipment lower speed and mostly for maintaining in the same A rectangular transparent glass aquarium position. In vertical swimming, the longitudinal axis measuring 70 em X 50 em X 30 em was marked with of body , from head to tail ( the same below ) , was smallest units of 0. 1 em at the bottom and on the generally perpendicular to water surface, with head sides for measuring the swimming speed of the larvae. As control, an aquarium was filled with clear almost always positioned downward and the body water from the Dadu River to a depth of 15 em, and forming a strongly sinuated S-shape. When the larva a layer of 20 mm thick sand was placed on the started to swim, its head was raised and bent bottom dotted with more than 10 small rocks. This downward abruptly, while its abdomen was strongly way, we were able to create a habitat favorable to the arched, at about the position of 4th -5th segments, larvae so that their swimming behavior was observed and then quickly straightened, forcing a downward in simulated natural conditions. current of water. 2. 3 Observation and determination of swimm­ 3. 1. 2 Parallel swimming ( Fig. 1 : B ) . This ing behavior posture was observed for about 5. 49% of the time , The larvae used in this experiment were in one and was mainly used for swimming forward. In this of the three age groups: 2nd instar, 6th instar, and posture, the longitudinal axis of body was parallel to the final instar that eventually entered pupation water surface, with the body forming a slightly without further moulting. Our preliminary data sinuated S-shape. Larvae swimming in this posture indicated that N. ignobilis has 12 larval instars in resemble a human swimming in breaststroke style - Leshan area, but more strictly controlled rearing is the head and abdomen strike the water gently to needed to confirm this. At the beginning of the generate a forward push for the insect body at a experiment , 20 larvae from one of the three age speed of about 3. 87 em/s , the fastest among all the groups were gently placed in the experiment postures. aquarium onto the water surface. The swimming 3. 1. 3 Back swimming (Fig. 1: C). This posture behavior of the larvae was videotaped by a video was observed for about 4. 40% of the time, and was camera (Fuji FinePix 2000 HD) from the top and the mainly used for retreating temporarily or changing side. Each shooting continued for 10 min and was postures, and occasionally for slow forward repeated three times. The experiment was conducted swimming. The longitudinal axis of body was on all three age groups and repeated five times each. In the end, a total of 300 larvae were used. The generally parallel to or forming an angle of swimming behavior of the larvae was then analyzed approximately 30° (or 150°) with the water surface. using the video editing software Ulead ( enhanced Larvae in this posture displayed a gently sinuated S­ version) as described by Fu et al. ( 2005 ) . In shape with the abdomen being relatively addition, the defensive swimming and related straightened. As a result, the route of swimming responses to external stimuli of the larvae were also using this posture was horizontal or slightly oblique.
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

2 pages remaining, click to load more.

Recommended publications
  • Insecta, Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Sialidae)
    Graellsia, 70(2): e009 julio-diciembre 2014 ISSN-L: 0367-5041 http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2014.v70.111 LOS MEGALÓPTEROS DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (INSECTA, NEUROPTERIDA, MEGALOPTERA, SIALIDAE) Víctor J. Monserrat Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, España. E-mail: artmad@bio.ucm.es RESUMEN Se actualiza toda la información bibliográfica relativa a la Península Ibérica y relacionada con las tres especies de megalópteros presentes en su fauna (Insecta, Neuropterida, Megaloptera: Sialidae). Partiendo de los datos generales conocidos sobre estas especies, y en base a esta información ibérica, se aporta una clave de identifi- cación de imagos y larvas de estas especies, y se anotan y se recopilan los datos conocidos sobre su morfología, su biología, sus estadios larvarios y su distribución geográfica, fenológica y altitudinal en la zona estudiada. Palabras clave: Península Ibérica; Faunística; Biología; Neuropterida; Megaloptera; Sialidae; Sialis; “monjas”. ABSTRACT The alder-flies of the Iberian Peninsula (Insecta, Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Sialidae) All existing Iberian bibliographical information related to the three alder-flies species known in the Iberian Peninsula’s fauna (Insecta, Neuropterida, Megaloptera: Sialidae) is brought up to date. On the basis of general knowledge about these species, and taking into account the known Iberian data, a key for imagoes and larvae is included and what is known about their morphology, biology, larval stages and geographical, phenological and altitudinal distribution in the area studied is reviewed. Keywords: Iberian Peninsula; Faunistical; Biology; Neuropterida; Megaloptera; Sialidae; Sialis; “alder-flies”. Recibido/Received: 14/03/2014; Aceptado/Accepted: 02/09/2014; Publicado en línea/Published online: 26/11/2014 Como citar este artículo/Citation: Monserrat, V.
    [Show full text]
  • New Species and Records of Corydalidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) from Myanmar
    Zootaxa 4306 (3): 428–436 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.9 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3E1C83F4-54BB-4B9F-AC0F-467CB9CF0032 New species and records of Corydalidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) from Myanmar XINGYUE LIU1,3 & LIBOR DVORAK2 1Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. 2Municipal Museum Marianske Lazne, Goethovo namesti 11, CZ–35301 Marianske Lazne, The Czech Republic. 3Corresponding author. E-mail: xingyue_liu@yahoo.com Abstract Seven species of the family Corydalidae (Insecta: Megaloptera) are newly recorded from Myanmar, including a new spe- cies of the dobsonfly genus Protohermes van der Weele, 1907, P. burmanus sp. nov. A total of 18 species of Megaloptera are now known from Myanmar. Key words: Corydalinae, Chauliodinae, Protohermes, taxonomy, Burma Introduction Myanmar is a biodiversity hotspot with high levels of species richness and endemism (Rao et al. 2013). The Megaloptera (dobsonflies, fishflies, and alderflies), a holometabolous insect order, currently includes ca. 380 species in the world (Yang & Liu 2010; Liu et al. 2016). The fauna of this order is extraordinarily rich in the Oriental region, comprising more than 200 described species. The northern portion of Myanmar is located within the diversification centre of the Asian Megaloptera as proposed by Yang & Liu (2010). However, due to lack of intensive collecting, the fauna of Megaloptera from Myanmar is relatively poorly known. The earliest records of Megaloptera of the family Corydalidae from Myanmar are by Kimmins (1948) describing Protohermes subnubilus and mentioning P.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of the Complex Polymorphic Dobsonfly Genus
    Systematic Entomology (2018), 43, 568–595 DOI: 10.1111/syen.12287 Evolutionary history of the complex polymorphic dobsonfly genus Neoneuromus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) , , , FAN YANG1 *, WENCHENG CHANG1 2 *, FUMIO HAYASHI3, JESSICA GILLUNG4,5, YUNLAN JIANG1, DING YANG1 andXINGYUE LIU1 1Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 2Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Shanghai, China, 3Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, 4California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, CA, U.S.A. and 5Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A. Abstract. The dobsonfly genus Neoneuromus van der Weele is endemic to the Oriental region. Species possess highly variable body and wing colouration and markings, not only among species but also among conspecific individuals of certain species. This stark polymorphism hinders accurate species identification, and obscures an undocumented species diversity as well as our understanding of the evolutionary history of this genus. We used multiple methods of molecular identification combined with morphological evidence to delimitate species, circumscribing a total of 13 species in Neoneuromus.Five new species are herein described: Neoneuromus indistinctus Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus maculatus Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus niger Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus similis Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n. and Neoneuromus vanderweelei Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n. The dated phylogeny with reconstructed ancestral areas indicates an initial divergence of Neoneuromus during the mid-Eocene. A broad area including northeastern India and northern Indochina could be a centre for early divergence of the genus, while complex dispersal and vicariance events dating from the late Eocene to the Pliocene probably shaped the present diversity and distribution of the genus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of the Protoperlaria and the Endopterygota by Phillip A
    THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROTOPERLARIA AND THE ENDOPTERYGOTA BY PHILLIP A. ADAMS Department of Biological Sciences University of California, Santa Barbara The first worker to recognize that the Protoperlaria were a group distinct from the Protorthoptera, and probably ancestral to the Plecoptera, was Tillyard (1928a, b). The relationship of these orders has been discussed in more detail by Carpenter (1935). That the Protoperlaria might be of far greater phylogenetic significance has not gen- erally been appreciated. Although the suggestion that the Protoperlaria were close to the ancestral form of the En- dopterygota was made by Bradley (1939, 1942), this re- lationship has not previously been documented. While a comparison was being made between the wings of the protoperlarian, Lemmatophora, and the neuropteran, Sialis, in an effort to determine the venational homologies of the latter, it became apparent that these insects ex- hibited a number of striking similarities. When the sim- ilarity of the wings was noticed, a comparison of other body structures seemed desirable. Since these could not be studied in the fossils, it was necessary to turn instead to the Plecoptera, in the hope that additional resemblances could be found. Such resemblances have been observed, particularly in the sternal region of he thorax, and in the wing articulation; these are discussed briefly below. The Sialidae are extremely archaic insects; the venation has undergone but little change since the Permian. There are some specializations--fusion of MP and CuA in the fore wing, reduction of the anal fan, and lack of nygmata-- but in structure and arrangement of the veins the wing remains primitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Nabs 2004 Final
    CURRENT AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON BENTHIC BIOLOGY 2004 Published August, 2005 North American Benthological Society 2 FOREWORD “Current and Selected Bibliographies on Benthic Biology” is published annu- ally for the members of the North American Benthological Society, and summarizes titles of articles published during the previous year. Pertinent titles prior to that year are also included if they have not been cited in previous reviews. I wish to thank each of the members of the NABS Literature Review Committee for providing bibliographic information for the 2004 NABS BIBLIOGRAPHY. I would also like to thank Elizabeth Wohlgemuth, INHS Librarian, and library assis- tants Anna FitzSimmons, Jessica Beverly, and Elizabeth Day, for their assistance in putting the 2004 bibliography together. Membership in the North American Benthological Society may be obtained by contacting Ms. Lucinda B. Johnson, Natural Resources Research Institute, Uni- versity of Minnesota, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811. Phone: 218/720-4251. email:ljohnson@sage.nrri.umn.edu. Dr. Donald W. Webb, Editor NABS Bibliography Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, IL 61820 217/333-6846 e-mail: dwebb@inhs.uiuc.edu 3 CONTENTS PERIPHYTON: Christine L. Weilhoefer, Environmental Science and Resources, Portland State University, Portland, O97207.................................5 ANNELIDA (Oligochaeta, etc.): Mark J. Wetzel, Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820.................................................................................................................6 ANNELIDA (Hirudinea): Donald J. Klemm, Ecosystems Research Branch (MS-642), Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Re- search Laboratory, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268- 0001 and William E.
    [Show full text]
  • Arvalis Ross, S. Californica Banks, S. Cornuta Ross, S. Hamata Ross, S
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ELWIN D. EVANS for the DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Name) (Degree) in ENTOMOLOGY presented on October 4, 1971 (Major) (Date) Title: A STUDY OF THE MEGALOPTERA OF THE PACIFIC COASTAL REGION ,Or THE UNtjT5D STATES Abstract approved: N. H. /Anderson Nineteen species of Megaloptera occurring in the western United States and Canada were studied.In the Sialidae, the larvae of Sialis arvalis Ross, S. californica Banks, S. cornuta Ross, S. hamata Ross, S. nevadensis Davis, S. occidens Ross and S. rotunda Banks are described with a key for their identification.The female of S. arvalis is described for the first time.Descriptions of the egg masses, hatching, and the egg bursters and first instar larvae are givenfor some species.Data are given on larval habitats, life cycles, distribution and emergence of the adults. An evolutionaryscheme for the Sialidae in the study area and the world genera ishypothesized. In the Corydalidae, Orohermes gen. nov. andProtochauliodes cascadiusse.nov. are described.The adults of Corydalus cognatus Hagen, Dysmicohermes disjunctus Munroe, D. ingens Chandler, Orohermes crepusculus (Chandler), Neohermesfilicornis (Banks), N. californicus (Walker), Protochauliodes aridus Maddux, P. spenceri Munroe, P. montivagus.Chandler, P. simplus Chandler, and P. minimus (Davis) are also described.The larvae of all but three species are described.Keys are presented for identifying the adults and larvae.Egg masses, egg bursters and the mating behavior are given for some species.Pre-genital scent glands were found in the males of the Corydalidae.Data are given on the larval habitats, distribution and adult emergence.Life cycles of five years are estimated for some intermittent stream inhabitants and the cold stream species, 0.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Tropical Natural History 21(1): 94–118, April 2021 ©2021 by Chulalongkorn University The Dobsonfly Genus Nevromus Rambur, 1842 (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae) from Thailand, with Description of a New Species KANYAKORN PIRAONAPICHA1, WEEYAWAT JAITRONG2, XINGYUE LIU3* AND NARUMON SANGPRADUB1,4* 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, THAILAND 2Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, THAILAND 3Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, CHINA 4Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, THAILAND *Corresponding authors. Narumon Sangpradub (narumon@kku.ac.th) and Xingyue Liu (xingyue_liu@yahoo.com) Received: 2 December 2020; Accepted: 2 February 2021 ABSTRACT.– Nevromus Rambur, 1842 is a megalopteran genus belonging to the family Corydalidae, and endemic to the Oriental faunal region. The Thai species of Nevromus are herein revised to include two species: Nevromus aspoeck Liu, Hayashi & Yang, 2012, and Nevromus jeenthongi sp. nov. The larval and pupal stages of N. aspoeck are described here for the first time. Nevromus jeenthongi sp. nov. appears to be closely related to N. aspoeck but differs from the latter species the occiput without black spots, the broader posterolateral lobes of male ninth sternum, and the fused male tenth gonocoxite strongly concaved along dorsal outline. Both species inhabit clean, clear flowing streams. The geographical distribution
    [Show full text]
  • A New Fishfly Species (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Neohermes Banks
    Discovery of New Fishfly Species from North America Introduction The insect order Megaloptera is one of the primitive holometabolous groups with the origin dating back at least in the late Permian [1]. Modern Megaloptera include dobsonflies (Coryda- lidae: Corydalinae), fishflies (Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) and alderflies (Sialidae), comprising more than 380 species represented unevenly in all major biogeographical regions [2,3]. Despite the relatively small number of species, Megaloptera (particularly Corydalidae) are well known insects readily found in general entomological collections because of their large body size and frequent bizarre external appearance, e.g., conspicuously large mandibles in some males. The larvae of Megaloptera are aquatic and inhabit various freshwater habitats (usually clean streams, rivers, ponds, etc.) where they are predaceous on other benthic macroinvertebrates. They are valuable components in aquatic ecosystems especially for fisheries and angling in North America, or consumed as local food and medicine in some Asian countries, as well as widely used in freshwater biomonitoring for stream health [3,4]. Megaloptera are of particular interest for phylogenetic and biogeographic studies due to their apparent primitive morphol- ogy and disjunct geographic distributions. Hence, the taxonomy of Megaloptera has been well studied and most of the world species have been described or re-described in a modern approach by virtue of several neuropterologists, e.g. Ross (American Sialidae) [5], Flint (Ameri- can Chauliodinae) [6,7], Aspöck et al. (European Sialidae) [8], Vshivkova (Caucasus and Sibe- rian Sialidae) [9], Theischinger (Australian Megaloptera) [10], Contreras-Ramos (Neotropical Corydalinae and Sialidae) [11–13], Yang & Liu (Chinese Megaloptera) [2], Liu et al. (southeast- ern Asian Megaloptera) [14–16], and Liu et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <ljordan@TNC.ORG> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]
  • Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Neohermes Banks) Discovered from North America by a Systematic Revision, with Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Implications
    RESEARCH ARTICLE A New Fishfly Species (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Neohermes Banks) Discovered from North America by a Systematic Revision, with Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Implications Xingyue Liu1*, Shaun L. Winterton2 1 Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China, 2 California State Collection of Arthropods, California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, United States of America * xingyue_liu@yahoo.com OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Liu X, Winterton SL (2016) A New Fishfly The taxonomy of Megaloptera from the Nearctic region is fairly well known and their faunal Species (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Neohermes diversity has been largely surveyed, even in relatively remote regions. However, the evolu- Banks) Discovered from North America by a tionary history of Nearctic Megaloptera is still poorly known with phylogenetic and biogeo- Systematic Revision, with Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Implications. PLoS ONE 11(2): graphic studies lacking. In this paper, we report a new fishfly species of the endemic North e0148319. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148319 American genus Neohermes Banks, 1908, increasing the total number known of species to Editor: Michael E. Douglas, University of Arkansas, six. This new species (Neohermes inexpectatus sp. nov.) is currently known to occur only in UNITED STATES California (USA) and is apparently confined to the Northern Coastal Range. The new spe- Received: September 28, 2015 cies resembles the three Neohermes species from eastern North America based on the rel- atively small body size and the presence of female gonostyli 9. However, our phylogenetic Accepted: January 14, 2016 analysis using adult morphological data recovered the new species as the sister species to Published: February 17, 2016 the remaining Neohermes, which includes two species from western North America and Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all three from eastern North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Megaloptera: Corydalidae) ในลําธารตนนํา้ ประเทศไทย Adult of Neochauliodes Puntatolosus Liu and Yang, 2006 and Life History of Neochauliodes Sp
    ว.วิทย. มข. 46(4) 664-677 (2561) KKU Sci. J. 46(4) 664-677 (2018) ตัวเต็มวัยของแมลงชางกรามโต Neochauliodes puntatolosus Liu and Yang, 2006 และชวี ประวตั ขิ อง Neocahuliodes sp. (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) ในลําธารตนนํา้ ประเทศไทย Adult of Neochauliodes puntatolosus Liu and Yang, 2006 and life history of Neochauliodes sp. (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in headwater streams, Thailand Fateemah Mahama1, Chutima Hanjavanit2 and Narumon Sangpradub1, 2* 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen Province 40002 2Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen Province 40002 *Corresponding Author, E-mail: narumon@kku.ac.th Received: 28 March 2018 Revised: 14 October 2018 Accepted: 17 October 2018 บทคัดยอ การศึกษาความหลากหลายและชีวประวัติของแมลงชางกรามโต วงศยอย Chauliodinae (อันดับ Megaloptera วงศ Corydalidae) โดยใหความสนใจที่ระยะตัวออนและตัวเต็มวยั ในลําธารตนน้ํา 2 สายคือหวยหญาเครือ และหวยพรมแลง ระหวางเดือน ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2556 ถึงเดือนธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2557 พบตัวเต็มวัยของ Neochauliodes punctatolosus Liu and Yang, 2006 ในเดือน ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2556 และระหวางเดือน มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2556 ถึง กันยายน พ.ศ. 2557 คือ พบตัวผู จํานวน 12 ตัว และตัวเมีย 1 ตัวที่ หวยหญาเครือ และตัวผู 2 ตัวที่หวยพรมแลง ตัวเต็มวัยมีความแตกตางระหวางเพศ โดยตัวผูมีหนวดแบบขนนก ตัวเมียมีหนวดแบบซี่ เลื่อย และตัวเมียมีขนาดใหญกวาตัวผู จากขอมูลการพบตัวเต็มวัยในสองลําธารนี้ดูเหมือนวาการเปนตัวเต็มวัยของตัวผูมีจํานวนมากกวา ตัวเมีย พบตัวออนพบสกุล Neochauliodes ที่มีลักษณะสัณฐานแบบเดียวกันทั้งหมดแตไมสามารถระบุชนิดไดจํานวน
    [Show full text]
  • Megaloptera of Canada 393 Doi: 10.3897/Zookeys.819.23948 REVIEW ARTICLE Launched to Accelerate Biodiversity Research
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 819: 393–396 (2019) Megaloptera of Canada 393 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.819.23948 REVIEW ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Megaloptera of Canada Xingyue Liu1 1 Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China Corresponding author: Xingyue Liu (xingyue_liu@yahoo.com) Academic editor: D. Langor | Received 29 January 2018 | Accepted 2 March 2018 | Published 24 January 2019 http://zoobank.org/E0BA7FB8-0318-4AC1-8892-C9AE978F90A7 Citation: Liu X (2019) Megaloptera of Canada. In: Langor DW, Sheffield CS (Eds) The Biota of Canada – A Biodiversity Assessment. Part 1: The Terrestrial Arthropods. ZooKeys 819: 393–396.https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.819.23948 Abstract An updated summary on the fauna of Canadian Megaloptera is provided. Currently, 18 species are re- corded in Canada, with six species of Corydalidae and 12 species of Sialidae. This is an increase of two species since 1979. An additional seven species are expected to be discovered in Canada. Barcode Index Numbers are available for ten Canadian species. Keywords alderflies, biodiversity assessment, Biota of Canada, dobsonflies, fishflies, Megaloptera The order Megaloptera (dobsonflies, fishflies, and alderflies) is one of the three orders of Neuropterida, and is characterized by the prognathous adult head, the broad anal area of hind wing and the exclusively aquatic larval stages (New and Theischinger 1993). Currently, there are ca. 380 described species of Megaloptera worldwide (Yang and Liu 2010, Oswald 2016). Extant Megaloptera are composed of only two families; Corydalidae, which is divided into Corydalinae (dobsonflies) and Chauliodinae (fish- flies), and Sialidae (alderflies).
    [Show full text]