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19-CAMMIC-French.Pdf TABLE DES MATIÈRES 2 Liste des acronymes et abréviations 60 Chapitre 8 • Intelligence des cétacés 3 Présentation 65 Chapitre 9 • Taux de mortalité et de natalité 66 Non cétacés 6 Introduction 67 Grands dauphins 68 Orques 9 Chapitre 1 • Éducation 70 Autres espèces de cétacés 70 Résumé 14 Chapitre 2 • L’illusion de la conservation/ recherche 72 Chapitre 10 • Interactions homme-dauphin 16 Programmes de renforcement des espèces 72 Thérapie assistée par les dauphins 18 Élevage mixte et hybrides 73 Attractions consistant à nager avec 18 Cétacés en captivité et culture des dauphins 20 L'industrie de l'exposition publique : 75 Bassins de caresses et séances deux poids, deux mesures d’alimentation 22 Éthique et élevage en captivité 22 Programmes relatifs aux échouages 77 Chapitre 11 • Risques pour la santé humaine 23 Recherche 77 Maladies 78 Blessure et décès 26 Chapitre 3 • Captures d'animaux vivants 31 Grands dauphins 83 Chapitre 12 •L’héritage de Blackfish 33 Orques (film documentaire) 35 Bélugas 83 Blackfish 85 L’effetBlackfish 37 Chapitre 4 • L'environnement physique 87 Les impacts juridiques et législatifs de et social Blackfish 37 Enclos en béton 88 La fin des orques en captivité ? 39 Enclos marins 89 Sanctuaires maritimes : L'avenir 40 Pinnipèdes des cétacés en captivité ? 41 Ours polaires 43 Lamantins, dugongs et loutres de mer 92 Conclusion 44 Cétacés 48 Résumé 95 Remerciements 49 Chapitre 5 • Questions de santé animale 96 Notes de fin de document et soins vétérinaires 139 Références 53 Chapitre 6 • Comportement 57 Chapitre 7 • Stress ACCOBAMS Accord sur la Conservation des Cétacés de la Mer Noire, de la Méditerranée et de la zone Atlantique adjacente ACNP avis de commerce non-préjudiciable ALJ juge administratif AMMPA Alliance des parcs et aquariums pour les mammifères marins APHIS Service d'inspection sanitaire des animaux et des plantes AWI Institut pour le Bien-être animal AZA Association des zoos et aquariums Cal/OSHA Division californienne de l’Agence américaine de la santé et de la sécurité au travail CBI Commission baleinière internationale CFR Code américain des règlements fédéraux CITES Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction CSG Groupe de spécialistes des Cétacés ESA Loi sur la protection des espèces en danger É.-U. États-Unis Fed. Reg. Registre fédéral FWS Service de la pêche et de la faune sauvage des Etats Unis IA insémination artificielle LISTE DES ACRONYMES + ABRÉVIATIONS LISTE DES ACRONYMES IPO introduction en bourse JAZA Association japonaise des zoos et aquariums MMC Commission des mammifères marins MMPA Loi sur la protection des mammifères marins NAD Nage avec des dauphins NMFS Service national américain de la Pêche maritime OSHA Agence américaine de la santé et de la sécurité au travail PDG président-directeur général SARM Staphylococcus aureus (staphylocoque doré) résistant à la méticilline SPAW Zones et faune spécialement protégées TAD thérapie assistée par les dauphins TINRO Centre de recherche scientifique sur la pêche dans le Pacifique (en russe) UE Union européenne UICN Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature USC Code des États-Unis UST Traité des États-Unis WAP Protection mondiale des animaux WAZA Association mondiale des zoos et aquariums WDC Conservation des baleines et des dauphins WSPA Société mondiale de protection des animaux PRÉSENTATION u cours de la dernière décennie, depuis la publication de la 4ème édition de ce rapport, la controverse concernant les mammifères marins en captivité s'est intensifiée, en grande partie Aen raison du documentaire sorti en 2013 nommé Blackfish et de l'effet global qu'il a eu sur un large segment du grand public. Néanmoins, l’industrie de l'exposition publique continue d'insister sur le fait que les expositions de mammifères marins remplissent une fonction de conservation précieuse, que les gens apprennent des informations importantes en voyant des animaux vivants et que les mammifères marins captifs mènent une vie agréable. Les groupes de protection des animaux, et un nombre croissant de scientifiques, répliquent que la qualité de vie des mammifères marins captifs est appauvrie, que les gens ne reçoivent pas une image précise d'une espèce de la part de leurs représentants captifs et que le commerce des mammifères marins vivants affecte négativement les populations et les habitats. Plus nous en apprenons sur les mammifères marins, plus nous avons de preuves que cette dernière opinion est correcte. Certains établissements se présentent comme des centres de conservation ; cependant, peu d'établissements participent à des efforts de conservation importants. Plutôt que d'accroître les populations dans la nature, les installations pratiquant l'élevage en captivité tendent simplement à créer un surplus d'animaux d'espèces non considérées comme étant en danger, qui ne sont pas destinés à être relâchés dans la nature et ne sont donc utilisés que pour propager l'industrie. Les installations d'exposition publique se présentent souvent comme des centres d'échouage et de recherche. Toutefois, les installations commerciales peuvent limiter le nombre d'animaux marins échoués qu'elles accepteront si elles ne considèrent pas le sauvetage, la réhabilitation et la remise en liberté d'espèces communes comme une utilisation prioritaire de l'espace dont elles disposent. Quant aux baleines, dauphins et marsouins, la plupart ne survivent pas à l'échouage. Ces espèces meurent souvent avant, pendant ou peu après le sauvetage ; peu survivent à la réhabilitation pour être relâchés dans la nature ; de nombreuses remises en liberté ne sont pas contrôlées pour en assurer le succès ; et certains animaux, malgré leur aptitude à être libérés, sont conservés pour être exposés au public. En outre, à chaque échouage, l'industrie profite de l'occasion pour présenter l'océan comme un lieu dangereux, plein de dangers pour l'homme, dont elle protège les animaux dont elle a la charge. Cette représentation de l'habitat naturel comme étant désespérément endommagé et de la captivité comme étant sûre et confortable implique pour le public que l'océan est une cause perdue (ce qui ne l'incitera guère à le sauver) et que la captivité est l'état préférable. En ce qui concerne la recherche, la plupart des études utilisant des mammifères marins dans des installations d'exposition publique ont été axées sur l'amélioration des pratiques de soins et d'entretien en captivité afin d'augmenter la durée de vie des animaux et leur rendement reproductif. Malgré un récent boom de la recherche et des publications par l'industrie, dans un effort pour que leurs actions correspondent à leur rhétorique, très peu d'études utilisant des mammifères marins dans des installations d'exposition publique abordent des questions cruciales de conservation, et encore moins portent sur le bien-être animal. 3 Les captures de mammifères marins dans la nature ne sont pas une chose du passé. Les captures vivantes de baleines et de dauphins se poursuivent dans plusieurs zones sensibles à travers le monde, dans des régions où l'on sait très peu de choses sur l'état des populations. Plusieurs espèces de dauphins sont capturées au Japon. Des bélugas et des orques (également appelés épaulards) sont capturés en Russie. Certaines espèces de phoques et de lions de mer, ainsi que de morses, continuent également à être capturées dans la nature, en particulier dans l'hémisphère sud et l'Arctique. Pour les populations plus faibles de mammifères marins, les opérations de capture d'animaux vivants sont un problème pour la conservation des espèces. Même pour les populations qui ne sont pas actuellement menacées, l'absence d'évaluation scientifique ou de souci du bien-être fait de ces opérations un sujet de préoccupation mondiale. Dans toute exposition de mammifères marins, les besoins du public passent avant ceux des animaux. Les enclos sont conçus pour rendre les animaux facilement visibles, pas nécessairement pour assurer leur confort. Les installations d'exposition publique soutiennent qu'elles améliorent la vie des mammifères marins en captivité en les protégeant des rigueurs de l'environnement naturel. La vérité est que les mammifères marins ont évolué sur le plan physique et comportemental pour survivre à ces difficultés. Par exemple, presque toutes les espèces de mammifères marins, du lion de mer au dauphin, parcourent quotidiennement de grandes distances à la recherche de nourriture. En captivité, l'espace de ces espèces évoluant naturellement dans un environnement très étendu est restreint, et les modes naturels d'alimentation et de quête de nourriture sont complètement perdus. Les conditions liées au stress telles que les ulcères, les comportements stéréotypés tels que le ralentissement, l'automutilation et l'agressivité anormale au sein des groupes se développent fréquemment chez les prédateurs qui n'ont pas la possibilité de chasser. D'autres comportements naturels, tels que ceux associés à la dominance, à l'accouplement et aux soins maternels, sont modifiés en captivité, ce qui peut avoir des répercussions négatives importantes sur le bien-être des animaux. Les mammifères marins capturés dans la nature subissent progressivement l'atrophie d'un grand nombre de leurs comportements naturels et sont coupés des conditions qui permettent l'expression de traits culturels tels que les vocalisations spécialisées et les techniques uniques de recherche de nourriture et de chasse. Les interactions entre les dresseurs et les visiteurs ne remplacent pas de manière adéquate
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