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Nature's Newsletter D V E A NATURE’S NEWSLETTER O N L I N E E D I T I O N Volume 13, Issue 2 2W www.dveaglealliance.org W I L D L I F E A N D T H E E N V I R O N M E N T Nature’s Newsletter 1 www.dveaglealliance.org Photograph provided by The Elephant Project Tilikum performing during a show at SeaWorld Orlando. © Photo from Shutterstock via Whale Sanctuary Project THE WHALE SANCTUARY PROJECT T U R N I N G T H E T I D E F O R C A P T I V E W H A L E S by Lori Marino, Ph.D. President, The Whale Sanctuary Project In 2010, a horrified world heard the news that a about these whales, captive facilities would eventually 12,500-pound male orca named Tilikum had killed trainer “get it right.” And while there was some improvement in Dawn Brancheau during a show at SeaWorld Orlando. Like survivorship of orcas taken into captivity over the first couple everyone else, I was heartbroken for the loss of Dawn’s life of decades, that same metric has been at a standstill for the but also because I knew that for Tilikum to commit such an past few recent decades. The scientific evidence of poor extreme violent act he must have been driven to the limits welfare, short lifespans, and psychological and physical of his ability to cope with years of captivity. He snapped. ailments continues to pile up, all pointing to the same conclusion: that the nature of orcas and other cetaceans is Those of us who study the wellbeing of captive orcas and entirely incompatible with life in the tanks. other cetaceans (dolphins, whales and porpoises) know two important truths: First, orca attacks on humans in captivity Captivity by the Numbers are frequent and Tilikum’s actions were not unforeseen (he There are more than 3,000 whales, dolphins and porpoises, was involved in two other human deaths at other facilities representing about ten species and hybrids, held in before coming to SeaWorld Orlando). Second, there is not captivity around the world. In North America, there are a single confirmed case of a free-ranging orca deliberately 480 bottlenose dolphins, 80 beluga whales, 24 orcas and harming, let alone killing, a human being. Given this fact, other species in marine parks and sea pens. And there are Tilikum’s actions were desperate – a consequence of the currently 60 orcas held in captivity (27 wild-captured plus psychological pressures of being on display in a concrete 33 captive-born) in at least 14 marine parks in 8 countries. tank. SeaWorld holds 22 of them. Tilikum (who died in 2017 at the age of 35) was sending a In Marineland of Canada in Ontario, close to 50 beluga strong message about life “in the tanks,” one we’ve been whales are confined to a few cramped tanks while a ignoring for decades since we started capturing and forcing lone orca, Kiska, endlessly circles her tank next to them orcas into concrete tanks at entertainment parks in 1961. in complete isolation. She was captured from her family For a while, the frequent deaths in the tanks were seen in Iceland at the age of three and has spent 38 years in as a failure of animal husbandry and veterinary care. In captivity. Kiska has lost all five of her children to the tanks. the early days it was hoped that with increasing knowledge Continued on page 9 www.dveaglealliance.org 8 Nature’s Newsletter Continued from page 8 THE WHALE SANCTUARY PROJECT T U R N I N G T H E T I D E F O R C A P T I V E W H A L E S © Photos from Shutterstock via Whale Sanctuary Project LEFT: Lolita (aka Tokitae), performs for the public every day at Miami Seaquarium in Florida in one of the smallest cetacean tanks in the world . RIGHT: Two orcas perform with Tilikum during a show at SeaWorld Orlando. At Miami Seaquarium in Florida, another aging female between what orcas need to thrive and the life they are orca, Lolita (aka Tokitae), performs for the public every day forced to endure in marine parks. Orcas have large in one of the smallest cetacean tanks in the world with only and complex brains, and their social behavior includes two Pacific white-sided dolphins as “companions.” Now in cooperative hunting, long-term care of juveniles, traveling her early 50’s, Lolita was captured in 1970 in the infamous over 75 miles a day, often diving to depths of 100-150 Penn Cove, Washington roundup in Puget Sound which meters or more, learned cultural traditions and dialects removed 80 whales from the Southern Resident population unique to each group, and community-living based on with as many as five orcas drowning in the nets during the strong emotional bonds. Most notable about orcas is the process. intense and long mother-child bond. In some communities, males stay with their mother their entire life. This same population was left dramatically weakened by the captures and is now facing possible extinction with only But these social and emotional needs are destroyed by life 75 members left due to low breeding numbers, scarcity of in marine parks where mothers, calves, family members prey from over-fishing and dams, boat traffic and pollution. and friends are regularly separated and transferred in Today, Lolita’s 86-year-old mother is believed to still swim off and out of different facilities. Their sophisticated cognitive the coast of Washington state with the remaining members abilities and main sensory capacity – echolocation (using of her L pod. (Orcas form pods comprised of family groups sonar to investigate their environment) – are stifled in who hunt and travel together). Kiska’s and Lolita’s histories the barren tanks where they are fed dead fish by trainers. are not unique; rather, they are representative of the heavy Moreover, there is no space to disperse (as they would in toll life in the tanks takes. the ocean) if they have conflicts, and so the small space leads to the kind of violent aggression that’s unknown in Thriving is Impossible in the Tanks free-ranging populations. Despite round-the-clock veterinary care, fulltime food provisioning, and lack of natural hazards, orcas and other The chronic stress of trying to adapt to such a barren cetaceans continue to lead short and unhealthy lives in the and artificial environment leads to psychological and tanks. Long-term field studies confirm that free-ranging behavioral abnormalities that eventually wear down the female orcas can live 90-100 years and on average to whales’ immune system, resulting in increased infection age 46; males can live 60-70 years and on average to age rates and early death. Common behavioral problems 31. Yet the “maximum” lifespan for captive orcas is about include stereotypies – repetitive actions without purpose, equivalent to the “average” life expectancy of free-ranging e.g. endless circling of the tank, grating the teeth on tank orcas. In the past six decades, no captive-born orca has walls and gates. The result of the latter is that 61 percent surpassed 30 years of age. Indeed, only four SeaWorld of captive orcas have dental pathology so that their teeth orcas (all wild-caught) have achieved or surpassed must be drilled out and then rinsed daily to try to prevent 40 years of age. Over 90 percent of all female orcas at infection. SeaWorld have died before the age of 25. Nevertheless, immune system dysfunction and dental These grim statistics are due to a fundamental mismatch Continued on page 10 Nature’s Newsletter 9 www.dveaglealliance.org Continued from page 9 THE WHALE SANCTUARY PROJECT T U R N I N G T H E T I D E F O R C A P T I V E W H A L E S problems cause all kinds of infectious diseases that take the lives of captive orcas. These include pneumonia and other ORCA WHALES IN THE WILD lung diseases, candidiasis (systemic yeast infections), skin infections, gastric ulcers, and encephalitis. Some of these diseases are found in free-ranging populations but others are unique to life in the tanks. Moreover, marine parks regularly and as a matter of course dose the whales with valium to “keep them calm” and antibiotics, which lead to antibiotic resistance and an inability to fight disease. No Education and No Conservation Some proponents of orca captivity suggest that the short lives of the whales at marine entertainment parks are a small price to pay for the educational and conservation value of displaying these animals as “ambassadors for their species.” Marine parks send the message to visitors that by viewing whales in tanks performing one is somehow engaging in conservation of wild whales. Moreover, they claim that visitors to these displays come away with more knowledge about the whales and more concern about conservation in general. But there is no evidence to support these claims. In fact, some recent studies show that the opposite is true. When people view wild animals in places like marine theme parks and zoos they tend to care less, not more, about protection of their wild counterparts because the parks send the implicit message that the animals are all “doing okay.” So, with no evidence for educational or conservation benefits, coupled with the suffering these animals endure, it is difficult to justify keeping them on display in concrete tanks simply for entertainment.
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