DOCSLIB.ORG

Recommendations for the Care and Maintenance of Marine Mammals © Canadian Council on Animal Care, 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recommendations for the Care and Maintenance of Marine Mammals © Canadian Council on Animal Care, 2014 Recommendations for the care and maintenance of marine mammals © Canadian Council on Animal Care, 2014 ISBN: 978-0-919087-57-6 Canadian Council on Animal Care 190 O’Connor St., Suite 800 Ottawa ON K2P 2R3 http://www.ccac.ca Acknowledgements The development of the Recommendations for the care and maintenance of marine mammals was com- missioned to the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). To complete this task, the CCAC Standards Committee created the ad hoc subcommittee on marine mammals. We acknowledge and thank all the members of the subcommittee who worked together to develop, review, and guide this document through to publication: Dr. Pierre-Yves Daoust, University of Prince Edward Island Mr. John Ford, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Mr. Henrik Kreiberg, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Dr. Clément Lanthier, Calgary Zoo Dr. Kay Mehren, Veterinarian Emeritus, Toronto Zoo Ms. Tracy Stewart, Marineland of Canada Mr. Clint Wright, Vancouver Aquarium Dr. Gilly Griffin, Canadian Council on Animal Care We would also like to take this opportunity to recognize the dedication and vision of Dr. Jon Lien (Memo- rial University, deceased 2010), the Committee’s first Chair. Jon played a pivotal role in the creation of this document. It was the Lien Report: A review of live- capture and captivity of marine mammals in Canada that inspired DFO to request that CCAC develop recommendations for the care and maintenance of marine mammals. His vision became a collective goal - to improve the quality of life for all marine mammals held in captivity. This document lives on as a legacy to his vision and leadership. Lastly, the CCAC extends its gratitude to the many other volunteers, organizations and associations that provided review of this guidelines document. We especially acknowledge the contributions of Mr. Neal Overstrom and Mr. Bob van Tongerloo, who provided important assistance in developing early drafts. Dr. Mark Torchia Chair of the CCAC Board of Directors Table of Contents tABle oF contents PReFAce.........................................................................................................................1 sUmmARY oF tHe RecommendAtions listed in tHis docUment .................3 2. GENERAl consideRAtions ..............................................................................15 2.1 Rationale for Developing these Recommendations ...............................................................................15 2.2 Applicability ...............................................................................................................................................15 2.3 Definition of Institutions, Facilities and Enclosures ..............................................................................15 2.4 Ethics ...........................................................................................................................................................16 2.4.1 Acquisition of wild versus captive animals ..................................................................................16 2.4.2 Marine mammal care ....................................................................................................................17 2.4.3 Education and research .................................................................................................................17 2.4.4 Release of marine mammals to the wild .......................................................................................18 2.5 Responsibilities ...........................................................................................................................................19 2.5.1 Responsibilities of the animal ethics committee ..........................................................................19 2.5.2 Responsibilities of the educational committee .............................................................................20 2.5.3 Responsibilities of the institution and facility management .........................................................20 2.5.4 Responsibilities of the veterinarian ..............................................................................................21 2.5.5 Responsibilities of animal care staff and trainers .........................................................................22 2.5.6 Responsibilities of research investigators ....................................................................................22 3.A F cilities ..............................................................................................................24 3.1 New Facilities .............................................................................................................................................24 3.1.1 Open ocean enclosures .......................................................................................................................24 3.2 Enclosure Design ........................................................................................................................................24 3.2.1 Type of facility ..............................................................................................................................25 3.2.2 Spatial requirements of enclosures ...............................................................................................26 3.2.3 Haul-outs ......................................................................................................................................27 3.2.4 Acoustics .....................................................................................................................................28 3.2.5 Lighting ........................................................................................................................................28 3.2.6 Freedom from harassment by public ............................................................................................28 3.2.7 Structural considerations ..............................................................................................................29 3.2.8 Surfaces and finishes ....................................................................................................................29 3.2.9 Drainage .......................................................................................................................................30 3.2.10 Nets and gates ...............................................................................................................................30 3.2.11 Power supply ................................................................................................................................31 3.2.12 Landscaping ..................................................................................................................................31 Recommendations for the care and maintenance of marine mammals i Table of Contents 3.3 Water ...........................................................................................................................................................31 3.3.1 Water supply .................................................................................................................................31 3.3.2 Water circulation and hydrodynamics ..........................................................................................32 3.3.3 Water systems and processing ......................................................................................................32 3.3.4 Water filtration ..............................................................................................................................33 3.3.5 Water treatment .............................................................................................................................33 3.4 Support Facilities .......................................................................................................................................34 3.5 Animal Surgery / Veterinary Facilities ....................................................................................................35 3.6 Facility Requirements for Public Contact Programs .............................................................................36 3.7 Security .......................................................................................................................................................36 4.A F cilitY mAnAgement, oPeRAtion And mAintenAnce ...........................37 4.1 Facility Records .........................................................................................................................................37 4.2 Environmental Control and Monitoring .................................................................................................37 4.2.1 Water quality .................................................................................................................................37 4.2.2 pH .................................................................................................................................................38 4.2.3 Salinity ..........................................................................................................................................38 4.2.4 Micro-organisms ...........................................................................................................................38 4.2.5 Temperature and humidity ............................................................................................................39
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Captive Orcas
    Captive Orcas ‘Dying to Entertain You’ The Full Story A report for Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) Chippenham, UK Produced by Vanessa Williams Contents Introduction Section 1 The showbiz orca Section 2 Life in the wild FINgerprinting techniques. Community living. Social behaviour. Intelligence. Communication. Orca studies in other parts of the world. Fact file. Latest news on northern/southern residents. Section 3 The world orca trade Capture sites and methods. Legislation. Holding areas [USA/Canada /Iceland/Japan]. Effects of capture upon remaining animals. Potential future capture sites. Transport from the wild. Transport from tank to tank. “Orca laundering”. Breeding loan. Special deals. Section 4 Life in the tank Standards and regulations for captive display [USA/Canada/UK/Japan]. Conditions in captivity: Pool size. Pool design and water quality. Feeding. Acoustics and ambient noise. Social composition and companionship. Solitary confinement. Health of captive orcas: Survival rates and longevity. Causes of death. Stress. Aggressive behaviour towards other orcas. Aggression towards trainers. Section 5 Marine park myths Education. Conservation. Captive breeding. Research. Section 6 The display industry makes a killing Marketing the image. Lobbying. Dubious bedfellows. Drive fisheries. Over-capturing. Section 7 The times they are a-changing The future of marine parks. Changing climate of public opinion. Ethics. Alternatives to display. Whale watching. Cetacean-free facilities. Future of current captives. Release programmes. Section 8 Conclusions and recommendations Appendix: Location of current captives, and details of wild-caught orcas References The information contained in this report is believed to be correct at the time of last publication: 30th April 2001. Some information is inevitably date-sensitive: please notify the author with any comments or updated information.
    [Show full text]
  • West Indian Manatee (Trichechus Manatus) Habitat Characterization Using Side-Scan Sonar
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Master's Theses Graduate Research 2017 West Indian Manatee (Trichechus Manatus) Habitat Characterization Using Side-Scan Sonar Mindy J. McLarty Andrews University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/theses Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation McLarty, Mindy J., "West Indian Manatee (Trichechus Manatus) Habitat Characterization Using Side-Scan Sonar" (2017). Master's Theses. 98. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/theses/98 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT WEST INDIAN MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS) HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION USING SIDE-SCAN SONAR by Mindy J. McLarty Chair: Daniel Gonzalez-Socoloske ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Thesis Andrews University School of Arts and Sciences Title: WEST INDIAN MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS) HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION USING SIDE-SCAN SONAR Name of researcher: Mindy J. McLarty Name and degree of faculty chair: Daniel Gonzalez-Socoloske, Ph.D. Date completed: April 2017 In this study, the reliability of low cost side-scan sonar to accurately identify soft substrates such as grass and mud was tested. Benthic substrates can be hard to classify from the surface, necessitating an alternative survey approach. A total area of 11.5 km2 was surveyed with the sonar in a large, brackish mangrove lagoon system. Individual points were ground-truthed for comparison with the sonar recordings to provide a measure of accuracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Energetic Tradeoffs Control the Size Distribution of Aquatic Mammals William Gearty
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences Papers in the Biological Sciences 4-17-2018 Energetic tradeoffs control the size distribution of aquatic mammals William Gearty Craig R. McClain Jonathan Payne Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub Part of the Biology Commons, Evolution Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Energetic tradeoffs control the size distribution of aquatic mammals William Geartya,1, Craig R. McClainb, and Jonathan L. Paynea aDepartment of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and bLouisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344 Edited by Nicholas D. Pyenson, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, and accepted by Editorial Board Member David Jablonski February 23, 2018 (received for review August 8, 2017) Four extant lineages of mammals have invaded and diversified in the entering the water will increase in average size, these theories differ in water: Sirenia, Cetacea, Pinnipedia, and Lutrinae. Most of these aquatic their predictions for how such a size change is achieved. More spe- clades are larger bodied, on average, than their closest land-dwelling cifically, they differ in their predictions both about the rate of evo- relatives, but the extent to which potential ecological, biomechanical, lution toward the new, larger average size as well as the variance of and physiological controls contributed to this pattern remains untested the aquatic size distribution relative to its terrestrial sister group (22).
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Morphology of the Vertebral Column in Remingtonocetus (Mammalia, Cetacea) and the Evolution of Aquatic Locomotion in Early Archaeocetes
    Functional Morphology of the Vertebral Column in Remingtonocetus (Mammalia, Cetacea) and the Evolution of Aquatic Locomotion in Early Archaeocetes by Ryan Matthew Bebej A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Philip D. Gingerich, Co-Chair Professor Philip Myers, Co-Chair Professor Daniel C. Fisher Professor Paul W. Webb © Ryan Matthew Bebej 2011 To my wonderful wife Melissa, for her infinite love and support ii Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank each of my committee members. I will be forever grateful to my primary mentor, Philip D. Gingerich, for providing me the opportunity of a lifetime, studying the very organisms that sparked my interest in evolution and paleontology in the first place. His encouragement, patience, instruction, and advice have been instrumental in my development as a scholar, and his dedication to his craft has instilled in me the importance of doing careful and solid research. I am extremely grateful to Philip Myers, who graciously consented to be my co-advisor and co-chair early in my career and guided me through some of the most stressful aspects of life as a Ph.D. student (e.g., preliminary examinations). I also thank Paul W. Webb, for his novel thoughts about living in and moving through water, and Daniel C. Fisher, for his insights into functional morphology, 3D modeling, and mammalian paleobiology. My research was almost entirely predicated on cetacean fossils collected through a collaboration of the University of Michigan and the Geological Survey of Pakistan before my arrival in Ann Arbor.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Aquatic Mammal Welfare While Assessing Differing Values and Imperfect Tradeoffs David S
    Aquatic Mammals 2018, 44(2), 116-141, DOI 10.1578/AM.44.2.2018.116 Assessing Aquatic Mammal Welfare While Assessing Differing Values and Imperfect Tradeoffs David S. Miller,1 Raymond Anthony,2 and Gail Golab3 1PO Box 2786, Loveland, CO 80539-2786, USA [email protected] 2Department of Philosophy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA 3American Veterinary Medical Association, 1931 N. Meacham Road, Suite 100, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4360, USA Abstract aquatic mammals. Resolution of aquatic mammal welfare challenges ultimately depends upon stake- Assessments of animal welfare can be complex and holders’ personal relationships and a willingness to controversial, including where captive and free- engage in constructive dialogue. This dialogue must ranging aquatic mammal welfare are of concern. be focused on optimally addressing animal needs An assessor’s value preferences, attitudes, personal for a particular set of circumstances by using ani- experience, and societal values are examples of mal-based measures based on the animal’s perspec- factors that inform how animal welfare is evalu- tive rather than the advancement of a set viewpoint. ated. While there is not a single measure of animal welfare that is universally accepted, assessments of Key Words: aquatic mammals, animal welfare, the welfare of aquatic mammals can be fruitful if behavioral indicators, physiological indicators, informed by tried and true standards and indicators. engineering standards, performance standards, Animal welfare is best viewed within context and Five Domains Model, Three Orientations Model, relative to opportunities for improvement, although value system some animal welfare concerns may clearly be dichotomized as “good” or “bad” via animal wel- Introduction fare assessment tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Killer Whale (Aka Orca) Orcinus Orca
    PGAV Zoo Design SDT Animal of the Month Killer Whale (aka Orca) Orcinus orca 1. Animal Type: Mammal 2. Conservation Status: Endangered (Southern resident population only—Others: Status unknown) a. Range/Habitat i. From the open sea to coasts, from equator to polar areas. ii. The most distributed of all cetaceans, it occurs in all oceans and seas. 3. Size a. Male: 10 tons and 19’ long b. Female: 7.5 tons and 16’ long c. At birth: 6 ½ feet to 8 feet 4. Social Structure a. Killer whales are a social species living in pods of 3-25 b. Killer whales use their calls to coordinate hunting behavior and to maintain contact with other members of their pod. Clicks are used by all toothed whales for echolocation, and they may also be used to communicate. i. With orcas, several resident pods may join to form a community. Each pod has a unique dialect, similar to other pods in its community. It is quite different from the dialects of other pods with which they are not in contact. ii. Studies of the orca show the subtlety and variety of whale language. They use discrete calls – distinct sounds separated into characteristic types that can be heard 5 miles away. Those in the northwest use between 7-17 calls each. They make different noises when playing or socializing. 5. Reproduction a. Gestation period is thought to be 12-16 months, with most calves born between October and March. b. Orcas have long childhoods, reaching maturity about 15 years old. c. A female can produce as many as 5 calves over a 25 year period.
    [Show full text]
  • While Rome Burns…A Report Into Conditions in the Zoos of Ontario
    While Rome Burns … A Report into Conditions in the Zoos of Ontario Prepared by: Samantha Lindley, BVSc, MRCVS September 1998 Published by: Zoocheck Canada Inc. 2646 St. Clair Avenue East Toronto, Ontario M4B 3M1 (Canada) Ph (416) 285-1744 Fax (416) 285-4670 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.zoocheck.com World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) Canada 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Ste. 960 Toronto, Ontario M4P 1Y3(Canada) Ph (416) 369-0044 Fax (416) 369-0147 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.wspa.ca While Rome Burns…A Report into Conditions in the Zoos of Ontario Table of Contents Foreword …………………………………………………………………………. i About the Author ………………………………………………………………… iii While Rome Burns . Introduction ……………………..……..……………….. 1 Zoos in Ontario: A Discussion ………………………………………………….. 3 The “Ideal” Zoo? ………………………………………………………………… 3 Get-aways ……………………………………………………………………….. 3 Safety and Security ……………………………………………………………… 3 Education ………………………………………………………………………… 4 Behaviour ………………………………………………………………………… 5 Stereotypic Behaviour ……………………………………………………………. 5 Stereotypic Behaviour vs. Displacement Behaviour …………………………….. 6 The Conservation Argument …………………………………………………….. 7 The Welfare Issue ……………………………………………………………….. 8 Zoos in Ontario Bergeron’s Exotic Animal Sanctuary …………………………………………… 11 Greenview Aviaries, Park and Zoo ……………………………………………… 15 The Killman Zoo ………………………………………………………………… 19 Lazy Acre Farm …………………………………………………………………. 25 Marineland of Canada …………………………………………………………… 29 Northwoods Buffalo and Exotic Animal Ranch ………………………………… 35 Pineridge
    [Show full text]
  • Stopping the Use, Sale and Trade of Whales and Dolphins in Canada How Protection Is Consistent with WTO Obligations
    Stopping the use, sale and trade of whales and dolphins in Canada How protection is consistent with WTO obligations Prepared by Leesteffy Jenkins, Attorney at Law 219 West Main St., P.O. Box 634 Hillsborough, NH 03244-0634 Phone (603) 464-4395 For ZOOCHECK CANADA INC. 3266 Yonge Street, Suite 1417 Toronto, Ontario M4N 3P6 (416) 285-1744 (p) (416) 285-4670 (f ) [email protected] www.zoocheck.com This legal analysis was commissioned by Zoocheck Canada as part of a research initiative looking into how trade laws impact the trade and use of whales and dolphins in Canada, and to educate the public about the same. Page 1 April 25, 2003 QUESTION PRESENTED Whether a Canadian ban on the import and export of live cetaceans, wild-caught, captive born or those caught earlier in the wild and now considered captive, would violate Canada's obligations pursuant to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements. CONCLUSION It is my understanding that there is currently no specific Canadian legislation banning the import/export of live cetaceans. Based on the facts* presented to me, however, it is my opinion that such legislation could be enacted consistent with WTO rules. This memorandum attempts to outline both the conditions under which Canadian regulation of trade in live cetaceans may be consistent with the WTO Agreements, as well as provide some guidance in the crafting of future legislation. PEER REVIEW & COMMENTS Chris Wold, Steve Shrybman, Esq Clinical Professor of Law and Director Sack, Goldblatt, Mitchell International Environmental Law Project 20 Dundas Street West, Ste 1130 Northwestern School of Law Toronto, Ontario M5G 2G8 Lewis and Clark College Tel.: (416) 979-2235 10015 SW Terwilliger Blvd Email: [email protected] Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Adaptations of Aquatic Mammals
    THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 290:507–513 (2007) Anatomical Adaptations of Aquatic Mammals JOY S. REIDENBERG* Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Department of Medical Education, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York ABSTRACT This special issue of the Anatomical Record explores many of the an- atomical adaptations exhibited by aquatic mammals that enable life in the water. Anatomical observations on a range of fossil and living marine and freshwater mammals are presented, including sirenians (manatees and dugongs), cetaceans (both baleen whales and toothed whales, includ- ing dolphins and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), the sea otter, and the pygmy hippopotamus. A range of anatomical sys- tems are covered in this issue, including the external form (integument, tail shape), nervous system (eye, ear, brain), musculoskeletal systems (cranium, mandible, hyoid, vertebral column, flipper/forelimb), digestive tract (teeth/tusks/baleen, tongue, stomach), and respiratory tract (larynx). Emphasis is placed on exploring anatomical function in the context of aquatic life. The following topics are addressed: evolution, sound produc- tion, sound reception, feeding, locomotion, buoyancy control, thermoregu- lation, cognition, and behavior. A variety of approaches and techniques are used to examine and characterize these adaptations, ranging from dissection, to histology, to electron microscopy, to two-dimensional (2D) and 3D computerized tomography, to experimental field tests of function. The articles in this issue are a blend of literature review and new, hy- pothesis-driven anatomical research, which highlight the special nature of anatomical form and function in aquatic mammals that enables their exquisite adaptation for life in such a challenging environment. Ó 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Summary of the Effects of Captivity on Orcas
    A Summary of the Effects of Captivity on Orcas PEOPLE FOR THE ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS Contents The Eff ects of Captivity on Tilikum and Orcas Generally at SeaWorld…………..................................…………......3 I. Orcas Are Extremely Intelligent Mammals Whose Brains Are Highly Developed in Areas Responsible for Complex Cognitive Functions, Including Self-Awareness, Social Cognition, Culture, and Language …………………………………………...............................................................................................…...4 II. Tilikum Is Deprived of Every Facet of His Culture and the Opportunity to Engage in Natural Behavior, Causing Extreme Stress and Suff ering….…………….….......................................................5 A. The Tanks at SeaWorld Provide Inadequate Space and Result in Stress……….…...........................5 B. SeaWorld’s Constant Manipulation of Tilikum’s Social Structure Results in Stress.................7 C. The Tanks at SeaWorld Create a Distressing Acoustic Environment…….………..….........................9 III. The Stressors of the Captive Environment at SeaWorld Result in Aggressiveness, Self- Injury, and Other Physical and Behavioral Abnormalities………………….……..............................................10 A. Aggression Between Orcas and Between Orcas and Humans……..……………..............................……10 B. Stereotypic Behavior………………….……………………………………….......................................................................….…..13 1. Painful Dental Problems Caused by Chewing Metal Gates and Concrete Tanks.....14 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial, Semiaquatic, and Fully Aquatic Mammal Sound Production Mechanisms
    Terrestrial, Semiaquatic, and Fully Aquatic Mammal Sound Production Mechanisms Joy S. Reidenberg Aquatic mammals generate sound underwater but use air-driven systems derived from terrestrial ancestors. How do they do it without drowning? Postal: Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology Terrestrial mammals produce sound in air mainly for communication, while many Icahn School of Medicine at aquatic mammals can communicate by vocalizing in air or underwater. A sub- Mount Sinai set of aquatic mammals called odontocetes (toothed whales, including dolphins 1 Gustave L. Levy Place and porpoises) can also use echolocation sounds for navigation and prey track- Mail Box 1007 ing. In all cases, mammals use pneumatic (air-driven) mechanisms to generate New York, New York these sounds, but the sources and transmission pathways differ depending upon 10029-6574 whether sounds are emitted into air or water. USA Terrestrial Mammals Email: The voice box, or larynx, is the organ of vocalization used by most terrestrial mam- [email protected] mals. It initially evolved from the protective anatomy used to keep water out of a buoyancy organ in fish (the swim bladder). The main function of the larynx remains protection, only now it prevents incursions of foreign material into the “windpipe” (trachea) and lungs of mammals. The entrance of the larynx is sealed by a pair of vocal “cords” (vocal folds). In ad- dition, there are tall cartilages (epiglottic and corniculate) that act as splashguards to deflect food and water away from the opening. These cartilages overlap in front with the soft palate and behind with the posterior wall of the airspace (pharyn- geal wall) to interlock the larynx with the rear of the nasal cavity (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Wild Meat in West Africa a Briefing by Oceancare
    Aquatic Wild Meat in West Africa A Briefing by OceanCare In summary Partnership and the formation of a CMS Scientific Council Aquatic Wild Meat • Endangered, threatened, protected and Working Group. other species are being over-harvested as aquatic bushmeat, for either human consumption or as bait. This growing Context problem is spread across the West African coastal region. At least manatee, five The meat of wild animals–wild meat–long has species of turtle, seven species of dolphin been a part of the staple diet of many indigenous and one species of crocodile are regularly and local communities in equatorial rainforest hunted. and savannah regions. This form of meat includes • Declining fisheries resources have caused the rise of wild meat harvest, as evidenced any non-domesticated terrestrial mammals, birds, by anecdotal information. This is impacting reptiles and amphibians that are harvested for large aquatic mammal biodiversity in the food, medicine or other traditional uses. Wild region. meat, also known as bushmeat, is often locally • There is insufficient implementation of traded for income or other community needs. regionally agreed actions, including the For generations, terrestrial and aquatic wild meat Convention on Migratory Species marine consumption has been sustainable, but modern turtle and aquatic mammal agreements. pressures and growing human population has Aquatic wild meat is ‘falling through the cracks’ between environment and fisheries changed the balance. (Milner-Gulland and Ministries, agencies and international Bennett, 2003; Brashares, et al., 2011; Cawthorn processes. and Hoffman, 2105, 2016) Changing climate, • Existing conventions, agreements and local scarcity of other meat sources and community regulations need to be implemented and displacement by industrial mining, commercial enforced.
    [Show full text]