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Los Mamíferos Marinos En Cautiverio

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Los Mamíferos Marinos En Cautiverio El caso contra LOS MAMÍFEROS MARINOS EN CAUTIVERIO INSTITUTO DE BIENESTAR ANIMAL Y PROTECCIÓN ANIMAL MUNDIAL El caso contra LOS MAMÍFEROS MARINOS EN CAUTIVERIO Autores: Dra. Naomi A. Rose y Dr. E. C. M. Parsons Editor: Dave Tilford • Diseñadora: Alexandra Alberg Preparado en nombre del Instituto de Bienestar Animal y Protección Animal Mundial Este informe debería citarse como: Rose, N.A. and Parsons, E.C.M. (2019). The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity, 5th edition (Washington, DC: Animal Welfare Institute and World Animal Protection), 160 pp. ÍNDICE 2 Lista de acrónimos y abreviaturas 60 Capítulo 8 • Inteligencia cetácea 3 Generalidades 65 Capítulo 9 • Tasas de mortalidad y natalidad 66 No cetáceos 6 Introducción 67 Delfines nariz de botella 68 Orcas 9 Capítulo 1 • Educación 70 Otras especies de cetáceos 70 Resumen 14 Capítulo 2 • La falacia de la conservación y la investigación 72 Capítulo 10 • Interacciones entre seres 16 Programas de mejora de especies humanos y delfines 18 Especies cruzadas e híbridos 72 Terapia asistida por delfines 18 Cetáceos en cautiverio y cultura 73 Atracciones de nado con delfines 19 El doble criterio de la industria de la 75 Piscinas interactivas y sesiones exhibición pública de alimentación 22 Ética y cría en cautiverio 22 Programas de rescate de animales varados 77 Capítulo 11 • Riesgos para la salud humana 23 Investigación 77 Enfermedades 78 Lesiones y muerte 26 Capítulo 3 • Capturas vivas 31 Delfines nariz de botella 83 Capítulo 12 •El legado de Blackfish 33 Orcas 83 Blackfish 35 Belugas 85 El efecto Blackfish 87 Las repercusiones legales y legislativas 37 Capítulo 4 • El entorno físico y social de Blackfish 37 Recintos de concreto 88 ¿El fin de las orcas en cautiverio? 39 Corrales marinos 89 Santuarios costeros: ¿el futuro de 40 Pinnípedos los cetáceos en cautiverio? 41 Osos polares 43 Manatíes, dugongos y nutrias marinas 44 Cetáceos 92 Conclusión 48 Resumen 95 Agradecimientos 49 Capítulo 5 • Cuestiones de salud animal y atención veterinaria 96 Notas 53 Capítulo 6 • Comportamiento 139 Referencias 57 Capítulo 7 • Estrés ACCOBAMS Acuerdo sobre la Conservación de los Cetáceos en el Mar Negro, el Mar Mediterráneo y la Zona Atlántica Contigua AMMPA Alianza de Parques y Acuarios de Mamíferos Marinos APHIS Servicio de Inspección de Sanidad Animal y Vegetal AWI Instituto de Bienestar Animal AZA Asociación de Zoológicos y Acuarios Cal/OSHA División de California de la Administración de Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional CEO director ejecutivo CFR Código de Reglamentos Federales CITES Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres CSG Grupo de Especialistas en Cetáceos EE. UU. Estados Unidos ESA Ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción Fed. Reg. Registro Federal FWS Servicio Federal de Pesca y Vida Silvestre IA inseminación artificial IUCN Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza IWC Comisión Ballenera Internacional JDA juez de derecho administrativo LISTA DE ACRÓNIMOS Y ABREVIATURAS Y DE ACRÓNIMOS LISTA JAZA Asociación Japonesa de Zoológicos y Acuarios MMC Comisión de Mamíferos Marinos MMPA Ley de Protección de Mamíferos Marinos NDF dictamen de extracción no perjudicial NMFS Servicio Nacional de Pesquerías Marinas OPI oferta pública inicial OSHA Administración de Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional SARM Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina SPAW Áreas y Vida Silvestre Especialmente Protegidas SWD nado con delfines TAD terapia asistida por delfines TINRO Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Pesqueras del Pacífico UE Unión Europea USC Código de Estados Unidos UST Tratado de Estados Unidos WAP Protección Animal Mundial WAZA Asociación Mundial de Zoológicos y Acuarios WDC Conservación de Ballenas y Delfines WSPA Sociedad Mundial para la Protección de los Animales GENERALIDADES lo largo de la última década, desde la publicación de la cuarta edición de este informe, se ha vuelto más intensa la controversia sobre los mamíferos marinos en cautiverio, en gran parte, debido al Adocumental de 2013 titulado Blackfish y el efecto global que ha tenido sobre un gran segmento del público en general. No obstante, la industria de las demostraciones públicas continúa insistiendo en que las exhibiciones de mamíferos marinos cumplen una valiosa función de conservación, las personas aprenden información importante al ver animales vivos, y los mamíferos marinos en cautiverio llevan una buena vida. Los grupos de protección de animales, y una cantidad creciente de científicos, argumentan a su vez que la vida de los mamíferos marinos en cautiverio se empobrece, las personas no reciben de los ejemplares en cautiverio una imagen acertada de la especie, y el comercio de mamíferos marinos vivos afecta de manera negativa a poblaciones y hábitats. Cuanto más aprendemos de los mamíferos marinos, más evidencia hay de que las últimas opiniones son las correctas. Algunos establecimientos se promocionan como centros de conservación; sin embargo, pocos se involucran en esfuerzos considerables de conservación. En lugar de mejorar las poblaciones que se encuentran en la naturaleza, los establecimientos dedicados a la cría en cautiverio tienden simplemente a crear un excedente de animales de especies no amenazadas que no están destinados a liberarse en la naturaleza y, por lo tanto, solo se utilizan para propagar la industria. Los establecimientos de exhibición pública se promocionan muchas veces como centros de investigación y rescate de animales varados. Sin embargo, las instalaciones comerciales podrían limitar la cantidad de animales marinos varados que aceptan si no consideran que el rescate, la rehabilitación y la liberación de especies comunes es un uso prioritario del espacio que tienen disponible. En cuanto a las ballenas, los delfines y las marsopas, la mayoría no sobrevive a quedar varados. Con frecuencia mueren antes, durante o poco después del rescate; pocos sobreviven a la rehabilitación para que se los libere en la naturaleza; muchas liberaciones no se monitorean para saber si tienen éxito; y a algunos animales, a pesar de estar aptos para su liberación, se los retiene para la exhibición pública. Además, con cada varamiento, la industria aprovecha la oportunidad para caracterizar el océano como un lugar riesgoso lleno de peligros humanos, de los cuales protege a los animales a su cargo. Esta descripción del hábitat natural como irremediablemente dañado y el cautiverio como seguro y cómodo implica para el público que el océano es una causa perdida (lo cual es difícil que los inspire a salvarlo) y que el cautiverio es el estado preferido. En cuanto a la investigación, la mayoría de los estudios en los que se utilizan mamíferos marinos en establecimientos de exhibición pública se han concentrado en mejorar la atención en cautiverio y las prácticas de mantenimiento con el fin de prolongar la vida de los animales y el rendimiento reproductivo. A pesar de un reciente auge en la investigación y publicación por parte de la industria, en un esfuerzo por hacer que sus actos coincidan con su retórica, en muy pocos de los estudios con mamíferos marinos de exhibición pública se abordan cuestiones de conservación cruciales y aún menos de bienestar de los animales. 3 Las capturas de mamíferos marinos de su hábitat natural no son algo del pasado. Las capturas vivas de ballenas y delfines continúan en varios sitios muy activos de todo el mundo, en regiones donde se sabe muy poco sobre el estado de las poblaciones. En Japón, se capturan varias especies de delfines. En Rusia apresan belugas y orcas (también llamadas ballenas asesinas). A algunas especies de focas y lobos marinos, además de morsas, también se las sigue capturando de la naturaleza, en especial, en el hemisferio sur y en el Ártico. En poblaciones más pequeñas de mamíferos marinos, las operaciones de capturas vivas son un problema para la conservación. Incluso en el caso de las poblaciones que no están amenazadas en la actualidad, la falta de evaluación científica o respeto por el bienestar hace de estas operaciones una cuestión de preocupación mundial. En toda exhibición de mamíferos marinos, las necesidades del público visitante tienen prioridad sobre las de los animales. Los recintos están diseñados para que los animales se vean con facilidad, no necesariamente para que estén cómodos. Los establecimientos de exhibición pública afirman que mejoran la vida de los mamíferos marinos en cautiverio porque los protegen de los rigores del entorno natural. La verdad es que los animales han tenido una evolución física y de comportamiento para sobrevivir a esos rigores. Por ejemplo, casi todas las especies de mamíferos marinos, desde los lobos marinos hasta los delfines, recorren grandes distancias todos los días en busca de alimento. En cautiverio, el espacio está restringido para estas especies que en la naturaleza tienen amplios espacios vitales, y se pierden por completo los patrones de alimentación natural y búsqueda de alimento. En depredadores a los que se les niega la oportunidad de cazar, se desarrollan con frecuencia afecciones relacionadas con el estrés, por ejemplo, úlceras, comportamientos estereotipados como la automutilación y el desplazamiento incesante con el mismo recorrido, y agresión anormal dentro de los grupos. Otros comportamientos naturales, como los asociados con la dominación, el apareamiento y el cuidado materno, se alteran en cautiverio, lo cual puede tener efectos negativos considerables en el bienestar de los animales. Los mamíferos marinos capturados en la naturaleza sufren una atrofia
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