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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2019; 6(5): 36-42

ISSN 2347-2677 IJFBS 2019; 6(5): 36-42 Received: 14-07-2019 An overview on hybridization in Accepted: 17-08-2019

Aayush Yadav Aayush Yadav, Asit Jain, Jyotimala Sahu, Ashutosh Dubey, Rajkumar Ph. D Scholar, Department of Livestock Production and Gadpayle, Deepti Kiran Barwa, Upasana Verma and Kiran Kashyap Management, College of Veterinary Science and Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, Abstract Species hybridization is the breeding between two distinct species that produce progeny, regardless of the fertility of progeny. It occurs worldwide either spontaneously due to habitat fragmentation and the small Asit Jain population size of animals or by captive breeding where progenies of combined ancestry utilize Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vigour to improve their performances in comparison to their parents. However, the reproductive and College of Veterinary Science and fitness traits in progeny were found to reduce greatly due to their uneven number of and Animal Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, the interaction between genes received from parents. The paper in this context gives a brief knowledge of Durg, Chhattisgarh, India the various aspects of species hybridization and hybrids found all over the world.

Jyotimala Sahu Ph. D Scholar, Department of Keywords: Species hybridization, reproductive traits, fitness traits, hybrid vigour, hybrids Livestock Production and Management, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, Introduction India A Cross made between genetically diverse populations represents species hybridization (Harrison, 1993) [1]. Species hybridization, either spontaneous or anthropogenic, tends to Ashutosh Dubey Ph. D Scholar, Department of produce newer breeds but at the same time, it is deemed to destroy the genetic integrity of Livestock Production and parental species (either wild or domestic) (Wakchaure and Ganguly, 2017) [2]. The produced Management, College of Veterinary offspring (hybrids) are fit but differ from parental species in terms of breeding ability i.e. they Science and Animal Husbandry, [3] CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, fail to breed with the members of parental species (Wikipedia, 2019a) . Though hybridization India is seen in plants and animals, it is regarded as a matter of interest in plants and not so among animals (Mallet, 2005) [4]. It is well supported by the fact that hybrids are rarely fertile (mostly Rajkumar Gadpayle Ph. D Scholar, Department of sterile), as are incapable of producing sperm and egg due to the uneven number of Livestock Production and chromosomes. Males, in this context, are usually always infertile. Windsor (2019) [5] Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, enlightens this fact and considers the failure of chromosomal pairing at the pachytene stage of CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, meiotic prophase as the possible reason for azoospermia led infertility. Accordingly, females India also suffer from the death of oogonia during meiosis. However, possibilities of the mature

Deepti Kiran Barwa follicles in adult females have also been reported by some researchers. These hybrids, by Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Animal nature, are polyphyletic as the distinct parental species are crossed without sharing any Breeding and Genetics, College of common ancestry (Wikipedia, 2019a) [3]. Species hybridization is however very infrequent in Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, CGKV, Anjora, Durg, the wild due to various reasons such as, different mating seasons and intrauterine Chhattisgarh, India environments of species, species wise differences in the acrosomes of spermatozoa as well as enzymes required by spermatozoa to penetrate ova, treating spermatozoa of a species as a Upasana Verma M.V.Sc. Scholar, Department of foreign body by the female of other species etc. The paper in this context gives a brief Livestock Production and knowledge of the various aspects of species hybridization and hybrids found all over the Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, world. CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India Types of species hybridization: Broadly, two types of species hybridization are studied and

Kiran Kashyap discussed under given heads: M.V.Sc. Scholar, Department of 1. Natural hybridization: Natural hybridization represents natural breeding between two Livestock Production and distinct populations or species or higher-ranking taxa that ultimately handovers the Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, interspecific genomes to offspring, thereby causing changes in their genotype and CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, phenotype. In this context, the production of diploid, triploid and tetraploid hybrids are the India result of changes in genotype, whereas, utilization of hybrid vigour to exhibit

Corresponding Author: improvement in survival, growth rate, disease resistance, etc. of offspring represents Jyotimala Sahu changes in the phenotype (Liu, 2010) [6]. Ph. D Scholar, Department of Livestock Production and 2. Anthropogenic hybridization: This is explained by the steps taken by animal breeders Management, ICAR - National Dairy such as, habitat fragmentation and species introduction which results in breeding between Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, distinct species, and is generally done in a controlled environment as recommended by the India ~ 36 ~ International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies http://www.faunajournal.com

Animal breeders (Paul and Holdren, 1971) [7]. This has mentioned in his literature about the breeding between closely seriously affected the conservation of genetics of populations, related species and considered interventions and no matter if it was done with a good for use as sharing of overlapping habitat as the possible reasons. biological control or done without a deliberate mind, as with Besides, the desirable impact of the pairing of favourable accidental evasion of animals. genes received from parental species was also given importance in his literature. However, he also brought Reasons for species hybridization restricted fertility in homogametic sex as a serious matter of 1. Small population size: Poorly developed habitats or concern in front of the peoples which was later found to ones that are destroyed under natural calamities lead to overcome by repeated backcrossing to animals from one of its escape of species to other habitats, thereby reducing their parent species (called introgression) till a fertile hybrid size of populations in the original habitat. This has been population is established. revealed as the possible cause for lesser mate availability and narrow sex ratios which ultimately is a cause for Advantages of species hybridization: The advantages of breeding between distinct species (Jansson et al., 2007) species hybridization are as below: [8]. 1. Evolution of new interspecific breed: Mating of two 2. Habitat fragmentation and species introduction: distinguished species produces new interspecific breeds There’s not just one but several reasons for the habitat like, , , etc. fragmentation such as, increasing rate and intensity of 2. Hybrid vigour: The hybrids utilize hybrid vigour to deforestation, desertification, eutrophication, become stronger, hardier and more productive than the urbanization, water and oil extraction, etc. that has led the parents. animal species to migrate or evade or introduce to newer 3. Enhanced longevity and immunity to diseases: The surroundings. This increases the sex ratio of distinct hybrids have increased longevity and are highly immune species in the newer surroundings that seriously affect the to diseases. population and leads to inter-species breeding. 3. Anthropogenic hybridization: It is synonymously Limitations of species hybridization: The limitations of known as artificial or human-led hybridization that species hybridization are as below (Anonymous, 2019a) [11]: delivers a helping to the researchers to study 1. Genetic extinction: Genetic extinction or loss of native reproductive compatibility between species (Grabenstein species is favoured by the production of hybrid swarms. and Taylor, 2018) [9]. Hybrid swarms are the group of animals that are hybrid 4. Visual, chemical and acoustic interferences: We all are to various degrees and the hybrids are considered to well acquainted with the importance of visual, chemical extinct their parental populations. and acoustic cues in sexual signaling. Any interference in 2. Outbreeding depression: Hybrids arise from the cross these cues reduces the ability of species existing at the between genetically distant populations show a reduction same time to differentiate between the same and opposite in fitness and in comparison to species, thus leading to species hybridization. This is their parents. This is termed as outbreeding depression. however only reported in aquatic taxa (Grabenstein and Taylor, 2018) [9]. Examples of species hybridization: Several species hybrids have been produced in this context and are tabulated below in Breeding strategy for species hybrids: Forsdyke (2000) [10] table no. 1.

Table 1: Examples of species hybridization

Hybrid and Parents Hybrids S. No. its origin Sire Dam C. No. Fertility B. wt. (kg) Particulars Utility Adaptability Poor man’s mule, more tolerant to water scarcity Draught animal, Hinny Both Dry, desert 01. Jennet 63 [12] NA than , smaller than cow working (Africa) infertile [13] climate [12] mule, more like competition [12], pet [12] Best choice for work, Both more like [12]; infertile [14] Inherits sure-footedness Mule 370-460 Draught animal, pet Dry, desert 02. Jack 63 [12] (Rarely and intelligence from (Africa) [14] [12] climate [16] fertile donkey and, speed, female) [15] conformation and agility from horse [14] Usually stillborn [20]; May be Less conception rate [21]; Ewe infertile or Outer coarse coat and 03. Geep Buck () 57 [17] NA NA NA () fertile [18, inner woolly coat, very 19] high libido, tail hangs down [18] Male- Largest in feline family, No conservation Do not occur in infertile, 320-340 strength of and 04. Lion Tigeress 38 [22] value, no breeding wild, live in (19th century) female- [23] speed of [24]; value [27] captivity [28] fertile [23] Social like lion and

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swimmer like tiger [23]; Length of male- 3-3.6m [25]; Spotted bellies and striped back [26] Smaller than parents due Male- to growth inhibitory infertile No conservation Do not occur in hormones received from 05. Tiger Lioness 38 [29] [30], 90-230 [32] value, no breeding wild, live in (19th century) both parents [30]; female- value [27] captivity [33] Length, in general- 1.2- fertile [31] 2.7m [32] Outcome of Male- America hybridisation Yakalo infertile, Mountainous 06. Tibetan n / 60 NA experiments [35]; [36] (19th century) female- regions buffalo [34] Tolerates heavy winters fertile [36] 37.5% inheritance from bison and 62.5% from Meat (): 4-6% , cattle in more protein, more Male- Birth: 18- appearance [38], docile tender, flavoured /Catta America rarely 27 [40]; Harsh climates Domestic cattle and nutritious [43], 07. lo n bison/ 60 [37] fertile, Lower infant mortality with less feed (Bos Taurus) less calorie, and (18th century) Buffalo female- Adult680- rate [41]; Heat and cold availability [46] cholesterol [44] than fertile [38] 907 [39] tolerant, non-selective a standard steer; grazers, excellent rate of Skin [45] gain in calves, no or little grain feeding [42] [48] and meat [49] (low fat and Mountainous Male hybrid is termed as Male- cholesterol than regions, and female hybrid is Yakow/ Domesti infertile, Upto 590 beef) purpose; survives on the 08. Yak 60 Dzomo [48]; Yattle c cattle Female- [48] Pack animal, dried altitude of more Larger and stronger than fertile [47] dung used as source than 10000 feet parents [47] of fuel, provides [48] hide and fiber [48] Males obtained from backcrossing female zubron are fertile [51]; Male- Domesti in Zubron European bison infertile, 810-1200 09. c cattle 60 appearance, Extremely Meat [53] NA (1847) (Wisent) [50] Female- [51] [50] heavy breed, more fertile [51] hardiness, extremely resistant to diseases and pest [52] Head resembles to that of a lion, spotted body like (smaller, Only for public Do not occur in Both fertile closer and brown display [57]; 10. (Kolhapur, Leopard Lioness 38 NA wild, live in [54] coloured spots), tufted No conservation India; 1910) captivity [59] tail [55]; value [58] Excellent climbers and swimmers [56] Jaglion/ like rosettes, Jaguon lion’s background ( Creek colour, female hybrid is Only for public Wildlife Do not occur in a melanistic jaglion display [62]; 11. Sanctuary, Jaguar Lioness 38 NA 86-140 [60] wild, live in inheriting dominant No conservation Barrie captivity [60] melanism gene of jaguar value [58] Ontario, [61]; Canada; Height- 1.10-1.22m [60] 2006) -like personality, Male- Large to medium sized, F1 to F3- spotted body with short African infertile, F4 and soft coat i.e. cheetah Exotic pet (World’s Captivity, Savannah wild cat/ [63] [65] 12. Domestic cat 38 to F7- 3.6-9 like appearance, very tallest domestic cat mostly in (1980) fertile, intelligent and expensive breed) [66] houses cat Female- cat (F1 and F2 – $ fertile [64] 20,000/ cat), banned in Hawaii, Massachusetts, ~ 38 ~ International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies http://www.faunajournal.com

Georgia, New York [65, 64] 47-54 Male- Looks like donkey, Riding, draft Zedonk/ (dependin infertile, stripes on its legs and animals and for 226-318 Wild and 13. Zonkey Zebra Donkey g upon female- face [69]; Behaves like public display in [68] captivity [68] (18th century) species of poorly zebra [70]; circuses and zebra) [67] fertile [67] Difficult to handle [67] [67] Zebra like stripes on body, natural resistance to nagana disease Riding, draft (transmitted by tse-tse Do not occur in Zorse Both 227-450 animals and for 14. Zebra Horse 54 [71] fly) inherited from zebra, wild, live in (18th century) infertile [72] [72] public display in excellent sense of captivity [72] zoos [72] hearing and smell, skin type- fur, social behaviour [72] Riding zonies are produced from medium Zony/ Shetland Do not occur in Both sized pony [73]; 15. Zetland Zebra stallion pony 54 [67] NA Riding [73] wild, live in infertile [73] Zony resembles pony (18th century) mare captivity parent, zebra stripes on body [74] Covered with soft fur, Pack animal, humpless, produced ( South production of soft Both fertile from artificial Harsh desert 16. Reproduction camel (one America 74 [75] 82-454 [75] fleece, may be used [76] insemination [75]; climate [75] Centre, humped) n for herding cattle Camel like temperament Dubai) [75] [77] False killer Length- 3.65- 6.70m, Ocean but whale (not a Bottleno Male- NA, It’s a natural whale like eyes, 66 teeth, found in 17. (Tokyo Sea whale but a se 44 [78] Female- 272 [79] mating and not with carnivore [79]; captivity in Sea World; 1981) second biggest fertile [79] a purpose No whale DNA [78] Life Park [80] dolphin species) Produced naturally but artificial insemination is Females- for meat also used [81]; purpose, duck / Incubation period of Males- for luxury Do not occur in (generall Both 18. Moulard/ 80 4-7 [82] hybrid eggs- 32 days [83]; food named foie wild, live in y used infertile [81] Mule ducks Hatchability of chicks gras (made from captivity [82] America under hen- 60% and in the of duck) n Pekin) incubator- 100%, quiet [82] and clean breed [82] Jatsa- Draft Male- Male hybrid is called purpose, Jatsamin- Jatsa/ infertile, 19. Mithun Siri cow NA NA Jatsa, female hybrid is high milk NA Jatsamin female- called Jatsamin [2] production and fat fertile [2] content [2] Aggressive and hard to handle [85]; Iron age European wild Tamwort Slow growing [86]; Distinctive gamey 20. 37 [84] NA NA NA (1980) boar h sow Piglets are born with [86], stripes that disappear with age [87] 10.7 Dog do not form pair Good Both fertile (female) – bonds with , pup 21. Coyote Dog 78 temperamental Wild [93] (America) [88] 16.2 survival rate is low [90]; loyal gaurdians [92] (male) [89] Bushy tail [91] Better adaptation to warmer climate, weak Wild and Polar Both fertile 181-680 swimmer, thick, creamy- 22. Grolar Grizzly bear 74 [94] NA captivity both bear [95] [96] white fur with brown [97] patches around eyes, humped back [96] Note: C. No. = number; B. wt. = Body weight; NA = Not available

Conclusion However, they are also believed to utilize hybrid vigour and Species hybridization is possibly the widest form of show enhanced performances than their parents. Though, outbreeding and produces interspecific hybrids with lower species hybridization occurs in both plants and animals either fitness and restricted fertility as compared to their parents. naturally or by human led activities, it is given less

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