KNU Bulletin (December 1988)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

KNU Bulletin (December 1988) Kawthoolei state flag flying over Kser Nay Lay, highest Peak commanding whole Metawaw Areas. President Gen. Bo Mya (front) with DAB Central Committee Members. KNU BULLETIN No. 18 DECEMBER 1988 2 DECEMBER 1988 KNU BULLETIN No. 18 EDITORIAL STEP UP THE STRUGGLE WITH UNITY Due to the general strike of millions led 1. the conjunction of armed resistance by students in September, the BSPP (NUP) and mass movement, government became powerless to maintain 2. the coalition of national liberation law and order. With the hope of reversing movement and the movement for democracy the situation and re-establishing their react­ and ionary rule, however, the BSPP (NUP) lead­ 3. the understanding by foreign powers ers led by U Ne Win himself, secretly formed of the true situation and importance of armed 'Anti-Demonstration Committee' and spent liberation movements of the oppressed peo­ much effort in carrying-out, step by step and ple and nationalities. systematically, their wicked plan. The successive governments prior to Firstly, the BSPP (NUP) hardcore Saw Maung military regime also were in fear thugs inflitrated the demonstrations sowing of these three developments. Accordingly dissension andd engaging in wanton violence they made their utmost effort, employing so as to paint the dis-ciplined and orderly various wicked and brutal means to suppress movement for democracy as an activity of them. Similarly, in the two months period unruly mob without any political objective. since it came to power, Saw Maung military Secondly, Ne win and Sein Lwin ordered government has directed its energy mainly Saw Maung to take over power on Septem­ towards the prevention of these three things ber 18 and impose martial law. Saw Maung from occuring. troops attacked strike bases in ruthless sup­ Because of the coming over of thousands pression of demonstrators, spilling the blood of students and people from all walks of life of thounsands of the innocents. to the reevolutionary areas to take up arms, Thirdly, Saw Maung military govern­ the wicked plan of Saw Maung military gov­ ment issued order banning the participation ernment to create discord between the revolu­ of civil servants in demonstrations and politi­ tionary students and the armed revolutionary cal activities. Then, starting from the last forces, through its wily unscrupulous slanders, week of September up to the present, Saw has been wrecked to a certain extent. How­ Maung troops have combed every area in ever, it is vital for the revolutionary students, towns and cities, arresting, torturing and kill­ people and national liberation organizations ing student and strike leaders in order to break to go on maintaining the revolutionary spirit the back of the movement for democracy. and conciousness high, and to be always alert Fourthly, the military regime resorted to the nefarious tricks employed by the enemy to the deception of dangling the possibility to break up their unity. of democratic election, without seriously During the 40 years rule of successive making democratic changes. Another decep­ anti-democratic government, the students, tion was the declaration of amnesty for student people and revolutionary forces in Burma and civilians who, by the thousands, had gone have been subjected to tests in the areas of underground after September 18. military, politics and unity. They are under­ Then it made fervent efforts to sow dissension going the tests at the present as well. It is of and mistrust between the students and the prime importance for all the revolutionary revolutionary organization. forces in Burma to bear these tests with At this stage, there are three things Saw equanimity, build up internal unity and step Maung military regime and its mentors, Ne up their struggle in order to clinch the final Win and Sein Lwin, fear most. They are .- victory in due time. KNU BULLETIN No. 18 DECEMBER 1988 3 AUTOPSY ON WHAT IS LEFT OF THE BSPP (NUP) REGIME. Burma has ample space with fertile and the above factors, the economic progress will arable lands for agriculture. There also exist not only be smooth but also will tend to be generous quantities of minerals and precious quick and rapid. gems deposited in the hills and over the plains The second essential point is the ability of the country. During the feudal and the to fully utilize the country's local investments. colonial days the country stood shoulder to The full utilization of the country's capital shoulder in stutus with other eastern countries investments', in accordance with the meaning in aspects of prosperous economic and social of this economic term and phrasing indicates standards. In view of the above factors, a different meaning from private enterprise analyses were conducted and considerations or unrestricted LAISSEZ FARE (Free enter­ and studies are being made over the rapid prise). This system forms only a part and economic progress and its possibilities that not the whole of (full utilization of the coun­ are involved. A general study basically indi­ try's investment) cates that this country possesses a viability The third essential factor is full utiliza­ and a very easy access toward economic tion of foreign investments. Economically growth and general prosperity. It is obvious speaking, foreign investments, foreign mone­ that Burma stands in a good position to tary loans and foreign assistance could not become a country with an affluent society. necessarily be taken as adequacy or sucess. It is apparently therefore quite ambiguous The fates of Latin American countries who and most interesting to find out the true could not repay their loans and rendered in­ reasons why such a promising state, after its solent should be the evidence one should forty years of independence had deteriorated keep in mind. and had economically fallen into the shameful The fourth necessity is stability of level or status of the world's poorest countries. monetary exchange values and the promotion It is fitting and proper now, for researchers of loans and savings within efficient banking who have the welfare of the world's commu­ systems. In the absence of the above, and nities at heart, to make careful analyses with with the instability of the local currency values, powerful microscopes, so to speak, on the the country's economic progress will not be whole situation of Burma under the BSPP an easy matter. The incessant demonetizing (NUP) Regime, in order to obtain all the pre­ of the local currency by the BSPP (NUP) cise and minute details of the true (Cause government in particular, is grossly detri­ and Effect). mental to monetary stability in value, the ef­ The economic progress and its feasibility fectiveness of national investment causing for a country cannot be rightfully determined the general economic functioning to suffer a by only a single cause or factor. There exists notable set back and degradation. involvement of multifarious factors for such The fifth necessary factor lies in the full verdict. The following number of factors use of the country's workforce or labour should be included as yardsticks to calculate power. In advanced and modern states, or measure accurately:- departments of labour utilization and control The first factor necessitates, adequacy are set up. These establishments undertake of arable lands and a fair quantity of mineral to study and obtain datas pertaining to the deposits. There must be enough land to pro­ strength and allocations of labour force. duce food supplies and raw materials for in­ Research works are carried not to fulfill this dustries. For the heavy industries, a fair objective. This undertaking is one of the quantity of mineral oil and other mineral most important endeavours to promote na­ deposits are essential. With the presence of tional economic progress. 4 DECEMBER 1988 KNU BULLETIN No. 18 The sixth point calls for stable .and The BSPP (NUP) Regime had for 26 lucrative foreign and local markets in proxi­ whole years prolonged and accelerated the mity with a substantial demand for local pro­ civil war. They were seeking gains through duction or goods and produce. If such con­ military exploitation. Their top brass grow ditions do not exist, again, the national econo­ rich at the expense of civil war. Instead of mic progress will be far from expectations. stabilizing the political situation they them­ Point seven is to adopt and practise the selves resort to instigations for the political principle of free trade and to legalize and instability in the country. The loansand aids promote cross-border trading activities. The from foreign lands are being misappropriated black market trade in fact do not help pro­ and squandered away privately by them. The mote the national economy. It is, on the labour force of the country received bad contrary diametrically, the epposite of what managements rendering the efficiency and ought to be and it is but fair and proper for incentive of the workers to diminish and to us to be aware of this fact. be decreased. They are holding a limitless The final essential factor is peace and power monopoly. They are power addicts tranquillity in the land. There stands nothing hopelessly drunken with unqualified authority. as evidence to prove that in a land where Taking an overall view on the problems, there is political unrest, national economy one fact will surely be revealed. To describe still gain growth and progress. This primarily in brief, it is not the lack of expertise in trade is the most basic factor. and economics that causes problematic issues. The extent of progress for national To find a solution in this aspect will be of no economy for any country can be comparatively benefit. The economic disaster must be viewed measured with the seven points mentioned together with the political instability in the above.
Recommended publications
  • Violent Repression in Burma: Human Rights and the Global Response
    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title Violent Repression in Burma: Human Rights and the Global Response Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05k6p059 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 10(2) Author Guyon, Rudy Publication Date 1992 DOI 10.5070/P8102021999 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California COMMENTS VIOLENT REPRESSION IN BURMA: HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE GLOBAL RESPONSE Rudy Guyont TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................ 410 I. SLORC AND THE REPRESSION OF THE DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT ....................... 412 A. Burma: A Troubled History ..................... 412 B. The Pro-Democracy Rebellion and the Coup to Restore Military Control ......................... 414 C. Post Coup Elections and Political Repression ..... 417 D. Legalizing Repression ........................... 419 E. A Country Rife with Poverty, Drugs, and War ... 421 II. HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN BURMA ........... 424 A. Murder and Summary Execution ................ 424 B. Systematic Racial Discrimination ................ 425 C. Forced Dislocations ............................. 426 D. Prolonged Arbitrary Detention .................. 426 E. Torture of Prisoners ............................. 427 F . R ape ............................................ 427 G . Portering ....................................... 428 H. Environmental Devastation ...................... 428 III. VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ....... 428 A. International Agreements of Burma .............. 429 1. The U.N.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Heritage in Myanmar Today
    The Role Of Heritage In Myanmar Today Adam Mornement Proceedings of: THE ROLE OF HERITAGE IN MYANMAR TODAY Myanmar is in the throes of significant change. Political reforms have led to an easing of sanctions resulting in the transformation of the country’s economic base. The process has been fraught, and further change will be required to convince the international community of the sincerity of the government’s intentions, but there’s little doubt that the deadlock has been broken following almost half a century of authoritarian rule. This paper considers the evolving role of heritage during this transition, and takes the site of the former student union building at the University of Yangon’s Kamayut campus as a case study. Concepts of heritage in Myanmar today Since the political changes of 2011, external concepts of ‘cultural heritage’ have begun to permeate Myanmar society. The two most conspicuous outcomes of this process are the nomination of places for inclusion in the World Heritage List (WHL), and the emergence of the conservation of Yangon’s colonial-era core as a focus of the international heritage industry. In 2013 three cultural places were nominated to the WHL by the Myanmar Ministry for Culture, the government department responsible for identification and management of cultural heritage in Myanmar. There is no national heritage register in Myanmar, and no mechanism for local (sub-national) groups to identify places of value to them. The only local register of heritage assets is maintained by the Yangon City Development Corporation, the agency responsible for planning and civic administration of the former Myanmar capital.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Burma Studies
    The Journal of Burma Studies Volume 8 2003 Featuring Articles by: Susanne Prager Megan Clymer Emma Larkin The Journal of Burma Studies President, Burma Studies Group F.K. Lehman General Editor Catherine Raymond Center for Burma Studies, Northern Illinois University Production Editor Peter Ross Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University Publications Assistants Beth Bjorneby Mishel Filisha The Journal of Burma Studies is an annual scholarly journal jointly sponsored by the Burma Studies Group (Association for Asian Studies), The Center for Burma Studies (Northern Illinois University), and Northern Illinois University’s Center for Southeast Asian Studies. Articles are refereed by professional peers. Send one copy of your original scholarly manuscript with an electronic file. Mail: The Editor, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115. Email: [email protected]. Subscriptions are $16 per volume delivered book rate (Airmail add $10 per volume). Members of the Burma Studies Group receive the journal as part of their $25 annual membership. Send check or money order in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank made out to "Northern Illinois University" to Center of Burma Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115. Visa and Mastercard orders also accepted. Subscriptions Tel: (815) 753-0512 Fax: (815) 753-1651 E-Mail: [email protected] Back Issues: seap@niu Tel: (815) 756-1981 Fax: (815) 753-1776 E-Mail: [email protected] For abstracts of forthcoming articles, visit The Journal of Burma
    [Show full text]
  • Burma, Buddhism, and Aung San Suu Kyi
    Lindsey Dean Dominican University of California NEH Institute on Southeast Asia, Summer 2011 Course Module The Philosophy of Nonviolence: Burma, Buddhism, and Aung San Suu Kyi Introduction This lesson introduces students to a Buddhist philosophy of nonviolence through an examination of the social ethics and strategies that have been employed by the people of Burma/Myanmar in their fight for freedom, legitimate political authority, and social justice during the reign of the county's military regime. Drawing on their knowledge from a previous session on the work of Gandhi and the Indian Independence Movement, students will analyze suttas from the Digha Nikaya (The Long Discourses of the Buddha) and the speeches and writing of Aung San Suu Kyi in order to become acquainted with key Buddhist ideas and their application in nonviolent action, particularly during the 8-8-88 demonstrations and the “Saffron Revolution.” Students will also consider the potential of nonviolence in relation to projections for Burma's social, political and cultural future. Guiding Questions • What social, economic, political, and religious developments have taken place in Burma from the time of independence to the present? • How are we to understand the structural violence that exists in the state of Burma/Myanmar? • How has Buddhism influenced social-ethical values and conceptions of legitimate political authority in Burma? How has Buddhism been employed by the junta as a means of social control? • What role does vipassina play in a revolution of spirit and a culture
    [Show full text]
  • THE MILITARY in BURMA/MYANMAR on the Longevity of Tatmadaw Rule and Influence
    THE MILITARY IN BURMA/MYANMAR On the Longevity of Tatmadaw Rule and Influence David I. Steinberg TRENDS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ISSN 0219-3213 TRS6/21s ISSUE ISBN 978-981-4951-71-5 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace 6 Singapore 119614 http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg 9 7 8 9 8 1 4 9 5 1 7 1 5 2021 21-J07643 00 Trends_2021-6 cover.indd 1 28/4/21 9:55 AM TRENDS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 21-J07643 01 Trends_2021-6.indd 1 28/4/21 9:41 AM The ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute (formerly Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) is an autonomous organization established in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security, and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are grouped under Regional Economic Studies (RES), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). The Institute is also home to the ASEAN Studies Centre (ASC), the Singapore APEC Study Centre and the Temasek History Research Centre (THRC). ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. 21-J07643 01 Trends_2021-6.indd 2 28/4/21 9:41 AM THE MILITARY IN BURMA/MYANMAR On the Longevity of Tatmadaw Rule and Influence David I.
    [Show full text]
  • A Political Biography of Aung San Suu Kyi; a Hybrid Politician
    A Political Biography ofA Political Aung San Suu Kyi Politics in Asia This book is the first political biography of Aung San Suu Kyi covering both her years in opposition and all her years in power from 2016 onwards. It offers a new interpretation of Aung San Suu Kyi by presenting a balanced and thorough account of Suu Kyi’s policies. In the last 30 years there has not been a person in global politics who has risen so A Political Biography of high and fallen so low – and so quickly – as Aung San Suu Kyi. Using postcolonial theory and introducing the new concept of ‘a hybrid politician’, this book explains apparent inconsistencies of Suu Kyi’s agenda. It demonstrates that Suu Kyi considers Aung San Suu Kyi herself a democrat and yet, rules autocratically. Immersed in her country’s tradition of policymaking, she has at the same time been influenced by foreign concepts, both A Hybrid Politician Western and Asian. Drawing on first-hand research, including talks with Suu Kyi, conversations with her supporters and rivals, observations of Suu Kyi’s behaviour during intergovernmental talks as well as an extensive number of sources and fieldwork in Myanmar, the author argues that Suu Kyi’s case shows both the strengths and limits of hybridity. This brings Suu Kyi priceless political assets such as visibility, recognition and support while proving that such a model of leadership has its restrictions. A timely biography of the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate as she appears at the International Court of Justice to defend her country against charges of genocide committed against the Rohingya Muslim minority, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of Myanmar politics, Southeast Asian politics, Asian politics, Political Science more generally, Postcolonial Studies, Cultural Studies and Leadership Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on the Peace Process 4 a Shift from Security to Peace 19
    Deciphering Myanmar's Peace Process A Reference Guide 2017-2018 www.bnionline.net www.mmpeacemonitor.org Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process: A Reference Guide 2017-2018 Written and Edited by Burma News International Layout/Design by Saw Wanna(Z.H) Translator-Aung Moe First Edition: May 2019 Printer: Burmawoman Printing (00026), minnandar street,Dawpon Tsp,Yangon Copyright reserved by Burma News International Published by Burma News International P.O Box 7, Talad Kamtieng PO Chiang Mai, 50304, Thailand E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org Twitter: http://twitter.com/mmpeacemonitor Facebook: http:// www.facebook.com/mmpeacemonitor http://bnionline.net Contents Acknoledgement vii Notes to the Readers ix Summary xi Background of BNI's Myanmar Peace Monitor Project xv Acronyms xvii I. Prospect of Peace Process Myanmar Peace Process Grand Chart 2 Timeline of Myanmar Peace Process 3 Perspectives on the Peace Process 4 A Shift from Security to Peace 19 ,, &RQÀLFW$QDO\VLV 0DUFK The Map showing the condition of Armed Clashes 2016 26 The Map showing the condition of Armed Clashes 2017-2019 (March) 27 1XPEHUVRIWKHFRQÀLFWLQFLGHQWV Clashes between Tatmadaw and EAOs (2017-2019 March) 29 $QDO\VLVRIWKH&RQÀLFW6LWXDWLRQ Situation snapshot of the strenght of EAO Forces 32 TNCA-related Rules and Regulations 33 ,,,,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG3HRSOHDQG5HIXJHHV 6LWXDWLRQDORI,'30DS Situational of IDP Map 2017-2019 March 39 Displacement in Myanmar 40 ,PSDFWRIWKH&RQÀLFWRQWKH3RSXODWLRQ IV. Meeting Overview
    [Show full text]
  • “I Want to Help My Own People” – State Control and Civil Society In
    Burma HUMAN “I Want to Help My Own People” RIGHTS State Control and Civil Society in Burma after Cyclone Nargis WATCH “I Want to Help My Own People” State Control and Civil Society in Burma after Cyclone Nargis Copyright © 2010 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-623-3 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org April 2010 1-56432-623-3 “I Want to Help My Own People” State Control and Civil Society in Burma after Cyclone Nargis Maps ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 7 Key Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 10 Methodology ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Burmese Security Forces and Personnel Implicated in Serious Human Rights Abuses and Accountability Options
    Burmese Security Forces and Personnel Implicated in Serious Human Rights Abuses and Accountability Options Updated March 5, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45388 SUMMARY R45388 Burmese Security Forces and Personnel March 5, 2019 Implicated in Serious Human Rights Abuses Michael F. Martin Specialist in Asian Affairs and Accountability Options At least 17 different reports by United Nations (U.N.) entities and independent human rights organizations have been released containing allegations that certain Burmese security force officers and units committed serious human rights violations dating back to 2011. These reports name nearly 40 individuals and over 100 security units as responsible for such gross human rights violations as murder, torture, rape and other forms of sexual violence, and forced labor. Some of these individuals, including Commander-in-Chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, were identified in four or more of the reports. Similarly, some of the security units, in particular Infantry Division 33 and Infantry Division 99, were cited by six or more of the reports. The reports suggest that the commission of human rights abuses by Burma’s security forces is pervasive, systematic, and endemic. CRS did not independently verify the credibility of these reports. The Trump Administration has labeled the alleged human rights violations as “ethnic cleansing” and has imposed “limited targeted sanctions” on five Burmese military officers and two military units it considers responsible for serious human
    [Show full text]
  • NE WIN's TATMADAW DICTATORSHIP by Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe B.A., University of Rangoon, 1961 a THESIS SUBMITTED in PARTIAL FULFILLMEN
    NE WIN'S TATMADAW DICTATORSHIP By Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe B.A., University of Rangoon, 1961 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Political Science) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1990 (c) Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe, 1990 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Political Science The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date 27 April 1990 DE-6 (2/88) i i ABSTRACT This thesis examines the nature of Burma's military regime which came to power in March 1962, and which has portrayed itself, somewhat successfully until 1988, as a regime which has constructed a "Burmese" socialist political order in Burma. Though this self-image was more or less accepted by many observers, there nonetheless could be detected in writings on the regime some degree of scholarly unease regarding the nature of the regime stemming from its many glaring failures not only in economic management, but also in arresting political decay which has transformed Burma into a poverty-stricken, debt-ridden, and almost pre-modern authoritarian polity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annual Castan Centre for Human Rights Law Conference (20 July 2018)
    The Annual Castan Centre for Human Rights Law Conference (20 July 2018) statement on THE DESTRUCTION OF ROHINGYA The case of Rohingya is a long standing heinous horror crimes that been well documented and well known to international communities, world leaders and United Nations. The Rohingya people have been facing total destruction and slowly driven out from their homelands throughout various pogroms by the military powered governments since 1960s. The attacks resumed very violently from June 2012 under the banner of ‘transition to democracy’ led by former military general Thein Sein to popular Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi. The late military powered government of NLD became more powerful in defence of their brutalities and making them acceptable internationally due to lack of effective action by United Nations, international communities, world leaders, and also for vital supports from China, Russia and India. Massive attacks from June 2012 have achieved wiping out of 90% of total Rohingya population numbering about a million of people, killing over 60,000 innocent people including children and women, destruction of about 500 villages, rapping thousands of women as young as aged 10, detention of thousands of people involving children, large scale of physical tortures, looting, extortion, permanently trapping about 150,000 people into concentration camps and systematic confinement of the remaining people followed by blockage of aid and ration supplies, destroying identities and forcing to accept foreigner identity. These types of vigilante attacks,
    [Show full text]
  • FAMINE CRIMES Military Operations, Forced Migration, and Chronic Hunger in Eastern Burma/Myanmar (2006-2008)
    FAMINE CRIMES Military Operations, Forced Migration, and Chronic Hunger in Eastern Burma/Myanmar (2006-2008) BY KEN MACLEAN Cover Photo Woman fleeing attacks in Kyaukkyi Township, Nyaunglebin District (Bago Region) Free Burma Rangers (2007) Maps 1. Myanmar States and Regions, available at: http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/mapsonline/base- maps/myanmar-statesregions (accessed 3 March 2018). 2. Township Map, International Human Rights Clinic, Legal Memorandum: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity in Eastern Myanmar (Cambridge: Harvard University Law School, 2014), p. 11. 3. Government and KNU Administrative Boundaries, available at: http://khrg.org/sites/default/files/maps/Locally_defined_Karen_State_1_North_Final.jpg (accessed 3 March 2018). CLARK UNIVERSITY | INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY, AND ENVIRONMENT 2 This report is published by Ken MacLean © Ken MacLean 2018. All rights reserved. Contents may be reproduced or distributed on a not-for-profit basis for media and related purposes. Commercial reproduction is prohibited. CLARK UNIVERSITY | INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY, AND ENVIRONMENT 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... 7 Differences in Transliteration ......................................................................................................... 8 Acronyms and Terminology ......................................................................................................... 10 Map 1 Burma/Myanmar
    [Show full text]