The Alkali-Makers Pocket-Book

THE

’ ALKALI- MAKERS POCKET- BO K O .

TABLES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR MANUFACTURE RS

OF S PH SO POTASII UL URIC ACID , NITRIC ACID, DA, ,

AND O AMM NIA .

/E L N G E O R G U G PH . D . \ E , ,

P rofessor of Techmcal Chemistry , Zu rich

AND

N H T F E R D I N A D U R E R , PH . D .

LONDON

E LL A ND N YOR K STR EET C V ENT G RDEN. GEOR GE B SO S. , O A

1 8 8 4 . ’

E O S P G W K S H S . MM TT RINTIN OR , MANC E TER P R E F A C E .

MOST practical che mists and man u fact u rers have long fe lt t he

want of u ni ormit in anal tical me thod l f y y s, tab e s of speciﬁc m l ra ities e tc . e o ed u e rs and s ll r r h v g v , , p y by b y e e s fo t e aluation of le he micals and manu act u re rs for con trollin and su erin nd , by f g p te ing

t he ir ario u s rocesse s WVant f u ni ormit in hi v p . O f y t s respec t is

nstantl leadin to disa re e me n ts and r v n c o y g g , p e e ts e xact com

riso n o f r sults pa e .

d rminate the co n u sion Mr t o m In or er t o t e . S r of na f , , a ge r of

rie sh imAl ali W or s su est ed to the rm t he G e k k , gg Ge an Socie ty o fAlkali Makers that the y Shou ld have a standard manu al p u b

d hi u estion was ado te d a m t l she . T s s o mit e i gg p , c e of seven o f

o wn ers and mana ers of hi h re u tation was a oin t d a g g p pp e , nd the ﬁrst ofthe u ndersigned was indu ce d to collect and sift the mat erial

m nu l for su ch a a a .

The ﬁrst condition imposed u pon him was to state only one me thod for each analytical o pe ration for the preparat io n of

. s tandard solu tions and for sam lin t he mat erials n l n p g . O y o e

method was t o be chose n in orde r that no discre an ci mi h , p es g t

a rise which would certainl ha e n if t wo or mor , y pp e me thods had

e en int rodu ced b .

s lec in the one standard me thod t h ﬁrst and im In e t g , e most por t an t consideration was that the me thod shou ld pe rmit a ce rtain

r o f ac u rac NO v indispe nsable deg ee c y. pains we re spare d to arri e

or result in this res e ct W her h r at a satisfact y p . e t e e was a choice

w e se eral e u all accurate me thods the on u bet e n v q y , e occ pyingleast

uirin least a arat u s or n time and req g pp , o e already widely kno wn

r rr d and e mployed was p efe e .

au h r re are d a dra t which The t o p p f , , together with variou s

tions rom othe rs we re ull discu ss d l s ugges f , f y e at t he se ve ra IV.

me etin s Ofthe commit t Th s v g e e . e e me e tings we re held at in ter als

of Six and t wel e months res e ct i e l in orde r t o i v p v y, gve the au thor

and his assistants time to c arry ou t e xpe rime n tal rese arches to

clear u an dou t u l p y b f poin ts. Most Of the se expe rimen ts have be e n described in a report pu blishe d part ially in the J ou rnal of

the Societ Chemical I n du str 1 2 o 88 . 12 55 and 1 u y f y , , pp , , 9 . P blic

criticism was then in it ed an d s l im v , e vera portant con tribu tions

were thu s o tained Ultimat l a t r . e e h b y, f t e complet e manu script

had e en circulated amon the me m ers of t he c mmi b g b o t t ee , it was

r d o on ll oin ts ag e e t a p .

The methods described in this little work are t hu s ackn o wle dge d by the u nited voice Of the Ge rman Alkali an d Ammo n ia manu

f rs as the most su ita le and are n ot th act u re b , e arbit rary choice Of

M n of th r h the au thor. a e oc esses t e d y p , e scription of which

re u entl onl occu ies a fe w lines are th r f q y y p , e esu lt of many a

mo nth of ardu ous la our and of su se u e nt n b , b q a xiou s discussion

ll n c rn d by a co e e .

The wan t of standard tables of speciﬁc gravities Of variou s

solu tion s was elt uit e as mu ch as the want Ofst andard an i l , f q alyt ca

m For some su bstan ces su ch ta les h ethods. b ad ne ver be e n con

stru cte d an d for er fe w su st ance s inde ed were the data ro id d , v y b p v e t o redu ce t he speciﬁc gravity Of the solu tion t o a n ormal te m

r tu re The au thor an d his collea u es have stri e n t o re med p e a . g v y

ar u l e xamin tio f h i in a les and b t his defect by a c ef a n o t e e x st gt b , y

n w on s wh r re u ir d su pplying e e e e q e .

n tion a n u m er of eneral ta les u se ul to al ali manu I addi b g b , f k

v d Ev r h s n n o u r rs ha e een ro i e d. e care a ee ta e t fact e , v b p y b k

h u rac f these t a le s man o f the m arti ularl e nsu re t e acc y o b , y , p c y t h se re errin t o ato mic we i hts ercen ta e co m osit ion an d o f g g , p g , p ,

rs h in e n n ir l r l d analytical facto , av gb e e t e y e calcu ate .

Th erman dition the sm ll com ass Of which bu t little e G e , a p

r s h la ou r e x ende d u on t w issu d with t he bet ay t e b p p i , as e e xpectation t hat it wou ld be accept e d as a stan dard work by all

erman Al ali manu actu rers their cu sto mers and com G k f , by , by me rci l n l ts This x e ctation has alread een realized in a a a a ys . e p y b

r m ur It has alr come cu stomar t o ma e these g e at e as e . eady be y k analyt ical methods and speciﬁc gravity tables bindingin all transac V . t ions etwee n u ers n d ll rs u n til the ro r ss of science b b y a se e , p g e n e cessitate s the su bstit u tion of more accu rate me thods an d tables

in u tu re e dition s f .

From man y sides the de sire has been expressed that this little

wor shou ld be made acce ssi l to t h En l h u li For this k b e e gis p b c . pu rpose the co -Operation Of the second of the u ndersign ed was

O taine d To him is du e the e xte nsive la ou r Of recalcu lat in all b . b g t he t a le s for En h i h s n m u re s In ma in these b glis we g t a d eas . k g

calcu lations e er one Of the ta les was as far as ossi le re con v y b , p b ,

st ru ct d r m r i l Errors e f o the on gl nal dat a by g aph c in terpo ation . of compu tation were avoide d as mu ch as possible by the u se of

’ ’ h m nd F l r and the hO T o as A rithmo met er a uller s Calcu ato , p e is

e x ressed that the ta les ased on the En lish wei hts and mea p b , b g g

su re s will be ou nd e u all reliable as those ase d on the me tric , f q y b

’ The cha t e rs on Deacon s rocess an d on chimn e -t estin syst em. p p y g

are also du e t o him an d in en eral he has ada t e d the wor to , g p k

li Bu i n su it t he want s of Eng sh manu fact u rers. t n o essential

articular does this edition deviat e rom t he German f w p f , a e

t n d addi io s except e .

G LUN E . G .

FERDINAND HURTER .

C O N T E N T S.

P AGE m ace

Cont ents

Preliminary Notice GENERAL TABLES l — mi h E l Ta e 1 . Ato c W ei ts uiva ent W ei h nd b g , q g ts a V ale ncy of Ele ment s

2 — m ols Molecular an d E uivalen tW i h and . Sy b , q e g ts, Pe rce ntage Composition Of Chemical Com oun ds m rt ant for t h Alk l n p , i po e a i I dustry

—Factors for calculatin Gravim ric Anal s s 3 . g et y e

— olu ilit Ofdi f r n lt 4. S b y f e e t Sa s

— olu ilit of c rtain S lts t diff r nt T m 5. S b y e a a e e e

6 —Solu ilit Ofsome Gase s In r . b y W ate

- lu ilit of Ammonia in W at er W i ht 7 . So b y by e g — olu ilit of Chlorine I W r 8 . S b y n ate

9 —Solu ilit ofH dro e n hlor d n r . b y y g C i e I W ate

1 — eciﬁc Gravities of di ferent olids 0. Sp f S

1 —W ei ht of u stance s as stor d 1 . g S b e

12 — ciﬁ r of diffe r nt Li uids . Sp e c G avity e q

— e ciﬁc r an d P rc nta e Of Sa ura ed 13 . Sp G avity e e g t t Solu tions

14 —S eci ic Gravit OfGases an Va ours . p f y d p

1 —Lin ear Ex a i n ofdiffer n u stan ces Heat 5. p ns o e t S b by

— om arison ofdifferent Thermome tric Scales 1 6 . C p

— n v l iu F hr nh i d r es 17 . Co ersion Of Ce s s in t o a e e t eg e above 100 and vice versa

1 —Fu sin Points 8. g .

—Boilin Poin 19 . g ts

2 —Redu ction of the V olu me ofGase s to the Normal 0. ; " PAGE GENERAL TABLES ( Con tinu ed)

Ta le 21 —Re duction of olu m b . V es of Gases t o a Pressure of mm 60 . — 21B. Factors for Redu cin a i en Volu mf g gv e o Gas to a n ormal Temperature an d R essu re

22 —V olum . e s ofW at er at differen t Tempe rat ures — 223 . R e du ction of W ater Pressure to Mercurial Pressu re

° 2 —Tensions of A u eo u s Va our be tween 2 3. q 0 °

and + 1 18 C. . p 44

' —Te nsion ofA u eo us Va our In in ches ofM 23B. q p eremy ° ° m 1 F hr fro to 100 a .

—T nsion of A u e ous Va ou rs for Tm r r 24. e q p e pe atu es ° from 40 C

B —T nsion of A u u n d r 24 . eo s a ou r i e es hr e q V p g e Fa . and inches

' 2 —Variations ofBoilin P in f at r for dIﬂ 5 . g o t o W e erent P ressures " .

2 —S ecI ﬁc Heats 6. p

2 —Mathematical Ta les : Circu m ere n ce an d Area 7 . b f of ircles u e s S uare and Cu e R oots C , C b , q b

2 —Formu lae f r Mensu ration of Areas an d Solid 8. o Contents

2 —W ei h and M asu re s of diifer t o u n ri 9 . g ts e en C t es

—Ta l s for Redu cin En lish to Met rical W ei hts 30. b e g g g an d Measu res an d vice versa

—Ta le for R educin En lish to Pru ssian Measures 31 . b g g and vice versa — 2 W e i ht ofShee t Metals su erﬁcial e e t . 3 . g ( p f )

— om e ofdifferent Cou n tries 33. C ag

Fu el an d Furn aces 1 .

Fu l Moistu re Fixed Car on Ash A . e ( , b , )

s 1 Chimne Gases 2 Gases rom B. Furnace ( ) y , ( ) f (3) Speed of Drau ght (Anemomete r)

T m erat ure P romete rs C. e p ( y )

n Moisture Ashes Sul hu r A, Brimsto e ( , , p )

n Oxide ofGas W or s a aila le su l hu r . B. Spe t k ( v b p )

Moistu re Sul hu r Co er Zinc Car onic Acid C. Pyrites ( , p , pp , , b )

urn P rites Sul hu r Co er D. B t y ( p , pp ) i x.

PAGE S u lp hu ric A cid Man ufactu re (con tin u ed )

E. Gases Burner Gases C am er h m r xit ( h b Gases, C a be E Gase s) "

F. Su l hu ric Acid S ciﬁ p , pe c Gravity

Nordhau se n u min Oil ofV itroil eciﬁ Gravit (f g) , Sp c y Table for Reducing the Speciﬁc Gravities to other Temperatu res

Free zin an d Meltin Poin g g ts . . Boiling Point s

Pe rcentage of S0 3 m Nordhau sen Oil of Vitriol: Qu an titative Estimation ofSu lphu ric Acid Examin ation of Sulphuric A cid for other Su bstances (a) Nit rou s Acid (b) Total Nitrogen Acids

L d Iron ( 0 ) ea , (d) An alysis ofFumingSul phuric A cid (Anhydride )

Saltcake and H droch 3 . y loric A cid A l . Sa t l B. Sa tcake “

himn - C. C ey Testing

D H drochlori A cid— eci c Gravitie . y c ( l ) Sp fi s (2) Influ e nce ofTempe ratu re on the Spe cific Gravity (3) Analysis

4 Bleachin P owd r an d Chlorat o P ot M nu acture . g e e f ash af e Nat ural Mangane se Ore w R e co vere d Mangane se Mu d an d W eldon Liqu ors

p Limestone

i d mMil o f Lime u ic l m la e Li e u Q k e , S k , k mBleachingPowde r

w Deacon

mChlorat e ofPotash

S a A sh Manu actu r 5 . od f e

b Raw Mate rials

w Black A sh o Tan k W aste (Vat W aste ) b Tan k Liqu or (Vat Liquor) w Carbonate d Liqu ors

l — eciﬁc r vi i f olu i n f o um G a t s o S t o s o di w Ta es 1 . S e S b . p Carbonate x .

PAGE S oda Ash Manufactu re (con tinu ed)

l -2 eciﬁ Gravit ies of ce ntr d lu Ta es. . S c Con ate So tions F. b p

In uence ofTe m erat u r on ciﬁ 3. ﬂ p e Spe c Gravity

n l s omm r G. A a is ofC e cial Soda Ash y .

Ta le for Com arin French German and En lish b p g . , g Alkalime trical Degrees

H. Cau stic Soda

Speciﬁc Gravities ofSolutionsofSodiu m Hydrate Inﬂu ence ofTemperat ure

Lime Mu d

Fished alt Cau sti B t m mr ial i S s c ot o s Com e c Cau stc Sod , , a

Su l hu r R ecover " 6 . p g

ric A n u r 7 . Nit cid Ma factu e

Nitrat e ofSoda A .

i r Cake B. N t e

C. Nitric Acid

Speciﬁc Gravity ofNitric A cid Inﬂu ence ofTemperatu re An alysis ofNit ric Acid

8 . P otash Man ufactu re

m hloride A . Potassiu C

B Potassiu m Sul hate . p

omm rcial Car onat e ofPotash I . C e b Speciﬁc Gravities ofSolu tion s ofPotassiu m Cal Inﬂu ence ofTe mpe rature

mmon ia 9 . A

A Gas Li u or . q

B u l hate of . S p

l -S eciﬁc Gravit ofLi u or Ammoniee C. Tab es. p y q Speciﬁc Gravity of Commercial Ammon iu m Carbonate APPENDIX

Pre aration ofStandardSolu tions A . p

u l s for am lin B. R e S p g

m n of the H dromete r De re e s accordin t o C. Co pariso g g Bau mé and Twadde with the Speciﬁc Gravities

alu f Al ali e r Ton D . V e o k p Errata T PRELIMINARY NO ICE.

LL tem eratu res are indica ed in de rees centi rade u nless A p t g g ,

n r r i x r s d the co t a y s e p es e .

h t mic wei hts are stat ed in rou nd nu m ers and these re T e a o g b , a

ll l u l i n on in d h T h made use of in a ca c at o s c ta e in t is book . his as be en done be cau se t he so -called correct atomic weights are n ot

ted u ll che mists an d are su ect to alteration ne w accep e q a yby all , bj by res arche whilst there is racticall n o disa reement concernin e s, p y g g

t he rou nde d -off atomic W ei hts of the more im ortant el me nt s g p e , an d t he se are at an rate su fﬁcientl near the t ru th for all , y , y

i l u o s An xce tion has een mad f r l i m h r se . e o at nu te c n ca p p p b e p , for which the ﬁgu re adopte d by all German potash manu factu rers

d an l tical ch m s h en retained an a y e ist as be .

The abbreviations for metric weights and measu res employed in t his book (identical with t hose ofﬁcially introdu ce d in Germany)

are

1 am 1 square centimeter 1 ecigram 1 cu bic me te r 1 ce n t igram 1 cu bic cen timeter 1 milligram 1 lit e r (1000 com) 1 kilogram 1 d ecilite r 1) 1 t on 1 he cto liter (100 1 1 met er 1 are (100 gm) 1 de cimete r 1 h e ctare (100 a) 1 ce n t ime t e r 1 me te rkilogram 1 millimete r 1 horse p owe r (75 mkg) 1 kilome te r 1 atmosp here 1 squ are me te r : 1 calorie

3 — T ABLE I. ATO MIC W ElGHTS E UIVALENT W EIGHT , Q S ,

A ND VALENCY O F ELEM ENTS .

A t omic W ei h E u i . l n m ol nd V alen . t a Sy b a cy g q v e t W e ight .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 — E R AN VALENT TABLE 2 S YMBO LS , MO L C ULA D EQUI

C O MPO UNDS , IMPO RTANT

* COMPOUNDS . Molecu lar Formu la.

Alu miniu m oxid e h y d rat e chlo rid e

A mmonia

H(N H 0 0 3 + NH ) OO , Ammon iu m carbonat e , 3 11H , c hloride 1 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ma n siu m ar n a —a g e se te Mgks ) A sO ﬁ Q q . ma n u m h g esi p hosp at e , cry st M n it rat e ' h os h t e p p a . (N HRH sod iu m p ho sp hat l p atinu m chlo rid (N H H PiCl su l h p ate . ill ) 8 0 sulp hocyanat e gHicks

Arsenic o xid e A rse nious o xid e trisulp hide

Bariummonox ide h yd rat e h d rat y e , cry carbo n ate c hlo rid e su lp hat e

Calciu mmo no xide

carbo n ate chlorid e chlo rid r e , c yst . c hlorat e h p o chlorite yo h t m n b p sp a e , o o asic

p hosp hat e , d ibasic

p hosp hate . t ribasic h su lp ate . anhyd ro u s u l ha s p t e , c ry st . (gy p su m) su lp hite t hio su l hate su lp hi e p e n tasu lp hid

43 Carbon ic acid 44 e Carbu ret te d h ydroge n me t han ae than

1 b r ch orid e t - Cop p e l b0 de t 0 o x1 ﬁ9 su lp hide

Mod ern no tation an d atomic we ight s.

S MBOLS M LEC LA R A ND E IV LENT W EIGHTS AND PE R Y , O U QU A .

MPO ND M I B ' CO U S O OOIII I Formula. weigh t.

8 8 Hyp ochloro us anh dride 8 ao1

8 Iron , o xide , fe rric 8 erric hy d rat e 8 ferrous chlo rid e 8 8 ferric chlo rid e

8 Iron , fe rrou s sulp hid e 8 bisu lp hid e (p y rit es) 8 p ro t osu lp hat e

Lead monoxid e (lith arge) carbonat e chlori d e su lp hate su lp hide re d on de

Magn esiu m oxid e

cry st . carbon at e su lp hate p ymp hosp hat Manganou s oxid e M an gan ou s man ganic oxide Man ganic oxid e Man gane se dio xid e Manganous chlo rid e

' N1tros111p hon ic ac1 n ro so su 1p hu ri0 I mbe r cr stals acid , cha y . J

tro - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i u S OXide o o c o c 0 0 0 0 0 :0 o N o 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nitrou s anh dride

Nit ric dioxi e , te t ro xid

Phosph oric anh arid e aci ordinary

acid , p y ro me t acid . a

Platinu mchlorid e

bicarbon at e Klie o chlo rat e K CIO 3 chlo rid e id r ru ss a Fe N C fe rric y an e , e d p i te K e ( ) 2 w F e NC 3a fe rroc y an ide , y ello p ru ssiat e . K ) q iodid e K i — CE NTA GE COMPOSITION OF C HEMI CA L COMPOUNDS Co ntin u ed .

E Pe nta e om sition quivalent Formula. rce g C p o .

! Cu 8 U ! ! O p 1 l 0 Cu bso , 5110 N

0 0 0

: 8 8 Fe 0 0 Fe zo 3 7 . 3 8 F e 0 311 0 § 3 ! 1 ' 9 Fe 1 8 O I 8 P e Cl 4HO 8 O I 8 Fe 0 1 § O 8 F t e S. 8 Fe S 8 ! 3 } 0 u ; 8 F e OSO 7110 H8 t 5 ( O 8 8 C O 2 8

° Pb 92 38 . q P ho 83 °52 C 16 °48 . O, Pb 4 ° 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 , Pb S 1

: g 1 8 O 8 8

° ° M n 43 65. Cl 56 35

M n O SO ,

5 H 2 0 ° P20 , 79 77 . H zO

P 3 0 5 H zO P t Cl 41 ° 7 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O K 0 K 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 2 8 O C 0 8 O 8 e 8 8 8 O ( 8 8 e O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O S 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 6 8

LS M LEC LA R A ND E IV ALENT W E IGHTS A ND PE R S YMB O . O U QU ,

le a o cu l r F m . CO MP OUNDS . M or ula

Potassiu mnit rate p e rman gan ate p h o sp hat e p lat in u m c hloride silicate su lp hate bisu lp hat e su lp hid e

l t . su p hi e . bisu lp hite su lp hocyan at e l m Potash . a u

Se le nio us an hy d rid e

Silicic acid , an hyd rid e Silver chlo ride n it rate su lp hide Sodiu m oxid e

NaCl

NazB O 7 loa a O c arbo n at e , an hy d rou s N C 3 n mon o h d rat d Na carbo at e , y e , CO a carbon at e . d e cahy d rat e d , N bicarbon ate N a

c hlo rate Nac lO :, NaO Cl

N 3 N0 3 a H P l2a N O 0 0 z 4 q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i N azs o s . sulp hate 1 11 2 51a 2 7 a 8 0 . c ry st . 1 q bisulp hate NaHSé . su lp hit e bisul p hit e o u l h th i s p at e . h y p o sulp hite su lp hid e e n t asu lp hid e gy d roge n su lp hid e u lp hu ro u s an h drid e u lp h u ric anh ride u lp hu ric aci mon ohy d rat e p yro Th osu l hu ric ac1d h osu l hu rou s acid i p , yp p Tn thion ic aci Tet rat i hionic ac d . P e ntat hionic acid Sul p hu re tt ed hy droge n Stan n ous chlorid e

W ate r Zin c oxid e chlo ride sulp h at e

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 su lp hide C ENTA GE C MP SITI N F HEMI A M ND Co n timied O O O O C C L CO POU S .

le n Equ iva t Fo rmu la. Pe rce nt age Comp osition.

K 6 K 8 ° 25

K 8 H 2 0 K C lPt Clz P 8 (K CI K OSiO , K 8 K 8 K 8 K 8 K 8

K 8 2 K 2 3 5 N S so A l o 0 : 3 K 0 A1 0 SO H O i 2?421 2 2 3 s z k %H

S e O , S e 0 - Sio 2 30 0 Si 0 A g Cl

A g NO , Ag S N a 0 N a ° 2 0 77 50, H 0 N a 1 88

. l 0 3

63 H , O

N aO C lO l

N aO NO z H 4H 2NaO P0 5 +2 O H P W . NaO SiO 2 S N a S u N % S a mwm N a & S m mm N& w S % w . m p Nm u S u s . p N m S s wﬂ 0 m m Na m S H M mm mm8 N u S S ma.0 4 Na S H S W O W S MO O M

S O Q S Q H m H Q0 WU M m W 4 H $ M S m M m S W y S 4 l S mG H 0 98 O s g 2 S O M w S m n H 0 78 m 2 3 l S s mmH 0 68 S O . .a 2 S m. 12 H 5 .

S n Cl +2HO Sn Cl H , 0 H O H 0

Zn 0 Z n C l Zn C l

Zn O SO Zn O S O 3 Zn 0 8 0 3 7110 Zu o 8 0 3 Zn S Zn 8 10

—FACTO RS F R A LA TABLE 3 . O C LC U TING

S u n Su bst an ce W e ighed . bsta ce to be d e t e rmine d.

Ammonium.

mmoniu mChlorid l A mmo nia NH A e , NH, C , ? Y A mm n m o x ide H o iu , “MO Ammoniu m p latin u m chlorid e (N

Arsenic. A rsenic , A s Arse ni tris l A rsenic trioxide A s O c u p hide , A s, s . . rs ni a h drid e A3 0 e c y , 2 ,

z ' A . A mmoniu mma ne siu marse nate g , rigiiidé t As6 1 r h £8 A se nic an ydrid e , 2 0 5

Bariumsul ha I BaO t e , Baso , Bariu mcar Bariu m xide BaO onate . BaCO , o w Bariu msilico ﬂ uorid e BasiF lBaO , ,

Calciu m su l hate CaS O CaO . m on de Calciu , Calciu m car on at e CaCC iCaO ,

Carbon .

a onic an l d rid Carbon 0 b y e , gafcwm cargo n at e na b CO , ’ Carbo nic an hy d r1d e Bariu m carbo nate BaCO } , 3CO , . 2

Chlorine . hlcrin , C . l ‘ ﬁy‘fme gl0 11 0 act d 110 1 S1IV"0 mm“A 0 1 , 8 Chloric an h drid e 0 1 0 y . f , Sodiu m chlorid e , Nac

Cop p er.

C x Co e r Cu op p er o ide , Cu O p p ,

“ “su l hid e Cu s PM p , z 832850 85. Cu O

Iron , Fe . F ern c o xide , F6 2 0 Fe rrous oxide , Fe O

Lead .

m xide PbO a Lead ono . , gg Le ad PhsO ‘ 3 L e ad Pb b ' Le ad su lp hid e , P S 7 14 0 811 OX id e , P ho L ead o xide PbO L ead . Pb , l l

GRAV IMET RIC ANALYS ES .

0°31776 09 5328 19 3 56 03 4962 06 9924 09 3232

43932

2°41464 7 ° 24$l2 7 ° 47968 3 °55257

1 8 1578 48 4208 5 ° 44734

1 9 6995 328325 59655 52 5320 59 0985 0 77655 3585 69 8895 0 54839 1 °64517 3 29034 43 8712

1 23528 3 29408

° ° 0 56000 2 80w0 4 480w 5 04000 .

02 7273 2° 18l84 2 ° 2(Xl)0 39 6000 0°2B 35 M5 1 7 8680

02 4739 19 7912 2° 22651 02 5435 40 2° 03480 228915 21 0452 47 3517 1 6 313 8

9874 3° 19496 39 9370 7 ° 18866 0 °79874 23 9622 3 ° 19496 3 99370 6 38992 ~ 1 ooooo 3 00000 4 00000 500000 6 °00w0 900000

07 0000 moooo 4m 6 °30000 09 0000 63 0000 8 ° 10000

09 2825 74 2600 06 8317 47 8219 5 46536 0 73597 4°41582 51 5179 588776 08 6611 5 ° 1m 615 277 6 92888 09 3305 6 ‘ 53 l35 7 46 140 83 9745 730 12

FA CTOR S FOR CA LCULATING

ubstance W e i hed . ubstan ce to be de te rm S g S ined .

H ydrogen.

Magne sium

Magn esiu m sulph at e , MgSO , h M n esiu m p y rop hosp ate ,

8 zP 3 0 1

an - d Man M gano manganic oxi e , Mu so , g 5 an hme M u s M gan ese .u lp , 93 22311?

A mmoniu m latin o chloride P , t ’ gt

Phosph or“. Ph h ° ri ‘ hYd1 id0 . P 0 Ma n esiu m 3 s g Ph ghgruzg g 0 0 0 0 0 0 { g f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Potassium.

s m ha 8 P otassiu m oxide K o Potas iu su lp te . K 0 , s , I Potassiu m chloride 1 Po tassiu m o xide K O , 0 , , l l Potassium 1atino chloride K PtCl i ’ p , , , 1 n gﬁigffdé x m

Sodium.

Sodiu m Sodiumoxide , Na, 0

Sodiu m Sod iu mo xide , Na, o m Sodiu mo xid e N Sodiu chloride , ,

Su lp hu r, S Sulp hu ric anhydrid e SO S l hurous anh yd ri e S Sg‘ipum sul hate Na SO p , , ,

Zinc .

in c o xid n O e Z . Z , c ul Zin s p hide , Zn S

— L ILIT O F S ALTS . TABLE 4 . S O UB Y DIFFERE NT

—The solu bilit is i en in arts ofthe anh drou s salt dissol ed R EMAR K . y g v p y v

by 100 p art s ofwat e r.

r iss l e 100 W at e D o v . Cold. Boiling

A lu m

A lu min iu msu lp h at e A mmon iu m oxalat e

sulp hate Bariu mchlo rid e hy drat e n itrat e Boric acid Bro min e Calciu m carbon ate chlo rid e h y d rat e n it rat e su lp hat e C op p e r ace tate

su lp hat e Iron p roto su lp hat e Le ad ace t at e d c hlo ri e . n it rate su lp hate M agn esiu m o xid e c arbon at e c hlorid e M an gano u s chlorid e O xalic ac id P otassiu mhy d rat e chro mat e (n e u t ral) bich ro mat e o x alat e (acid) su lp hite hyp o su lp hit bitartrat e t art rat e (n e u t ral) c y amde fe rro cy an id e fe rricy an id e io did e

bo rat e hy d rate h p o sulp hl more t han 200 p osp hate sulp hit e S trontium h ydrat e n it rat e chlo rid e Tartaric acid Tin (stan n o u s) chlo rid e Zin c chlo rid e Zin c sulp hat e 1 5 — TA BLE 5 . S O LUBILITY O F C ERTAIN S ALTS T T EMPERAT A DIFFERE NT URES .

m Carbonat e . 2 t allised Po ial Ammoniu ( ) Gm ( gg e).

olve Be rzelius at 100 p arts wat e r dissolve s t 160 art s wat e r diss ( ) p ° ° 0 83 12 K 0 0 = 131 15K 3 3 2 0 0 :, 2aq. 1 3° 25 p art s 10 88 72 1425 0 17 30 20 3 2 37 30 100 09 160 85 41 40 40 106 20 180 07 49 50 50 1129 0 1969 0 60 1 19 ° 24 2129 5 70 127 ° 10 2329 4

Ammonium Chl oride . 80 90 270 72 100 p arts wate r dissolve at 100 1539 6 3119 5 ° - rlach 15 359 8 parts NIL CI (Ge ) . 135

19 36 8 Sc iff . ( ) Pot as m siu Bicarbonat e . 100 100 100 p arts wate r dissolve (P oggiale) at 19 (51p arts K HCO 23

Cal cium Chlorid e .

l d ol e s 1 p art anhyd rou s CaC 2 iss v (Kre me rs) at in p art s wate r 20 3 5 P m otassiu Chl orat e . 100 p arts wate r dissolve at ° aCl a dissol es at 33 artsK 0 10 Ga -L ussac 1 art C , 6 p 3 ( ) p , q v 3 2: y ° 13 3 10 in 0 5 p art s wate r 16 0 25 100 e ve ry p ro p ortion

MagnesiumSulp hat e (Ep somSalt s) Me e r 100 wat e r dissolve (Gay (V. y ) . u ssac an d Toble r) at

° r t lt 0 MgSO , as c y s . sa Potassium Chlorid 10 30 5 e . 20 3 5 0 100 p art s wate r dissolve at ° 0 2 21 l - 25 371 9 K C (Gay Lu ssac) . l l 9 34 6 30 399 (Kop p ) . 40 470 13 °8 34 9 50 49 7 15 6 35 1 - 55 529 9 (Gay Lussac) . 60 559 52 70 60 4 79 9 3 80 651 1099 90 70 3 105 5 132 50 Grifﬁths ( ) 1 w 8' at er dissolve at ° - 0 13 2p art sK N0 3 (Gay Lu ssac)

Potassium Carbonate .

ann (1) A n hy d rou s (Os ) . 1 21) 5g38 20 1 p art dissolves at 549 2 ° 3 in p arts water 746 6 6 09 62 97 05 12 6 09 00 125 °42 26 0 ° 747 79 72 1692 7 70 0 90 236 45

15 09 22 (Gerlach) . 2849 1 1 6

SOLUBILITY OF CER TA IN SALTS A T DIFFER ENT TEM PER A T R ES—cont in u ed U .

s m Sul h at e . Pota siu p Sodium Chl orat e . 100 p arts wate r disso lv e at 100 part s wate r disso lve at ° K Bran d es an d Firn 0 81 10 , SO , ( 9 N110 10 (Kreme rs) 15 habox 20 99 40 17 60 147 ° l 25 80 22 100 232 6 120 3333 25 Sodi mNi u trat e . 26 100 p arts wat e r disso lv e at —6° V aNo3 (Poggiale)

SodiumCarbonat e . +0 10 100 p art s wat e r dissolv e at ( Lo e w0 1) 16 87 63 ° Na ‘ a 0 Na, CO 3 2 0 q. 10 4) 94 15 63 ‘ 20 20 25 30 32 34-79 80 85 120 ° 90 Th e sat urat ed solu tion bo ils at 122 95 odi m S 100 S u ulp h at e . 100 ar wat Boiling p oin t of t h e satu rat e d p ts e r d issol ve (Gay solut io n ] Lu ssac ) at 0° Na, SO ‘ Na, SO loag

S odiumBicarbonat e .

100 p arts wat e r disso lve at 16 73 ° 0 NaHCO (Dibbits)

30 75 270 2 2 322 12 33 88 48 78 47 81 2769 1 46 262 35 Sodium Chl oride . 100 p arts wat e r dissolv e

° ° 15 NaCl Pogsl ale l— h 4. 35 3 Sodium Thiosulp hat e (hyp osul

p mt e ) . 100 p arts wate r d issolve (Muld e r) at ° 6 Na s a , 1 0 3 s cry st . salt 13

25 75

(K re me rs)

— TABLE 4 . S C — R EMAR K . Th e SOlll bl l

100 W at e l 1

A m ammo nia lu , p otash “ A lu miniu msu lphat e A mmo niu m o xalat e n it rat e sulp hat e Bariu mchlo rid e

Boric acid B ro min e Calciu m carbon at e chlo rid e hy d rat e nit rate su lp hat e

C op p e r ace tat e .

su lp hate Iron p roto su lp hat e . L ead ace tate . i c hlor de . n itrate su lp hate M agn e siu mo xid e carbo n an chlo rid e Man gan o u s chlo rid e O xalic acid P otassiu mh d rat e

c ro mat e ( 1 .

bich ro mat v

1 o xalat e (w 1 . su lp hit e h p o su lp h u w bitartrat e

t art rat e ( 11 1 1 . c y an id e . fe rro e y am fe rric y an u h

1 e . S odiumace tat e (borax )

hy d rate osulp hit e t p hat e su lp hit e S tron tium h ydrate nit rat e chlorid e T artaric acid Tin (stann o u s) Ct l‘ i( l( Zinc chlorid e Zin c sul p hate 19

I — F V F TABLE O. S PEC I IC GRA ITIES O DIFFERE N T

S O LIDS .

Alderwoo d lu min nh dr A a, a y ous

Al u m, ammonia p o tash min a r Alu sulp hate , c y Al u min iu m Glaub

A mmonia nitrat e Granite - a sul p hate Gyp su m, p laster of p r1s

chl orid e cast . dr H eavy sp ar Iod in

A n timon y Iron , wrou ght A rse n ious acid ra cast g y,

A rse nic acid wh1 t e , cast A s halt ero xld e A s wo o y drat e d oxid e Bariu m c hl ri r ma e tic oxid e o de , c y st . carbo nat car on at e

u l hate (sp ar) su lp hate , cry st gl a r ri es whit e t e , c y st . p y , p mt8 8 Larch woo d B e e ch Li it wood , d ry gn e Birch w Lime burnt uic ood , dry , , q k Bismu th Lime wood Borate of magn e sia (bora L it harge

cite ) L ead , cast Borax c r re d , stallise d . . Boric aci c ry stallised chromat e t fu sed ace at e , cry st Br wn c ar n at o coal , lignit e bo e B rick work n it rat e B k ric s, ordinary su lp hid e su lp hate chlorid e

Chalk Magnesia, calcin ed i m hl d rb Calc u c ori e , c ry st . ca on at e h i c lor d e , an hydrou s Magne site

silicat e Magn sul hate , cry st a b n d r c r o at e c l1 ori e . c y st. p ho sp hate Manganese p e rox id e sul hate an h d ou s n ati e p . y r v Calcsp ar Marble Cann e l Nicke l m n a wo d d Ce e t O k o , ry h C ina clay , kaolin Ph osp h oru s, y ellow

Charcoal , organic re

wood Pin e wood , white

Co ke , p orou s re d Coal o rou s , p m Cop p er, e tallic. c ast h amme red

Potassium carbonat e chlorat e chlorid e

Felsp ar su lp hate

Fibres, v e e table bisu lp hat e Firwoo d r d rat e , y hy . Firebricks 1 8

— Y O F MM IN W BY TABLE 7 . SOLUBILIT A O N IA ATER W EIGHT . l W r i mm me in Tab e 1 . ate D ssol es at (Solu bility by V olu g v 760 . r p ressu e (R oscoe an d Dittmar. )

S NHa

— . Y F C H IN W TABLE 8 SOLUBILIT O LORI N E ATER .

l l n a an d m. u re r a rb o . h o ri e calcu l ted at 0 m ress 1 V ol. W at e bso s s C 760 V , p

V l or. V l. Chlor V ol . Chlor. A t V ol. Chlor. A t o . Chl At o .

P5934

— U Y F HY H TABLE 9 . SOL BILIT O DROGEN C LORIDE IN W ATER .

1 . BY W E IGHT (R oscoe an d Dittmar) . 1g. W ate r absorbs at 760mm. p re ssu re

g 11 0 1 g110 1 g110 1 g R OI

V E — 2 BY O LUM ich . . (De e) . l ccm. W ate r absorbs at a p re ssu re of 760mm

S e c . Grav oft h Percenta e of 110 1 in m p . e g co . HCI A cid F o m same r e d . .

PECIFIC GR A ITIES OF DIFFE RENT S LIDS—co n tinu ed S V O ,

S al-ammon iac

t i ks fre h d amp s c , s

S andsto n e sticks, old oft amo h v e r . s , o u s Silve r chlorid e u lp huric anhy dri e S1D S lat e , o mm r S odium carbon ate . an h . ha e e d t e W ww c arbo na c ry st . illo ood chloride W ithe rit e n t r in c c ast i ate Z , ll d su lp hat e ro e . su lp hid e Zinc ble n de hy o su lp hit e Zin c ox1d e hygrate Z1n c su lp hat e

— II W H F UBS TANC ES AS . TABLE . EIG T O S STORED

u M 1 C b . e t re

SUBSTANCE . W e ighs

B ric ks C eme n t

Clay , d amp r y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lime sto n e an d o the r B u ildin g S ton e s

Q u icklime

d am

W ood , Be e c h Logs Fir Logs Oak Lo gs I

R aw MATER IALS ar F R AL K A L x , e O I W oa s.

Pyrit es, bro ke n p ieces smalls burn t

Nit recake (acid Su lp hate o fS od a)

S t al cak e . Limeston e (small ie ce a) Black A sh (lu mp s A lkali W ast e (we t ) S od a Salts (Na CO z , So d a A sh (u ngroun d) Soda Cry stals Bicarbonat e (grou nd) Quicklime (small lu mp s) S ie ved Lime (for Ble ac hingP o wd e r) Ble achin g P o wd e r M an an e N se ati e . g . v Lime st o ne Du st ke (for ﬁllingto we rs) gﬁnts Cin de rs (ashes) 21

I2 -S PE IFIC V Y O F TABLE . C GRA IT DIFFERE NT LI ID QU S .

Sp eciﬁc At Gra i v ty. Temp .

Al cohol Nit rogen dioxid e A cetic acid 1 0 64 17 (liqu id) Bisu lp hid e ofcarbon Olive oil B e nzin e l5 °5 P et role u m Coal tar 08 65 15 R a esee d oil 125 S p hu rou s an h l n e 1 2 15 drid i d G y ceri 60 e (l qui ) . 20 Lin se ed Oil 09 347 15 S ea wate r 1 0 2-1 0 4 15 ’ 0 Sp irits oft urp n tine 08 65 15

I — PE IF V Y AND P TABLE S . S C IC GRA IT ERC E NTAGE O F U LUTI NS SAT RATED S O O .

The p ercen tage refers to anhyd rou s salt .

Per Tem ce ntage Sp eciﬁc Degree s

arat ure. f alt . Gra p o S vit y . Twadd e ll

A mmoniumchloride

Calcium chlorid e Magn esiu m sulph at e P otassiumchl orid e 22

I — PE IFI V Y TABLE 4 . S C C GRA IT O F GAS ES AND

VAPO URS .

E xperi O l l Mi le ment l rgw cuiar sp eciac gt re at 1 weight . t y 5 gri t: 7 0

Carbon ic acid CO 44 P529 1 9 708 Et h le ne C 28 09 71 P254

Hy chloric acid . HCl 1 2 55 16 357

Hyd roge n H , 2 0 06926 0 08958 Iodine J 254 8 °716

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nitrou s anh y drid e .

Nitric dioxid 3 e N

I —LINEA R S . EXPANS IO N O F DIFFERE NT S UBS TANC ES

° ° ° ° m - F B ariat o o m e ratu re fro 0 1 32 212 . y v i n fte p to 00 C . ( )

Charcoal fromoak

Silve r Sold e r hard h . St ee l, ard e n ed not harde n ed

— l7 . CO NV ERS IO N O F C ELS lUS INTO FAHRENHEIT

DEGREES ABO V E IOO AND V IC E V ERS A.

ivide the de u r m in d r Th e D gre es above 100 in to h n d e ds an d a re a e . ﬁgu re ' corre sp onding to the hu ndred s is take n from the follo wingtable s and added m n m to that corresp on dingto the re ainder as take fro Table 17 . I t on con vertin g Fahrenh eit in to Ce lsiu s the remain d er amou n ts t o r be low this the de ree s Celsius corres on din to it are n e ati e o , g p g g v (below fre e zin g p oin t) an d hen ce mu st be d ed uct ed from th e ﬁgures of

° o the followin g table . Also take n tice , for e xamp le , that 300 F . is not

‘ ° C bu t or 111 1 377 l 48 9 C .

Fahr Fahr. Fahr. . Fahr.

Fah F ahr. Fahr. r. 26 — PO INTS . TABLE l8 . FUS ING

B ronze

C OIOp h oniu C o p p e r Cu p ric chlo ri C u p ro us chlo n Fat , oxe . sh e e p p ig Flu orsp ar G lass G lass oontainingle ad Go ld

M e rc u rlc chlori Nap hthalen e N ic ke l

P latinu m Pitch (coal ta P ho sp ho ru s Po tassiu mchlorat e

S te el m Silve r, e tac chlorid e

S trontiu mchlo ride “

W ’ ax, be e s Zinc

2 — E TABLE 0 . R DUCTIO N O F THE VOLUME O F

° I . Table fo r red u cing the volu mes

09 68 09 65 1 1 3 1 9 36 1 9 29 2 2 915 29 04 2 894 3 3 872 3 859 4 4 841 49 24 5

5 809 57 88 6 67 77 67 53 7 7 773 7 7 45 77 18 8 8 775 8 7 87 13 89 82 9 9 716 99 81 99 47 10

10 88 10 65 11 11 9 1 12 129 1 13 14 14 84 14 78 14 52 14 47 15

16 17 18 19 20

20 77 9 2 4 20 33 21 21 76 21 68 21 45 21 37 22 22 75 43 2 6 23 23 40 24 25

26 269 4 27 26 29 29 289 4 30

°55 309 1 3 1 9 4 30 98 32 9 6 3 4 33 38 33 27 9 3 9 4 9 1 33 337 7 35

36 37 373 2 38 37 75 38 72 40

39 69 39 55 41 409 6 422 2 429 8 41 9 3 43 43 20 44 44 19 449 3 45

459 1 46 459 9 459 6 9 4 47 46 9 7 46 63 48 49 48 93 50 29

GASES TO NO RMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESS URE

° o f gase s to a te mp e rat ure at 0 C .

! s D ° 6 p 5 w ﬂD 55 a C 4 1 N C 51 8 “o 52

526 4 52° 28 54 01 53 m

54 80 55 78 54 99 56 76 57 74 57 12 58 71

61 646 6 62 70

69 72

73 65

749 0 74 63 74 10 75 89 75 61 75 08 74° 76 87 76 59 77 31 77 76 48 76 21

79 83 78 70 °42 78° 14 799 5 ° 39 81 81 81 22 9 3 36 82 79 82 20 ° 32 83 78 83 17 82 88

84 15 85 13 852 ) 841K) 6 4 6 2 87 13

°01 91

90°

°94 $6 4 9 0 94° $6 3 6 4 95 ° ( B 81 30

' R EDUCTION OF THE VOLIJME OF GASES TO

Table for re du cin g the vo lumes of gase s

09 58 09 55 1 9 16 1 9 09 ,

28 74. 26 64 37 79 47 90 47 73 47 57 47 24 47 07 46 91

57 47 57 28 57 08 56 88 55 91 6 67 29 67 05 66 82 66 36 66 13 65 44 7 7 6 63 7 6 37 76 10 7 5 84 7 5 3 1 76 06 7 454 8

86 52 86 21 85 91 85 32 84 72 86 86 . 9 96 13 95 79 95 16 95 13 94 1 7 94 11 10

1 1 116 0 112 6 12 13 136 8 14 139 7 15

15 11 15 06 156 1 149 6 149 1 16 17 169 1 18 18 14 19 18° 76 20

21 5 0 23 229 9 21 7 0 25

21 2 3 26

° 1 2 27 6 6 2 7 28 9 0 27 6 2 29 286 5 30

6 9 292 8 289 9 28 ° 31 6 4 299 2 32 2 8 31 6 6 3 3 2 3 316 8 34 ° 18 32° i35 31 13 36 37 38 369 7 39 379 2 40

392 8 38 41 102 1 392 7 102 1 106 7 43 41 ° 71 11 6 0 41 429 5

439 1 137 6 436 1 136 1 456 3 139 1 137 9 7 459 8 18 9 4 1 3 186 476 7 169 1

R EDUCTION OF THE VOLUME OF GASES TO

Table for re du cin gthe volu mes ofgases

09 19 09 16 09 13 09 10 1 l °839 1 814 2 2 786 27 58 2 749 2 739 2 730 27 21 2 712 3 3 714 3 652 3 640 4 4 612 4 581 45 66 45 51 5

5 461 6 7 7 429 7 2 81 8 8 218 8 163 9 162 9 131 9 101 90 70 10

10 15 10 07 1 1 1 1 14 11 07 10 99 0 12 11 79 13 13 00 12 78 12 66 14 13 88 13 84 13 79 13 70 13 61 13 56 15

20 43 20 ° 19 89 21 36 21 29 20 79 2 3 23 21 22 14 21 99 21 77 21 70 24 23 21 20

32° 32° 36 34 12 37

41 1 42 39 93 43

41 73 41 51 45

46 47 44 27 43 98 43 83 48 45 19 49 50

R EDUCTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES

d mth ressure read 0 3 at th b r m De uct fro e p e a o eter 1 mm. for te mp erat u res be twee n

752 754 762 764 766 768 770 760

09 89 09 92 1 19 3 11115 1 9 74 1 9 79 1 9 84 1 9 89 29 05 2 016 29 60 29 16 29 84 39 16 39 47 39 58 39 79 49 10 49 32 49 34 49 47 41130 49 74 59 13 59 26 59 40

59 21 59 37 59 52 59 68 6 016 6 032 6 047 69 44 7 018 7 9 94 7 916 7 9 36 79 58 8 021 8 042 8 (B3 8 881 8 905 89 29 89 52 9 99 71 9 87 9 89 99 2

109 1 109 4 1 1 84 l l 87 1 19 0 1 19 4 12 10 12 83 12 86 12 89 13 04 13 07 13 10 13 82 13 85 13 88 14 04 14 07 14 11 14 81 14 84 14 87 149 2 15 04 15 08 15 12

159 1 16 13 16 78 169 1 17 09 17 14 17 77 17 81 18 10 18 15 18 75 18 80 89 ) 19 10 19 15 19 74 19 79 19 84 20 05 20 11 20 16

20 72 21 05 21 17 21 71 21 82 22 18 70 23 06 23 18 23 80 24 19 24 67

27 07 27 77 28 07 28 23 28 ° 28 76 29 76 $1 6 $9 4

$5 9 30157 30 75 31 74 32 08 32 56 73 33 55 33 73 34 09 ° 28 34 54 34 72 35 09 28

37 ° J9 379 ) 9 ) 383 ) 38 49 39 21 39 47 40 21

41 33 42 34

7 7

9 4

°48

T 2 I —FACT R ABLE B. O S FO R REDUC ING A GIVEN VO LUME O F GAS TO NO RMAL ' TEMPERATURE AND

P RES S URE.

° ° entl mde and 760 mll etr r 0 C g , i im es, o 32 Fahrenheit; and 2998 inches

m In . e t re . 9 191

27 ° 7 7039 9 109 27 °8 7061 9 179 9 142

9 448 9 410 9 372

O 7629 ‘— 1 9 060 9 740 U 7679 111111 9 814 9 773 7699 1 9 126 1 11144 19 004 t 1 9 160 1 9 120 1 19 78 1 11137 9 879 9 837

room 19 087 19 164 1 9 120 19 276 19 153 1 9 114 19 032 41

FACTORS FOR REDUCING A GIVEN VOLUME OF GA MPERATURE AND PR ES E S TO NORMAL TE SUR .

° ' 0 Cenﬁ ade and millimetres r mFahrenhe t and 299 2 nches gr , 700 , o i , i

Ce nﬂgmd e

° Fahrenhe it 50

9 763 9 795 9 760 9 792 9 758 9 756 °8787 9 754

289 7112 281 713 7 9 919 282 7169 9 951 9 916 $9 7189 9 125 7219 9 157 9 121 9 014

285 7239 9 189 9 153 9 117 9 011 $9 9 185 9 149 9 114 9 143 7289 9 218 9 181 9 145 9 109 9 074 9 039 $9 7319 9 213 9 177 9 141 °91$ 9 171 289 7349 9 818 9 173 9 138 9 102

299 7369 mm 9 314 9 277 9 169 9 134 7391 9 2 11 9 165 9 13 ) 7419 9 415 9 341 9 197 9 1$ 299 7449 9 448 9 410 9 193 7467

299 749 3 9 512 9 475 299 751 9 297 7549 9 577 299 7569 299 9 417 9 381

7679 9 512 9 475 30 3 7699 9 770 9 731 30 4 9 761 9 725

305 7747 W 1 30's 7772 9 751 9 712 W 5 307 9 744 are 7829 9 931 9 815 9 776 9 701 7849 9 924 18 07 9 770 9 732 3 19 9 956 9 917 9 878 9 801 9 764 9 728 42

FACTORS FOR REDUCING A GIV EN VOLUME OF

GAS TO NORMAL TEMPERATUR E AND PRESSURE.

° ° ° 0 Ce nti de and 60 millimetre s or 32 ahrenh eit and 299 2 in ch e s m , 7 F , ,

barometric p ressure .

Cen tigrad e

° Fahrenh eit 66

n me r I . t e 275 6985 279 7019 7039 279 279 7089 9 720

289 7119 9 751

281 . 9 783 289 7169 9 814 289 7189 7219

9 774 9 741 9 772

299 7369 29 °l 7391 9 095 7419 9 127 299 7449 9 158 9 123 .8987 9 189 9 154 9 120 9 351 9 017

299 7199 9 186 9 151 9 116 9 014 299 7519 9 252 9 217 9 182 9 147 9 113 9 079 9 045 9 012 7549 9 213 9 178 9 144 9 109 9 076 9 042 299 7569 9 314 9 244 9 174 9 140 9 106 9 072 299 9 275 9 171 9 137 9 103

309 7629 9 377 9 341 9 201 9 167 9 133 301 9 408 9 372 9 198 9 164 767 9 9 439 9 194 399 7699 9 470 9 435 7721 9 466

9 320 9 351 9 316 9 487 9 416 9 381 9 518 9 447 9 412 9 549 9 513 9 477 9 442

— F A UE VAP TABLE 2 3 . T ENS IO NS O Q O US O UR

° — mll etres mercur Ma nus between 20 and+118 C. in i im y ( g ) .

259 26 45

TABLE 2 — EN N : 3 8 . T S IO o r AQUEO US VAPO UR m me me O MER T | ° FAH s F C URY FRO M O 0 0 .

Temp erat ure

Fahrenheit . M ercu ry . TABLE 2 —T U VAPO UR FO R 4 . ENS IO N O F AQUEO §

° T EMPERATURES FRO M 4 0 0 .

Temp eratu re . Tension in mm. In atmosp heres. 4 7 — 24 . T ENS IO N F A UE A TABLE B O Q O US V PO UR .

m rat Lb Te pe ure s. p e r

Fahrenheit . square in ch . — TABLE 25 . VARIAT IO N O F BO ILING PO INT O F W AT ER

with dif feren t barometric p ressures.

Barometric Pressure .

Inch es.

7201 5 289 52

7227 5 28455

7259 5 289 57

7279 6 289 60

7309 8 28 763

7339 1 28 866

2109 8 7359 5 289 70

2109 6 7389 0 299 75

7411 6 $ 179

2109 2

299 90

7491 8 294 95

7519 7 299 01

2119 4 297 07

2119 2 757 ‘ 28 299 14

7609 0

2121 8 309 29

2129 6 301 37

2129 4 7689 0

2127 2 7719 5 309 92 49

— TABLE 26 . S PEC IFIC HEATS .

(R en au lt ) — S LIDS AND LI IDS . a. O QU = ° W ate r l 0000.

Antimony

189 9 41 Silv er

Steel (Hard)

Steel (Soft)

. Iron (Cast ) Alco hol

Iron (W rought) Mercury

Sulph u ric A cid

b —GASES A ND AP RS . V OU

Constant Const ant m V olu e . Pressure .

Atmosph eric Air 19 0000 01 687 02 377

I ‘ m 09 200

09 104 0 1535 09 164

1 9 793 01 758 09479

29 235 09 411 04 810

149 231 2 4146 34046

19 265 0 1730 02440

09 180 01 548 02 182

1 9 794 09 337 04 750 50 — TABLE 27 . MAT HEMAT ICA TA L BLES .

and area ofci Circ umfere nce rcles, squares cu bes. square and cu be roots.

1 1 447

P 5183

P7435

TAB — — ' LE 27 . MATHEMATICAL TABLES . s n u ed .

Circumference an d area of c rcles s u b b i . q ares, cu es, squ are and cu e roots

1B ° 2l 14049 28

134-56 34 205

111-22 16851 59 34 496

3-4011

1512 9 2 5071

29 2 70 122-72 156-25 1953 -125 39 496

1289 8 1mm 3-5777

2197 -000 2 3513

42-412 10 14 182-25

147-41 190-44

449 11 37 683

181“ 3-9115 237 -10 2 4879

191 -13 37964 16 “983

49 037 lm°o7 53

ABLE 2 —MA HEMA AL AB — T . T TIC T LE ti 7 S Con n ued .

Circumfere n r f r l uar e s ce and a ea o ci c es, sq es, cu b s. quare and cu be roots .

519 36

49 426 59297 11 42 661

49 895

29 884

3769 6

3809 5 74149 75

27 “

27 502 54

ABLE 2 —MATHEMAT BL — t T 7 ICAL TA ES Con inu ed .

C rcu mfere n and r a ofc rcl i ce a e i es, squ are s, cubes. squ are and cu be roots.

4572 0

3769 9

709 72

789 40

29 586 55 — — TABLE 27 . MATHEMATICAL TABL[ES Continued .

C rcu mfe rence and area ofc u r cubes s u ar b i ircles, sq a es , q e and cu e roo ts .

702°25

5611 0

879 50 6119 6 39 330

6334 7

899 35

6789 7

286529 16

292181 12 56

TAB 2 —MA HEMATICAL T B E — LE 7 . T A L S Continued .

Circumference and are a ofcircles. squares, cubes. squ are and cu be roots .

30080 231

372597 04

115690 M 9 00 59 310 1 169134 400019 88 59 480 403539 07 40707 9 84 59 751

39 554

10129 3 57

’ -MA HEMAT AL TABL — n ABLE 2 . T IC ES. onti u T 7 C ed .

r mfe rence and area ofcircles s uares c ube s u and u b Ci cu , q , . sq are c e roots.

540101 52 2 3590

6 °m7

575121 56

584119 72

61629’ 875

15929 1

614819 11

13139 2 684179 29 58

' - — TABLE 27. MATHEMATICAL TABLES . Contin ucd .

mf r n u uare an d cu e roots. lrcu e e ce and area ofcircles, squares, c bes, sq b

13331 7

13481 4 31 591

3 ‘ 5303

— —' TABLE 27 . MATHEMATICAL TABLES. Continued.

Circumfere nce and area ofcircles, squ ares, cu bes, square an d cu be roots.

287498 “

314432“

357911“

383 1171110 4052241100

4218751110

47455211” 2481 8

5717870 00

7M ‘ 000 41 814

778688 000

8141 8 10mm

b b “z b and A p proximately N/ i fa? 6 1 — TABLE 2 8 . FO RMULIE FO R MENS URATIO N O F AREAS AND S O LID CO NTENTS .

l —T I . R ANGLE.

x x t base heigh .

Ifall the s a b c r no ides, , , a e k wn and half their su mis represe nted b c b —a + + y e, so that s then

Z—C IRCLE.

— ' Area of r if d am t r = - ci cle, di e e r radius and 1r 3 l4l 59

r ’ ’ A z —- d =r 4 4

° d : l l 2838\/A Area of segment ofcircle ofan arc of a° a

Or s is the n r m n , if le gth ofthe cho d and h the height of the seg e t approximately + 43 9 )

Sector of circle area ofa sector ofthe arc a° 18 A

— O D 3 . C NE AN PYRAMID.

So d onte nt : S - base x ei t li c é h gh . A rea of convex su rface of right cone W hen 8 = side of cone " r”h ere r =radius ofbase and h ei t of one the area o J , wh h gh c , f convex surface will be

A r r s.

— Y 4. C LINDER.

= 1r Area of convex su rface A 2 r h. 0 x ei t Con tent ofcylinder S base h gh . — 5. SPHERE. “ Convex su rface A =4 ar r =2 1rr h I¢=hei ht ofse ent Surface ofsegment A , g gm

= ° 3 Solid content of sphere 7 4 1888r 62

Solid con te nt of sphere

Radius

Conten t ofse gmen t ofsphere If a is the radius ofthe sectional area It the ei ht ofthe se ent and r th ra us ofthe s er , h g gm , e di ph e, S - ér h l “ , - T h (3r h) Ei Solid conten t of spherical zone If a and b are the respective ra ii ofthe two termmal sur a es and h the ei t d f c , h gh , S - ér h

— T ABLE 29 . W EIGHTS AND MEAS URES O F DIFFERENT

CO UNTRIES .

l M R YSTEM m u or in France Ger an . ET IC S (co p ls y , m y, A u stria , the Ne t er an s Bel iu Lu xe m o u r Swit er an Ita Gre e h l d , g m, b g, z l d, ly, ec , Tu r e R ou mania S ain ort u a and ost of t h k y, , p , P g l, m e Sou t h me rican Republics ; option al in Gre at Britain and t he Unite d

gtates.

‘ ‘ ‘ 1 m re m = 44 296 aris i nes : 3 280899 En is e et ( . 3 P l g gl hfe t 3 18620 r n f t a re d c i s P u ssia e e 1 0 0000301 met es ar h ve . 1 kilome t re he ctome t re English mile : Pru ssian mile = 0 ° 9375 R u ssian v erst = 0 ° 5390 n au tical mi e =0 ' 134 e o ra ica mi e 15 to 1 e ree of on it u l 7 g g ph l l ( d g l g de ) . l— = = i Fr n m r 1 km l l e ue ( a os) l y iametre 0 . ‘— m = k sian l G an m ru s i e E e meile 7§ . P m l nglish m1rs e .

l - m = ° l ectare ares . km 2 h q q . 47l En s acre s - 1 ru ssian or n gli h 3 9 66 P m ge . ‘- l m - l r cbm. o . a o lit e ( . ) c g ll ns 0 8 7334 n r Pru ssia qua t . l — = = ' l e to it re cbm 1 allons h c l . 00 l. g l 81946 ' r i n s h ﬁ l P uss a c e e . d—l = ° i l f1 itre o fw r i o ramme . e t o ate at 4 k g g w gh l C. = 2 German and Swiss pou nds kilo gramme p roto ty e = 2 °2046 po u nd avoirdu pois = A ustrian o un d = 2 ' 5l l wedish o u n s= 2 ° 4419 Russian u n p 3 p d po ds. i- h ra r in E s g mme g a s ( ngli h). i ' — = = ° = ' l v l b ir u r uin 1 k . 196 84 a o d i 1 w ta 00 . s c t . 3 . 41b q l g q 0 8 . ‘— = = l k l En i h met rica t on . s n l , 000 g g to 1 American

t 2 1b . on (at , 000 )

2 . G B AND I REAT RITAIN RELAND . 1 f ot = ° 4 m o 0 30 7943 . l in c = ° mm h 25 3995 . 1 ard= ° 14 0 9 3835 m. 1 at o m ar h 2 y ds. 63

= = 1 rod o e er 5 ar s 5 0 29 1 9 . (p l , p ch) } y d 0 m s tu te e = ur on s= 2 oles = l ards = 5 2 l ta mil 8 f l g 3 0 p , 760 y , 80 feet

1 6 093 km . = 1 th 1 nautical mile degree (at the equator). l 5 = ' feet 1854 96 m. = = = ‘ 1 acre 4 roods 160 poles 0 40467 ha. = 1 square mile 640 acres. 0 1 on = 4 uar = ints= 2 °2 4 ub mches= 4 ° gall q ts 8 p 77 7 c ic 536 litres. 1 u = ° 1 c bic foot 28 3153 . 1 = ' cu bic inch 16 3862 ccm . l u r= u = 2 ec s = 4 a ons= 2 ° hl art e 8 b shels 3 p k 6 g ll 903 . = = ° l u shel 8 gallons 0 3628 hl. - = = ° m 1 ﬂuid ounce ﬁ th piu t 28 35 co . un z = 1 o u ndavoirdu ois lb. 16 o ces(o . 7 000 rains 0 4 535926 a p ( , g g. 1 n v == r ins= 28 ° ou ce a oirdu pois 437§ g a 35 g. 1 allon = 1 1 = rains 0 b. wate r 70000 g 1 undredw uarters stones= l l 2lb eight q . k g. = 1 t on 20 cwt = 2 1b . . , 24o . kg ’ A othecari ht p cs W eig . 1 oun t ro = 12 u n e s tro = = 2 8 s ru es= 5 p d y o c y 96 drams 8 c pl , 760 rains= g g. 1 o u n = = = = ce troy 8 drams 24 scru ples 480 grains 3l 1 035 g. 1 ou nce t roy (for gold and pre cious sto nes)= 20 pennywe ight rains g . 1 rain i = ' g (common to avoirdupois and t roy we ght) 0 06479895 g.

3 . A USTRIA (old meas ures and weights now abolished for the me tric system) 1 oot = ° 1 m t 12 in f 12 n 0 3 6102 . a es o es a f , ch li e ch. 3 ru t en - 5 a r= 0 e t = h kl fte 3 f e 360 zoll. l meile z 4000 l r= °4 k afte 7586 55 m. 1 maass = l °4 15 l . l eimer=40 = 1 se maass 60 idel. l et e = 1 °4 m z 6 995 l . l W ie ner pfun d = 560 ° 012 1 ce nt ner= 5 ste n : 1 fn z 2 10 th i 00 p u d 3 00 .

4 D A D ur the ru . ENMARK N NORW AY employ as u nit ofmeas e P ssian oot as n t of i h ni f h tr ca s ste m viz f , u i we ght t e u ts o t e me i l y , . ki os l , e tc .

SS ld st e . 5 . PRU IA (o sy m) 1 h = l44 n =0 ‘ 3l3 m 1 foo t (Rhenish foot ) 12 2 0 1 (inc es) hme 853 . = = ' 24 m 1 ruthe 12 fuss 3 766 . = o l- 2 '093m l lachter (fatho m) 80 z l m.

l meile fuss m. = ru = ° l morgen 180 square then 0 2553 ha. ° = = 4 1 uart 64 u bi in es J cu bic foot l l 503 l. q c c ch , ‘ = = ' 4 1 hl l sche ﬁel : 16 Me tze n 48 qu arts 0 5 96 . - 1 t onn e 4 schelfel hl. = ° l klafte r 108 cubic fuss 3 3389 cbm. ' l schachtru the = l44 cu bic fuss = 4 45 19 cbm = - = l pfu nd 30 loth 300 qu en tchen 500 g. 64

l entne r= 100 innd a -50 For er = c p kg. ( m ly l pfund 32 loth 1 n n r: g ; ce t e 1 10 pfund. )

6 . RUSSIA. 1 oot 1 En is f gl h foot . 1 sashehn = 7 eet : 3 arshin a -l 2tchet vert - 48 versh k =2 ° m f o l 3357 . 1 ve rst =500 sashehn = ° m 1066 78 . 1 dessatine = 2400 s uare sashe hns 1 2 m q 09 5 . 1 ve ro = 10 krushk d y l . l tche tve rt é l ca ini==4 a o ==8 tche tve rik= 209 °9 m p y k l. l u nd= 32 ot = 96 solotmk= 9216 do li= 40 ' l l h 9 53 g. l rkov ts = 10 ud = 4 ou nd = ° e p 00 p s l 63 81 kg. 1 u d = 4 oun s= 1 ° p 0 p d 6 3805 kg.

SW EDEN . l oo t= 10 o in es = 100 ines= °2 9 1 m f z ll ( ch ) l 0 96 0 . l a u at om = 3 alnar e l s = f = ' f m (f h ) ( l ) 6 ee t l 7814 m. l mi e = 6000 at o s= 1 ° l f h m 0 6884 km. 1 ann e 100 cu ic inc es= 2 ° 1 k b h 6 7 l. l s a u n = 100 o rn at 1 art = ° k lp d k ( 00 ) 425 3395 g. nt n r= 1 s 1 ce e 00 kalpund . l ski s u nd z 20 1ies u nd = 400 s a u n p p p k lp d. M W . r m 8. S Z et ca easure and wei t So et r IT ERLAND i l gh . m imes the e is still employed u = 0 '3 m 1 f ss 000 . = l ju chart 36 a. = ° l maass l 51 1. = m = 1 saum 100 aas l5l l.

9. U ITED STATES. W e i ts an d measures as in Gre at Britain bu t N “ gh , n h n 2 b m r r a o si e t e on to of 24ol . o e e u ent the s ort l ”g d l g , f q ly h to n of2 0001b . on t on is e , . kg l g mployed .

SQUARE FEET, SQUARE METRE. 1 squ are met re squ are feet (English and R ussian ) 10 0 08 squ are feet square fee t (Prussian and Danis : u are ee t we is h) f (S d h) . 1 u En nd R = ' uar r sq are foot ( glis a ussian ) 0 09290 sq e met e .

C B F C B M . U IC EET, U IC ETRE En s n 1 cubic metre ( cbm cu bic feet ( gli h a d Russian) . A 1 ( u strian ) . - 1 = 2 4 russian nd Dan 3 3 6 (P a ish) . 1 Swe is ( d h) . 1 ubic oot En is and Russian cu b tr c f ( gl h ) ic me e. 1 K ILoc RAMME PER R G M UNNIN ETRE . 67 19 En c lish o un er run nin p gfoot . 62 zolffun(p e r russian oo t 77 p p dP f . 1 K OG PER M IL RAMME SQUARE CENTI ETRE . (for st eam pressu re ) l 4 °233 En is ou nds er s u r i gl h p q a e nch. zollpfu n(ppe r Prussian squ are inch o un r A r n s z llpf d pe ust ia qu are inch. 65

HO R SE PO W ERS .

m-me tres take n as kilo a u nit . n f ot - u nds k 550 E g sh o po ta en as u nit .

1 A dmiralty horse po wer.

— 3 0 . TABLES FO R REDUC ING ENGLIS H TO MET RICA L

W EIGHTS AND MEAS URES , AND V IC E V ERS A. REDUCTION OF METRICAL MEAS U RE TO E NGLISH MEASURE

Fe et . Inche s.

155005 353 161

46501 3 1059 483 1830786 6m1 8 2441049 77502 3 305131 1

282 5287 139501 0 54925 9

0 0 010 ) 09 144 P2192 P5240 P8288 21 336 10 3 6575 42 671 4 5719 51 815 5 7911 20 60 959 70 103 7 3151 7 6199 T9247 8 ‘ 8 5342 3 ) 91 438 91 486 363 10 668 109 73 l l ’ 277 11 582 11 887 40 121 92 12'497 l31 IXi 13 411 13 716 14021 14 630

50 15240 15 849 161 54 16 459 16 764 l7 ‘ 068 173 73 17 678 17 983 60 182 88 19 507 19 812 201 16 201 21 726 210 31 70 213 36 22 555 2 1 64 231 69 23 774 24 079 80 252 98 256 03 259 18 262 12 26 882 271 27 90 27 1 32 280 41 283 46 292 m 301 75

321m 332 23 341 37 341 42 34 747 350 51 359 66 362 71 37 1 85 37 490 38 404 387 09 390 14 ‘ 233 40 '538 43 8m 44 5ml 44 451 10 45 414

150 469 38 472 43 48 10 8 mu 493 77 499 86 1 509 01 51 510 521 20 527 29 53 034 53 3 39 180 551 73 0 82 56 387 57 3 01 579 11 5 591 3 ) 59 740 60 6 “ 66

N L H INCHE METRE E G IS S S.

P3716 P 3970 1 m l °6510 12 050 2. 1336 21 590 2 622 23 876 21 130 2 4384

26 416 2 9209 31 495 31 749 3 °4IB5 3 6575

1 39 115 41 ” 41 449 46 989 42 529 49 783 5 °(l)37

0 02 716 5 1 c 8 8 31 586 3 37 1m 40 876

8 46 450 50 166 8 ° 5740 3 2 6 8 746 8 80 823 8 S°$IO 6397 90 113

0 12 ‘ 903 322 57 38° 708 451 60 51 6 11 5 2 65 771 16 83 $7 71 we67 1 161 2 8 1419 3 1612 8 1741 9 °64 8 ”1 4 2322 5 zi ° $ 270116 290 31 2967 6 3032 1

3 $51 7 3612 8 8 4193 4 43224 3 50 4w°76 8 548 °82 56 8 6193 3

K I E ENGLISH TONS LOGR AMM S.

50 50806 51819 52835 53851 54868 55884 56900 57916 58932 59948 60 60964 61980 62996 64012 65028 66044 57060 68076 69092 |70108 70 7 1125 72141 73157 74173 75189 76205 77221 78237 79253 580269 80 81285 82302 83317 84333 85346 86366 87382 88398 89414 90130 90 91446 92246 93478 91494 95510 96526 97512 98558 99574 1 00590

— 3 I. TABLE FO R REDUC ING ENGLIS H TO PRUS S IAN

M EAS URES AND V IC E V ERS A.

m a u re . Prussian measu re . E nglish e s

In ch .

Fo o t .

741 40 86 1 97

111 2 10 — 3 2 . W EIGHT O F S HEET MET TABLE ALS .

‘VEIGHT OF A S PER FICIA L F U OOT.

Ste e l. Co er. Brass. Lea i p p d . Z nc .

I nc he s.

— . CO INAGE O F NT RI TABLE 3 3 DIFF ERE NT CO U ES .

Exact Valu e in “6 A U STR IA 1 Ve re in s Thaler forme r P ru ssian Thaler) 1 Gu id e n = 100 Ne u kre u zer 1 a a There sia Thale r 1 gu gm 4 Gu ld e n Gold : 10 Francs ; 8 Gu ld e n Gold = 0 Fran cs = B ELGI UM France . B R AZIL = 1 Miireis 1 , 000 R eales 2 C H IL I = nta o 3 1 Pe so 100 Ce v s . D EN M AR K = 1 R igsban kdale r 6 Marks : 90 Shillings 1 Kro n e = 100 Oe re E AST IN DIA 1 R u p e e : 16 An nas EGY ld = 30 1 Bag ofGo , 000 Piast i e s - 1 Piast re z 40 Para

F RAN C E: 1 Frane = 100 Centimes - iece n Th e 20 Fran c p co tains 5 8065 a. ﬁn e ol -Fran c ie ce cont in n F The 5 p a s 22 5 g. ﬁ e si 0 70 — TABLE 3 . COINAGE OF DIFFE ENT E 3 R COUNTRI S .

Continu ed .

E xact Valu e in

it s. d .

GER M AN EM P IR E l Mark = 100 PfenniQ ” o 0 Th e 20- ar M k p ie ce co ntains 4 1686 g. fi n e gold 0 19 Th e 5-Mar k p iece contains 25 g. fi n e silv e r GRE AT BR ITAIN " 1 Po nd Ste rlin con fin u tain s : 3 224 g. e gold 1 8 con rin fin g g s. e silver GR EE CE 1 Drachma= 100 L e ta= 1 Franc = Fran c 6 p ( c ) 0 9 51 ITALY 1 Lira= l Franc ( = F rance) o J AP AN 1 Silve r Itzebu e = 100 Ce nts 1 Go ld Ye n 1 Silver Ye n = 100 Se n Max wo = = 1 Piastre (Peso . M e xican Dollar) 8 R ealcs 100 Ce nts 1 Do blo n = 16 Piast res N ETH E R LANDS 1 Gu ilder= 100 Cents ’ 1 W ille ms d Or . l Du cat N OR W AY l Kro n e = 100 Ocre 1 S p e cies Dale r= 120 Skillin gs P ER S IA 1 Toman 10 K oran

PE R U 1 Sol (P eso) = 10 Din cro s= 100 Cent avos 3 P OR T UGAL

l Milre is (silve r) 1 To st ao = 100 Re is R OU M A N IA 1 Piast re = 1 Franc (Fran ce ) 0 9 516 R U8 8 1A 1 Silve r R ou ble = 100 Kope k - = = 5 n ld 1 HalfImp e rial 5 Ro u ble Gold 9 98?g. ﬁ e go 1 Pap e r R ouble " S ER V IA 1 Dinar= 1 Franc ( = France) 0 SPArN 1 P e se ta= 1 Franc ( = Fran = = 1 Duro (Sp anish Dollar) : 2 Escu dos 5 P esc tas 20 R cale s SW ED E N l R iksdaler= 100 Ocre 1 = SW IT ZERL AND France . TU R K E Y Piastre = 40 Para : 120 8 13 1 UNITE D Su ms 1 Dollar : 10 Dimes = 100 Ce nts

7 3

I - F EL A ND FURNA E . U C S .

A - F EL . U .

d be te st e d in the case of li nite eat l Shoul g , p , coa , co ke . Refe r l to the appe ndix as to samp ing. — ° r Heat 100 t o 200 rms. of coal to Mowtu e. 1 1 . g 05 C. ( no t a e for t wo ho urs re ve ntin access o fair as mu ch as oss l bo v ) , , p g p ib e . hi he r te m erat u re t he result mi ht be too lo w n At a g p g , owi to e sca e of olatile matte rs or to o hi h owin to a artial oxidat lon p v , g , g . The moist ure sample shou ld be broken u p quickpy into piece s n ot ll h n a ean othe rwise t oo mu ch water u l sma e r t a b , wo d e vaporat e ° d t r h u rin the roce ss. Li nite an ea a e eate d t o 1 C v d g p g 00 . fo r fi e o r six hou rs and re eatedl wei ed t ill no u rthe r dimin ution f , p y g , f o ° wei ht ta es lace . Co e is heated to 1 10 C. for two hou r g k k s. rb n — ne rm - 2 Resid ue: Coke Fixed Ca o . O . offine l . ( ) g y powdered l inu m cru ci le at le ast l in d o l is lace d in a at . ee c a p p b i p, provided h i h l fit tin co ver The cru ci le should th wit a t g t y g . b en be heated m s n o rdin r Bu nse n urn e r t he by ean o f a a y b , flame o f which

n . hi h The cru sho uld not be le ss than 7i g . cible shou ld be l of thin wire and it sh su ppo rt ed on a t riang e , ou ld be so placed t hat t he space be twee n the bottomand the top ofthe bu rne r is no t

FIG 1 . more t han 1 111 The heatin ou ht not t o last lon e r than a f w 1 . g g g e minu tes bu t mu st ontinu e d as lon as an a r ci l , be c g y pp e ab e u nti fi m b s a t o n amma le matte r e sca es. If t he a e e mall r q y fl b p fl e , o r t he cru ci le e su ort d b a s ou t wire t rian le th ie ld f b b pp e y t g , e y o co e will he to o h h The re su lts sho u ld alwa s be calculat e d k ig . y u o n coal o r co e re e ro m ash in orde r to re nder the m com p k f f , arativ Good o l for r ve rberator urnaces sho uld ield r m p e . c a e y f y f o 60 t o r c e n t of 70 e co ke . A s — h s i si l or li i r 3 . T is e t imatio n s ve ry mp e f gn te o peat ; coke re u ires a very hio h te mpe rat u re ; coal which cakes prese nt s mo s t C d l h la r mu st be ow r d v fine l nd he t e d i cu tie s. T e t te d e r a p e e y y, a u p gradu all so t hat t he volatile matters may e scape be fo re t he wd r n o rm c Ifan anal sis s l sio n ll re uir d o ca a a e . i on occa a e p e k y y y q , 1 to r ffin l - ro u nd l is heate d in a ) latinu m cr uci l 3 ms. o e coa e g y g b , which 1s fit t ed int o a hole in a st oneware slah or tte r in as e sto s , , b l i i ion on tri d o d Fi . This is ace d in a slant n os t a o b ar . ( g p g p p stand The sla serves t o se arate t he air re uired for o xidatio n . b p q rom h s of he urner and reatl hast e n s t he com u st io n f t e gase t b , g y b , 74 whi h is hu s m n w h u rs whe reas wit hou t the sla it c t co ple te d i t o o , b ’ frequ ently re mains in complet e e ve n afte r 8 o r 10 ho u rs heating. It 1s n ot ad is l t o u se a low- i e ecau se the chance o f v ab e b p p , b If de t rmin ti n mechanical loss is t he re by re atly increase d . e a o s hav m r n t it is re e ra le to e ffe ct t he com e to be ade f e qu e y, p f b bu stion in a mu f e urnace or still more uic l in a latin um fl f , q k y, p oat laced in a h te d orc lain t u be throu h which a current b p e a p e , g o fox n is asse d W hen u sin the lat te r the coal or co e should y p . g k be bro en in small iece s an d n ot rou nd fine or else the ox en p , g , yg doe s not come sufficie ntly in to contact with the lower strata. — E . B. FURNAC S

1 him — and N the latter b . C n e Gases Ia these 0 0 _ 0 CO ( y , , , y differen c r mo on ni n l stimat ed mean s of Orsat s e ) , a e st c ve e t y e by m a aratu s c n is in of as u re tt e divided in to 100 c u b. centi pp , o s t g a g b from which the gas can be forced by raising a wate r bottle connected by an indiarubbe r t u be with t he lowe r e nd of the u re tte s in to th ee s arat e U -t u es closed b lass t a at one b r ep b , y g e nd and o n h mos h r or r era l closed a t hin pe t o t e at p e e , p e f b y y indiaru bbe r all a h othe r nd These U -t u e s are fille d with b t t e e . b i different absorbing reage nt s ; for 0 0 2 with solu tion of cau st c h f ° — ° f r wi h e r thin stic s of otas o rav . l 2 l 28 o O t p , spec . g 0 ; v y k hos hor us o tained b su ckin hos ho rus melt e d u nde r wat er p p , b y gp p , , in to l wid o r W ith v e r small an d irre u lar ieces a ass t u e in . e g b g , y g p of hos h ru s o in d sh in u melt ed hos horus u nder p p o , bta e by ak g p p p wat r— h w nd r wate r ro tected rom e t e hole t o be always ke pt u e , p f li ht r m n r m n d n r t o be e m lo ed elow o a ta r atte rs e t c. a e e g , f y y , , v y b ° a t emperat u re of 18 C (if the t e m cratu rs ofthe wor ing roomis e low this th a sor tion is t oo ow bu t can be started at on ce b , e b p , m F r O by cau tio u sly wan n ing t he t u be with a spirit fla e ). o C serve s a mix t u r o f 1 rms cu ric chloride 90 cub. cent . e 0 g . p , n water and shee t co cen tr t d h dr hlori id cu b ce nt . o f a e y oc c ac , 20 . , cO e r su fficie nt t o r u e it the whole rou ht t o e ther at least p ed c , b g 24 ou rs r u n This rea e n t also a sor s an e th len e befo e si git . g b y y rese nt which wou ld hu s b estimate d as CO bu t this is u ite , t e ; q 1mmate rial in chimn e as s in which it is u su all u ite su fficient y g e , y q to estim on l h ate y t e 0 0 2 . 2 Gas P r u s Gen erators —As a ru le onl 0 0 and . r f o m od cer ( ) . y 2 ' ’ CO are e stimated by means of Orsat s ap arat u s ( se e prece ara a h A n H re s n t wo u ld be a sor ed and estimated p p ) . y Og 4 p e b te H can be stimat ed in the residu e b get er with the CO . e y mixin it with a measure d olume of air and assin the mixtu re g v , p g * over en l -h d l in u m or l di m as esto s most co n g t y eate p at pal a u b , ’ ’ v eni n tl s aratu s fitt ed with e y in Lu nge modification of Orsat s app , a ca illar tu for r e i in th as e stos a small s irit lam p y be ec v g e b , p p t u rnin on a i ot nd n e xt ra U -tu e filled with water into g p v , a a b ,

This can be obt aine d re ad y made from Mawson and Swan , at N w - - r oft e cas tle on Tyn e , or is re p a e d b soakin g a fe w thre ads of longs a bestos in a st ron solu o n of lat u m o r alladiu m chloride mxed s g p p , i w1th a sat u rat ed solu tion o f sodiu m formiate an d e nou gh sodmm ’ . carbonat e to rodu ce al aline re ac tion A fte r 1 hou r s soakm the p k . g asbe stos is dr1ed comp let e ly in a wat e r bath wh ere by the me tal is p re cip itate d in an e xtre me ly minu t e state of divi sion The soluble salts are the n washed ou t by hot water and the asbe stos dried agam.

— E DINGS IN EG E B . R A. D RE S CENTIGR ADE .

— MPERATUR E. C. TE None of the ordin ary p rome t e rs are reliable for any le ngth of e hardl e ven t hat 0 ySiemens whose hi h rice an d moon t im , y , g p v r l u m ie h re e nt its ene a se . W e ention of mor ven n t s ape p g , e recen t pyrome te rs ’ ' Gamitlett s metal romet er manu actu red Sc haﬁer l . py , f by d n r Ma de ur and Man che ste r This can be u s d and Bu e be g ( g b g ) . e ° ° r l F but the me tallic arts mu st w ll 900 C. o 6oo be e u p to , , p t protec ed . ’ teinle and Hartu n s of u e dlin u r German ra hite 2. S g ( Q b g, y) g p °

er radu at ed u t o l 2oo C . sa F. This as we ll as romet , g p , ( ) , ’ ther rom te rs mu st ntroll d r m au ntlett s or o py e , co e f om ti e t o l r r t ime refe rabl b a ca o imete . , y ’ Fischer s Ca orimetrie P rmmtei' consists 1 of a wrou ht 3 . y ( ) g d with a lid an d welded to the end o f a lon rod iron box fit te , g , by means of which it can be placed in t he s ace whose te mpe ratu re * en 2 of a small c linder 0 wrou ht iron co er has to be tak ( ) y g , pp , l o d m which m sa 2c . lon . ia ete r is accurat l o r platinu , y g by , e y the heat of h u rn wi an d e x ose d to t e ace etc. thin weighed p f , , l m r n box 3 of the ca ori e te itse l viz . a esse t he above iro ; ( ) f, , v l r ou wid l t e a t Go . 5c d e Thi made of thin shee copp , b e by . e s is surro u nded by a thick woode n jacket (pre ferably aving a twe n which can be filled u with loose wool fu r and s ace in be e p , , h li e and can be mani u lat e d a woode n handle withou t t e k ) , by a t itse l he ve sse l is fitted with a rass co er ingthe j cke f. b v d d with t wo hole s one allowin a fine thermome ter adu p rov1 e , g r ass t hrou h h o th r wi e fo r h of de ee s t o t e e 2c. ate d in ten t s g ) p g , , , r Throu h droppingin the hot me tal cylinde . gh t is hole also passes f a co er disc a little less in diame t er than tha t he wire handle o p , t hi pse rves as a stirrer This v s fil o f the calorime ter, w c . es el is le d ' t wo-thirds wit h an accu rately we O he d or measu re d quantity of h 0 cration is er ormed e x osin the metal c linde r water. T e p f y p g y n th b x No lon nou h u m h n l s withi e o . 1 e to ass e t e No . 2, e c o , g ’ t empe rat u re ofthe fu rn ace at least fo r20 min ute s e n qu ick] take b x re mo e the lid a orce s and dro t he ho t c inder out the o , v by f p , p y

r d oes not ho we e r last we ll sc le s o f Cu O formin the ﬁrst Cop p e v , , a g i n u d ai l r time it is u sed, while ro can be se d y for th e e months withou t 79

o m whos t m e n ascer' lori e t r No . 3 e e era u t has into the ca e , p t re b e

i d e or Th c linde r alls u on h di f . he stirre r ta ne just b f e . e y f p t e sc o t , i h is ra idl moved u and down con tantl o se rvin the wh c p p , s y b g h i m This m t r h n t s is t ts x m m d ff. t hermo e e . W e i a a i u it is rea o t r w will ll t ‘ W e m w wei ht o f t e mpera u e e ca . u st fu rther kno the g l lin r it s s iﬁ h co e r the me ta cy de p p ec c e at c ( this is 0 0 94 for pp , 1 14 fo r wro u ht iron 0 0 32 for latinu bu i r ase s wit h the 0 g , p m, t nc e t emperatu re ; so that there is he re a sou rce of inaccu racy) the w ht of the wate r wit hin the calori r the wate r eig me te , added t o weight o f the coppe r vessel and st irrer itse lf p 1 (water-we ight h tual w i ht mu lti lied 0 0 94 m ns t e ac e i. e. ea g p by the speciﬁc heat , , r er t he he rmomete r if e r l nd r a le t ou t of fo co p ; t , v y s e e , m y be f c pulation The te m e rat u re of h ho n r T is ou nd t he a c ) . p t e t cyli de f by the fo rmula l 1 1 0 T = t + 17 (t _ t ) p c Ifp 1 and p are constant the magnit ude l p P6

be con ert d in o a actor which th can v e t f , by e difference of t her mometer readin is mu lti lied t hus at on i ldin h m p , ce y e gt e te per u r s ht a r the ﬁrst t em ratu r t 1 h at e oug , te pe e as be en adde d t o the For r ti l u r o se s it is nv produ ct . p ac ca p p co enient to choose the u n i i s so that this act or ecomes a sim l u m For r a t t e f b p e n ber. ve y igh temperatu res t he valu e

p c

s hould not be le ss than 50 . For lo we r ones it will be sufficie nt if it . is 25 bu t it should not be chosen less t han Th m r , 25 . e sa e facto will with t he same a arat us ield nh r , pp , y Fahre eit deg ees if a Fahrenheit thermometer is u se d inst ead o fa Ce nti rade o ne g . The ° ° n s ciﬁc h at of iron e t we en mea e e 0 C. and i p b 6 C. s G ° ° m 0 00007 l t (Bede ). By e ans of this value for the mean s e ciﬁc heat of iron t he t e m e rat u re can be cal u lat d p , p c e according t o the followingformula

l l — " 1 ~ 1 T I ”t t t oaoss+ 0 000071 y ( $549822)

— 2 . S ULPHURIC AC ID MANUFACT UR E.

— M A . BRI STONE. — l . M oist ure In order t o pre ve nt the e vaporation of mo ist u re . d urin n ndm an ave ra e s m l g g g a p e of the u ngrou nd o r only ° rou hl -cru she materials wei hin IOO rms is dn g y g g . ed at 100 C. for some hou rs in an o ven or wate r-bagt I — 2 A h rms. re u rn n s es . 1 a t i r . 0g b a ta ed porcelain dish an d the residu e w i h e g ed. 80

t 0 S id lama—Mac w Chen 3. Direct Es imation ( ag , 5 rms oft e ﬁne round r mston re v. 43, p . 0g . y g b i e a r n isul hide di estin in a sto re d o ttl at in M a c . ca bo b p by g g ppe b e rd n r t e m erat ure and t he s e cific ravit of h l i the o i a y p , p g y t e iqu d i This must be re du ced to t he s e ciﬁc ravi 3 is e st mate d. p g ty at ° ° ° 1 means ofthe ormu la alid u to 25 C S : s 14 5 C. S b f (v p . ) + 0 00 ( t T 1 e follo wing t able gives for e ach valu e of S the pe r ce n ta e in t his solu tion which nu m e r must be multi lied 4 to g , b p by indicat e the perce ntage of su lphur in the sample of brimston

SPECIFIC GR A VITIES O F SOLUTIONS OF S ULPHUR IN B LPH CAR BON ISU ID E.

— B. SPENT OXIDE OF GASW ORKS.

h is con taminated with saw-dust tarr m t T is , y at ers, and variable

uan tities oflime e tc . which lat te r retain art of the sul h q , , p p u r in n hen ce a me thod is em lo ed whl ch burni g, p estimates only the ’ recovera le ortion of the sul hu r ulkowsk Din ler s J ou mal b p p y , g , v 241 The sul hur of the s e n t oxide . , p p is bu rn t with t he s st m h aid ofp atinised abe os (co p . t e m e are passed into a l tion of cau stic otash an otassiu m obrom so u p p yp ite , an d the sulphu ric acid there condensed or formed is estimated by recipi

° ' t ion with BaCl The combustio n takes lace in a com ustio n 1 l rrow d a F 4 2ft. on na e t a and w c ( ig. ) g, , ra n ou t at t he end 81

l n n o h n nd n d wn ar w n o tu e t t a t o w ds. B t i to a g b , ot o i , be e e en a l ml d at a d nd b t here is a a r o fas est os in to m . on an i a ye b 8 . g, stance r 4 n rom t his a orcel in oat with a o ut '4 rm f ih o i . a 0 . s en o 3 . f p b b g p t id Th end f th u at It: is conn ct ed with n x ox e . e o e t be e a e gen r The r ion t s l ce in he two -bu1 gasholde . abso pt ake p a t 3 b t n 8 c d d 5 mhi n d t h fill d with l - an . h a e t u e e e ass wool. Th ( 5 ) b , g e r abso bing li u i is made by dissolving 180grms. cau stic potash u rified wit lcohol rom sul hat e in wate r addin l rms ( p a f ) , g OOg . romine takin care t o ee tpe mixt u re cool and dilu tin to b , g k p , ‘ 0 h ffic f r tim tin ° m ul hur h l 00 . . ft is su e o s a 5 r s 00 o e 0 . . ge , g g p u e e ou l m i w it First he at t h t b ght a so t o be o st ened ith . e ortion oft he tu e t n a and b assin moist ox en t hrou it t b be we e , g yg a the same time ; t hen heat t he pcat fro mt he right to the ls lastl he t u e u h lace The cu rrent of as mu st be mu y t b , p t o t e p f. g c ron er ha n or nic nal sis lest an sul hu r h st g t n for a ga a y , y p s ould a e u n u ut not so stron as to draw of an SO u na esc p b rnt , b g y , b

e d So l n an dew a ars at 11. it must be driven int o sorb . o gas y pe iv r B n purn r W hen this ceases u ll the rece e wit h a u sen e . ( sua y

FIG. 4. in a out n hou r h x n is ﬁni h The r h b a ) t e e perime t s ed . eceivers are t en ta e n off washed ou t an d the acid re mainin in h is r cov red k , , g e e by as iratin se eral times wat r throu h it All th li u d p g v e g . e q i s are u n ite d su ersatu r ed wi h H 1in r r to m o , p at t 0 o de deco p se the potassium h drate an d h o romite heated concent rated if n e cessar and y yp b , , y , t he sul hu ric acid is reci i ted wi h B l as dir h p p ta t aC , , ect ed in t e followingparagraph ( 8 — C. PYRITES.

° 1 M u r — . oist e. The rou nd rites is dried at 1 5 till g py 0 C. the wei ht r mains ns n r llow g e co ta t . Fo the fo ing tests the p yrites is n ot e m lo ed in the drie d state bu t the ﬁnel - ro und a e ra e p y , y g v g sam le as it is e t in awell-se aled o tl om ar h p , k p b t e . C p e t e appendix as to drawin and redu cin an a era e sam le g g v g p . — ° 2. Su l hu r A ou t 5 rm of rit es i d i h u p . b 0 g py s t reate w t abo t o f a mixt f v ni r t ic c d s ﬁ vi l 4 and vol. ure o 3 ols. a i ( peci c gra ty ) 1 st ron h drochloric acid oth ascertained to be a solu tel ree g y , b b y f romsu hu d v d H u th mixt u re ric aci . A oi ll s u rtin e e f a p g. at p n ow anlpthen va rat t o dr s in w t r- ath add , e po e y nes a a e b , G 82

drochloric acid e a orate once more no nitrou fum ou h hy , v p ( s es g t to ca e n ow add concen t rat ed h drochloric ac id nd e s p ) , y a wat r filter throu h a small fil te r and wash wi h h ho t e , g , t ot wat e r. h in so lu le residu e ma be dried i nited and wei h d I m T e e . t a b y , g , g y ntain esides silieie sa d an d silicates t he sul hate s of a u m c o , b , p b ri , lead and e ven calciu m whose sul hu r as be in u seless is u r , , , g , p l n le ct ed The filtrate an p washin ar pose y eg . e sat urated wit h mu h x ss of mmonia avoidin c e ce it . e reci ta r a , g pi te d fe r ic n w sh d This can d hydrat e is filte red a d a e . be one in fromhalf t o one hou r e m lo in the ollo win recau t ions : 1 Filte r hot and , by p y g f g p ( ) , wash on the filter with hot wate r avoidin channels in h m , g t e ass, but so that the whole p recipit ate is t horou ghly chu rned u p wit h t he wate r each time washing b de cantation wou ld re du ce t oo eat a bu lk ofli u iS (2) e mpyoy su fficie ntly den se ut rapidly ° lterin paper wedish aper 1s t oo slow ; Danish pape r is f r ls u se funn e 8 made at an a l p re e a ) ; (3) , nge of exactl whose t u e is not t oo wide an d is com letel lled h li u id b , y fi by t e q throu h A filter u m ma so e l running g . p p y be m oyed with the r cau on W ash till a ou t of u su al p e t1 s. b t e washings on addin BaCl shows no 0 alesce nce e ven a ter a fe w minu te s , f . The trate and washings s ou ld n ot e xce ed or e lse should n ntra eva ration A cidulate wi h r be co ce ted by . t u e H0 1 in very li ht excess heat t o boi in re mo e the urner an add a solu t i n f s g , g, v b , o o u l heated to ilin For 0 ' rm BaCl re io s o . 5 . rite s p v y b g py , o fa , g er ce nt solu tion ofBaCl is a wa s more than su fici nt hi is 1 0 p . , y f e . T s rou hl measu re d off in a t e st -t u e rovided with a mar nd g y b k, a m t u Afte r r ci it i heat e d in the sa e be . p e p at on the li u id is left t o n d for hal an hou r when t he re c1 it at l sta f , p p e shou d 0 complet ely l Decant t he clear o rt ion as well sett ed. p as possible t hrough a u r oilin water on h i filte r o t e rec itate and s ir u . , p b g p p , t p it t wo or three minu tes whe n t he li id ou W a , u ght t o have se ttled

com le te l and decant a ain . R e eat t e treatme nt with oilin p y, g p b g t r an d the decantat ion three or ou r t im wa e , f es, till the liqu id has

lost it s acid reaction . W ash the re ci itate o n to t h ﬁlt e r dr e , y , It should be a er ect w it s and lo d r n p f y ose pow e . O e e u al to 0 1 3 24 sul hu r actors n q 7 p (f o p .

Co er P rocess em lo ed at the Du isbu r r r 3 . pp ( p y g Coppe Ext action — m ° orks 1 r . of rite s finel owdered and dri d t W g py , y p e a 100 C. , reate d with concen trate d n it ric acid n h is t , a d t en e vaporate d to Pou r con nt r l r n ess. ce ated su hu ric acid over t he r du and d y p esi e , on a sand- ath till t he r e acid is driven ff h at e o . L i l d wn e b f e t t coo o , il u the mass with wat e r allo w it to 00 0 1 d f th bo p , , ad u arte r o e of s rit of wine let stan d for 12 hou rs n r The bulk pi , , a filte . residu e on the filter is washed with a mixtu re of1 art alcohol and w r till no more 0 0 r can be o 2 parts at e f und. T e dilu te filtrate ra with H S and owed to s n f m is sat u ted , ta d or so e hou rs. The . . re ci itate contamm t he su l hides of co er arsenic antimon p p ( g p p , , n d ismuth is w shed with a solu tion of fi S containin a litt e a b ) a , g ul huric acid drled i xed with t he ashes of t h filter and with s p , , m e ’ r cr stallised r m pu re su lphu r ( e f o ignited in a Rose s cru cible m a c urrent ofh yro en or coal as and wei h d n h o r g g , g e . I t is pe ation l arse nic is comp ete y volatilised ; antimony and bismu th re main r S ish alongwith the coppe . pan pyrites contain an almost constant 83

Sb and Bi ofwhich ° 05 rm h e r cent . 0 00 . to et er qu ant ity of p , g , g h of the filter ashes is dedu cte d rom the Cu 1 with t he weig t , f , S ( u = ° 8 4 part C 2 0 0 79 7 inc is so metimes e st imated in rites ecau se the sul hu r 4. Z py , b p ardl r era le for acid m in The c ombin ed wit h it is h y e cov b ak g. ' ’ followingme thod (Schafln e r s modified) is employe d at t he Vie ille rk : °5 rm oft he ore is dissol ed Mon tague and t he Rhenish Zincwo s 0 g . v n All n c acid is dest ro ed in t he same wa as de scribed o p . 80. it ri y y . A n metals pre cipitable by H S froman acid so lut ion are remove d y , The filt r re ed rom H S b oilin and t his rea e nt . ate is by g f f , y b g, o xidise d a little a u a re ia The fe rric o xide is reci itate d by q g . p p f li u or am if Mu is re se nt the li u o r is wit h o q monia ( p , q allowe d t o st and for six hou rs when the Mn will be reci itate d as , p p well filtered dissol ed o n th filte r as it alwa s con tains zinc ) , , v e ( y ) n li l 11 0 1 wit hou t r u s washin reci it at e d once more i a tt e , p e vio g, p p h H an d filte red a in oth filtrat e s are u nit ed dilut ed t o wit N 3 , a . B , l a li re an d titrate i ll ea e r a solu tion of u re ha f t , n a ta b k by p r stallise d sodiu m sul hid of which o u ht t o be as n earl c y p e , g y Z h m r dilu t e li u o rs the re sult s are as possible n . W it o e q l irrin t ll e r n ot so ood . A dd the li u id constant st i a a g q , y g, p p w h a ic f rric c hloride hal di in in to soaked it a b s solu tion o fe , f pp h l u d lac en ed h er is e ither at tached t o t he side of i i is . a t e q , b k T e p p w h r or su s e nd l t in um ire . T e Na lu tion t he be ake p ed from p a , s so is standardise d e xactl in t he ame wa wei hin off u re zinc y s y by g g p , dissol in an d su ersat uratin with H . Bu t e xactl t he same v g, p g , y dilu tion an d e xcess of ammon ia must be u sed as in the former o e ration in orde r t o e m lo the same e xcess ofNa S fo r blacke nin , p y , t e iron a er in oth case s and t he de re e of lac enin sho u l p b , g b k g lso be t same Th solu tion of sodium sul hide shou ld n ot b a e . e p e mor h n r ni h l e t a a fo t g t o d.

r m r n t e tc . is some m t d 5 . Ca bon ic A cid lciu ca o a e ti e s e tima e (ca b , ) s , be cause the bases combin ed wit h it make a corresponding qu antit o f su lphu r u seless in the form of sulphates. A s the qu ant it 18 alwa s small the CO is e stimat ed ra imet ricall e x in y , , g v y by pe g it st ron acids and a sor in it in soda lime in the a arat u s by b b g . l d wi h Fi T e as a holdin 2 0 . c. is c ose t an in aru bbe r ( fl k , g 00 , c orfi Throu h t his asse s the swan -n ec U) t u be 6 reachin . g p k , g down to t he bottom o f a and connect ed ou tside by means of a inch-coc oin t either with a small unn el or at t h end ofthe p k j , f ( e er ti n ith u fill d with soda lim In a se co nd er O p a o ) w a U t be e e . p e t ation of the cor is fixed t he deli er t u e 0 cu t o li u ] at f k v y b , b q e t he lo w r end an d nlar ed above th cor in to u l Th e e . , e g k a b b e latt e r is conn ct d wit h a s ries of U t u es whi h are once for all e e e b , c p ut t ogether and hung with wire le aps from a carryingrod fixed nd so hat h wh l is r ad for u se t an ime Th in a sta t t e o e e t . e , y a y N n l n in wid insid n ai nl l l l t u e o . 1 i . o . e e co t ns o a itt ca b (7 g, g ) y e

The e le ctro ly tical me thod has not be e n ado te d at Du isbu rg because r i d t h m i n ur n t w r i n u cop p e r p ecip tate e ﬁrst ti e s ot p e , a o p e cip tatio s ca se more t ro u ble than t he abo e -d ribe d me th d Bu a th co e r wor v esc o . t t e p ks h t e u rity of t he Cu , S is che cked by t h e e lectrolytical met e d . The . Duis u r me thod as i e n in t e xt is o en t o the o b ection ofbein rathe r g , g v , p j g le n h and d gt y , o f e d u cting a constan t qu an tity of Sb and Bi, which cannot b e qu1te corre ct in all case s ; but as it is ac ce p t e d as binding up on bu y e rs nd sellers in Ge rman we ha i e n it it tan ds a y , ve g v as s . 84

cium chloride a solute l ree rom al alin e r acti n ( b y f f k e o ) in its bend .

No . 2 same size is ﬁll d wi h lciu m e t ca chloride . No ( ) . 3 ( same size ) wit h u mice oile d wit h c n ce ntrat e s l p , b a o d o u t ion o fcoppe r su lphat e , dried and heat d t o h o n h r , e t e p i t w e e all water is driven off for * t he a sor tion of s an d HCl. The t u es No 4 b p m b s. to 7 are

. l n an wid 4 in o d in . e . No . 4 con tains cal um } g g ci chloride Nos. 5 6 a o u t 20 rms m x an d . nular soda li e e ce h b g , pt t e u pper third of h second lim whic is ﬁll d with r u l t e b, e g an ar calciu m chl oride No in the ﬁrst lim calciu m chloride and . 7 , b , in t he se cond soda

lime Nos. 1 t o 4 serve for removin romthe as i . gf g ts moist ure and

H0 1 Nos. 5 an d 6 for a sor in t he C t h ; b b g O , , e CaCl prevent in , g e of m u r r m the sod lim - an esca oist e o a e . No is a y f . 7 gu ard t u be and n n mwi h a ainst 0 e teri ro t ou t . O nl N g , gf y os. 5 an d 6 are wei hed o th to e ther e ore an d a te r the e x erim n h g (b g ) b f f p e t . T e m r content s of No . 1 us t ge ne ally be re ne wed afte r e ach e xp eri hos ofN r r n l n t e o . 5 ett e u e t accord n to h me t ; p yf q y, i t e CO present g ,

FIG. 5. thos , ed in th s w e ofNo . 6 ver rarel The a aratus is test e u u al a y , pp y for t - m tio of w i h i s as ti htne ss andser e s for all esti a ns CO e t . g g , v , by g For ma in a est u t t he we i he d su stance in to t he as a k g t , p g b fl k , alon wi h fw r rad u all run in throu h b a su fficie n t t . o ate g 500 c . ; g y g u an tit d l r H com are oo tnote ta e awa y of ilu t e HC o SO , , ( p f ) , k y t e unn l th the soda-lime u ard -t u e and as irat e f e , co nnect b wi g b , p r m a t d c urre n o ir o t he other nd at t he t u e No . 7 s ea t f a f e , U b , y , ree rom hr u h a whose contents are at the same time f f CO t o , ,” g Th rocess o f heat d u oilin oint . e a sor tion e , b t n ot to the b gp p b p can be follo wed by the progressive rise o f te mperat ure in t he soda-lim W hen this has ecome u ite cold the curre n t e t u be No . 5. b ofair i h r 2 minu tes t e r which the e x e ri s passe d throu h anot e 0 , p m n i nt ent s of a ou ht n e ve r to be heated e t s fi nished . T 0 co g m hl ride in No 1 deli u stron l h lciu c o . esc gy enough to make t e ca q e.

— NDER D . BURNT PYR ITES (CI S. )

u im t d dissolvin the su st ance in a u a re ia 1 . S i hu r is e st a e by g b q g , e va or ti n w h H l dissolvin in er little HCl an d hot wate r p a it C , g v y ,

ilin heat e tc . as descr and precip i tatin by BaCl at a bo , , ibed g 2 g o n a he o eration of re ci itatin the iron b ammonia p ge 8 1. T p p p g y is u n e r h r ince solu te corre ct n ess is n ot re u isite . n cessa y e e , s ab q

If the carbon ate s can be de comp osed b dilu t e su lp hu ric acid , and it i o H ycan ca e in stimatin at th e same t ime no se nsible u ant t y f , es p e g C r crable t o e m lo di lu te su l hu r1c acid for O , in cau stic soda) , it is p e p y d ri in he ﬂas a an d to leave ou t t he t n 0 No. 3 whic v g of!t he CO , in t k . , h o m f rror ission will lesse n t he chance o e .

4 Su l hu r an d Nitro en A cids —The diff r n t acid com un ds . p g . e e po ofsul hu r are e stimated t o et he r as ell as those of n it ro e n p g , w g , wha r r i m s Th ollowin te ve deg e e of ox dation t he ay po sess. e f g pre scriptions agree in the main wit 1 t hose p u blished by the British ’ a i n 1 A n nu ou s te st o er 24 M kers Assoc atio in 878 . co ti v hou rs is ta e n of the ses s a in rom the e xit i es of t he k ga , e c p g f p p Ga -Lu ssac towe rs as irat in at least one cu ic fe e t e r hou r b y , p g b p y means ofany aspirato r actin at a con stant rate and recordingthe olu m f s = an 0 n h ir r rb as me t r v e o ga V byme s gau gi gt e asp ato o y a g e . ° Th l r d n m r u r 2° F o m . ss e 3 . e ume V is edu ce t o 0 C. a d 760 e v " p and 2 n l i n o ll d V ‘ 9 9 2 i ches ) by t he tab es (page an d s w ca e . In order to allow com arisons th n u m er ofcu ic eet ofcham er , e b b f b space pe r pou n d ofsu phu r bu rn t an d assin gin to the chambe rs is re corded e xclu din to w rs bu t inclu in t u n nels the amo u nt of , g e , g , su l hu r ein ta e n the we e l a e ra e e ach firm t o stat e the p b g k by k y v g , dist an ce oft he te sting hole from the p oint at which the gase s le ave t he Ga -Lu ssa wers The abso tion a aratu s consists of our y c to . pp f o ttles o r t u e s con tainin n ot ess than o f a sor in b b , g b b g li u l i h ottle th rtu r id with a de th of at e ast 3in . n e ac e a e e q , p b , p ofinl u xc d in in diame te r an d t o be measured e t t be s n ot t o e e e g . , b a stan d rd wir The first t hr e o tt le s con tain each of y a e . e b r h normal caustic soda solution 31 rms. e rlitre the ou t dis ( g p ) , f t ille d wat r Th au sti soda u sed mu st be re e romn itro e n acids e . e c c f f g . The as s ar t st d 1 for t otal acidit state d in rains o f SO g e e e e ( ) y, g , m r e r cu ic oot of as e lsewhere in tim es e r cu ic et e . 2 b f g , p b ( ) pu l hu r acids 3 Nitro en acid 0 th state d in rains of S an d p . ( ) g , g m tr The anal i N p e r cu bic foot ( or grammes p e r cu bic e e ). ys s is carri t oll ws The cont en ts of the ou r ot tle s are u nit ed ed ou as f o f b , t a in care n ot t o u n necessaril au ment the u l o f the li u ids k g y g b k q , and ar d id d in thre e e u al arts one of which is re ser e d e iv e to q p , v for a i nt s t c he first art is titrat e d with n ormal cc de , e . T p s rt ain t ot al su l hu ri a i 4 rm er litre to a ce acidit . p c c d ( 9g s. p ) , y The nu mber ofcu bic centime tre s of acid n ecessary for neu t ralisa t ion is call d a The second art of the li u id is radu all e . p q g y ou re i w rm solu tion of otassiu m e rman anate stro n l p d nt o a a p g , gy acidifie d with pu re su lphu ric aci(p A small ex cess ofpe rman nate mu st be resent an d mu st be a terwards redu ced the a dit ion p , f by of a f w dro f u l hu rou s acid solu tion u n til onl a aint re d e ps o s p , y f t int is vis le Now all nitro en acids are rese n t as HNO bu t ib . g p n o x s h HNO is stimat e d its action on F SO e ce s ofSO . T e , e by e , . ,

ofa olu tion n tainin e r litre l OO rms. cr stallise d e rrou s s , co y f su l hat n d m ure su iu rie s eid tge same which is u se d for p e a l OOgr s. p p ( est imatin Mn O are u t int o aﬂask t o 250 . c . u re conce n t rate d g ) p , p sul hu ric acid i dd d h mixtu re is allowe d t o cool and the o th p s a e , t e , er m h ix dde d. T e tu re t r ated with e rman anate e tc . is a as i , e g , , ﬂ k s close d b A cu rrent ofCO asses thro u y a cork with gass t u bes. , p gh and issu es n ath h su r e of so m water to re ent e n tran be e t e fac e , p v ce of air m n . First all the air is ex elle d in this wa b ea s o f , p y y an a arat u s e ol in with c n t n n then the solu pp v v g CO , o s a t actio ; tions

° Th l w r e a e s u bic fe t m u re d at 60 F . an d 30 in p cribe s the c e t o be eas ch e s, whi ch ne cessitat es the u se of ot he r table s or facto rs than t hose me n tion e d i n t he te xt bu t l , th e diffe re nce sh ou d be hardly p ercep tible , and ce rtainl ‘ y wu bin th e 11m1ts of e xp erime n tal error. 87

re int rodu ced an d t he contents of the as r h a , ﬂ k a e eate d to bo ilin g, t ill t he dark colou r produ ced by t he formation of N0 has changed l w This las u r t o a cle ar light ye lo . ts a q a te r ofan hou r t o on e hou r , h u an tit ofN H r n n accordingt o t e q y O , p e se t a d that oft he sulphu ric d The u nox idise d errou s su l hat i acid adde . f p e s titrat ed by a se mi n ormal erman an ate solu tion ie ldin 0 ° 4 rm ox e n p g (y g 00 g . yg p e r cu bic ce ntimet re co m are a en dix . The c u ic centime tres u sed = ( p pp ) b y . Since t he t it re of t he iron solut io n chan es pretty qu ickly it g , shou ld be te ste d daily by t akin ou t with t he same pipette as ser es for the a ove -descri egO e ration and ascertainin v b b p , g t he mou n t of e rman an ate re u ired for o xidisin it z a c. p g g c . The magn it u des sou ght are fou nd y the followinge qu atio ns

A cid it in rammes e r 1 . Total A cid it in r 1 . Total y g p y g ain s p e r cu bic cu bic me t re : foot = — 0 1—20 (100 x) 1 8 52 (100 x) vr V I

mm r cu b 2 u hu r in hu r in ra es e ic . S l rain s 2. S u lp g p p g p e r cubic me t foo t = — - 6x z +y) - 6x - z + y ) V I V 1

mm i 3 Nit ro en in r n in ra es er cu b c . ains 3. Nitroge g p g g p er cu bic me t foot

' 0 ‘ 007 z 0 10803 z - _ ( ( y ) N — - N v1 The legal limit for t o tal acidity is 4 grains of Nitric Ox ide NO can be rese n t 11 t he e xit ase 5 . ( ) p 1 g slaft er l s If i passing t hrough t he absorbingbo tt e . t is t o be estimate d in mi lar on Fi . o r a si e e nt an absorpt ion t u be ( g , int o a worm is b , inte rpose d bet wee n t he tu be s of the last -described apparatu s and r tor This t u e con tains of se mi-n or t he aspi a . b mal er n anat e and of su l hu ric acid s eciﬁc run t 1 °25 ma g p , p g y . he

FIG. 6.

as is assed throu h for 24 ho rs and t he t u e e m tied and g p u , b p washe d ion corres o nd ou t . N w d u l hat e solu t o a 500 . c e rrou s s . f p , p i n t o 2x erman n ara ra and re ti trat e g p ga ate ( co mp are last p g ), t he de colou ris d li i Tph0 u antit of t he e qu d with pe rmangan ate . q y l at te r now s i 2z 0 . c . u ed s called u . The N0 has consu med (30 + u ) erman anate which u p g , is eq al In grammes of n itroge n p e r cu bic In grain s of n tr tion p er cu bic me t re o f t h e vo lu me V 1 i0 a

3V 1

Alkali A ct , 1881, S ee . 8.

— H I A I — F. SULP UR C C D Continued .

1 . S ul hu ric A cid p e ciﬁc Gravity of S at (V F . (calculated from ’ clh s Table) .

I“) arts b wei ht 1 Cu bic F t of A cid 90 Fahr p y g oo ( . Kilo p e r contain ‘ ° * t re contains 1 elds we ighs v 1 v lb a d 11 a d . wadde] H lb T . SO . a o , , H so N3 8 0 ’ ‘. 3 4

h he same ﬁ in ld f T eore tically , bu t p ractically t gure dicates yie o n Na, so , of 96 p er ce t .

° 1 a. S e iﬁ ted Sul huric A cids at 15 p c c Gravities ofmost highlyc oncentra p O. l (Lu ngs and Nae f ) .

80 4 11 3 SO GH S

90 1 8 185 1637 94 1 8 37 2 167 ‘ 4 98 - 90 20 1 9 195 l °8387 19 109: 91 18 241 1618 95 1 8 4m” I 'm 99 92 1 8 294 l '8406 l ‘ 83i5 928 3 1 8 334 97 1 8 410 18 384 93 1 8 339 1668

1 7m — mar e r m. I r he alues d a e f 0 nd u strie 1883 Febru a . T ou nd . , y v k directl b e x m o hers are int er olated . Th e we i hts are y y p eri e nt , the t p g re du c d ° m A ll t hese alu e t o wa r d th e acu u . s re fer t o e te o f 4 C . an v v chemwau u re id 16 0 ra it of co mmercial acids is con p ac . The s g v y siderabl yli n h bu y ghe r in the case 0 the high est stre gt s. t t oo u n equal for ac id s o fdiff mi o fe mbod in themin ere n t manu factu res to ad t y g a table . ’ P re r b m n p a e d y mixing95 p er ce n t . acid with fu acid. ‘ Pre ared r n g b of 95 e t i (1. p y direc t e vap orat ion p ce . 91

3 . S PEC IFIC GRAV IT IES AND PERC ENTAGE O F FUMING ( NO RDHAUS EN) O IL O F V IT RIO L AT DIFFE

RENT TEMPERAT URES .

De nsity at

1 8 287 1 8 240

1 8 372

1 9 193 1 9 023

1 9 183

1 9 584

Th e above table is o nly inte nded for controlling th e works, bu t not for u commercial p u rp ose s, beca se the sp e ciﬁc gravity is anythin gbu t a cer d or t he e r nta e f r s id t ain gu i e f p ce g o Ne dhau e n ac , an d altoge ther fails as su ch for th e stre ngths ju st be low th e mo n ohy drate . The table was not mad e for chemically p ure acids, bu t for commercial acid. 92 — 4 . TABLE FO R REDUC ING THE S PEC IFIC GRAVIT IES O F S ULPHURIC AC ID O F VA RIO US S T RENGTHS T ANY ER R O O TH T EM PERAT U E ( DEGREES C ) .

Tc 7 1e 2 1 m 1m 1 m 1 1 m6 1 mI 1 m u l a7 1a 1 1 a 1 a 1 m 1 m5 1 s 0 1 a l s 7 1s 1 1 m 1 m lm5 1 m 1 a 1 a 1 m 1 m 1 m e 7 1e 1 1a 5 1 a 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1a 8 1 a 3 s 7 1 s 1 1 . 1 . 1 a 1 m 1 e 7 1 w2 1 m 1 s 1

l a 7 1m1 1 m 1 w 1 s 1 w8 1 m 1 a7 1 m 1 W 1 s 1 rm7 1 w1 1 m 1 w 1 e 1 m 1 m 1 e 7 1 a2 1 h 6 1 s 1 l m 1 s 1 1w6 1 w 1 a 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 a7 1m l w6 1 w0 1 m 1 w 1 m 1 a9 1 m4 1 m 1 m 1 m p . . r m 1 m 1 m 1 w 1 m 1 v 1 m 1 m0

1 s 4 1 m 1 a5 u 1 m m 1 c 1 m6 1 w 1 m 1 e 4 1 m0 1 m m 1 m 1 m m6 1 h 1 m 1 a 1 a 1 m 1 m 1 m m 1 a5 1 m0 m 1 a 1s 1 m 1 e 4 1 m 1 m5 m 1 m 1 m m 1 s 1 a 6 1 n 4 1 m0 1 a . m 1 m m 1 e 1 a 6 1 a 1 1 s 7

1 a4 1 m 1 m 1 m 1m 1 m6 1 a 1 1 s 4 1 a 1 m 1 m l e 5 1 e 0 1 a 1 s 1 m 1 m5 1 m 1m 1 e 4 1 m0 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 a l 1 s 4 1 w 1 m 1 m 1 a 5 1 w 1 a

Fm 1 s 1 m1 1 e 6 1m2 1a 7 1 m2 1 m 1 e 4 Fa0 1 a 1 e 1 a 1 m6 1 e 2 1 s 7 1 a 1 w Pm 1 e p 1 m 1 m5 1 m1 1 m 1 m 1 e Ia 1m5 1 e 1a 1 1 . 7 1 2 1 a8 1 s 4 Ps 0 1 . 1 . 1 s 1 1 m 1 e 7 1 a 2

1 a 4 Pm 1m 1m 1 e 1 1 a6 1 a Pa 1 a 1m 1a 5 1 a 0 1 w2 1 . 4 Pm9 1m4 1 m 1 s 1 1 w 1 a 2 1 a 8 1 e 4 Ia 1 a 1 m 1 e 2 1 e 7 1 s 3 1 . 1 s 1 m 1 s 6 1 s 2

1 a 2 1 a 8 1m 1 . 1 a 1 m lm6 1e 2 . . 4 . 1 s 2 1 m 1 a 1 1 e 1a 8 1 a . 1 e 0 1 1 e 1 e 1e 1 h 6 1 m2 1 . 1 w 1 m a 1 e 1h 8 1 s t 1 m 1 a 1 m l a 1 a 1 a 1s 2 1 a 2 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 m 1 m 1 s 6 1 s 2

t d 1 a 2 1 m 1 o 1 1 2 1 a 8 1c . 1 0 1m s . w m c h

1 wa 1 e 1 w 1 a 1 e 6 h 2 1 a 1 1 m 1 .m 1e 8 1 4 1 m 1 s 1 1 a 1 m a . 1 s a 7 1 u 2 1 . m 1 m 1 . s 2 1 u 8 1 m 1 t 1 m 1 a2 1 m 1 “ 1 . m 1 m 1 m

1 s 2 1 a 8 1 s 4 1 s 1 a 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m 1h 6 1 u 2 1 m 1 a 1 e 1 m 1 m 1a 9 1 u 6 1 u 3 1 m 1 m 1 m 1 e 1 u 6 1 s 3 1 c 0 1 m 1 m 1w 1 a 1u 8 1 e 4 1 1 . n 1 m 1 m a 1 a 1 c 2 1 m 1 . 1 . 1 m 1 w 1 a 2 1 a 8 1 s

m 1 m 1m 1 . 1 m 1 m9 1m2 lm2 .M 1 .m 1 a 1 . 1 e 6 1 e 3 1 a 0 a2 1 m8 1 4 1 m 1 a m. 1 m 1 w 9 1 m e 2 1a 1 . 1 a 1 m 1 e 6 1a 3 1s 0

— EDUCING THE PE IF 4, TABLE FOR R S C IC GR AVITIES O F SULPHURIC ACID OF VARIOUS STR ENGTHS TO EMPER ATURE DE R EE — ’ ANY OTHER T ( G S C. Con tin u ed .

1 °327 P320

1 °31 1 l °310 l ° 291 1 ° 291

1 °270 12 76 P 273

1 ° 1% 1 ° 1SB

1 °186 11 69

mm 1 ° 119 mm 1 ° 1 ° 141 1 ° 131

1 ° 13? 1 1 19 P 188 1 ° 1 19 P 116 1 1 10

1 1 18 1 ° 1 1 08

l 1170

1 1110

—FREEZING AND MELT ING PO INTS O F S ULPHURI a “ C AC ID.

* &c d am mm m m s m . 95

— R R EDUCING THE SPECIFIC GR AVITIES 4 . TABLE FO OF SULPHUR IC A CID O F VARIOUS STRENGTHS TO — n u ANY OTHER TEMPER AT URE ( DEGR EES C. ) Con ti ed .

P312 P308 1 2 98 29! 1 28! Y2BO P 283 27 P 270

P263 P259 P 250 P 240 P242 1 1 22! P 220 P 223 1 21! 1 21! P 210

P210 1 2 09 1 20! moo 1 1 2 00 1 195 1 1 90 1 19! 1 185 1 1 1 175 1 ° l 70 1 172 11 68 1 16!

1 162 1 15! 1 152 1 14! P 140 1 43 1 °l 39 1 135 1 127 1 125 1 118

1 116 1 109 1 100 1 092 1 0 89 1 0 86 1 1 0 78 1 0 79 1 0 75 1 0 72

1 (B2 1 052 1 042 1 0 38

— 6 . BO ILING PO INTS O F S ULPHURIC AC ID.

Lu n e B er. d d . ch m. Gear. 11 ( g , . e .

P roc . S B oil. P r Boil. cc . oc . S ec . 8 0 0 . Boil . m t o mo r H P t . S H r. P o 8 O . P I SO‘ ‘ ’ O Dt .

1 4 59 33° P503 l '530 147

161 1 1115 170

1 0 88 189 P710 199 P 733 207

° n h dra il 3 M r Mo o y te (100K) bo s at 3 8 ( a ignac) .

IOL TABLE FOR ESTIMATING NITR OUS VITR .

- n The resu lts are Emplo of semi normal pe rmanga ate . h olumn re ers to acid of e x ress as N0 H and NO Na. T e c f p 3 s 3] ° w as u n it 140 T .

Na N NOsNa N0 3 H N0 3

p er Pe r p e r P e r p e r Per p er P er

it re . ce nt . t re . ce nt . tre . cent . It re . ce nt .

— nr in lumn also in dicat e N . B . Tbe es co a avoirdu p ois p er n or ngrl as ssible ou nces e r cu bic gallo , as y p o p

b Total N itr en A cids —These are contain d n s ( ) og . e i ul bu ric acid asN 0 ormore ro erl as nitroso -su l huric acid SO 3 , p y p , and NO an be resent onl In minu te u antit and not , c p y q y, N is deco m at all when NO , H 18 present . 9 0 , posed by su lphu ric . . r r nit d T i acid Into mt osulphu ic and ric aci . he est mation made

rdin t o o onl Indicates N 0 . The total ofthe nit ro n a id acco g 9 3 ge c s 18 con vert d Into 0 by shakin gu p the nitrou s vitriol with mercu ry ; e ’ u antit ofNO ormed is est imated volume Cru ms r i t he q y f by ( eact on ) . ’ ’ m t er c m r L n This is done”by Lu nge snitro e ( o pa e u ge s Sulphuric Acid l i Fill th r duat d lim A li . Iii. e a a i and ka , 66 ; g e b W th mercury b raisingthe le vel tu be b p u t t he t hree -way cock in the position 0 communicatingwith none ofthe Openings ; ru n the nitrous acid

cu f m 10 . 0 i in to the t0 p ps o a, fro a . p pe tt e gradu ated in nl ofver st ro n bu t u e mploying o y c. y g p to of very weak ou s vitriol lower the level tu e o en th n itr ; b , p e cock carefu lly so that t he vitriol runs down withou t an air e nterin o ur 2 or y g; p 30 0 . of ure stron sul huric acid entirel ree rom nitro en com u . p , y f f po nds p g g , nto the cu et this acid enter the nitrome ter and re ea he I p; l , p t t washing 99

d Start th l o fthe cu p with 1 or ofpu re aci . e e vo ut ion of as by takingthe t u be a c u t o fthe c lam inclin ingit se ve ral t imes a most to t he horizontal line and su d enl ri htin it a ain so t hat , y g g g , mercu ry and acid are we ll mixed shake one or t wo minu te s till no lv d Place the t u es so t hat t he me rcu r in b more gas is e vo e . b y is as mu ch higher as that in a as is re qu ired fo r balancing the acid in a ;

mm of acid . f f r . The t his will take 1mm. o Hg o 6i e xact t est can only be rodu ced when the as has take n the te mperat u re of the

roo man all roth has subsi ed. R ead off the olu me ofthe as f v g , rm m te r hun u close and a arome te r In rd r also a the o e g p by. b . o e to l ll n o e n t he coc when t he le e l of a h u l check t he e ve i g, p k, v s o d not chan e If it rises too mu ch ressure has een i e n an d t he g . , p b gv ,

re din mu st be increased a lIttle sa 0 . If it sin s t a g , y k , he lwa s in the O i t must ta e lace i. e . a os te sen s O pposi e k p , , y p e to t he h l l A nother lan is uttin a litt e acid in t h c ange of e ve . p , p g o t e cu p This wou ld be su c e d in if befo re openingthe cock . k t he pressu re W ith d if o hi h. adroi m were t oo lo w, or raise to g t an i u lat ion

t he ex e riment can t hen soon be correcte d. A te r ﬁn ishin It lo w r p f g , e t he radu at d t u be a lest o n o suin t he ta an air shou ld e nt r g e , g p y e ; o n h rais the t u e b o rce thu s the as and ll a id i pe t e ta e b , g a c nt o the cu an p ut the tap so that t he acid ﬂows t hrou h its key in to a v essel e ld elow the last of it is drawn ou t lottin a er b by g p p . Th n it r m t r s t hen re ad fo r the n ex t erimen t A t m e o e e i y exp . t es u st alwa s b m d to see whether the lass is as-ti ht It will e a e g tap g . r in hardyy remain so withou t g eas g it occasions. y W l th vaseline but this ou ht to be done ver sli htl so as t o avoid an rease g y g y, y g e ttin into t he ore for ifthe rease comes in con tact with acid g g b ; g , m Thi r r t rou ble some froth is for ed. s p ocess is int e fe re d with by the rese n of u l hu rous acid t he e st r which h sm ll ce s , b te st fo is t e e . 0 re mov i t e acid is stirre d u with v r sli ht u antit of e t, p a e y g q y r n n t n at s h powdere d potassiu m pe ma ga a e . A y gre e xce s of t is ma th r v r t rou l some an d The volu m kes e p ocess e y b e inaccurat e . e ° ° f n ° o ff d d . a d 2 an 2 a N0 read o is re u ce to 0 C 760mm. ( 3 F. d 9 92i . ) b me ans of t he ta les a 0 2 an d calcu late d for t he nitro en y b , p 7 , g com ou nds r sent t he fo owin ta le in which colu mn a me ans p p e by g b , n w i ht wh n m l n 1 illi amm 6 e r ce nt . e e o i 0 . 0 acid of es, p by g e p y g . i ° w 40 .

l I 1 00 785 1 7 01 01 618 2 00 732 26 86 0°32m 3 01 94! 4 5 372 l l5 ° 2m 0 8900 5 6 ° 7l5 1 1 125 6 169 m 09 888 228 30 1 3 350 7 119 17 8 13 °m8 9 5 643 P4832 34245

ualita r r itr n A —Thi is d n Q tive Test fo T aces o N oge cid . s be st o e means ofdi hen l min issolve a few rammes ofdi he n l by p y a e . g p y me in 1 u l h ri i Thi u d am 00 parts of pu re s p u c ac d . s sho l be H2 100

com le te l free fromN co m ou n ds and can be o tain d if n o p , b e , t at han p b ilin with a t race of ammon iu m su l hate Dil g p . u te the acid wity] 1 th volume ofwat er efore dissolvin the di he n lamin 1 5 b g p y e . Pou r a ou t oft he vitriol t o be teste d int o a test t u b be , and n mi run a ou t 10 . c . of the di he la ne so lu tion u on it so t hat t he b p p , la ers mix onl radual . yn the case of dilu te acids or o the r y y g y , li hter li uids roceed 111 t he o osits manner“ The sli ht t g q , p p g es t races ofn itrogen acids are pro ved y t he appearan ce of a brillian t blue co lour in the area ofcontact of oth li uid b q s. — 0 Examinatio n or L ead . Dilu te the acid if ( ) f , co ncen trate d , with the same volu me of wate r and twice i v l me f ts o u o alcohol. A llow the mixt ure to st and for some time ﬁlter an ,reci itate of , y p Phso wash it with dilu te alcohol and dr nti i ” , a igni te n a orce lain cruci le urnin the ﬁlter se ar t y r p b , b g p a e y . l . PhsO g , ' 0 683 17gr. Pb. d Examination or I ron —Bo il the aci if ( ) f d, free from nitro e n g , wi h n itric acid to e rox t a dro of idise t he iron . Dilu t l l p p e a itt e , allow to cool an d add solu tion of otassiu m ul h , p s p ocyanide . A r v the r nce o f iro I t ed colou r pro es p ese n. f here is n ot too lit tle o f it it can be uantitat ivel estimated in anothe r sam l h tin , q y p e by ea g with u re zinc ree romiron ou rin off the zin h o p (f f ) , p g c, was in th e lat te r allowin to cool and titratin with e rm n n a a ate . T is , g , g p g t m lo d as th normal indi catin bes e p ye 46 , g Fe p e r cu bic l t han 0 f id n m No ess 500 . . o ac ce ti et re . t should taken for t his t est as the acid enerall con tains ver litt le iron , g y y .

— MIN 9 . ANALYSES OF FU G SULPHURIC A CID ID A (NORDHAUSEN AC , NHYDRIDE) .

This is eith r wei hed in lass u lbs or in lass- e g g b a g tap t u be . The l o f ou t 2 m m orme r ar v r t hin u s a 0 . dia eter d n f e e y b b b , e n i g each . Melt t he acid ifs in r t u e . olid t ill way a capilla y b , , it is j u st co m

d uc rms. t o m le t l homo neous an s 3 5 r s. of t to p e y ge , k g g i in the bulb,

ll d h it Th s in ought to be half ﬁ e wit . e uck gis best done by m an a o losed with an in diarubbe r cor throu h w e s of b ttle c k, g hich - lass ta con nec d t its n d passes a tightly ﬁttingg p , te a free e with an li d t o h l r h e lastic t u e . uction is a e t e att e t e t a is closed b S pp , p , t he e lastic t e is drawn over o ne o ft he ca illar ends ofthe we i hin ub , p y g g

102

withou t r asin it and the lower art ofthe tu e mu t ta er radu g e g , b p g w - h ta t u rn t he t u e all . Fill it su ction hal or t o thirds close t e y by f , p , b o int u wards clean it ou tside with a e r and wei hit in a horizontal p p , p p g o i i n E n in the cas ofth s r n est n h drides t here 18 n o p s t o . ve e e t o g a . c han e ofw i ht du rin the o i n Now ace the tu e omt g e g g pe rat o . p b p d wnw rds in w te r or in th ' n h dride and of the o a a , e case of pure a y stron est Nordhau s n ids n c stallised coarse l g e ac i a la e r of ry , y

owde red sodiu m su l hate and slow run ou t the cont ents. Then p , p , y s u irt a dro ofwate r rom a o in o h t u e allow t o stand for q p f b ve t t e b ,

° mo m to l rm. a ment an d rin se thorou hl w h r f nl 0 5 r . , g y it wate . I o y g g ’ ofacid had ee n wei he d c d t it r dir ctl This rocess is more b g , ate e y. p accu rat th n dilu in he li u id bu t e a t and t itrating only part of t , this cannot be av oide when a lar or qu antity of acid as bee n w i h d h of ﬁllin e e . A n dride e t c. on e m t d for t he u r ose g y , , c e e p p t he t u be remains liquid long en ou gh t o complete t he weighing an ru nn ingou t withou t re qu iringt o be heated a — 3 . S ALTC AK E AND HYDRO C HLO RIC AC ID.

— - A SAL ALT . . T ( COMMON SALT, ROCK S )

r — n f alt in co ere d latin u m cru ci le Moistu . I ite 5 rms. o s a 1 . e g g v b ( to p re ven t proj e ction s) heat first qu ite gradualp then for some u low r minu te s p to a ed heat . l l —D l h ns lu l matt er wash n u b . m 2 I so e isso e 5 r s. filter t e i o e . v g , b , , d ni th m dr an i te e sa e . y , g ' Chl rin a —W e i h Ofi ° of the mois salt dissol e it . m o 5 5 r s. t 3 g 8 g , v , an d dilu te u t o take out by means of a pipett e ; add so mu c 1 of a solu tion of neu tral potassiu m chromat e that t he li uid is distinctl ellow an d titrate with de cinormal sil e r q y y , v solu tion re e r to A e ndix Add t h sil e r solu tio n rom a ( f pp ) . e v f u re t te till t he reci itat e e ven a t e r a itat ion shows a b , p p , f g , distin ct bu t aint in colou r 0 is de du cted rom t he n u m e r f p k . . f b ofcu bic cent ime tres ofsilver solu tion employe d as be ingrequ ire d fo r rodu in th ol u r he remaind r mu lti li d 2 In d c e c o . T e p g , p e by , icat e s th rc n l e pe e ts e of NaCl in t he sa t . L t w 4 m . i lv ms h l in at in . i r f e sa t r case of n d e sso e 5 . o e e g , e with the id of li l H l W h n anal sin im u r ro - l a a tt e C . e y p e ck sa t t he treatment with d e H l mu st be continu e for some tim ilu t C e , in order t o dissol ll It is also nece ssar t o filte r offan ve a CaSO4 . y y cla t bu t n n - r lla ou s salt ou ht t o be dissolve d c o e . i y, c , o a g ce g m l ete l x tin n rains of sand and the li e . In the c l p y , e cep g a y g k e ar solu tion recipitate the lime with ammonia and ammon iu m o xalate l w to f r 2 h u rs filte r the reci itat e thro u , a o stand o 1 o , p p h de ns fil - d u nn l com re e te r paper in a well shape f e ( pa p . was dr and i i i in l tinu m cru ci le till it 18 com let e l y , gn t e t a p a b p y con ve rt ed in to a hi done b first entl heatin till C O . T s is y g y t he calciu m oxalat e is de om se d and then i n itin at n earga wh c o , g g y it e heat for 2 minu te ithr o er a as low- i e or more conv 0 s, e e v g b p p , e n i ’ e ntl in a He m e ls as-sto e or o er a Mu en cke aten t u rn e r y , p g v v p b , 1 art Ca s u l 2 a an d is calculate d as su ch i e a t 2 4 C SO . p O q o 86 ; ,

To be ob in fr m r M n ck L n t r Berlin r ta ed o D . u e e u ise s asse 58 o fro m . , , the En glish d eale rs in che mical ap p arat u s. 103 — B. SALTCAKE. — N. B Ncs. 1 and 2 are su fﬁ i r ina ( . c e nt fo daily exam rciduc of works the ot h rs m lo tcake ou ht p , e are e p yed for sal b g an‘i solei — Fr A v . t a e 1 . ee cid . Dissol sal l o 2500 c. e tcake, di ute t , k ° ou wit h a - and tit rat e t 500 . c. i e tte add tmus or m th l oran e p , e g ,

with standard sag. u t o the o int of n eu tra isation Each cubl c p p .

centime tre ofth s ndard al ali l r n 8 0 . The e ta k is e qua to 1 ce t . 3 to tal acidit s cal u te d as SO includin H l NaHSO and the yj c la ,” g , , ,

salts of iron and alumina which have an acid react ion . If the . lat t er are resent in a reciable u an nd if t is desira le t o p q tities, a i b e xclu de t em rom t he resu lt em l no indicator bu t add the f , p oy , . standard alkali till the ﬁrst ﬂakes of a permanent rec i Ite t e a ear which occurs when the ree acid and that of the pisu hate pp , f p is ust sa ur j t ated.

— made 2. m lu tion Sodiu Chl oride. Takc another of the so for t he m l ali as used test No . 1 add t he sa e d a , qu antity ofstandar k for t his test so that t he acid is e xac tl ne utralised t hen a , y , little ne u tral otassiu m chro mate and t itrate with decino mal p , r sil e r solution as in A E h ntimetre ofsil er v , , 3 (p . ac cu bic ce v solu tion (after deducting 0 2 fro mthe whole ) is equal to 0 1 46 per ° m ce n t . Na l n 2 0 r s. C . Or else e mploy a solu tion containi g 9 6g A NO r litre and indi n ° m Na l er cu ic cent r cati 0 001 r . C g , pe g g p b me tr hi w 2 r cent . e . i s ould in t he presen t case indicate 0 0 5 p e NaCl er cu ic cen e tr p b tim e . — 3 . Irma Dissolve 1 ms of sul h w r redu ce the iron 0 . p ate in ate , salts to ro toxide ttle sul hu c d nd zinc and t itrate p by a p ri aci , a , otassiu m e rman anat e D p p g . ( etails page

4. Residue insolu le in wate r is stim t usual if rese nt . , b , e a ed as p — l HCl . Lim Di lv 1 h a litt e . rm w 5 e sso e 0g s. in wate rifnecessary it 1 ; add NH Cl and NH re ci itate with ammonium o xa ate . . , , p p l I nit e and wei h a o m n a recia le g , g as C O (C pare page Ifa y pp b

uantit ofF h n n d . q y e ,,0 a as be e fo u d t his must be dedu cte M 6 . a nesia is reci itated n h 5 am g p p i t e ﬁltrate from No . by moniu m hos hate allo w to stand f r ash with p p ; o 24 hours ; ﬁlter, w dilu t e ammonia dr ite and w i h hos , y , ign e g the magnesium pe p hate ofwhich 1 art = ° 36 36 M p p 0 0 go .

Alumina — h u ion f 7 . T e sol t o the saltcake is p recipitated with ammonia r r m Th r ee o 0 0 . e e ci itate is i ni ted and w i h (f f g) p p g e g ed . D luct in the wei ht of Fe O o un h r g g , , f d in No. 3, t e emainder i l 2 3 ° — . Sodiu m S l irect estimat D m 8 u hate d ion issolve l . of t he p ( ) . gr saltcak r ci i n lime alon w th e e tate a i erric oxid e tc . s ; p p y g f e , a in N ﬁ o . 5 lte r ; e vaporate the ﬁltrate to dryne ss afte r addinga few dro ps o fpure sulphuric acid; ignite ; repeat this after addinga small iece of amm ni m o n d ro m t h o u car ate an wei h. D du t is p b , g e c f we i ht I the NaCl ound in test No 2 l ul for Na sO g ( ) f . , ca c ated , ' 1 0000NaCl= 1 2 1 or n decin ormal ( 36 Na, SO ” each cubic ce timetre of silver solu tion em lo ed in t e No 2 = ° 1 rm p y st . 0 00 77g . 104

2 the M o ound in test No . 6 calculated as M SO 1 0 ( ) g f . , ( 00 g , = ° M O 3 000 SOJ The remainder is e qual to the sodium

su l r nt in l rm. saltcak phate actMﬁy p ese g e .

— MNEY-T T C. CHI ES ING. — A ct of P arliament By the Alkali W orks Regulation A ct of 188 1 it is e nacte d that Every alkali work shall be carried on in su ch a manner as to secure the condensation to the satisfaction of h h ins r d rived romhis own e xami t e c ief pecto , e f nation o r fromthat r a Oft he muriat of some othe r inspecto . ( ) ic acid gas evolve d in su ch wor s he e xtent of95 e r centu m and k to t p , t o su ch an exte nt t hat in each cu ic oot of air smo e or chimne b f , k , y gases e scaping r m h or to t he atmo s here the re i n f o t e w ks in p , s ot contain ed more han n t rt a rain o f mu riatic cid t o eﬁfh p a of g a . (6) Of the acid gases ofsu lphur and n itrogen which are e volved in t he process of manufactu ring sulphuric acid or sulphates in the work to su ch an exte nt that t he total acidity ofsu ch ases in each cu bic foot ofair g , smo e or ase s esca in in to the chimne or in h k , g p g y to t e atmos he re doe s n ot e”x ceed what is e quivale nt t o fo ur grains of su lppuric anh d d Part I . Sul hu rou s acid arisin y ri e . ” gfromt he com p r l ded. a t III bu st ion of coal is not inc u . In calcu latingt he ro o rtion of acid to a cu ic oot of air smoke or p p b f , , for the n such air smo e or as s p oses of this Act , , k , g e shall calculat e d ’ at t re t em e rature of60 de rose ofFahre nheit s thermomete r and p ” , at a b romet ric ressu re oft ir y inc hes. Part III a p t . Met hods for ascertaining the total acidity of chamber exits will be foun d

on a e 86 . i —In o y rochloric Acid in Ch mney . rder to ascertain the HCl ’ himn s an as irator is u sed nown in c ey gase , p k as Fle tcher s ﬂexible

irator o r. t he ellows. This as irator is su asp , b p pposed to draw at n - nth of a cu ic oot It one aspiration o e te b f . is not safe to t rust t o n acit and moreover the ca it this inte ded cap y, pac y ofa new aspirator varies for some time . To asce rtain the real ca acit p y, fill a v ery e aker or other c lindrical essel with wat r la 0 b y v e , and in v ert it r wa om Iete l fill the as irator with a nu o ter. C p ir and e xpel this b e r Mar the oin air into the inverts ea . k p t to which the beake r is filled when the water inside the ea er is le vel with that ou t id b k s e . h it ofthe ea er t o that mark sa Measure t e capac y b k , y it contains V a r Then the n um r f cu bic centimetres ofw te . be o aspiration s which mu st be made with this aspirator in order to draw one cubic foo t ofwater is 28290

f the eaker is measu red in rains or ifthe capacity o b g ,

mixed nu m er but the n arest int N will u sually be a b , e egral n umbe r su st it u ted and it will be sa est to su stit ute the next hi is b , f b ghe r

106 — D . HYDROCHLOR IC ACID. — 1 . PER CENT GE OF P RE H GR AMMES PER U LITRE , A ND ° UNDS PER CUB C F OOT, A T 60 F .

P erce n tage Grammes p e r 1 cubic foot Twad dell . of HCl. lit re . weighs lb.

’ sults b inte r olati n Calculated fromKolb s re y p o . 107

2 —I F EN E TEMPE R AT R E N IC . N LU C OF U O THE SPECIF R A IT H DR CHL I A D G V Y OF Y O OR C CI .

1 ° 165 1 ° 157 1 ° 152 1 ° 1 ° 50 T148 1 1 45 1 143 l 140 1 137 1 127 1 125 1 123 1 °l35 1 133 1 130 1 127 l ° 125 1 1 19 1 117 1 1 14 1 112 1 123 1 120 1 117 1 110 1 108 1 1m 1 103

l 'l l8 l °115 1 ° l l3 1 110 P 103 1 100 1 0 97 1 092 1 0 90 l ° o98 1 0 90 10 87 l °077 1 080 1 073 1 068 1 0 66 5 1 070 1 l 'lﬁ ﬁ 1 059

1 ° IBS 1 0 63 1 060 1 055 1 0 46 1 0 50 1 048 10 35 1 0 33 1 037 1 035 1 (B2 1 ° 1 027 10 25 10 23 1 0 20 1 017 1 ° I ’ ll)!

1 0 15 1 0 13 1 007 1 002 0999

1 ° l36 l °l27 1 ° l25 P 123 P 112 1 1 10 P 1 16 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 1 ° lw l ° 109 1 19 7 rose

rose 8 1 0 71 10 69 1 1156 1 1154 1 1151 1 0 71 1 1139 1 °067 1 0 65 1 0 63 1 °053 1 0 62 1 0 60 1 0 39 1 037

1 03 3 1 031 P 115 1 0 13 1 0 20 l °o09 1 °w7 1 0 08 1 0 05 1 0 03 09 93 09 91 09 93 0 991

0 990 09 88 0 985 09 83 09 77 09 75

— 3. ANALYSIS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

E tim I —M ure off b m n f 1 s ation o HC . eas ea s o an . f , y accu rate i e tte ofthe acid whose s eciﬁc ravit sho uld be no wn p , , p y k , ' d u te to ta ou t and ad sodiu m car onat r ke b e , f ee ro m chloride till t h reaction is n eu tral or aintl alkaline Th f , e f y . is oint will h u i l nd withou t t h loss o f man dro p be it q ck y , a e ps for t in h r n ta of h cid is asc rt ine r est g, if t e pe ce ge t e a e a f om its

1 10

on inu e t he washin till s r Ma in solut ion . C t g ta ch and K J do not n Throw the filt e r with t he give any reactio . pre ci itate int o i n solu t i n m lo e d in te st No oft he ac d iro o e p . 1 . I not all M aoz is n the 0 iron solu tion dissolved, add a o r ; dilu te with of man nat e Cal u water and t itrate with er a . c lation as in No l p g . i e h M on o i h Bas . . t e x E timation o t e e des etc. 3 . s o the Mu d f , , , — , f which absorb HCl withou t yielding Free Chlorine Dilu t e o r with a v er hi h ase o f n ormal oxalic ac id rm y g b (63g s. — ° crystallise d oxalic acid in 1 litre ) t o heat t o 60 80 C add n n mu d means ofa i e t te w h h ma ga ese by p , it t e pre cau tions d ill th 0 0 po u r of sta d in No . 1 an a itate t e the reci i te , g p te te is a n o lon r e llowish bu t u re whit e which ou ht ge a y p , g to ta 0 place very - m ra ur Dil soon at the above named te e t e . ute to 20 . p ( 0 . orr ond to the u l of the reci itate an d r m c esp b k p p , a e arked on the nec of t he as our thro u h a dr filte r n k fl k) p g y , a d t it rate f th filt r t with st andard al ali m l o e a e k , e p oying litmu s o r corall as indicator Meth l-oran e is n ot a li in . ( g pp cable for oxalic m r f nyic cen tim tre s f acid. Call t he nu e o e e o standard al l ) b ka i z . The o xalic acid se rves ( 1 ) for redu cingt he Mn Oz formation ofMnO and 0 0 2 ; (2) for sat u ratin g the MnO t hu s formed ; (3) for sat urat °

in the monoxides ori na resent i. e. the a Th ox l y p , , b se s. e a ic acid not thus e mploy is e u al to The acid u sed for redu cin MnO is e u al t o t hat used or neu t ralisin the MnO orm z q g f ed, an both amoun ts toge ther are e qu al to t he nu mber a: 3; obtained by t he Mn0 test since the oxalic acid is normal and the erma n 2 , p nga ate h l norm l The amou nt of oxalic acid consumed h a f a . by t e bases of t he mu d is fou nd by deducting from the total acid u sed t hat re u ired for the MnO a: an d t hat which was not ne ut ralised q z ( y) , “ ” at all h mu d—2z t here ore in all cc — - 2z h by t e , f y . T e base is

e ual to the ratio ofthis ex ression to the item 1 Via — q p , T r fore if ofoxalic acid had een e m lo e d e u al to It is the e , b p y , q

had een em lo ed e ual to r if c. o , 500 . b p y , q — (100 4z)

—LIME T NE C S O .

lv m h dr l l Insoluble. Disso e l r . och oric acid filter the . g y , h dr nd i m In t he r s residue was a te . e ence of a recia le , , y, g pp b qu antit ies of orgamc su bstance weigh the fipt er afte r dryingat ' wards The di fere nce is ta n or a te a t e r . e as ni m r and i f f k g c at te . —D lv n m l ime. isso e l or a h drochloric 2. y acid and n rmal al a i Deduct t he latter m an d m l tit rate with o k . fro 25 u tiply inder with 2 8 to find the ercen ta f r t he rema ge o CaO, o with 5 to N B —H i f aC . . . ere O s cal l find that o C O , ( g cu ate d as CaO . This is admissible for most limestones employed in alkali and bleaching wder ma in ecau se t he contain bu t l po k g, b y ittle MgO otherwise M h M O or CO ound as in No. 3 has b t e g g 8 f to e deducted. 1 1 1

M n be s i a d onl in li r in for 3 . agnesia eeds t o e t m te y mestone se v g man an r i l m me in R I r es reco e . D sso e 2 r s. of li t n e g e v y v g s o e O , p ~c i itate the with NH and ammoniu m oxalate and reci itate p , , p p t he ma n si i th ﬁl r odiu m h h om re g e a n e t ate by s osp ate . (C pa 4 I ron u tim d nl n irn n r p) l h . is u s ally es ate o y i esto e serving fo eac in w r l m . H r d z nc di u te o d r makin . Dissol 2 a l e u i g p e g ve g C , ce b , , add some man anese solution ree rom iron an tit rat e with g f f , erman an t e Com ar p g a . ( p e p .

— D. QUICKLIME. — rms. of an v am Free CaO . W ei h l OO a era e s le care ull 1 . g g g p f y l e it co m Ie tel u t the mil into a hal -litre as fill taken , s ak p k f fl k, u t he mar abs 0 we I ta e ou t run it into a half-litre p to k, , k , mix w ll and em lo ofthe con te n ts e u l t o flask fill 11 e , y , a , q qitra wi n rmal oxali d rm u icElime for the te st . te th o c acid an l g . q , n l hthale in n indi t r h litmu s or corallin or he o p as a ca o . T e colou r is chan ed whe n all ree lime has be en satu rated and before the

CaC is at tac ed . k — 2 Carbon Dioxid e. Titrate CaO and CaCO t o ethe r dis . , g by solvingin an excess o fstandard hydrochloric acid and titratingback l deduc tin t h s rd l a i. B e CaO e timated as in No 1 with standa a k y g . is btain d For v r o e . r u t he uan tity of CaCO , e y acc at e e stimations ll d H l a sorbed in sod -lim nd t he CO; is e xpe e by C , b a e a weighed as

described (p.

— Da. SLAKED LIME.

— m in a s r l W ater. W e i h a ou t l r . to e ed ass tu e and 1 . g b g pp g b , h t it radu all in a latin u m cru ci le at last t o a stron r d ea g y p b , g e 102 allow to cool in t h e xsic r heat ( compare p . ) e cat o an d weigh The loss ofwe i ht is e u al to H O CO back. g q , m 2 Carbon Dioxid e is esti at e d as a o ve . . b

L SH W ING AM NT OF LIME IN MILK OF TAB E O OU LIME .

( Calculate d from Blatt ne r. )

s . Degre es Grma. CaO De gree Grma. CaO Lb CaO er

wadd ll. r li de ll. e r lit re . T e e t re cu bic f gt . Twad p p . o 1 12 — E. BLEACHING POW DER .

A vailable Chlorine —W ei h ° 1 0 rm f h m l 1 . 7 0 s. o t e sa e r g g p , p e viou sly well-mixed grind it with alit tle water in a porcelain mortar (whose lip has been grease d a little at the lowe r side ) t ill a com p le te ly homogeneou s t hin paste has been obtained ; dilu te wit h re wat er wash the whole int o a litre as ﬁll u t t h m mo , ﬂ k, p o e ark,

a c m. l h n and t e for each te st 5o . c. r eac i owder havin k b g p , g mm shaken u the as i ediatel ore . Ru n int o the a ove p ﬂ k y f b , w h cont inu ou s a itation an al aline de cinormal arsenite solu tio it g , k n,

° tainin 4 95 rms. A s 0 e r litre re er a endix t ill t h con g g , , p ( f to p ) , e t ver far off Then l r f h e xpec ed point is not y . p ace a e p o t e mix n o a iece of ﬁlterin a e r m i ned wi h st t u re o t p g p p , o ste t a arch If e r v solu tion con tainin iodine . th e is ery mu ch chlorin e left a s will rodu ced if less chl n h brown pot , ori e t e spot will be di t d t ofthis olou r l A ccor n to e e h . c r more o e n blu e . g p ss arse ite ru n in and the a ove t est is ed il solu tion is , b eat t l the paper l u red hardl erce ti l o r no t at mEach cu i c n i is co o c e t y p p b y, b the arsenite solutio n indicates 1 e r cen me tre of p t . available m li h For sa n of leac re er t o endix . chlorine . ( p g b f p ) rison o the Percenta e o Blzipin P owder with h 2 . Com f g f g t e - D r — Th l t r Fren ch ay Lussae eg ees. e a ter a e u nderstood to h n um er 0 zlitres of chlorine as at °C an mm mean t e b g , 0 . d 760 . . which could be iven off 1 ilo ramme of bl pressure , g by k g eachin powde r.

P F n h Pe r h er ce n . re c ce nt F F re nch P er ce nt . Frenc t . rench Pe r ce nt . , h De re s D De r es Chlorine . De rees. C lorine g e . Chlorin e . e re es. Chlorine . g e 1 g , g

— F. DEACON PROCESS.

litres of as issu in romthe decom oser lacin th As pirate 5 g , g f p , p g e closel t o the ou tle t of the decom ose r as i l apparat u s as y p b e , and absorb the hydrochloric acid and chlorine in a solu tion 0 caustic ° w ofwhich a o u t are dist ri uted into w soda. of 15 T . , b b t o o r l The time of a sor tion o h thre e absorbing bott es. b p ug t to agree h time o cu ied the char e in the saltcake n with t e c p b g pa . Unite the conte nts ofthe severe bottles and dilu te t o

1 14 li uor as a ove to destro the re e chl rin q b , y f o e and pink colou r allo w , t o 0 0 0 1 add lit tle neu t ral o tassium h , a p c romate an d t it rate wit h , decinormal silve r nitrat e ( as described 107 Each cu bic ce n t imet re the latter indicat es chloride e uIvalen t to °45 rm K q 7 g a. CI p er ° Iftr e .

C rcial Chlorat e o P otash i 2 . omme f s only tested for any chlorides calculate d as K CI. As their u antit is e r sli ht it is d i q y v y g , a v sable ofth salt In wa r t o dissolve 50grms . e te absolu tel free fromchlorine y , and t o te st with decinormal sil er n it rate as in t he last n u m r v , be . }! u i ntimetre of this = ° rm = ° c c ce 0 00745 . K Cl 0 015 e r n b g p ce t . HUI

— - 5 . S O DA AS H MANUFACTURE .

—RA MATE A . W RIALS. — l SALTCAK E . Re er to . . ( f p

2 LIME E r LK r m . STON o CHA fo ixin , g. a Ins lu bl - R r ( ) o e. ( efe to p . b L ime — ( ) (p . e Ma nesia onl in limestones containin mu ch ofit ( ) g ( y g ) . p . 1 11 MIX I l . NG COAL 3 (s ack) .

° M r — a oistu e . ( ) . (p 6 F arb — ( ) ixed C on . (p . — A sh . In (c) es (p 73. the case of unknown descriptions of coal it is not su fﬁcie nt to estimate t he total e rce nta e of as h p g es, bu t the latter shou ld be anal sed an d silica alu mina an d y , , , ferric oxide e stimated accordin to the mice ofthe anal sis ofsili t g y ca e s.

° d Su l hu r —Mix 0 5 rm t o l rm of finel - r ( ) p . g . g . y g ound coal with 1 } times t he weight ofan intimate mixt ure of 2 parts well-calcined ma nesia and 1 art anh dro us so ium car on t g p y d b a e . This is done b means of a lass rod in a latinu m cru ci le which is h y g b , eated withou t co er and in a sl nt in osition so that nl i v , a g p , o t s lowe r hal attains red heat referabl in t he e r orated st os l f , p p f as s ab Th m u on l be assisted b fr u n ri ( p . e co b sti shou y e e t stir ng with a latin umwire and shou ld last hardl lon er t an an hou r p , y g , t he ra colour ofth mix tu r assin o er In to ellow reddish or g y e e g v y , , ro n p mass d bromin -wa r t il h w . Pour hot w r o r t 0 ad e te l t e b ate ve , li u id is aintl ellow oil decant throu h a filt e r and wash q f y y ; b , g , W ith hot wa r A cidulate t he filtrate with HCl oil till all te . , b bromi n li u or has e n decolou rised and ne is removed a d the q b e , r If p ecipitate with barium chloride (as described p . the ma ne m r em lo d contains su l hates thes g sia or so diu ca bonate p ye p , e mus b nto accou n t If t he as for urnin t e estimated and taken i . b g contains mu ch sulphur it is best to e m loy a spirit amp ; bu t the er orate d as sto s sla as recommen ed a ove will n earl alwa s p f be b, b , y y su ffice for kee ingaway t he produ cts ofcombustion ofthe gas from

the contents 0 the crucible. 1 1 5

(e) N itrogen is e stimated by ignit ingwith soda-lime and receiving the ammon ia ormed in standard su l huric acid acc r f p , o dingto the rules of o r ani l m n l g c e e entary a a ysis.

— ' Bo BLACK ASHo

Di est 50 rm oft h co l - u nd era m l i g g s. e arse y gro av ge sa p e w th ° of wat r a wh l e t 45 . i h wi l rodu . of ii C c ce 5 0 c. u d . , p 00 i After ’ nres ho urs standingt he clear liquor is employed for t e following gests

1 m - h d w . 1 la as is titrate cold ith h dr . b ck ) y ochloric d n m h - ran This indi s h t l aci a d e t O e . cate t e ota a ailable al y g v kali, i N . e . nd Na B deduct in th u an t i Na H a s. e it un , O , g y g es fo d in s m r t t e ts Nos. 2 and 3 t he uan tit ofsodiu ca ona e is ou n q y f d,

viz. 0 m tr f 053 rm. for e ach cu ic centi e e o standard H I I C . t , g b is, ho we ver e x resse d li e all othe r sodiu m com ou nds in rm , p , k p , te s of a O multi l in h u i nt met r f ndar , by p y geac c b c ce i e o sta d acid with

N( 0él .

2 . Caustic Soda is estimated addin to of li u or con by g q , t ained in a as an e xcess of ariu m chloride of fl k, b a 1 r s l tion ofB l 2H will alwa s more than u ffi 0 pe ce nt . o u aC g, 20 s ce for th addin boilin wate r u t o t he mar sha in u and is) , g p k g p , co r w min utes t he reci itate I ttl d h A t r a fe s se . kingt e flask. e p p e d P d fil r n . o ur o fft he cle ar ortion t hrou h a r te a tit rate 500 c . of p g y , t h d o hl ri d W h n e m lo in e filtrate with standard hy r c o c aci . e p y g m - h l u id m l d fir et hyl orange as indicato r t e iq ust be coo e st . Accor l W inkle r t he se aration of the bariu m carbonate din gto C . , p , is u nn e cessa when oxalic acid is e mploye d as the standard acid. I n t his case litmu s or phenol-phthalein must be e mployed as indi cat r h u ic ce ntimet re of t he stan dard acid indicates o . Eac c b ° m of la - h = ' 1 N o bu t sodium 0 040 rm of Na H in l r . c as 0 03 g . O g b k s , s l h lu w ll u p ide is here in c de d as e . S hi — l 2 3 . u d e. Dil f i r a u odium S l ut e o uo to o t . c . p q b 000 , acidu at wi h ac e tic acid and tit rate u i l with iodin solu ti l e t , q cky e on em l n r an indi r W he n e m lo in a decin orm p oyi gsta ch as cato . p y g a iodin ol i 12 ' rm J r litre ea h cu ntime t re in i e s u on s. e c bic ce d t ( 7g p ), ' 5 t solu on n inin 2 rm ca es Nags Na30 ) . A ti co ta g3 6g s ° J er li r wou ld indicate 1 rm Na s e r u i n timetre . In p t e 0 00 g . 3 p c b c ce the former case the n umber of cu bic ce ntimet res o f dec inormal solu tion divided by 10 can be dedu cted at o nce from t he acid m 1 wh r h su l hi l min d ro e lo e d in test No . e e t e de is e i ate m p , by p f th i i Other ul hu r m u nds x l h te n d e a t est . s co ( e cept su p a ) ee u n f n h l - h not be take n acco t o i res b ac as . — 4. diu rid Neu tral f u rat l So m Chlo e. ise o the liqu or as acc e y

.as ossi le wit h nitric acid re erabl ad x l as man p b , f yby ding e act y y c u ic centimetres ofstande rpnitric acid r N e r lit re as b (63gms. O ) had m lo d in st N h ee n e 1 . B il i all H as n bee e p y te o . o t ll ug b e x elle d ﬁlte r roman su l hu r re ci ittl n eu t ral p , f y p p pitated , add a l e otassium hromate nd t it rate with ilv r lu i n descri e d p c , a s e so t o (as b pa s Each cu bic centimetre of decinormal silve r solu tion ' Inil N l A o 2 cates aC . s lu tion con taining A NO er litr s ws ‘ 1 rm l l r r g , p e o 0 00 g aC e cubic centimet e . ig p 1 16 — S ulp ha te Acidulate with a very slight e xcess ofHCl oil add arium chloride ﬁlter wash and i nite th , b , b , , , g e p re

ci itate d BaSO . Since the uantit is e r m ll i p , q v y s a , t can be washed with hot wate r on the ﬁlt e r itse whi f, ch is then placed in the moist state in a latinu m cruci le and i nit ach p b g ed. E p art of

Baso ,

Pre are an a e r sam le ofall h 6 . p v p batc es by pouringa certain quantity o ft he liqu or longingt o each batch int o a common vessel ; carbonate this assin CO throu h its ﬁlte r e va orate th by p g , g , p e ﬁlt dr ness and estim t e in th r d a e y , a e esi u e N Na SO t , anslla8

— C. TAN W ASTE VAT W A K ( STE. )

Ta e a lar e reall re resentative avera e sam 10 which should k g , y p g , rom r n d ofwhich m t t ected ai a 5 r s. s o ld w be kep ro f , 0g u be eighed h s Dr n ou t qu id/Ely and in t e moist tat e . yi in cont act with air r l chan e it s com osition gIcist n was wonI( I conside ab y g p . ta k te may withou t an reat e rror to contain 4 er n of be assu med, y g , 0 p ce t . m wa r D st the a ove 50 r s . waste with w r te . i b g ate ° h will ield of li uid . Ta o ut f o f 40 C w ic ke , or each = m ms o o t r 3 r . 0 d w is o r a . rms. t 0 . 5 s e test, 50 c . g g y — E a orate 500 . c. of l uor addin mu h 1 A lkalin ity . v p ( g so c em m onate that it can be sme llsiq to dr n h t till ll oniam carb y ess, ea a l dri e n off add wate r ﬁlte r an d it t l ammonia sa ts are v , , , t ra e the c ear liqu id with de cinormal hydrochloric acid ofwhich each cu bic ce nti ‘ m r in m n s 3 1 r . Na O o this case 2 r n etre i dicate 0 00 g , , 0 0 6 pe ce t . of

the moist waste .

inclusive o I nsolu ble Sodiu — m lt . 2 . Total Soda ( f Sa s) Heat 1 ' rms ' tank waste in a orce lain or iron dish with su l hu ric acid 7 7g . r p vit 1 5 till a has ee n decom osed and con r ofspeciﬁc gra y , b p ve ted iff te e va orate to dr ness heat till all ree su l hu ri into a st pas , p y , f p c n driven off add hot wate r scra e o ut the mass n d acid has be e , , p , a

nto c linder. Neu tralise an ree acid le t and p u t it i a y y f f , precipitat e an y magn e sia presen t b adding some p ure milk of lime (obt ain ed from ordinary slacke lime by po uring off the first hich ma co ntain some al ali fill 11 t o t he mar allow water, w y k ) , k, ta e ou t ofthe cle ar li u or a d of sat urat ed t o set tle , k q , mixt ur t hro u h a dr fil r te r our the e te ta e 500 . c . of baryta wa , p g y , k the filtrate reci itat e all ar ta assin throu h t he li uid , p p b y by p g q rli filt er and tI trat e the filtrate wit decinormal CO , and bo , , hydrochloric acqigEach cu bic centime tre oft his will indicate 0 1 waste ta in into acco unt i ul ofNa O in t he ts . p er ce nt . , , k g b k

r - m hu . Boil 2 s tal and O disable Su l r . ofthe waste W i 3 . To xi g th aci ﬁlt r was 1 with dilu te HCl n u ralise hydrochloric d, e , , e t the

t he J ou rnal o t he So i t o Chemical I nd u s r 1 2 R efer to f qe y f t y , 88 (p age as t o t he n ece ssity of this addition . ' m I This amou n t is correct , not 18 6gr s. as a calculation would see m t o u an a wan ce must be m e for t he bu show. be ca se llo lk of the in soluble ssel residu e in t he measuring ve s.

1 18

drop ofthe liqu id bybringingit to other on a orcelain slab with a i u So n a lu e colou r dro p o fa dilu te fe rrous su lphate so u t o . o gas b i r c n of Fe sO on more co e r s odu ced b the a t io , pp so u tio s d d t ill the t e st on t he sla t u rns n o more blu e or n i a e , b ra u d sh Now no more is resen t and the b t re di . p , ‘ ge go o n the sla now redu ces the ellow co e r e rric anide t o , b y pp f y red rro nid Th ﬁrst se nsi le reddenin mu st be ta en as fe cya e . e b g k m rdin t he ﬁnal reaction althou h it anishes a te r a short ti e . Acco , g v f g t o t heory each cubic cen timet re of the OOpp e r solution ou ght t o in i ° m bu t rec nt x erim n Chemische d cat 1 1 r . N Fe C e e e ts e 0 0 0 3g a, y , p ( ’ h ot h Too li tle I r 1 h wn t is n t o be t e case . t ndu st ie 882 . 79 have s o , p ) co e r solu tion is em lo d and e ach cu ic centimetre o fthis must pp ye , b

' t here or be u t e u to 123 rm. Na Fe C or still ett er the f e p q 0 0 g , y , , , b , i coppe r solution mus t be stan dardised bypure potassiu mferrocyan de .

ili Alu min a Ferric o de Parnell — u e urate 8 . S ca and xi . rsat , , ( ) S p of11 nor with H I oil add a lar e u antit ofammonium C , b , g q y chloride an ammonia x ess and oil t ill all smell of NH has in e c , b , w h d cease d The r i se ttles easil and can b ll as e . . ecip tate y, e we O n washingwrt h hot wat e r it tu rns intensely blu e (by the fo rmation of russian lue 1 on i nitin it lea es SiO Al an d Fe O . p b ) g g v , O , , , ,

A lar s m le of the li u or is carb nated a sin CO 9 . ge a p q o by s g , throu h it it is then ﬁlt ered e va orate d to dr n ss an the residu e g , , y e , t ested for availa le al ali Na SO and NaCl. b k , ,

— AT D E. CARBON E LIQUORS

B r Are tested in all res ects like D. ica bonate is estimate d by the ollowin method w ch is also a lica le t o testin h r n t f g , i pp b gt e bica bo a e of comme rce Pu t of ii u or or mor if n r n . ( e ecessa y) i to a as add of semin ormal ammonia ° rms NH fl k , (8 5 . g , e r lit re a solu te ] r ro m O and an exc ss of ri m rid , b f ee f C , ) e ba u chlo e p11 u to t he mar with cold wate r co r the as w ll llow t o p , k fl k e , a se t tle o u r throu h a dr filter ta e of the filtrate and , p g y , k , titrate wit h standard h drochloric acid o f which x i u s d y , s e . The ormu la 1 1 I — h n in dicat es t he m r f ( O x) t e illig ammes of CO , resent in t he li u r r nate Ifthe ammoni n x c l p q o as bica bo . a is ot e a t y se minormal the fi u re 1 1 mu st be re laced anot her co rres ndin , g by po g to th milli amm f r cu i c ntim re h e es o CO , pe c e e t of t e ammonia nd 1 f a 0mu st replaced bythe nu mbero cu bic centime tres ofammonia. re u ir d for n u t r i n r l H l In ord rt m e h e e al sing of o ma C . e o co par t e Cg re se nt as icar onate with the t otal CO a resh sam le of p b b , , f p the hqu or is tit rat ed with normal hydrochloric acid and me thyl oran the r n r m r The num er f u i ge at o di a y t e c atu rs . b o c b c cen timet re s u sed mu lti lied b 22 in ic tes t he milli mm of r , p y , a es CO , p esent as The latter item adde to the former yields the

2 0 1 19

F - T BLE . A S.

1 — PE I . S C FIC GR AVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM ° CA R BONA TE . A T 60

n n Pe rcentage by weight. 1 cu bic foot of solution co tai s

Na, CO, Na, CO 48 ash . t

T — ecial hx eriment s ha e shown th at the tables 1 and 2 OBSER V A ION . Sp p v u rac n ot merel t he erce n ta e of sol tions indicate with su fﬁcien t acc y . y g u o a of th resid ue 111 ord inar o f u re sodium carbonate , bu t als th t e y tankliquors. 1 1 Equivale n t to 3 . 120

F — ABLE . T S. — 2A SPECIFIC GR AVITIES OF CONCENTR ATED S OLUTIONS ° ° F S DI M CA R B NA TE A T S6 E . 30 C O O U O , ( . )

48 %ash .

122 — 3a INFLUENCE OF TEMPER A TURE ON THE SPECIFIC GRA V ITIES S LUTIONS S DI M CARB NATE OF O OF O U O .

. " 5 10

12 85 1 2 79 1 2 73 , 1 2 7!l 1 ° ﬁ 5 PM was 1 m 1 252 1 2 50 1 2 40 1 2 39

P240 P232 12 30 1 2 27 1 230 P221 1 2 19 12 16 12 13

T22O P218 1 ° 215 P210 1 2 18 1 °ﬁ ll P208 PM P201 I ’ lm 11 98 1 ° lw 1 1 92

1 1 98 P 193 F186 1 1 88 1 1 76 1 °17! 7 2 1 1 66

1 ° 156 P148 11 36

P140 P 136 P117 P118 P 107

11 08 l °lm 1 M

1 10! 1 1 00 1 1398 l °096 rose

1 0 86 113 2 2 1 15 8 rws 113 3 11151 10 56 1 0 46

1 0 23 1 0 07 1 0 13 10 11 1 0 08 1 00! 1 000 09 97 123

3 —I FL ENCE TEMPER A T RE N THE SPECIFIC . N U OF U O TI S I NS S D T GRA VI ES OF OLUT O OF O IUM CA R BONA E.

I ‘ m P260 P252 P247 1 243 1 2 56 1 ‘ 240 1 2 36 1 2 32 P248 12 45 P237 1 2 33 1 2 29 1 2 ”P222 P218 P215 P237 P M P220 P 217 10 13 P210 1 2 06 12 26 P223 12 16 1 0 13 P210 1 207 12 10

1 2 17 race P203 1 ° 191 1 2516 P192 P 191 P181 P182 1 168 P165 P152

P156 -46 P143

1 ° l33

10 97 1 094 10 96 10 93 10 90 1 0 87 10 98 10 95 10 92 10 89 10 86 1 0 83 7 1 0 92 10 89 1 0 86 10 80 1 0 77 1 0 7! 10 71 1 0 68 1 0 65 1 082 10 79 1 0 76 10 70 1 0 67 I ‘ M! 10 58 10 55

10 72 1 0 7 0 1058 1 055 1 052 1 049 1 0 46 1 0 62 10 60 10 5! 1 0 49 1 0 46 10 43 1 0 40 1 038 1 0 53 1051 10 48 1 0 45 1 0 43 10 40 1 0 37 1 0 32 10 29 1 0 4! 1 0 41 1 0 38 1 0 36 1 0 32 10 30 10 23 1 020 1 029 1 0 27 10 2! 1 0 21 1 0 19 10 16 10 14 10 11

1 0 24 1 0 22 1 0 19 10 15 10 10 110 3 1 0 14 10 12 1 0 09 1 0 07 1 0 05 1 0 02 10 00 0097 oses 1 0 02 00 99 0097 00 92 00 90 0087 00 85 0083 00 92 00 89 0987 00 85 0082 00 80 00 77 0075 00 73 124

— L DA - H G. ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIA SO AS . W hen merely the available alkali (alkalimet rical degree ) has to ° m d ol be ascertaine d it is con nient to wei h ou t i5 5 r s. to iss e , ve g g , v in a nd e for each t est in Ge rman with flask, a to tak ( y, m i s wi n ou t filte rin in En land sometime s wit h so et me thou t . I g; g , , ) t his case each cu bic ce n timet re of standard acid indicates j u st 2 e r n a The standard acid is normal p ce t . ofavailable lkali (Na, O) . h drochl n ' s H l er litre an d standard oric acid contai in 3 5 . C y , g 6 , s il r i e d bo th with pure sodiu m car nate anp with s ve nit rate . Re e r o x h indica r is either litmus in which case ( f t a pe ndr . ) T e to ( t he li n or has to be boiled for some t ime ) or more co nveniently me th - r n i ld li uors y o a ge (which is u sed w th co q ) . For l - h rms r dis a comp lete analysis of commercia soda as 50g . a e sol e d in warmwa r v te . 1 . The Insolu ble R esidue is filtered and washed, the filtrat e and washin s are dilu ted u t o 1 litre and the ollowin te sts are made g p , f g wit h thi s li u or q . 2 l rm Sodiu r r in e u a to l . . m Ca bonate is fou nd by tit at g ( q ) o f d am u n f h t so a ash with normal HCI dedu ctin t he o t o No . 3 . a , g ofNo 4 is alw a not i e of in this case . . ays t oo small to t ke c m l id r 3 . Sodiu m H im d ariu ch or e acco din ydrat e is est ate by b , g t o a e 1 1 p g 5 . 4 — or m of h ar titra with . S d u r d o iu m l hide 1 lto 5 s. as e te 0 . c . u a S p . 00 ( eq ) mm n ° m a onia l il t r n dix contain i 1 345 r s. ca s ver nit ra e ( re fe to appe ) , g 3 g

° A NO e r litr and indi i 5 rm. Na S e r cu ic centi g , e , cat ng 0 00 g , p b m tr mm n i and ru n in t he e e . eat the soda li n or to oilin add a o a b g, , 1 sil er solu tion ro m a u ret di ide d in 0 0 till n o urthe r v f te , v T3 , f la r i In order to o ser this b ck p ec pitate of A s is rodu ce d. b ve g, more accurate ly t he liquid is ﬁ te red t owards the end ofthe o pe ra t ion and th ti r o i i ne ssar This ﬁltration is e t ati n is cont nu ed f ce y . se e ral tim re t d E h u n timet re of sil er solu tion v es pea e . ac c bic ce v in dicates 0 1 er ce nt ofNa s in the al ali. p . , k — m h 5 . Sodiu mSu hi e u al to 5 r s soda as lp te Acidu late ( q g . ) with ace tic acid add tarch s u ti n and titrate withiodine till a lu e , s ol o , b colour h ws 0 rm a ears A decinormal iodin e so lu tion s o 0 0 063 . pp . ” Na SO 2 r n t The , 8 p er cu bic centime tre (in this case 01 6 pe ce ) . solu tions m ' rm iodine er lit re sho w entio ned on page 1 15 of3 256g s. p ° 1 rm 2 nt From his 0 00 615 Na in h r ce . t g . , CO , ( t is case 0 0 3 3 ) shou ld b d t No 4 e educted the amount corresp on ingto t es . ; ofthe silver solu tion can be p u t 0 u al to 1 ofthe decinormal or e u al to f h lu t n q o t e weaker i ne so io . — 6 . Sodiu m Su l hat e Acidulate of the li u or e u al t o p . q q m - l r . soda ash h h dr hl d reci itate with bariu m g ) wit y oc oric ac i , p p chloride as on a e 1 16 and wei h the BasO ofwhich 1 0 00 art , p g , g .“ p rs e ual t o 0 0 094 art Na q p S 4 . — - . i oda h 7 Sod u m Chlorid Ne ut ralise (e u al t o lgrm. s as ) e xac tl with nitric acid re era l ad in e xactl as man y , p f b y b g y y c u bic cen timetres normal nit ric acid flom a burett e as had be e n u sed in d m m n d t e t est No . l the n a d neu tral po tassiu chro ate a titra with decinormal sil n d Each ver itrate as describe on page 1 15 . c u ic c n im t r h ° e t e of t is sh rm. N l b e ows 0 00585g aC . — - 8 . [ ram N u tralise u al rms sod ash with su l e ( eq to 5g . a ) Dhu ric acid ree romiron r du z n r rom iron a f f , e ce by i c f ee f (p ge

1 26

E AN A ND ENGLIS H C MME R CIAL A L AL I FRENCH, G RM , O K — METR ICAL DEGR EES Continu e d .

R esi ( erman Ne v e rman Nevrr Soda gegre ss castge Soda gegress castle d e g ass ' de re es de rees. g . Na 0 Na CO g Na, 0 Na, CO , i , 1 27 — H CA STIC SODA . . U — 1 CA STIC LI R . . U QUO

(a) Test for available alkali and sodium carbonate (as described 5 n imation of CO whi h is r re l n a e 1 1 . A exact est e ce a p g , , c a y ss ry 111 this cas e cou ld be made ex ellin it with dilu t e ul , by p g s p hu rrc acid and a sor in it in soda lime a e , b b g (p g

( b) SPECIFIC GR A V ITIES OF SOL UTIONS OF SODIUM H YDRA TE ° (GO F .

rm t m G s b r u bic foo . Gr s. L L s. p e c 6 b. p e r cu bic foot . as: r

4 60% l tre . 48% 60% s cau stic E4 Na a . Na 0 as Na 0 . h . ca i N zo , . , 0 . , ss ust c .

41 42 43

1900

201 -7 207 0

2280

240 0

S 2510 57 S S S

8 3 3 2 3 8

S S S S S

: ur nw

8 3 83 8 6“ 1 28

V L TI NS A T E SPECIFIC GRA ITI S OF SO U O OF SODIUM HYDR . ° °o — — n tin u E F . 15 C. Co ed .

rms G m G . r s. Lb. p e r cu bic fo o t pe r

lit re .

a . asz. Nazo . N zo

?N E “‘ s S 3 . e Q 3 s 487 ° 6 S 3 a R $g

S 3 s Q 3 e Q 3 s S 3 s S 28 ‘ 97 3 a

( 0) INFLUENCE OF TEMPE RA TUR E ON THE SPECIF I C I TIES SO L TI NS A S DA GR AV OF U O OF C USTIC O .

l °3l7 1 °3l5 P313

P212

l °014

1 30

—FI H D 3 . S E SALTS.

Di lv m sso e 50 r s. in 1 litre ofwater and ta e 5 f l u f r g , k 0c. c . o iq or o h e ac test .

a A vailable A lkali is tested for h d ( ) wit normal hydrochloric aci .

Sodiu m — Chlorid e. Neu tralise with n itric acid re era l , p f b y run mn normal acid o ut of a urette an d r i h r g b , p oce e d also n o t e respec ts as described (page

Sodiu mSu l h — 0 a te. Add a sli ht e xcess of h drochloric id ( ) p g y ac , re ci itate with ariu m chlorid nd p p b e , a wei h the BaSO (pa e g 4 g

d Sodiu m Su l hite Thiosu l hate etc — Add n x of ( ) p , p , . a e cess leachin - o wder solut ion then h drochloric ac id till the r a ti n b gp , y , e c o is acid and a smell of chlorine is rodu ced 1 1 r , (page 7 ) p e cipitate with weigh the BaSO“an(pde du ct t he amou nt fou nd in te st

c . The re mainde r is calcu lat d as N ro m d l ( ) e aQ SO , f oxi isab e sul hu r m u d p co po n s.

4 —CAUSTIC B TT M . O O S .

° l i w t r an Disso e l O rms . n a e d ﬁlter Th washed r si v g , . e e du e is dried and i nit d an d ields g e , y

M r — Ii n ssa th iron con ined in th s a I nsolu ble atte s. ece r e ta e ( ) y, e is estimated b dissol in in con cen trated h dro chloric acid y v g y , redu cin with zinc addin man anou su l hate and tit ratin with g , g g s p , g rm n n s on a e 1 pe a ga at e a p g 08 .

(6) A vailable A lkali is estimate d in the aqu eou s solu tion s by n rmal h dr hloric acid o y oc .

( c) Sodiu m Carbonate is estimate d as in commercial soda ash ( page — MMER IAL AU TIC SODA . 5. CO C C S

Th m l r r u ll e n R e er t o a endi x . e sa p e must be ve y ca ef y tak . ( f pp ) The single pieces mu st be freed from the modiﬁe d ou tward cru st f u re su b b r n Dissol e 50 ms. o y sc api git offbefore weighir . v gr p stance m 1 litr fw t r and ti e sin le te sts with a i e tte . e o a e , g p p m th 2 e u al to l r . wi a A v i . ( ) a lable A lkali is tested in 0c. c ( q g ) n m l H l or a C .

ll n t he 0 0 (6) Sodiu m Carbonate mu st be estimat e d by expe i g 2 m 3 with dilu te sul hu ric acid and a sor in it in s da li e , 1 p , b b g o 3 l hat e is d escribed (page The pu mice satu rat ed wit h cu pric su p le t ou t h r The uan tit of CD e in so small an estimatio n f e e . q ,, b g , y r r sul s by difference yields u nsatis acto y e t .

c Th r Com arin E n lish French and German ( ) e Table fo p g g , , D egrees is given on page s 125 to 1 3 1

— 6 . SULPHUR RECOVERY .

a Soda W a t — ( ) s e. Test for available su lphu r (page — (b) Su lp hur L iquors Take single t ests with a pipet te holding as follows

° l . 2 . f li r 3 c c. o u or a dil nd itrat e u ted t o l c c . A dd starch a t e q OO . . with de cinormal iodine solu ti n ll h n m r u se d a o . Ca t e cu bic ce ti et es

2 . Decolou rise the solu tion o tained in 1 a dro of b t est No . by p sodiu m thiosu l hat solu tio n add li m r m hy l- ran e and p e ; t u s o et o g , t itrate with decinormal alk li of wh c h h u n timet res u sed a , i t e c bic ce is e u al t o q y .

° 3 . Add to 4 of su l hu r li r m te and a 6 c. c. p qu o some sodiu ace ta solu tio n ofzinc su l hate t ill all su l h d h s be n re ci it at ed as p , p i e a e p p

Zns dilu te to 20 r hr d i r t l . 0c . c . ou t ou h a dr ﬁlt er an t t a e OOc c ; , g y , . oft he ﬁltrate with st arc an d de cinorm din f whic h 2: cu ic al io e , o b cen timet re s are u sed 22:indicates h ul hu r r s n t in t he li u o r s . t e s p p e e q a t hiosu l hate in t erms of r mm r l f r 2 a p g a e s p e it re ( o C S , O , 2J CaS O h ° n m. CaJ e ce l c. c iodin e s lu tion is e u al t o 0 0064 r , , . o q g S) indicates the su lphu r prese n t as su l h drate in rammes e r tre for CaH S + 4J = CaJ S 25; an d 2K 2NaOI¥ = ( , , , , + + 2N J 2 h n ° 1 m a H l r . u O e e 1c c . iodine solu tio n i e u a t o 0 00 6 S b t c . s , ; q g ,

1 c. c. decinormal al aliis u al t 2 rm a: 2 z indicat s k e q o 0 0 03 g . S) e t he su l hu r r sent as su l hid es in r mm s er itre if their p p e p g a e , formula is assu med t o be e u al to CaS which an ces for ractical , , p u r os r in is e u l to es fo aJ 2 h n 1 c . 0 . iod e a p p ( Gas, + 2J , + S e ce q bu r l m is h h su l h te e u al to z t t he te m a: a so co pr e s t e t io p a q , and the su l hh dr t hich is u t u al to 2 ecau se it re u ires p y a e w p e q 31, b q twice a m i i r n l ali s any cu b c cen t met es ofiodi e than ofa k .

The total su l hur a art rom that resen t as sul hu ric acid is p , p f p p , o tained addin al hr e amou nts—t hat is 2z + te 2 z b by g l t e , + y g w z r in th + e x ressed in rammes er litre . A cco d t o e y , p g e u ation 2 =2 t h est ro ortion is ex actl 2 q , , S + SO , , 0 + 38 , e b p p y m l l N o w o e cu l s 1 molecu CaS O . e Cas, or 1 molecu le Cas, H , t o e , , 2 molecules l l H re u ire 4 at oms J whilst CaS , or 1 mo ecu e CaS , , q , 1 mole cu l m he n ce the est co m osition e CaS , O only re quire s 1 ato J b p o fa sul hur r h r cc = z If in re alit (13 5z t here p liqu o is t hat w e e 5 . y > , ill b in th li u or b acid and t he re w e an escape ofH S o n decompos g e q y , , l r z ax ramme s wil be rr n f su l hu vi . a co espondi gloss o p , , ( g , becau se both in the case of su lphide and of su lphydrate each atom If n h ot h r m l cule of H S . o t e e o fiodin e corresponds t o half a o e , , hand th n s a:< 5z t here is an e xces o ft hiosu l hate , e a alysis indicat e , p resen t and w ll a e on decom osition there will be the n a , SO i esc p p , , oss of u l h u al t o 5z x rammes e cau se 1 at m of s p u r e q ( ) g , b o l In either case t he re mainder iodine corresponds to 1 molec u e SO , . r may be te rmed recoverable su lphu .

— M DECOMPOSING SULPHUR C. \VASTE ACID FRO

LIQUORS .

- g Fr A i st ed with normal al ali and me h l oran e . If 1 . ee c d is te k t y H is r se n the re e HCl is indicated directl smce H does , S p e t , f y, , - l H is drive n off heat and n ot act u pon methyl orange ; or e se , S by K 2 1 32 the t s m d ard Bu t if as u su al S is in x e t is a e a terw s. O e cess h f , , , , t e al ali sho nd t o ethe r the l tt e r s k ws HCl a SO , g ; a is a ce rtaine d by d — t N du . t es 2 n u n i d ct e N. B. It n in d o . a d its q a t ty e ( is ot iffere n t in this case whether litmu s or methyl-oran are employed as in di o m cat rs in h rm r l c c . n or al a ali 1 mo le cu l ; t e fo e case . e SO , 0 4 rm = in h e on cas e l c . c. al l m l 0 6 . t s c d a i 2 o ul g e k ec e s SO ,

2 A n oth m le is d wi r . er sa p te ste th sta ch and de cino rmal iodin e t ill lu e . h in h as o fH n b Bot t e c e , S a d SO each cu bic ce nt ime tre ofthe iodin lu ti n indi e s ° m e so o cat 0 0016 r S. g .

- D. RECOVERED SULPHUR is test ed li e rimst one a e es eciall for moistu re an d a k b (p g p y shes.

—NITRIC AC ID MANUF 7 . ACT URE.

— NITRATE F A . O SODA .

° Mo t re —D l rms 1 . is u r O . in an air ath at 130 C y g b , till t he w i h n e g t is consta t . — Di lve l rms. in w r 2. I nsoluble. sso O ater filte wash an d i ni g , , , g te . Ifthere is a very appreciable qu an tity of or anic su bstan ce pre se n t , ° r and wei h t he filter wi the r i first d y at 100 C. g p ec pitate before in Th solution is use d for th t t N s 4 i nit it e e es s o to 6 . g g . .

— - Sodiu m Nitrate From a v er . well mixed fin l 3 . y , e y grou n d m le we i h in a n arrow wei hin -tu e a ou t ° 5 rm whi h sa p g b b 0 3 g . ( c is acilitated fillin it to a mar cor the t u e and we i h f y g k b , g . Pou r the con tent s into the nit ro me ter for saltpetre (describe d in the J ou rn al o the Societ o Chemical I ndustr 1882 a e f y f y , , p g takingcare t hat the su bstance ge ts as mu ch as possible u pon the u The thre e -wa co mus h v bottomofthe top c p . y ck t a e be e n made to mmu ni n ither a ove n or e low nor sidew R u i co cate e b , b , ays. n n ° r wait a minu te till the nitre is n l r a o ut . . wate ear o b 0 5c c , y qu ite dissolve s ir te the so lu tion into the measurin t u e d, a p a b by u tiousl nin the t a the le el tu e ein lowe r wash ca y ope g p , v b b g e t he ° wate r and ru n in l c . c n n ra m 5c. c. 5 c. o c t d c u with at ost 0 , e t e pu re hu id Start t he reaction as with the ordinar nitro m sulp ric ac . y ete r fi i h i orou s sha in The lev l u sh (page and n s it by v g k g. e t be o u ld be rou hl u t int o osition in orde r t o a oid an stron diffe re n g y p p , v y g ce s o f ressu r an d conse u en tl ossi le lea in ofthe ta an d w e , q y p b k g ait in N w u h l v at least hal an hou r fo r cool . o ad st t e e el efinitivel f g j y , by allowingone division ofme rcu ry in the level tu be for each 6} measu rin tu e R d ff h v lu m f di isions ofacid in the . ea o t e o e o s v g b ga , but convince yourself whe the r it is actu ally under atmospheric

The quantity ofnitrate e mp lo ed should be su ch that at th e e xistin g t e mp e rat u re an d p ressu re the N disengaged in the test is abo ve bu t n ot above

1 34

— I A I NITR C C D . C. — ° IFIC GR A IT OF NI R IC A CID AT 60 F . l . SPEC V Y T . m K l ’ Calcu late d fro o b s R e su lts.

Gramme s p e r litre .

ht . n s. P e rce n tage by we ig L b . p e r 100 gallo

H NO HNO , — ° l . SPECIFI RA F TR IC A CID A T 60 F . C G VITY O NI ,

’ — u ed Calculated fro m Kolb s R esu lts Contin .

P ercentage by weight .

HNO ,

1 38

— i h u mcar onate ree rom hl C rine. at u rate w t sodi ori 3 . hlo S b , f f c de , t ill h r ion is n eu tral or aintl al alin e and titrate with il t e eact f y k , s ver nitrate (according to page

u r — t lmost com letel with s iu Su l h ic A cid . Satu ra e a od m 4. p p y carbonat e and precipitate with bariu m chloride ( as on age If th acid on e va oratin lea es an a re ciable ﬁxe(Pre sidu e p g v y pp e , hi ll ns ts fs iu m su l hate t s u su a y co is o od p .

N itrous A cid r N itro en Tetroxide are estimated ru n 5 . o g by ning the acid from a bu rette into a measu red volu me of warm dilu t e potassiu mpermanganate (accordingt o page

Fix d R esidu onsistin chie of sodiu m sul hate with 6 . e e c , g ﬂy p , m a o ratin r a little erric oxide e tc . is esti at ed e t o d ness in f , , by v p g y

l r t d r m du t i n itin and wei hin . a p ace p ote c e f o s , g g g g

I r — r wit h e xcess ofammonia ﬁlte r w i h . P e ci itate e nd 7 on . p , , g , a ignit e the P3 2 0 3

r h r di i n w h l whi 8 . I odine i o ed a s o t est o it c ean zinc h s p v by g , c redu ce s iodic acid and gen e rates some n it rou s acid the latt er set s the iodin of the HJ re e and t his can n ow be re o nis d e f , c g e by sh kin u with car on bi-sul hide which there assu mes a in k f g p b p , by p co ou r.

— l mad wi h ni i N . B T s s No n d are on e t tri d . a 8 c ac s l e t s. 7 y o d as h mi ll c e ca y pu re .

— V MANUFACT URE. lll. POTAS H

—P HL R IDE M O . A . OTASSIU C

M tu re —H at l m raduall u o a red h n l o e r s. t eat a d l l . is Og g y p a ow l in a de siccat or t o coo . “ 2 P tassiu m a In the absen ce o P otassiu mSu l hate dissolv . o ( ) f e l m of t h ll-mixed sam le in a hal -lit e r ask fill u r s. e we t Og p f , p o h r ° h n r t 2 c . f t e filt at u al t m r l Pu c . o e e t o 4 r e a k a d fi t e . 0 ( q 0 gms . ) f l nu m chlo n r l in dish and add c. o a ati rid olu t n i to a o c a c. e s io p e 7 p ,

m Pt . in c Eva orat on a wat e r th n n in r 1 0 . . e a to a co tai g l Og . 00 p b s ru re u en t l a itatin so that most of the ree HCl is dri en y p, f q y g g, f v ool n W h n cool r ff d h m r dr on c i . e ou l o an t e ss a ea s Oc c. a pp y g , p . of r c n t s irits of wine o e r it t ritu rate well and our off 95 p e e . p v , p ° t h li u id thr u h ﬁlt e r re iou sl dried for an hou r at 1 15 e o a C . q g , p v y and wei hed ou r on some more s irits of win e rather less th g , p p ( an e ore t rit ur a ain ou r off the li u id and re e at t his n b f ) , at e , p q p o ce ' more now the alco 0 1 shou ld re main colou rle ss an d shou ld n ot give n re a tion or hlorine o the rwise the washin w u ld a a y c f c , g o h ve to r d d u l chloride of otassiu m and latin be e eate . The o e u m p b p p ,

Test s N o 2 an d 3 are e sse n tiall as d e scribe d b a . y y W e st nd Zu ck s hw l h m. 1 c e rd t in Ze it sch r. fur A na t . C e 881 a e 1 an d , y , , p g 85 357 . an d ap ro ed o t b P rofessor Frese niu s an d are re co n ise d as bin din p v y , g gfor bu y ers and selle rs at Stassfu rt. 1 39

which is now u re is washed on t o the filte r means of a wash p , by The fil r dri hal -an -hou r t bottle con taining alcohol. te is e d f a ° 1 1 -11 we i h d The t o tal u antit of alcohol em lo ed 0 5 an d g e . q y p y sh fl ch rt f K Pt l is e u al to 0521 d b t . c Ea a o C 0 3 e abou 50c . p , 6 q ZKCl

b I P tassiu m Su l hate — Small u ti ( ) n the p resence of o p . q an ties of t his ne e d n n ticed bu t in mix tu res containin mu ch of this o t be o , g salt it mu rt e d in t o K CI b means of ariu m hl r st be conve y b c o ide . Di s l h l -lit r s in u t s o m in a a e a a o 350c . c . or 4 e c. c. v 10 s. f fl k b 00 ° wat r h drochloric acid of 25 Twadd ll e and u . c . e heat a o t 25c y , t o boiling and add sufficie nt bariu m chloride t o pre cipitat e all the su hat e Th B l solu tion em lo ed shou ld be almost sat u rate d . e aC 2 p y , h anlpa li r f ho d cont ain 50c. c . a u e ou s drochlori a t e o it s ul q y c cid. W ith a little practice it is easy t o fix the point when nearly all the otassiu msu lphat e is decompose d ; a ve ry slight qu an tity remaining pas no n h r sult bu t an e xcess of BaCl wou ld i flu e nce on t e e , y , cau se an error If this wa of roceedin should see m t oo n u . y p g certain h u l h r acid mu st be estimated in the u su al wa , t e s p u ic r u m hl ri d 11 an d the calcu late d qu antity of ba i c o de a de d. Now ow s l t he as to the mar sh e u an d all t o ett e . A n e rror is fl k k , ak p cau s u ied the ariu m su l hate bu t th e d by the volu me occ p by b p , e latt er carries down a cert ain qu antity of potassiu m chloride more t han com n t h t rror so t hat the resu lt mu st be corre ct ed e sa in gt a e , accordin l The re ainder of the anal sis is carrie d gy ( se e be ow) . m y ou t as in te st N 2a s ecial care mu st be ta en to drive off all o . p k re e H0 ] in eva oratin which is n o t u it e eas when ma nesia f p g, q y g is r n h w ht of K PtCl ou nd is corre cted cal p ese t . T e eig Q , f by c u la in n of u l hat e rese nt t he ccm t h r ta . g from t e pe ce ge s p p , BaS l of B c c . we ca l sO v z . O a : l . “ i . g , ; th n h m of olu is u antity In reality we have ot ad 500 cc . s t ion u t 5 a But ex e rie nce shows that a c . c. ofBaso carr , 00 . p , y d 2 o lu i n d n in a . c s t o h n own as m I on i e c . e c u ch K C , as was c ta ; e t he result is t oo lo w and mu st be multiplie d by 500 —a 500 2a

in orde r to indicate the real e rce nta e . For instance if the p g , s l t K O l o of 1 t will urnish a t con ains 70 p er cen t . Q S ” g f “ = ' l the wei ht of c . c . BasO he nce a 2 1 conse u en t 4 , q y g fou nd has t o be mu tliplie d with 500 2 -1 500 —4 -2

If Na SO occu rs in an salt it is of cou rse e u all necess r o Q 4 y , , q y a y t calculat h n e t e Ba correspon di gt o it .

—P M OTA SIU L HA E. B. S SU P T

Estimate

1 I r in t 1 2 . K C acco d g o 0 .

2 Fr r 1 3 . . ee SO4H2 acco gp 0

Fe ac ordin 1 . 3 . c g 00 s in h f diu m su l h 4 In solu l a8 e tc . ust a t e case o so ate . . b e , C j p 140

If a com lete e stimation of otassiu m is neede d e m lo the p p , p y rocess descri e d on the roce edin p b p gpage .

LIMESTONE (Re fer to p MIXING COAL (R efer to p BLACK -ASH (R e fe r to p TANK -W ASTE (Re fe r to p TANK -L IQUOR (Refe r to p CAR BONATED - LIQUOR (Refe r t o p COMMERCIAL CAR BONATE or POTASH .

1 A vailabl A i mal . e lkal is titrated with n or h drochloric id y ac , on 1 4 as p 2 .

2. Total P otassiu m is estimate d accordin t o 140 so t hat ll g p , a su hate is con r d h o f c o r m e te in to c l ride . O rse o the ﬁrst more v u , f nylprchloric mu st be employe d in o rder t o decompo se the car aonate .

h ori m l r lu tio 1 2 3 . C l de e sti ated si e so n . , by v , p 0 l m 1 4 . Su hate esti at ed as BaSO 8 . p , 4, p

I nsolu b 5 . le as on 124. , p

i i h lt wi h h hlori cid e a orate S l cat . u r t e s t dr c a 6 . e Sat ate a y oc , v p t o dr n ess moiste n with HCI e a orat e a ain dissol e in dilu te y , , v p g , v H I ﬁl r w h r n l i This t est is onl te s and s o n ite t e i . C , , a t gy g h S Oz y e xce tion all made and the otassiu m silicate is calcu lated , p r wi h r t oge t e t t e ca bonat e . — Calcu i o the A nal ses . Calcu late 7 . lat on f y

h diff r n e tw n th t otal otas iu m a K CO 3 fromt e e e ce b e e e p s ( ) , h n d u rr s ondin t o t e Cl a S o nd. an d that co e p g O , f

h i f n e w en th t otal availa le ( b) Na CO a from t e d f ere ce b t e e b Q

h K u t calculat cd. alkali and t e , CO a j s ( 0 ) K C] and

as a ove . (d) K SO 4 b ( e) W ater and

n a s ecial t est . Insoluble respectively iro , by p (f) ,

1 42

—INF 9. LUENCE OF TEMPERA TUR E ON THE SPECIFIC GR A ITIES O F SOL TIONS OF P OTA SSI M CAR BONA TE V U U .

P574 PS7I P575 P573 P570

P 5I4

P490

P 470 P456 P450

P4I2

P378 P376 P374

1-3 16 P314 P 293 P286 P 283 P278 P 276 P273

P 243 P244 P240

P2I6 P 2I4 P 2I2 P 210

P076 P073

P049 P 047 P 046

P O3O 1 0 15 P 014 P012 — 9. INFLUENCE OF TEMPER ATURE ON THE SPECIFIC GRA ITI ES OF S L TI NS OF P TA S V O U O O SIUM CA R BONA TE .

P345

P 260

P218 144 — lX. AMM NIA MAN F O U AC T URE. — A . GA LI S QUOR .

This liqu or gene rally contains t he ammonia princi al] in the stat e of car onat e and sul hide which can be drive n b b p , p0 3 mere withou t em lo in lime or al ali and whi h p y g k , c are in icat ed ime trical t estin volatile ammon ia l . Ther g( ) e is, howe ve r , a certain qu antity o fammonia resent in the stat e of salt s n ot sen si l volatilizin b mere boi in and not i di b y g, n cate d by h ngr acid Th a simple te stin wit sta a . ese re the chloride su l ho , c anide 8 hits thiosu l hate su l hat e rr n y , , p , p , fe ocya ide med l n m i ammon ia . No other sa ts e ed be ent on h r ) ed e e .

For t echnical purposes it is su fﬁcien t t o make the following t est s

—Dilut - il mmonia. e 20ccm. of l 1 . Volat e A as i u or with 1 m g q 00cc . w r d ofnormalh droc hloric ci i at e ad 30ccm. a d and oil t ll l , y , b al 0 0 2 d et ritr te with mi- an E !S is e x e lled . R a se normal al ali em lo , p k , p y in t h r n n tors Ift he li u or m h l g e o di ary i dica . q is too u c co ou re d t o recive the ch n e ofthe indicato r dilu t e it with wa r r m l a , te o e p oy itm roc ss alwa s admit s ofmu ch reat r u s pape r. is p e y g e accu rac h n or d re ct l with sta d rd c y t a titratingthe liqu i y n a a id. Each ' 1 H c m f h ds t o 0 . N or to r c . o t e l t r corr on 0 0 85 a ts at e es 7g 3, 0 p NH we i h i v of as li u or or t o 0 4 216 ou n ce s of 3 by g t n 100 0 s. g q ; n t H er ll n f ectiﬁed oil of vit riol (at 93 p e r ce . 2) p ga o o gas { i u q or.

— 2 . Total Ammonia Pu t 2 m - 0cc . of as liqu or with abo ut as g , mu ch wat e r , In to the as A ﬁ 10 and ch r ﬂ k , a ge the receive rs B and C wrth 3 m 0cc . of n ormal by rochloric acid previously dilu t ed

146 — . TABLE C S .

— ° 1 ECIFIC GR A ITIES OF LI R AMMONIIE . AT 14 C . |. SP V QUO

(Carius. ) 147

—TABL C. E S.

— ' 1 SPECIFIC GR A ITIES OF LI U R A MMONIJE A T lt C. . V Q O , — ’ (Carius. ) Cont in u ed .

0 9781

09 347 148

S PE IFIC GR A ITIE S OF S L TI NS 2. C V O U O OF COMMER CIAL A MM NI M CAR B NA TE A T 15°O O U O . .

S c Gra it p e . v y at

00002

0 0002

0 0004

00004

00005

0 0005

00 005

00 006

0 0006

00007

0 0007

1 50 cen timete rs on the bu rette we substit u te exactly the same n umbe r ofd m e ce s.

It will also be u seful to remember that rams r li g . p e te r grains p er 1000 grains o u nces e r 1 0 o u n p 00 ces. r ms r l a . e ite r : 16 ou r f g p nces p e cu b. eet ( approximately ). lbs r u b e c . o t . p f o x r m r l 70 a es. e iter e r r g p p g ains. ams p e r gallon ilo r ms. er u m r a c b. et e bs er 1 lb k g p . p 000 s.

l . bs er 16 cu b. e t p b f e . ilo r m m g a s e r cu b. e te r k p l bs r cu b. oot . pe f .

1 6 x ub m c . eters p er et r lbs. cub. fe p e kilogram

M A ID AND A L ALI. 1 . NOR AL C K

As fou ndation of Alkalimetry an d A cidimet ry we employ chemicall u re sodiu m carb nate This is t e st ed for u rit b y p o . p y y ol in wate r which ou ht t o ield a com let e l cl diss in 5 . ear v g g , g y p y , colo u rless solution if a t e r su e rsatu ratin this solu tion wi h ; , f p g t nitric cid no o alescence is c u se d ariu chlorid or sil a , p a by b m e , ver l ma i n l r nit rat e t he sa t be t a en as su fﬁc e t u e . Be ore u sin , y k y p f g it the sodiu m car onate mu st be i nite d in latinu m cru ci le , b g a p b t leas for t e n minu t es so far that t he t om of the cru ci l a t , bo t b e be comes red-hot bu t that n o frittin t a es lace the cru ci le is , k p ; b allowed t o cool in the exsiccator an ou t of It several portions of we i h d r tl h r r v a ou t 1 or 2 . each are e di e c one a te r n ot e t o se e for b g g y f a , n dardizin the n ormal a id The alance ou ht t o t u rn at least st a g c . b g m li r m with 0 5 il g a .

A s normal acid we re er h dro -chloric acid which has the , p f y , — ollo win ad an ta es o e r su l hu ric an d oxalic acid viz 1 st. it f g v g v p , o r l ls f r l l r hs 2n . t s is or ne rall a ica le e . a o in a t d i m e e . o a a e e y pp b , 9 k st ndar ﬁrst t a e n ure sodiu m ar onat e can be most a k by p c b , ccurat el chec e d silver nit ra e far mor ccu rat el than t hat a y k by t , e a y of su l hu ric acid ariu m chlorid rd it does n ot chan e in p by b e 3 . g i l x t he cou rse oft me ike o alic acid .

N ormal HCl is re are d s ollow Dilu te u re h dro -chloric p p a f s. p y ° 1 r v w u n a id will be ra he r cid t o 20 s cc. a it 4 T S ch a c a 0 g y ( . ) t t o o stron Fi a bu re tt e with this acid and t it rate with it one of w i d s m l f d u r n s en of a o e the the e g e a p es o so i m ca bo ate pok b v , m m oft his acid had i hi i u ose t hat x cc . we ght ofw ch s w ra s. S pp n c n u m d t acid is sur t b t oo str n x will alwa s be e o s e . A s e e o e o g, y

v r x u be smaller than an d we shall have t o add to e e y c b,

W cen t . of the mud x. cub. cent . of water, and if the tota 1 51

n v m u r s u u a tit of acid of s e c. ra it 1 0 20 e as e V c b. ce nt the q y p g y, a mou n t of wat e r t o be adde d t he ret o t o re nder it correc t will w be u cu b n im r wh r n = . ce t ete s e e V , (W K

Ifaccu rat e n ormal al ali is on han d it ma be e m lo ed a k , . y p y by com letel nalo ou s ro cess for e xaminin t he ro visional acid p y a g p g p , re du cin i h l r n th g t t o t e n orma st e g . I n an y case the mixed n ormal acid mu st be che cke d by titrating n ew sam les of s diu m c ar onate when a: ou ht t o p o b , g further check is afforded by estimating the chlorin e b silve r nit ra m = ' H l ou h t o ield 1 °4 t e 10cc . ( o 365g C ) g t y 35gAgC The ordinary indicator-in alkalimet ry an d acidimetry is tinct u re o flitmu s W t h mu st be ke t in o e n e ssels t o a oid it s in , p v , v be g s W h n m l in htmu s t he li u id t b d m be oiled. e e o o e t e st e ust p p y g , q e t oilin for some t i me in o rder t o e x el all 0 0 an d k p b g , p 2 ; n o rmal acid mu st be adde d as longas on fu rthe r boiling t he colou r c h n l l A t wi h litmu s a e s ac rom re d t o u r e or u e . t es t g b k f p p , b r l l t l h hal -a -h r u u ll mo r n h o th r are as s ess t an n ou s a e . O t e e y f , han d a t est is ﬁn ishe d in a fe w minu t e s i lit mu s is re lace d a , , p by ve r dilu te solu tio n ofme thyl-oran ge (sulphoben zen e -azo -dime th l an iyin e bu t n this case t he li u ds mu s n e e r be hot but oftyl e ) i q i t v , o rdin ar t e m ra u re an d n on bu min ral a ids bu t n o o xalic y pe t , e t e c , d Th cold s lu tion of odiu m car onat e is acid ma be e mploye . e o s b c olou re ju st pe rcep tibly yellow by addin g a drop or t wo of t he ‘ solu tio n of me th l-oran e re e ra l means of a i e t te if y g , p f b y by p p ; t he colou r is t o o int e n se , it will cau se t he t ransition int o red o n n eu r l a i n be l ss shar 0 do e s n ot in the le ast ac t a iz t o t o e p . 0 2 t u on me th l-oran e onl whe n all Na O has een de com ose d p y g ; y ; C 3 b p , an d a min imal e xc ess of H l is re se n t t he ello w chan e s C p , y g su dde n l a d shar l in to in He nce the rul e is t o run in t he y n p y p k . n o rmal acid qu ickly with con stant agitation t ill the chan ge o f n l h o h f c olou r ro m in colou r has t ake p ace . T e pp o sit e c an ge o f p k t o fain t yellow is j u st as sharp whe n tit rating min e ral acids with h dr te o r car on t The re su lts are ide ntical with sodiu m y a b a e . t hos o in e d litmu s bu t the are o t ain e d e r mu ch more e bta by , y b v y d withou t h atin t h li u id H aff ts meth l u i l an e e s. S ec q ck y, g q , y o r n s little as 0 0 whe nce that indicator can be e m lo e d for a ge a 2, p y r l t r tin t an li u or n d t h li In som cases me th l di e ct y ti a g k a e ke . e y r n o e a ls t o ield oo re sults rom cau ses n o t e t asce rt ain e d o a f i y g , f y , h mn e t stin bu t i n m lo e d in n arl all oth r e . . m c i e t ca be e e e g y g, p y y case s. Some laboratories pre pare the ir standard acid twice as strong as t he o e which n at u rall affe cts all the calcu lation s i en in t his ab v , y gv oo The o ect of this is t o show t he chan e o f colo u r more b k . bj g cl rl than with normal acid bu t t his is hardl n e cessar for e a y , y y - me thyl orange . l alk i n d t u d with litmu sho uld The n orma al , when int e ed o be se s, ossi l rom car on at e an d shou ld be co nst an t l be as fre e as p b e f b , y inst a or ion o f 0 0 rom t he air e cau se o the r protecte d aga bs pt 2 f , b wise the change of colou r does n o t t ake place su fficie ntly rapid 1 52

n m rke d in d li u r A lu f a d a col q o s. so tion o sodiu m hydrat e e n tirely fre e from carbonate is difﬁcu lt t o prep are an d t o prese rve whe n In const n t u s W hen e m lo n me th l-o r n a n a e . p yi g y a ge s a indicator an ordin ar caust ic soda o lu t ion ma m lo d , y s y be e ye withou t an s e cial recau tio ns or it ma e e n be re lace a y p p , y v p by solu ion of 53 u re sodium car on a in I lit wa r whi h is t te . te c g p b , e m lo e d cold an d which ields as accu rate re su lt s as NaOH p y , , n o not ice e in t a en of t e n h ff r b g k 0 0 2 e scapi g wit e e vescence . The e ne ral u se ofthis li u id is ho we e r incon en ie n t on accou n t g q , v , v

o ft he e ﬂlorescence s on the u re tte s ottle n e c s e tc. b , b k , All stan dard liqu ors ou ght t o be pre pare d an d em loyed as ° n ear] as ossi l at the m m r r 1 O I? co rre c e sa e t e e atu e e . . 5 a p b p g . t ion e n e cessar t he ta le of the olu m s of wat r t diffe r n t y , b v e e a e t m fﬁ i tl c r ll r l e ra u res No . 22 4 s u i a e t . 3 i s c e n ac u rat e fo a act c p ( , p ) y p u r os s fo r these dilu te li u ids as w ll W hen t he ha e stood p p e , q e . v for some ime in ottles a little wate r is e va ora an d r con t b , p te e d ensed in t he 11 pe r art of the bottles ; t he proper mix t u re mu st th n b r - a ish ha in u h con te n t e e e e st b e by s k g p t e s.

- Semi normal ammon ia serves for e stimating the 0 0 2 ofbicarbo n bu t it can also be e m lo e d for e n eral al alim tr at es (p . p g k e ical ra u re li u or ammoni f p urposes in lie u ofsodiu m hyd te . q as o com me rce which doe s n ot rodu ce an o ale sce nce o n addin ariu m , p y p g b c hloride is dilu te d t o s eciﬁc ravit it is the n t e st e d with , p g y n ormal and dilu te d so far t hat it agree s wit h semi-n o rmal r l r I k NH e it e . t e e s u n ha acid he n i contains 8 5oo . c n ed , w t , g 3 p g m in w ll-st o ere d ottle s bu t mu st e re u e n l for some ti e e pp b , f q t y Decin rmal ammon ia ee s almost n c he cke d by t it rating. o k p co stan t - r d tle s in t ightly sto ppe e bot .

T I M PERMA NGANATE P ASS U . 2. O

- l l is s mi n orm i e . i r so u tion e a . t iel The ordina y , , y ds “ f r im in r s . o t i r It se e e . e st a n t ou id x e r ccm. s ac i o yg n e v . g , g n v it riol o r t e stin the nit ro e n acids in the cham e r e xit s fo r , g g b , d n n ane se ore fo r t estin W e ldon mu e tc . t esti gma g , g , Sin ce iron on ly occu rs in v e ry slight u an tity in the produ cts o f u re it is est e stimat e b means of a t e nth o r alkali man u fact , b y t we n tie th n o rmal solu tion made from t he se mi-n ormal solu tio n by ' 2 F . m dilu tion an d indicatin res . 0 00 8 c . e co . , g p g p

dissol in u re cr stallised otas The solu tion is made by v g , y p siu m n v nate an d is t hen com le te stable if rot ect e d ro m p erma a , p y , f li ht Still it s t itre mu st be c e cke d in d ust an direct su n . an g , “ ”y ll h more as the article sold as c he micall u re is c ase ; a t e , y p r n salt Of a solu te l u re r u su ally n o t fre e fro m fo e ig s. b y p pe man ° 2 e r lite r wo u ld be re u ire d f gan at e a qu an t ity o f 15 8 0g. p q o r a - o n This u an tit is disso l e d for t he ﬁrst m se mi n rmal olu ti . ti o s q y v e , t he che ck -t e st t o be de scribe d n ow shows how mu ch more salt mu st b t he so lu tion u to the stan dard and hi e added t o brin g p , t s in dicat e s the pro pe r qu an tity fo r fu t u re pre parations oft est liqu o r n an t from t he same st o ck ofsolid pe rma g a e .

154

ti —Grind u 3 ot to-st rch Preparation of the Starch Solu on . p g a a with a little wate r t o a ho moge ne o us aste ; in t rod uce t is gradually w t r con tains(pin a orce lain dish and co n into 300 of bo iling a e , p , almost clear li u id has e e n rodu ce d t inu c t to boilin t ill an b p . l t all e a er ou r t e clear ortion throu h A lo w this to se t t e in a b k , p p g mo s lt This o wh n with om n a . s lu tion e a ﬁlte r, and sat u rate it c , c is sta le fo r some time as soo n as fun us kept in a cool pla e , b ; g w w i t it is thro n a a . v e stations are noticed n i , y cry convenient is the soluble starch made by the proce ss of l o sk he s tia 10 arts of co ncentrated l ce rme with 6 Zu k w y , by 0 p gy ° ts o c for a ou t an hou r cu rin in to wat e r and par fstar h t o 190 b , t rch with alcoho nd filt rin Thi is re cipitating the soluble s a a e g. s pa t in he stat e o fa thic aste not t o be allowed t o dr and p t k p , y , l it is ta e n ou t means ofa lass rod each time a smal quant y k by g .

— U ARSENITE SOLUTION. 4. SODI M

This serves for standardizin the iodine solu tion and as its g , vol me l s eciall in bleachin - owde r t e stin u trica compleme nt e p y p g. Emplo y co mme rcial ure po wdered arseniou s aci t est it s p urit y b su limin li t rom a small ca sule int o a wat ch- lass y b g a t e f p g , whe n t he re ou ght not t o appear at first a yellow sublimat e o f ASgSs (which volat ilises more e asily than A s20 3 ) ; on heating more s o l o r u e Be ore u sin i h t r ngy it sh u ld leave n o esid . f g t t e l o wde r of An ;, is kept for some time over su p hu ric acid in a pesiccato nd ca the n be w h d o u without an s e ial re r, a n eig e t y p c c u tio ns i e is o o o i l For re arin ci a s nc it n t h r sc ca . a e , yg p g o o ' A s 0 o i it W n rmal s lution we igh ou t e xac tly 4 950g 2 3 , Ith l ogo f u re sodiu m icar onate an d 2 wate r t ill com le tel dissol e d p b b 00g p y v , add ano ther l ic r o na d dil t o n coolin t o ccm og b a b t e an u e g . This solu tio n is alto e ther st l nd e u ivalent with 0 g ab e , a q 0 0355 0 1 o r '012 1 e r cc m 0 7g. p . It re all u re and dr arse niou s acid has een e m lo ed the y p y b p y , above solu io will b co rre c t n Bu t when re arin lar er t n e at o ce . p p g g it ie o ndin u ° uant s fit i o u ht o b h c d ri 5 . iodin e q , t g t e c e ke by g g p 0 g with ' l R heatin r this mix u re in a small ca su le on a sand o g. I. , t p ath o r u on sbe os o rd ll un dant a o urs arise co e rin b p a st a ti ab v p , v g with a dr watch- lass llowin the ma or ortion bu t not the y g , a g j p , whole oft h iodin o s l in o h watch- lass co erin his , e e t u b ime t t e g , v g t with a second wa ch lass which fits air-ti ht u on the orme r t g p f , w - and has bee n tared wit it and we i hin . Sli the atch lasses , g g p g ol o o o ss rom od into a s u ti n f l . f ota iu miodide re e t i at e in l . g (f ) , og e w l w m wat r, ait a little till t e iodine is dissolved, di u t e it h lOOcc . t te w W h n t he colour is nl a li h wa e r and titra ith arsenit e . e o y t llow ad li l s -s l n d itr ex l ill he ye , d a t t e tarch o u tio an t at e act y t t b u e o o has v s f m mu lti c l ur ust ni h d The ccm. o arsenite consu e d j a e . d, plie l w h of od l 12 ou ht t o b xact t h ei t i ine m d. by 0 0 7, g e e y e g e p oye

— 5. SILVER SOLUTION.

ou e xactl 1 . of u re cr stallized silver nitrat e t y 7 0 og p y , p re ferabl k in desi to r for a fe w hou rs and dissolv n 1 litre y ept a cca , e i . 1 55

This i lds a d i-normal solu tion indica in r cm y e ec , t g p e c . ' ° Na l l CL o r H L or 585 . . B iss vin , 0 00365g. O , 0 00 g C d o g

' A N0 in 1 lite r a solu tion is o tained indi tin 1 NaCl. g 3 , , b , ca g0 00 g

p er ccm. ’ A mm i silver solu tion for Lest ell m l alin on acal , e s e sti ation of a k e

° sul hides is o taine d dissolvin 1 3 345 . of u re silver in u re p , b by g g p p m li a mo t n it din c . u or m 1 l ric acid ad 250c niae and dilu tin t o i . , q g m d s ' N Eac h cc f in cate 0 0 5 . a . o this i 0 g , s.

— PPER S L 6 . CO O UTION,

’ ° for Hurte r s erroc anide test is o tain ed b dissolvin 12 4 5 . f y , b g 7 g

u r r llis d fﬂor s d cu ri ul l w t e r. e c sta e not e c c s t in 1 it . a p y , e e , p p a e, Re er t o ( f p .

— ALI A ID 7. OX C C SOLUTION,

fort est in the ase ofW eldon mu d and cau s ic so or limc in g b , t da r s n fcar onat e 1 10 an d i ° u r t he e e ce o . D ssolve 63 0 . e p b (pp g , fﬂore s d cr st allized o xalic id n w r an d ck n ot e ce ac i I lit . at e c e , y , d w h normal al ali Th so l the stan dar it . is lu tion is not uite sta e k q b , e s e cially when expose d t o daylight ; n or can it be e mplo ve d for lpalime tr when u sin me t h l-o ran e as n indi r a y, g y g a cato .

B —RULES FO R AMPLIN . S G .

n M n r r m n 1 . Ores a d i als ites a l l a anes sa t . . e (py , g e , coa s, ) ( ) l alt th r b r S malls s ack s or o e su stances n ot e u irin to be crushed . , , q g l u f e ach w i h n h li e Ta e a sam e ofa o t 11h. o e i tu b cart o r t e k p b g g , , k , b me ns ofa scoo so as to o btain a o t h m u n t it e ach y a p , b u t e sa e q a y i Ofrailwa t ruc s which are ti d dir l in to the ware t me . e ct y k , pp e y hou se ta e t hree sam les o ne ro m t he middle and o ne ro m e ac h “, k p , f f e nd All these sin le sam les are u t in a cas an d e t co ered . g p k k p v , r en t h a o ration o moistu re \Vhen the lar e sam le is t o p e v t e e v p . g p t a e n em t the cont ents of t he cas on a l el cle an and hard k , p k e v , , lac s r u it flat he a it u in a con e at t he cen tre b oin p e , p e , p p y g g re u lar] ro und with a s ade s read this hea a ain flat an d ta e g p ; p p g , k sam e of a ou t a u art e r of the mass t in o u t with a a p b q , by ak g s ade t wo stri e s crossin each other at ri ht an les and addin a p p g g g , g li tle rom the cen tre o f each remain in u ad n Treat t his t f g q ra t . red uced sam le exactl li e the lar er o ne so that a third sam ls p y k , g h l in . Mix t is n fi o f a o u t 5 bs. is o ta ed a ain t h rou hl a d it b b g o g y, ° into o u r or more wide -n ec e d o tt les of4 ou nces ca t laced f ( ) k b y , p t i ht row on a sheet of a e r so that a ortion 0 e ach han dfu l in a g p p , p r f t he ou r bo tt l s IVh n h s are ull t he ets in to ve one o e . e t e e g e y f f , y are at on ce closed with t ight -fi ttingcorks ; these are c u t o ffstraight

A t so me facto ries ve ry u nsatisfactory results have bee n o btain e d wit h r n in this mod e of sam lin t h e re fe r th at d es cribe d lat e o ( b) , o f takin g p g ; y p m a certain n umbe r of e ntire t u bs, barro ws, o r carts as sa p le . 1 56 a o ve the ottle nec s and well co ere d with s in wax u t tin b b k v eal g , p g o b o rn n t he seals of th buyer and selle r o r any o ther party co nce ed . The m x n and fillin mu on i l ossi le in i i g g st be d e as qu ck y as p b , o rde r to reve nt t he e a o ration o r e lse -t he r n of se nsi le p v p , att actio b uanti i ofmoist ur du rin th o ration q t es e g e pe . The above -me n tioned sample bo t tle s are hande d o ve r t o t he la orato r chemist who has to u l e rize their conte nt till t he ass b y , p v s yp com letel thro u h a si ve wi th ho les 1mm z wide p y g e . ( ; nothin mu st l Fro m thi a te r t ho ro u h course be e t e hind . s g f b , f g mixin sm ll r sam l i n the de re e o f g, a a e p e s take n a d red u ced to g division necessar fo r anal sis rindin in a ste el o r a ate y y , by g g g

mortar in t he c of so t r u s i lain mo rtar. , ase f e s b tanc es n a p orce Man l sh ul i Moisture ganese samp es o d not be tre ate d n iro n mort ars. est im t in an un ro un d o o n fth sa l a ed g p rti o e m e . b 0 m in r n sam les ta e n ( ) . p ie ces re t i i g to be m ashed e p k s b If the mu t e all the lar e r r r are the lu m s o ft he o re . g , 0 coa s e p ieces are not abo ve the size ofan a le and no t to o u n e u al it is p pp , q , sufﬁci o s l u b e t in a bu t with a ent t take a am e rom eac h t c . as p f , ( ) , abo v ) r s oo ho l in 1 l In t he of lar e r lu m s e o c d a u bs. case p g bo t 0 g p , n d of v er u n ual sit f ra le t t i e ac h te n th o r a y eq es, it is pre e b o p t we tie th t ub or cart into a se arate lace where t he whole av era e n p p , g u l is oll ct d t all v n t s the ro o rtio n be t ween the lar e w p e c e e . A e e p p g and small mu st be re prese nte d as acc u rate ly as sible in t he avera e m le This is now ru shed do wn t o he siz e o f a waln u t g a p . c t , e ither by hand o r cru she d material

- a ain n il all has asse d slim in. The g , p g N E u p by m t o uan i t y or 2 o r EN E ts re d ce d as in mu : e c. t a [ u , q t w - l i o r su me d abo . i atc h h l w n are na sa. as u t l n , fr m t e a wn a s . p e

1 58

— M PAR IS N o r TH E H DR METER DEGR EES A CC RD C . CO O Y O O ’ A E D W ADDELL W ITH THE SPE IFIC I NG TO B UM AN T . C

GR AVITIES .

— ° 4 B. T au N . he B me degre e s are calculate d by the formula d , 11231 ° wate r o f15 n = ° ° C. be i g p u t 0 and su lp h u ric acid of 1 8 42 at 15 ’ com are Lu e s S ul hu ric A cid an d A ali p p lk , vol. L , p . 20. This is t he onl rationpif Bau m ' y e s hydrome te r. 1 59 " — ( L C OMPA R ISON OF TH E HYDR OMETER DEGR EES ACCORD ING To BA ME A ND T W A DDELL W ITH T E U . H SPE CIFIC G RA ITIE S—C nt i d V o n u e .

162

— — D. VALUE OF ALKALI PER TON Contin u ed .

p e r u nit.

Pence 8 a d

r d a r ble for To ﬁn d the valu e o f inte me i t e st e n gths n ot given in the ta . — ﬁn for instan ce 362, at If. p e r u nit , d 307. £3 5 7 th en for 6% 0 13 l

Th e sumgive s valu e p er t on of36% V — ALUE OF ALKALI PER TON Con tin ued .

p e r u nit .

P e n ce .

s 9 0 0 9 6 e

h 9 5 7i 9 12 c t 9 11 3 9 18 a 9 16 10} 10 4 w

10 2 6 10 10 0 10 8 1} 10 15 10 10 13 9 11 1 8 10 19 4; 11 7 6 1 1 5 0 1 1 13 4

rm a stre n not i e n the t able for To ﬁ n d the valu e of int e edi te gt hs v in , — n for £3 g instance 362 at If, p er unit , ﬁ d 30K 7 th e n for 0 13 1

The su mgives valu e p e r t on of36K £3 18 9 E R R A T A .

1 for Ta les read Part. Page 7 , b

i Anemome Ta le ﬁrst column 76 , n ter b , ,

‘ ' 001 instead of 010.

. u to etc , p 0 90.

° ° 79, line 29 , for 6 C. read t C.

8, 80

” dilu tingt he former read dilu ting

m. ofth o r M e f rme . ” I a othe r v l r u f ny o u me of gas e ad

Ifan oth v 1 f y er olume o gas.

F n id meston 1 1 1 4 s e , 1 17 Li e , , 1 1 Fi s salts , 130 ’ Fle tc s a m her ne mo e te r, 75 ( se e Errata Ma ne sia in limesto ne 1 1 1 ) g , Fue l 2 Ma n esia in salt cake 103 , 7 g , Fu min su l hu ric ac id 9 1 96 Ma nesiu m sul hat e 15 g p , , , g p , 100

Furnaces, 74 Fusin oin ts 2 1 9 see Errat a gp , 6 0 ( ) Fusin points M r m ri on o f 62 94 easu es, co pa s , Mensuration o rmulae 6 1 “ ” f , li uor Gas q , 144 m Gases fro burne rs, 85 62 as s from cham e rs t ric w h u ti n G e b , 85 Me eig ts re d c o to Gases rom chimne s 4 En lish measu res 65 f y , 7 g , rodu ce rs 4 Mine rals sam lin 155 p , 7 , p g, Gases red uction of volu me fo r Mixin o l 1 14 , gc a , te m erat u re 2 Moist u re in rimsto ne 9 p , 8 b , 7 Gases redu ctio n of olume for Moistu re in fuel 3 , v , 7 ressu re 34 Moist u re in nit rat e of soda p , , Gase s redu ction for o th 40 132 , b , Gravimetric anal sis acto rs Moistu re in rit es 81 y f , py , 10 Moist u re in salt ca e 102 k , Molecu lar wei hts 4 g , Heats s e cific 49 , p , Horse - owers 65 Nitrate of soda 132 p , , H drochloric acid an al sis Nit re -ca e 133 y , y , k , 10 Nitric acid im u rities 1 7 , p , 38 H drochloric ac id in chimne Nitric acid s e cific ra it 1 y y p g v y, 34 ases 1 4 Nitric o xide 8 g , 0 , 7 H dr hloric acid s e cific Nitro e n in mixin coal y oc p g g , 1 15 ravit le 1 Nit ro e acids n h m g y tab , 06 g n i c a ber H drochloric acid solu ilit e xits 86 y b y, , 18 Nit t o e n acids in su lphu ric H drometer de ree s 158 aci 9 y g , 8 Ni ro me r for t te acids, 98 Indicators 151 Nit romete r for nit rat f , e o soda, I d 2 o ine solu tion , 154 13 Iron in h drochloric acid Nit rou s acid y , 97 Iron in lime st on 1 11 Nordh u se n oil o f vi l e , trio , ' Iron in nit ric acid 138 s aclafic - ravit 91 , g y, Iron in saltcake 103 ofdhau sen oil of itriol r , v , pe Iron in h 24 n f soda as , 1 ce t . o $0 3, 96 Iron in su l hu ric acid 1 Nordhau sen oil of vi ri l p , 00 t o , Iron l i m n so u t on , 109 esti atio , 100 Iron wire 153 Normal acid and al ali 1 , k , 50

Le ad in su l hu ric acid 100 Ore s sam lin 15 p , , p g, 5 ’ Lime in co mmon salt 102 Orsat s as -te stin a r , g g ppa atu s, Lime mil of 1 4 , k , 1 1 Lim sl l es a ed 1 1 1 O . V . ta e 88 k , b , Lime -mud 129 Oxalic acid solu tion , , 155 16 7

O x en in cham e r e xit s 85 Sodiu mchloride s ecific r yg b , , p g av it of 21 y , P erce ntage compositio n ofcom Solu ilit of ases in wat er b y g , ou n ds 4 p , P ot ashe s 140 Solu ilit of salt s 14 , b y , P o tashe s sam lin 15 S e cific ra it o f ases 2 , p g, 7 p g v y g , 2 P o tassiu m icar o nat e 15 S e cific ravit ofli u ors 2 b b , p g y q , 1 P o t assiu m carbo n at e spe cific Specific gravit y of satu rat ed ra it 1 14 solu tions 21 g v y , 5 , 1 , Potassiu m chlorat e 15 1 13 S e cific ra it o fsolids , , p g v y , 19 P ot assiu mchloride 15 1 14 138 S e cific he at s 49 , , , p , P o t assiu m nitrate 15 S e ed of as 5 se e Err , p g , 7 ( ata) P otassiu msu l hat e 16 139 S e nt oxide o f as-wo r p , , p g ks, 80 P otassiu m erman an ate so lu S u are s s u are roo ts p g q , q , 5 1 tion 152 Stan dard solu tio ns , , 149 Pro du cer as 4 Sul hat e ofammonia g , 7 p , 145 Pru ssian wei ht s and mea Su l hat e of soda 103 g p , su re s 68 Sul hide in lac ash 1 1 , p b k , 5 P rite s 8 1 Su l hite s e stimation y , p , , 97 P rit e s u rn t 84 Su l hoc an ide 145 y , b , p y , P rome te rs 8 se e Errata Sul hu r estimatio n in y , 7 ( ) p , brim s n t o e , 80 Salt common 102 Su l hu r estimat io n in , , p , bu rnt Salt cake 103 rit es 4 , py , 8 Salts fishe d 130 Sul hur e stimatio , , p , n in cham Salt s solu ilit of 15 ber e xit s 86 , b y , , Salt s sat u rat ed solu tions o f Su l hur e stimation , , p in gas s ecific ra it 21 li u or 1 p g v y, , 45 S am lin 155 Sul u r e stimation in mi p g, p , xing Sil e r so lu t ion 154 o l 1 14 v , c a , So da icar onate 1 18 Su l hu r estimation i b b , p , n pyrite s , Sod in t n wast e 1 16 1 a a k , 8 So da ash comme rcial 124 Su l hu r e stimation , , p , in soda od raw m te rials 1 14 h 124 S a ash, a , as , Soda ash t a le o fde re e s 125 Sul hu r e stimation , b g , p , in spent Soda ash sam lin 15 oxides 80 , p g, 7 , d u l hu r solu ili So a A sh rice l 6s. S t in C , p , S , 80 p b y , So dium car onat e s e cific Su l hu r re co er li u ors 1 b , p p v y q , 31 ra it 1 19 120 Su l hu ric acid 9 g v y, , p , 7 Sodium car onat e solu ilit Su l hu ric acid umin b , b y, p , f , 91 g ,

16 96 , 100

Sodiu mh drat e s e c. ra . 127 Su l hu ric acid BaCl 2 , p g v p , by , 8 , odiu mc loride anal sis of102 Su l hu ric acid e stima S y p , tion in o diu m chl o ride in saltcake h drochloric acid 1 S , y , 08 103 Su l hu ric acid estimation in p , h mt ric acid 1 Sodiu m chloride in soda as , , 38 24 Su l huric acid estim 1 p , ation in u m hloride in lac ash saltcake 103 S o di c b k , an d vat li u or 1 15 Su l hu ric acid oilin oints q , p , b gp , ri ﬁ h d salt s 95 So diu m chlo de , s e hu ric acid usin 1 30 Su lp , f poin ts g , hl rid olu ilit of So diu m c o e , s b y , ul huric acid im u rities in 16 S p , p , 97 Su h ric acid s e ciﬁc ravi g , p t , Vat li uor 1 17 g y q , gg1 Vat wast e, 1 16 Sul hurous acid in bumer s Volumes of s rrection ga , ga es, co , sg 9 S m ols f ds 4 y b o compo u n , W ter oilin nts 48 a , b gpoi , W ate r ressure redu ction to p , T n li a k qu or, 1 17 mercurial r ss r 4 p e u e , 3 Tan w k aste , 1 16 W ater va ou r tension 44 , p , Tem era ures hi h 8 p t , g , 7 W at e r olu m re n t , v es at diffe Te m erature correction for of p , , te m erat u re s 4 p , 3 s s 2 ga e , 8 , 40 hts ofdiffe rent count ries Tem erat ures correction for g , p , , n of s eeds p , 77 W e i hts ofshee t metals 69 rm m 2 g , The o eters, 3 ’ W eights of su bstance s as Tw ddl s de r s 15 a e g ee , 8 sto 20

W e ldon mu d, 109 V alenc ofelements 3 y , Va ou r tension ofa u ous 44 Zinc in rites p , q e , py , 83

A L T ’ E R IE T H E S P E CI IS S S S .

A N e ri s o f Hand oo ks fo r t ude n ts an d Practical En in r e w S e b S g e e s. l h Illust rat ed thro u ho wi h o ri inal Cro wn 8vo . c o t . g ut t g nd ra tical I ustra io a p c ll t ns. w N o R EA DY .

t r E lec ic Tran smission of E n ergy . L E TR / R A N M I I N } ? Y and E C C T S SS O OF E N E G , its Trans ormation S u bdivision and D istribu tion A Practical Hand f , , . k SBE P E As i t M m r f h nstit io o o b GI RT KA P C . . soc a e e e o t e I u t n b y , , b

o f Ci il En ineers &c W ith I 1 Illustratio ns Cro wn 8vo . v g , . 9 . , pp - 6d aci 1 s. . lo th 33 , 7 c . It has be e n the aim o fthe au thor to prese nt the scientiﬁc part o f the su e ct in as sim le a fo rm as o ssible i in de scri tio ns o fwo rk act uall bj p p , gv g p y arri H e ha e nde a o ured in this wa t o la e be fo re th re ade r an c ed o ut . s v y p c e u n iassed re r o n th r nt ta e o fe le ctric t ran smi i n o f ne r b po t e p e se s t ss o e gy. This i l d e xce lle c e —a k hi ll re a t die d is a p ract ca han bo ok p ar n boo w ch wi be d, s u , m s n ine e I t t nt o f d u no t b e l tri ians me re l b t o t e rs . co ntain s a as amo u an se d y e c c y , u by g v ri inal mat t e r it ar t h si s f mu c h atie n t thou ht assrsted b ra tical o g , and be s e gn o p g y p c ri e exp e e nc . W hi b f hi mirable b k d w st fu t di ion e canno t s ak too ly o t s ad oo , an e tru u re e t s ° —E l ct rzcal will fo llo w in rap i su cce ssio n . e — i A valu able wo rk writ t en with re gard to facts only . E lect ric an .

E le t rzc /i tzn c n g. AM Prac ical Han book AR C A N D GL O W L P S. A t d T l UL I M ER P D . ssoc . So c . e . o n Ele ri Li h in . B US A I h. A ct c g t g y J , , - wn 8vo iii 6 s. 6d . En tc W ith 8 Illustrations. Cro . g , e . 7 , p p v 37 , 7

clo th u st P u blislzed . . L/ The whole syste m o f mode rn e le ct ric illumin atio n is de alt with in this l ri tio n o f all the rinci al modern e ne volume . It gives a de tai e d desc p p p g rato rs and lam s to e the r with co nducto rs and the o the r a lian ces re p , g pp i l qu red in e e ctric light installations. It co ntains also a full acco u nt o f the v ario us Applications o f Electric i htin o n dat L g g up t re ce t e . h The au t ho r has co lle c t e d all the most rec e nt available in formatio n conce rning t e w lam s in a e r con e n ie nt and roce ss of manu fact u re life &c . o f arc an d lo p , , , v y v r rg‘ i whi t he su b ect Is o n t he whole re adable fo m. Inde e d we do no t know an wo n c ) , , ” , y fu ll h le E . so y and d . TIre ngine er

O N TH E CON VE R SI ON OF H E A T I N TO - B W ILL IAM W OR K A Practical H andbo ok o n H e at Engines. y

wn 8vo . Illustratio ns. Cro A N D ERSO N M. Inst. C. E . W ith , pp , 55 v iii-2 2 6s clo th 5 , . . the do ctrine that in he at -e n ine s The obje ct ofthis wo rk is to popularize , g , the wo rk given o ut is due to the conve rsion o fthe mo lecu lar mo tion o fheat into the visible mo tion which it is desired to prod uce ; and furthe r t o illustrate b nume rous ra tical e xam le s the a lica ilit o fthe doctrine , y p c p , p p b y o f Sadi Carn ot t o de ﬁn ing the limits within which improve ment in the e conom - s ossi le ical wo rkingo fhe at engines i p b .

Gas M t o ors.

S ir H oa and M ana ement . B GA S E N GINE . 27ze ry g y

wn 8vo . 2 8s. 6d. VILL h Plates. Cro IAM MACGREGO R . W it 7 , pp 45, ZIo th . List on ten qf C ts. I r — i W n t o du ct ory D re ct o rkingEngine s bu st io n in Gase o u s Exp lo sive Mixt u res ’ yVI t ho u t Co mp re ssro n Gas E ngin es wo rk W rtz s The o re t ical Cy cle s o f Gas Engine s — — — ’ mg wi t h Co mp re ssio n Co mp ressron Eu So me fu rt he r The o re t ical Data Cle rk s i e s wit h m r ssi Pu m — — g n Co —p e n g p The o ry o f The o ry o f t he Gas E ngine The Gas E u t h e Gas E n in e R e lati e S e e d o f Co m ine Indi at o r-D ia ram—In x g v p g c g de .

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Almost all the be st kno wn machine s are de scribe d and illu strat e d with the dis ” , n o f e t n h i s —E l cussio c r ai t eo re t cal qu e st io n . ect rician . W l r i t he mat t f r fes ill be we co med b t ho se who w sh, wit ho u t st u dy ng e r o p ro swnal t o ss s i o l e l c ical hin s -En lisl¢ m es p o e s a scre nt ﬁc kn w e dg o f mode rn e e tr mac e . g g m, pi CClpz e . re r r P se nts in co nde nse d form an e p ito me o fe lectrical p rog ess u p to e cent dat e s. — z S cie rrt jfic A me rican .

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