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What Do Sex Workers Think About the French Prostitution Act?

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What Do Sex Workers Think About the French Prostitution Act? WHAT DO SEX WORKERS THINK ABOUT THE FRENCH PROSTITUTION ACT? A Study on the Impact of the Law from 13 April 2016 Against the ‘Prostitution System’ in France ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank everyone who gave us their time to carry out this study: first and foremost, the people we interviewed, but also the members of the study’s partner organisations, employees and volunteers, particularly those who provided the interpretation, translation and transcription of the interviews.. April 2018 for the French version / April 2019 for the English version Translated from French by Irene McClure Cover photo © Boris Svartzman WHAT DO SEX WORKERS THINK ABOUT THE FRENCH PROSTITUTION ACT? AUTHORS Hélène Le Bail, research fellow, CNRS, Sciences Po Paris-CERI. Calogero Giametta, researcher on the European Research Council Project: “Sexual Humanitarianism: Migration, Sex Work and Trafficking”. Kingston University and Aix Marseille University. Noémie Rassouw, master student, INALCO, intern at Doctors of the World in 2016, has co-written the unpublished first version of the report in 2017. STEERING COMMITTEE Marielle Chappuis (Doctors of the World - Observatory of the Domestic programs Division) Flo Gil de Muro (Grisélidis - Toulouse) Mylène (STRASS, French Sex Work Union, and The Collective of the Women of Strasbourg-Saint-Denis - Paris) Marie-Christine Grosdidier (Doctors of the World - Rouen) Cécilia Nguyen (Doctors of the World - Rouen) Audrey Kartner (Doctors of the World - Domestic programs Division) Maïwenn Henriquet (Paloma - Nantes) Gabriella Ota (Paloma - Nantes) Chloé Le Gouëz (Aides - Paris) Tim Leicester (Doctors of the World - Lotus Bus Programme - Paris) Sarah-Marie Maffesoli (Doctors of the World - The Jasmine Programme against violence targeting sex workers - Paris) Irène Aboudaram (Doctors of the World - Nantes) Christine Etchepare (Arcat - Paris) Cécil Lhuillier (Les Amis du Bus des Femmes - Paris) Antoine Baudry (Cabiria - Lyon) Damien Simonin (Cabiria - Lyon) Carine Favier (Mouvement français pour le planning familial) Raphaëlle Angulo (Doctors of the World - Montpellier) Damien Nantes (Doctors of the World - Montpellier) Sébastien Béchereau (Doctors of the World - Poitiers) Ramona (Acceptess-T-Paris) HAVE PARTICIPATED IN THE SURVEY Marthe Jonki (ARPS - La Réunion) Vincent Dubaele (Entr’Actes - Lille) Nathalie Mazurelle (Entr’Actes - Lille) Chrystel Odobet, Corinne Monnet, Mathilde Bon (Grisélidis - Toulouse) Marjolaine Pruvost, Savina Sharkova (Amis du Bus des Femmes - Paris) Marie Vicart, Diane (Arcat - Paris) Alexia Rivillas Garcia, Eliana Rocabado (Arcat-Pasaje Latino - Paris) Théau Brigand, Mathieu Brancourt (Aides - Paris) Anaïs (STRASS - Paris) Elise Didier (Doctors of the World - Domestic programs Division , Observatory) Fabrice, Bijia Sun, Justine Rochot, Aël Théry, Nora Martin-Janko, Nathalie Simonnot (Doctors of the World - Lotus Bus Program - Paris) Mihaela Dimitrescu, Clara Toffani, Magali Cathalifaud, Emeline Chauchard (Doctors of the World - Poitiers) Timotée Delescluse, Sonia Mladin (Doctors of the World - Rouen) Marie Bonnet, David Le Nechet, Paul Bolo (Doctors of the World - Nantes) Magali Ibanez, Anne-Marie Mejean, Elisabeth Fournier (Doctors of the World - Montpellier) 3 SUMMARY SUMMARY The main objective of this study is to assess This study revealed a clear discrepancy between the impact on sex workers’ living and work- the national policy of ‘protection’ of sex workers ing conditions of the act of law n° 2016-444 and the local policies that continue to focus on (adopted by France’s parliament on the 13th of the repression of sex workers. At a local level, April 2016 with the aim of reinforcing the fight with the aim of maintaining public order, against the prostitution system and supporting municipal bylaws and regular identity people in prostitution).1 This is a qualitative checks aimed at sex workers mean that study focused on the viewpoints of sex workers they are still more often criminalized than themselves who are directly affected by the their clients. Although some interviewees indi- law. For the purposes of this analysis interviews cate that they have good relationships with the were conducted with 70 sex workers (a further police, most often the police are not seen as 38 sex workers were consulted via focus groups a source of protection. Sex workers often told and workshops). A further 24 interviews and us about episodes of intimidation by the police focus groups were conducted with sex worker including being pressured to report clients and, groups or other organisations working with if undocumented, threatened with deportation sex workers across France. Two researchers (in if they do not comply. political science and sociology) supervised the study and analysed the results in close collabo- Although most sex workers have nevertheless ration with 11 outreach organisations. Alongside continued their activity since the new law, their this qualitative study, a quantitative survey was working conditions have severely deteriorated. also conducted between January and February Contrary to claims that the new law, by de- 2018 involving 583 sex workers the results of creasing demand (clients), would also decrease which were integrated into this report. supply (sex workers) interviews conducted with organisations show that there has been no In France, prior to the criminalisation of sex decrease in the numbers of sex workers. The workers’ clients in 2016, sex workers were law has had a detrimental effect on sex directly targeted by the criminalisation of workers’ safety, health and overall living public soliciting, which had been reinforced conditions. The law has had a negative impact by the 2003 Law for National Security (LSI). on their autonomy as workers, on the risks they The legislation adopted in 2016, inspired by may be willing to take, and on social stigma the Swedish legal framework, sought to end and financial hardship. Almost all sex workers prostitution via criminalising clients rather than and each of the organisations interviewed noted sex workers. However, despite the stated aim of a shift in the power relationship between sex the law to protect sex workers, the majority of workers and their clients, as clients feel more the sex workers we interviewed reveal that entitled to impose their conditions (i.e. unpro- the criminalisation of clients has in prac- tected sexual practices, reduced prices, tice been more detrimental to themselves unwillingness to pay, etc.), seeing themselves than the previous laws against soliciting. as the ones taking the risk with regards to the The vast majority of those interviewed reported law. It has led to increased impoverish- that they have far less control over their working ment, especially among people already conditions as the number of clients has dimin- living precariously, namely undocumented ished since the new law came into effect. The migrant women working in the street. 62.9% impact was even felt before the application of of respondents in our quantitative survey said the new law, due to the mediatisation of this that their overall quality of life has deteriorated issue during parliamentary debates. For these since April 2016 and 78.2% said that their reasons, those interviewed were almost unani- earnings have decreased. Generally, the law mously opposed to the criminalisation of clients. has pushed sex workers to operate under 1 - The terminology used to define people engaging in sex work/ transactions are explicit (sexual benefits for money) or implicit prostitution is subject to much debate. In this report we choose (sexual services against protection, housing, psychoactive products, to employ the term “sex worker“. This term refers to all people assistance to migration ... ), and regardless of their working conditions. engaged in economic-sexual exchanges whether those economic 6 WHAT DO SEX WORKERS THINK ABOUT THE FRENCH PROSTITUTION ACT? more risky conditions with dangerous impli- The creation of committees that are supposed to cations for their health. Many interviews oversee the implementation of the exit-program highlighted a worrying decrease in condom in each administrative region has been very slow use as well as increased difficulties conti- since April 2016. These committees, presided nuing treatment for those who are HIV by local prefects and including representatives positive. Stress created by worsening working from local governmental services, must validate conditions causes various psychosomatic health each application to the exit-program. Two years issues from consumption of alcohol, tobacco and after the law being enacted, these committees other drugs, to depression and suicidal thoughts. still do not exist in many areas. The organisations The results of the qualitative survey also wishing to support applicants to the exit-program reveal that cases of violence, of all kinds, must first apply for certification before they can have increased: insults in the street, physical present applications. Sex workers as well as violence, sexual violence, theft, and armed robbery the organisations interviewed expressed in the work place. Impoverishment, increased strong scepticism regarding the usefulness health risks and increased exposure to vio- of these committees, who possess limited lence form a vicious circle. knowledge and understanding of sex work, and regarding the effectiveness of the Besides the criminalisation of clients, the 2016 law exit-programs, as they fear they will be sub- also included the creation of
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