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ZFS 2018 and Onward

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ZFS 2018 and Onward SEE TEXT ONLY 2018 and Onward BY ALLAN JUDE 2018 is going to be a big year for ZFS RAID-Z Expansion not only FreeBSD, but for OpenZFS • 2018Q4 as well. OpenZFS is the collaboration of developers from IllumOS, FreeBSD, The ability to add an additional disk to an existing RAID-Z VDEV to grow its size with- Linux, Mac OS X, many industry ven- out changing its redundancy level. For dors, and a number of other projects example, a RAID-Z2 consisting of 6 disks to maintain and advance the open- could be expanded to contain 7 disks, source version of Sun’s ZFS filesystem. increasing the available space. This is accomplished by reflowing the data across Improved Pool Import the disks, so as to not change an individual • 2018Q1 block’s offset from the start of the VDEV. The new disk will appear as a new column on the A new patch set changes the way pools are right, and the data will be relocated to main- imported, such that they depend less on con- tain the offset within the VDEV. Similar to figuration data from the system. Instead, the reflowing a paragraph by making it wider, possibly outdated configuration from the sys- without changing the order of the words. In tem is used to find the pool, and partially open the end this means all of the new space shows it read-only. Then the correct on-disk configura- up at the end of the disk, without any frag- tion is loaded. This reduces the number of mentation. Sadly, existing fragmentation within errors that may prevent a pool from importing. the VDEV is maintained. In the future it may be The patch also improves the error messages to possible to use a similar scheme to increase the better explain what has gone wrong when the redundancy level (convert a RAID-Z1 to a RAID- pool could not be imported. Additionally, it adds Z2 by adding an additional disk), but that is not a long-sought-after feature, the ability to import part of the current project specification. a pool with a missing top-level device. Such imports are read-only since too much data is miss- ing for the pool to be used normally, but some ZFS ZStandard Compression data may be recoverable. • 2018Q2 This project will incorporate Facebook’s new ZFS Device Evacuation • 2018Q1 Zstandard compression algorithm into ZFS as an The ability to remove excess VDEVs from a pool. optional transparent compression algorithm. This Data residing on stripe (non-redundant) or mirror new algorithm is designed to provide compression VDEVs can be “evacuated”, and moved to devices ratios as good or better than gzip, but many times that will remain, allowing the selected VDEV to be faster. Developed by Yann Collet, the author of LZ4, removed from the pool. This is accomplished using the algorithm that has been the default in OpenZFS an indirection table, where ranges of blocks from the for many years, ZSTD provides a more enticing trade- removed device are remapped to another device. This off between compression and performance. While feature does not work with RAID-Z VDEVs, and sup- not as fast as LZ4, it can achieve much greater com- port is not currently planned. pression, and still saturate many spinning disks with just a few CPU cores. It also offers greater control; 16 FreeBSD Journal with 19 levels of compression to choose from, ZFS Persistent L2ARC each dataset can be configured with the opti- mal amount of compression. • 2018Q3 The ZFS L2ARC provides a second-level ZFS Adaptive Compression cache, allowing a high-speed device like an SSD or NVMe to provide another tier of • Under Investigation cache between the ARC (in RAM) and the The adaptive compression feature is still under- main storage pool. This can be extremely going preliminary investigation, but, if imple- important in order to get the required level mented, would see ZFS automatically adjust of performance where it is not economical, the compression ratio up and down as the data or possible, to have an amount of main mem- is being written, depending on the amount of ory larger than the working set. The L2ARC dirty data waiting to be compressed and writ- relies on headers in the ARC to point to the ten. When the system is not busy, additional data stored in the L2ARC. The ARC is not per- CPU time can be allocated to compressing data, sistent, since it is stored in main memory, so but when the throughput of the compression is when the system is rebooted, the L2ARC con- not able to keep up with the demand of writes, tents are orphaned. At boot the L2ARC is con- the compression level will be lowered to avoid sidered empty and is refilled as the cache heats becoming a bottleneck. up. This can result in a significant loss of per- formance until the cache has rewarmed. This is FreeBSD ZFS Spare and Fault somewhat mitigated by configuration options Management • 2019Q1 that increase the fill speed of the L2ARC when it is cold. The new Persistent L2ARC feature Enhancements to the way FreeBSD boots from keeps log records on the L2ARC that can be ZFS, to bring it more in line with the original reloaded after the system boots. Once the sys- design of ZFS. These changes will obviate the tem is online, it asynchronously recreates the need for a freebsd-boot partition and allow the ARC headers that point to the data on the creation of the partition table to be handled by L2ARC, allowing its contents to persist through a ZFS instead of GEOM, and, therefore, make it reboot. While they are not available immediately, possible for zfsd and the ZFS fault management the system reaches a hot cache state a lot more framework to automatically attach replacement quickly than without this feature, and with less devices to the pool and begin the resilver opera- wear on the L2ARC devices. tion without requiring administrator action. Currently this is only possible if the entire device is dedicated to ZFS and does not have a partition ZFS Sequential Resilver table. To be able to boot from the device, a freeb- • Pending Integration sd-boot or EFI ESP partition must exist for the sys- One of the advantages of ZFS is that because the tem to boot from. In the original design of ZFS, filesystem and the volume manager are combined, there is an area dedicated to storing legacy BIOS ZFS is aware of which bytes on the disk are in use, bootcode, but it is only used under FreeBSD if the and which are not. A disk that is only 1/3 full will disk is partitioned MBR. In other implementations of only need to resilver that 1/3 of the data, rather ZFS, if the entire disk is used for ZFS, a basic parti- than the entire contents of the disk like with a typi- tion table is created that marks the entire device as cal hardware RAID. However, to affect this advan- a single ZFS partition. When ZFS was ported to tage, ZFS scans the content in the order the objects FreeBSD, the ‘whole_disk’ flag was taken literally, appear in its metadata. This can result in a very large and the raw disk is used by ZFS. With some number of random reads and writes, which perform enhancements that have been proposed upstream to much worse than sequential reads and writes. This create an EFI partition as part of the ZFS whole_disk enhancement to the resilvering process will scan the layout, with some minor changes FreeBSD could metadata and build a range tree of blocks that will work the same way. This means that hot spares and need to be resilvered. Once this tree reaches a con- disks that are swapped after a failure could automati- figured size limit, the largest contiguous range of cally be labeled, partitioned, and made active in the blocks in the tree are resilvered, and then the meta- pool, without requiring a human as they often do data scan continues, until the range tree is full again. now. This approach ensures that the resilver I/Os are done March/April 2018 17 in large contiguous ranges which will provide of the data protected, but the integrity as much better performance. well. The OpenZFS implementation allows each dataset to be encrypted with a different ZFS Resilver Prefetch key, or to inherit the key from its parent dataset. Keys can be loaded and unloaded as Improvements • Design Review needed, so data can actually be put at rest, This set of improvements aims to increase the where encryption provides more meaningful resilver performance in a different way that com- protections, by unmounting the dataset and plements the sequential resilver work. The new unloading its encryption key. Another useful prefetcher is closer to a depth-first search, rather feature is the fact that the checksum is split than only working ahead of the scrub and between the traditional checksum of the plain- stalling at the end of each sub-tree. In the new text and the authentication data from the system, a demand read completion triggers the encryption cipher, which protects the ciphertext. next batch of prefetch operations, keeping the This means that ZFS can detect corruption or I/O queue full. Configuration prevents more than modification of either form, but it also means two scrub prefetch I/Os outstanding at once, pre- that scrub and resilver operations can proceed venting the prefetch from delaying actual scrub even when the encryption keys are not loaded.
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