Arabic Language Courses in Tajikistan: a Silent Ban Or Absence of Demand?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Arabic Language Courses in Tajikistan: a Silent Ban Or Absence of Demand? Arabic Language Courses in Tajikistan: A Silent Ban or Absence of Demand? Officials in Dushanbe deny any restrictions on the Arabic language study, but those willing to study it, cannot find the suitable courses. Follow us on Facebook Mehrangez Tursunzoda, Tajik journalist, searched for Arabic courses for her 12-year-old younger brother. However, according to her, there are no offers for Arabic study in city’s training centers. “My brother fluently speaks Tajik, Russian and English. He is interested in Arabic language and we decided to enroll him in Arabic courses. Unfortunately, we did not find a single training center where this language was taught,” Tursunzoda says. According to Mehrangez Tursunzoda, on the popular resource for free advertisements, Somon.tj, there are announcements from a number of teachers who teach Mehrangez Tursunzoda. Personal photo Arabic. However, she has concerns about enrolling her underage brother there. “There have been cases of brainwashing (recruiting) of teenagers during individual Arabic studies,” Tursunzoda says. Malika Rustamova, Tajik student, has also been unsuccessfully searching for such courses for several months now. “I went to almost all the educational institutions in Dushanbe, but everywhere they say they do not have such courses. Some [of the centers’ representatives] say that there is no demand for Arabic, while others speak of a ban from the authorities,” Rustamova said. The head of one of the private language training centers anonymously said that government officials did not allow holding Arabic courses. He says that today this language is considered Arabic Language Courses in Tajikistan: A Silent Ban or Absence of Demand? “dangerous”. “I tried to include Arabic to the curriculum many times, as there are many people willing to study it. I am a teacher of Arabic myself, and hundreds of people come to me to study this language,” says the source of CABAR.asia. He is surprised at some officials’ claims that learners of the Arabic language can become extremists. “That is, by studying Chinese, we will become Buddhists, and studying English – Christians. Is that so? Where is the logic?” Malika Rustamova. Personal the head of the training center asks. photo Journalist Mehrangez Tursunzoda also considers this ban wrong. “Arabic is one of the UN languages, and it is wrong to prohibit studying this language. On the contrary, this language should be taught openly for the public, so that those wishing to study can learn it freely and safely,” Mehrangez Tursunzoda believes. Ministry of Education Refutes Rumors Shohin Saidov, Deputy Head of the State Agency on Supervision in the Sphere of Education, denied the ban on Arabic language studies. “We have never been asked to open Arabic language courses. All these talks about the fact that the Agency on Supervision in the Sphere of Education does not allow opening Arabic language courses are just rumors,” the official said. The State Agency insists that Arabic is not taught because citizens prefer short-term courses of English, German, French, Chinese, Japanese and Russian. Saidov stressed that there are no official instructions to ban the teaching of the Arabic language in Tajikistan. Tojiddin Asomuddinzoda, Head of the Islamic University of Tajikistan, also states that there is no demand for learning Arabic language now. He links this fact with the crisis in the Arab countries. Arabic Language Courses in Tajikistan: A Silent Ban or Absence of Demand? “There was a time when the profession of the expert in Asian and Islamic studies was one of the most respected. Then, the countries of the Arab world were among the safest and most favorable countries for travel and work,” said Tojiddin Asomuddinzoda. Today, according to him, people prefer to study Chinese, English and Russian. The Head of the University believes that over the past decade, a number of Arab countries, Tojiddin Asomuddinzoda. Photo: CABAR.asia including Libya, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, are experiencing severe crisis. “Reasonable people will not go to these countries to seek a job or establish a business, they will not even think about it. This becomes the reason that the youths’ attention to these countries is declining,” Asomuddinzoda said. Tojiddin Asomuddinzoda says they wanted to open Arabic courses at the University, but there was no demand for them. “If there is no demand, we cannot open training courses. For example, when there is just one or two applicants, we cannot create a functional group and pay salaries to teachers from an economic perspective,” Asomuddinzoda explained. Arabic Language Courses in Tajikistan: A Silent Ban or Absence of Demand? The National Library of Tajikistan has Saudi Arabia corner where free Arabic courses are taught. Photo from the National Library page on Facebook Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia corner works in the National Library of Tajikistan, where everyone can learn Arabic without fees. According to the visitors of the corner, many young people attend these courses; this fact indicates the interest of young people in studying Arabic. According to the State Agency on Supervision in the Sphere of Education, there are more than 258 language training centers in the country. Of these, 158 are located in Dushanbe, 39 in the Sughd region, 32 in the Regions of Republican Subordination, 25 in the Khatlon region and 4 in GBAO. Arabic Has Nothing to Do with This Arabic Language Courses in Tajikistan: A Silent Ban or Absence of Demand? Some experts believe that the actual ban on Arabic language courses continues the policy of religious restrictions in Tajikistan. Analyst Abdumalik Kadirov says that the current policy of religious restrictions does not mean that authorities are hostile to Islam. “Same people who do not allow studying Arabic, if accident happens with their loved ones, will arrange a funeral, definitely visit mullah and read the Yasin Surah for the deceased. That means that they are not against Islam. However, they see political opponents and Abdumalik Kadirov. Photo: ozodi.org competitors in the clergy, who can influence a large number of people. If the clergy speaks Arabic, they will be able to benefit from the knowledge of Islam and gain recognition among the people,” Kadyrov noted. According to Abdumalik Kadirov, people who are able to lead the masses and can inspire people with their ideas are dangerous for any authoritarian system. “If there is no political competition, even a representative of the same religion may be the opponent. Perhaps, in Tajikistan, the policy of religious restrictions is intensifying in order to reduce the influence of religious authorities,” he added. Philologist Umed Jaihoni does not believe that studying Arabic can pose a threat to Tajikistan, although he admits that some people who study this language can become extremists. Umed Jaihoni. Photo from Facebook profile “However, this is not an excuse to ban Arabic language courses throughout the country,” Jaihoni said. Jaihoni also suggested that there is a possibility that the “actual” ban is based on the vested interests of those who are trying to monopolize such activities, amid growing labor migration to Arab countries. “Officials’ assumptions that everyone who studies Arabic becomes radicalized or that anyone who studies Farsi becomes Shiite, show the very low awareness of these leaders. These responsible executives pose the greatest threat to Tajikistan, to its national and state security,” he concluded. Arabic Language Courses in Tajikistan: A Silent Ban or Absence of Demand? This publication was produced under IWPR project «Forging links and raising voices to combat radicalization in Central Asia». If you have found a spelling error, please, notify us by selecting that text and pressing Ctrl+Enter..
Recommended publications
  • Metal Manufacture, Metal Mining Industry and Extraction of Precious Metals
    Metal manufacture, metal mining industry and extraction of precious metals NVESTMENT PROJECT № 1 Project Title Strengthening capacities TadAZ. Company name: Tajik aluminum plant Address: 735014, Republic of Tajikistan, Tursunzade. Tel. / Fax: (992 -37) 221-06-47, (992 - 37) 221-85-82, (495) 737-52-28 (Moscow on the Tajik Aluminum Plant). E-mail [email protected]. Type of production of aluminum and aluminum products The aim of the project Strengthening capacity of the plant and improve the production of aluminum products. Brief Description of Project Upgrade vibroformovochnyh press production line mixing-press area. Reconstruction of the introduction of equipment for anode baking. The acquisition of the production line installation of the anodes. Acquisition of special cranes for roasting plant. Reconstruction of the pots with unification. The acquisition of manufacturing equipment. Rehabilitation and upgrading of special cranes aluminum electrolysis plant. Replacement of SCADA control systems. Acquisition and development of a system of centralized distribution of alumina. The introduction of partial transducers for special cranes roasting plant mixing-press department. Reconstruction and modernization of the gas cleaning plant dust collection units, the production of acid and fluoride salts. Total project cost: (million U.S. dollars) - 153.5813 of which: own funds - 43.7319 foreign investment -109.8494 Payback period (year) - 10 Proposal to investors: Possible forms of cooperation: Investment in the form of credit. Documentary substantiation of the project: feasibility study. Business Plan. INVESTMENT PROJECT № 2 Project Title Establishment of facilities for the production of antimony and compounds. Company name: JSC "Tamokhush-IGMZ." Address: 735920, Republic of Tajikistan, Sogd, Isfara, st. Lenin, 132 and Tel: (9923462) 2-17-34, fax: (9923462) 2-34-66 E-mail Type of production of modern materials of chemical and other industries based on rare and rare- earth elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN January 2007 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston). Short Form: Tajikistan. Term for Citizen(s): Tajikistani(s). Capital: Dushanbe. Other Major Cities: Istravshan, Khujand, Kulob, and Qurghonteppa. Independence: The official date of independence is September 9, 1991, the date on which Tajikistan withdrew from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), International Women’s Day (March 8), Navruz (Persian New Year, March 20, 21, or 22), International Labor Day (May 1), Victory Day (May 9), Independence Day (September 9), Constitution Day (November 6), and National Reconciliation Day (November 9). Flag: The flag features three horizontal stripes: a wide middle white stripe with narrower red (top) and green stripes. Centered in the white stripe is a golden crown topped by seven gold, five-pointed stars. The red is taken from the flag of the Soviet Union; the green represents agriculture and the white, cotton. The crown and stars represent the Click to Enlarge Image country’s sovereignty and the friendship of nationalities. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Iranian peoples such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians are the ethnic forbears of the modern Tajiks. They have inhabited parts of Central Asia for at least 2,500 years, assimilating with Turkic and Mongol groups. Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., present-day Tajikistan was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire, which was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. After that conquest, Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state to Alexander’s empire.
    [Show full text]
  • TAJIKISTAN TAJIKISTAN Country – Livestock
    APPENDIX 15 TAJIKISTAN 870 км TAJIKISTAN 414 км Sangimurod Murvatulloev 1161 км Dushanbe,Tajikistan / [email protected] Tel: (992 93) 570 07 11 Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) 1206 км Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran 3 651 . 9 - 13 November 2008 Общая протяженность границы км Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) TAJIKISTAN Country – Livestock - 2007 Territory - 143.000 square km Cities Dushanbe – 600.000 Small Population – 7 mln. Khujand – 370.000 Capital – Dushanbe Province Cattle Dairy Cattle ruminants Yak Kurgantube – 260.000 Official language - tajiki Kulob – 150.000 Total in Ethnic groups Tajik – 75% Tajikistan 1422614 756615 3172611 15131 Uzbek – 20% Russian – 3% Others – 2% GBAO 93619 33069 267112 14261 Sughd 388486 210970 980853 586 Khatlon 573472 314592 1247475 0 DRD 367037 197984 677171 0 Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) Country – Livestock - 2007 Current FMD Situation and Trends Density of sheep and goats Prevalence of FM D population in Tajikistan Quantity of beans Mastchoh Asht 12827 - 21928 12 - 30 Ghafurov 21929 - 35698 31 - 46 Spitamen Zafarobod Konibodom 35699 - 54647 Spitamen Isfara M astchoh A sht 47
    [Show full text]
  • The World Bank the STATE STATISTICAL COMMITTEE of the REPUBLIC of TAJIKISTAN Foreword
    The World Bank THE STATE STATISTICAL COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN Foreword This atlas is the culmination of a significant effort to deliver a snapshot of the socio-economic situation in Tajikistan at the time of the 2000 Census. The atlas arose out of a need to gain a better understanding among Government Agencies and NGOs about the spatial distribution of poverty, through its many indicators, and also to provide this information at a lower level of geographical disaggregation than was previously available, that is, the Jamoat. Poverty is multi-dimensional and as such the atlas includes information on a range of different indicators of the well- being of the population, including education, health, economic activity and the environment. A unique feature of the atlas is the inclusion of estimates of material poverty at the Jamoat level. The derivation of these estimates involves combining the detailed information on household expenditures available from the 2003 Tajikistan Living Standards Survey and the national coverage of the 2000 Census using statistical modelling. This is the first time that this complex statistical methodology has been applied in Central Asia and Tajikistan is proud to be at the forefront of such innovation. It is hoped that the atlas will be of use to all those interested in poverty reduction and improving the lives of the Tajik population. Professor Shabozov Mirgand Chairman Tajikistan State Statistical Committee Project Overview The Socio-economic Atlas, including a poverty map for the country, is part of the on-going Poverty Dialogue Program of the World Bank in collaboration with the Government of Tajikistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Maternal and Child Health Integrated Care Project (RRP TAJ 51010)
    Maternal and Child Health Integrated Care Project (RRP TAJ 51010) DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION A. Major Development Partners: Strategic Foci and Key Activities 1. Multilateral and bilateral development agencies have been very active in Tajikistan’s health sector since the mid-1990s. The initial and continuous efforts to rehabilitate and reform the post-civil war health system was supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the European Union (EU), German development cooperation through KfW, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), United Nations (UN) agencies, the United States Agency for International Development, the World Bank, and other major international partners. The government defined primary health care (PHC) as a key focus area for the initial round of reforms in the early years of the millennium, and multilateral development partners have since primarily supported PHC infrastructure development. 2. Development partners then began a gradual shift toward rehabilitating hospitals and improving hospital service delivery. This would go together with reforms in health financing and governance in a further devolution of the health system, in line with the government’s decentralization process. Although administrative and budget-allocation functions were delegated to regional health and local government authorities, decision-making related to sector policy and standards is still retained by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Tajikistan (MOHSPP), necessitating development partners’
    [Show full text]
  • I. the Rogun Dam in Context
    HUMAN RIGHTS “We Suffered When We Came Here” Rights Violations Linked to Resettlements for Tajikistan’s Rogun Dam WATCH “We Suffered When We Came Here” Rights Violations Linked to Resettlements for Tajikistan’s Rogun Dam Copyright © 2014 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-1470 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JUNE 2014 978-1-62313-1470 “We Suffered When We Came Here” Rights Violations Linked to Resettlements for Tajikistan’s Rogun Dam Summary and Key Recommendations .............................................................................. 1 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 17 I. The Rogun Dam in Context ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridors 2, 3, and 5 (Obigarm-Nurobod) Road Project: Report and Recommendation of Th
    Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors Project Number: 52042-001 November 2019 Proposed Grant Republic of Tajikistan: Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridors 2, 3, and 5 (Obigarm–Nurobod) Road Project Distribution of this document is restricted until it has been approved by the Board of Directors. Following such approval, ADB will disclose the document to the public in accordance with ADB’s Access to Information Policy. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 17 October 2019) Currency unit – somoni (TJS) TJS1.00 = $0.1032 $1.00 = TJS9.6911 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AIIB – Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank CAREC – Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation CSC – construction supervision consultant EBRD – European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EMP – environmental management plan GAP – gender action plan km – kilometer LARP – land acquisition and resettlement plan m – meter MOT – Ministry of Transport OFID – OPEC Fund for International Development PAM – project administration manual PBM – performance-based maintenance PCC – project coordinating committee PIURR – Project Implementation Unit for Roads Rehabilitation PMC – project management consultant PPRA – project procurement risk assessment NOTE In this report, “$” refers to United States dollars. Vice-President Shixin Chen, Operations 1 Director General Werner Liepach, Central and West Asia Department (CWRD) Director Dong-Soo Pyo, Transport and Communications Division, CWRD Team leader Kamel Bouhmad, Transport Specialist, CWRD
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    RUDN Journal of Russian History 2020 Vol. 19 No 1 119–135 Вестник РУДН. Серия: ИСТОРИЯ РОССИИ http://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-1-119-135 Научная статья / Research article Soviet-Tajik Writing Intelligentsia in the Late 1930s Nicholas Seay Ohio State University; 203 Annie and John Glenn Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210 USA; [email protected] C оветская таджикская писательская элита в конце 1930-х годов Николас Сии Университет штата Огайо; 43210, США, шт. Огайо, г. Колумбус, Энни энд Джон Глен Авеню, 203; [email protected] Abstract: This paper looks at the formation of a Tajik-Soviet writing elit e in the 1930s, exploring how a new generation of Soviet writers in the late 1930s emerged out of new state institutions. Prior to their emergence, the founders of Tajik literature – Sadriddin Aini and Abolqosim Lahuti – used their unique position vis-à-vis Moscow to shape the direction of Tajik literature. Despite the former’s important place in Soviet hagiography, it was the younger generation of Tajik writers – including writers like Mirzo Tursun- zoda, Jalol Ikromi, Sotim Ulughzoda, and others – that emerged on the all-Union writing scene in the late 1930s and became key cultural and political fi gures in the post-war era. While the role of the Tajik writer inevitably became the portrayal of the national subject in the modern context of Soviet development, this article shows how comparing the themes and writings of these two generations in the 1930s demon- strates how Tajik national identity building related to the nationalities policies of the early Soviet Union and, in particular, the relationship between Tajik national identity and territory.
    [Show full text]
  • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
    United Nations CERD/C/TJK/CO/9-11/Add.1* International Convention on Distr.: General 8 October 2018 the Elimination of All Forms English of Racial Discrimination Original: Russian English, French, Russian and Spanish only Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Ninety-seventh session 26 November–14 December 2018 Item 4 of the provisional agenda Consideration of reports, comments and information submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention Concluding observations on the combined ninth to eleventh periodic reports of Tajikistan Addendum Information received from Tajikistan on follow-up to the concluding observations** [Date received: 4 September 2018] * Reissued for technical reasons on 26 October 2018. ** The present document is being issued without formal editing. GE.18-16670 (E) 261018 CERD/C/TJK/CO/9-11/Add.1 Interim information on the implementation of the recommendations contained in paragraphs 12 and 14 of the concluding observations on the combined ninth to eleventh periodic reports of Tajikistan I. Introduction 1. At its 2562nd and 2563rd meetings, held on 10 and 11 August 2017, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination considered the combined ninth to eleventh periodic reports of Tajikistan (CERD/C/TJK/9-11) and formulated recommendations on the basis of that review. 2. In order to implement the recommendations, the Government Commission on International Human Rights Obligations drafted and, on 23 February 2018, adopted a national action plan on the implementation of the recommendations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination for the period 2018–2020. 3. The information herein was prepared by the secretariat of the Government Commission on International Human Rights Obligations on the basis of inputs submitted by the ministries and departments represented on the Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Activity in Tajikistan
    LIVELIHOODS ά͸Ͳ͜ͲG ͞΄ͫΕ΋͟ ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET) January 2011 LIVELIHOODS ά͸Ͳ͜ͲG ͞΄ͫΕ΋͟ ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET) January 2011 Α·͋ ̯Ϣχ·Ϊιν͛ ϭΊ͋Ϯν ͋ϳζι͋νν͇͋ ΊΣ χ·Ίν ζϢ̼ΜΊ̯̽χΊΪΣ ͇Ϊ ΣΪχ Σ͋̽͋νν̯ιΊΜϴ ι͕͋Μ͋̽χ χ·͋ ϭΊ͋Ϯν Ϊ͕ χ·͋ United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 1 Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 3 National Livelihood Zone Map and Seasonal Calendar ................................................................................ 4 Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Pamir Plateau Livestock Zone ............................................................................ 1 Livelihood Zone 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone ................................................................. 3 Livelihood Zone 3: Western Pamir Irrigated Agriculture Zone .................................................................... 5 Livelihood Zone 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone ................................................................................. 7 Livelihood Zone 5: Khatlon Mountain Agro-Pastoral Zone ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Tajikistan Data Collection Survey on Integrated Physical Distribution System Final Report Summary Table of Contents
    Foreign Exchange Rate US$1 = TJS 4.37 = JPY 92.3 TJS 1 = US$ 0.229 = JPY 21.1 (TJS: Tajikistan Somoni) January 1, 2010 Official Exchange Rate by National Bank of Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan Data Collection Survey on Integrated Physical Distribution System Final Report Summary Table of Contents 1. Overview.................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Tajikistan’s Position in Global Logisitics........................................................................................1 1.2 Institutions of Logistics Sector........................................................................................................2 2. Roads.......................................................................................................................................................3 2.1 Overview of Roads..........................................................................................................................3 2.2 Administrative Organizations..........................................................................................................3 2.3 Present Status of the Roads .............................................................................................................3 2.4 Road Development Plans ................................................................................................................4 2.5 Road Maintenance Management Plan.............................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Project Progress Report 2012
    United Nations Development Programme Bratislava Regional Centre Annual Project Progress Report 2012 PROJECT ID: 00076242 AWARD ID: 00059476 PROJECT TITLE: Climate Risk Management in Tajikistan EXECUTING AGENCY: UNDP Tajikistan PROJECT SITE: Gissar Mountains SOURCE OF FUNDS (SOF): BCPR TOTAL BUDGET: 600,000 USD BUDGET for the year 2012: $224,100 USD Expenditures in 2012: $224,100 USD Delivery 2012: 100% START DATE: 2010 ESTIMATED END DATE: December 2014 Date: January 29, 2012 i Contents 1. Project Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. Project Context Update ............................................................................................................. 1 3. Progress towards achieving project objectives ......................................................................... 3 4. Progress in Project implementation .......................................................................................... 8 4.1. Output Level: ............................................................................................................................ 8 4.2. Activity Result Level: ............................................................................................................... 8 4.2.1. Activity Result 1: ................................................................................................................... 8 4.2.2. Activity Result 2: ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]