9 786099 548852 OVER THE HEDGE HEDGE OVER THE
European Union. to refl ofthe the views ect taken innoway be and can ofthe authors responsibility publication are the sole econtents ofthis Union. ofthe European assistance the with produced been publication has is 9 786099 548852 OVER THE HEDGE HEDGE OVER THE European Union. to refl ofthe the views ect taken innoway be and can ofthe authors responsibility publication are the sole econtents ofthis Union. ofthe European assistance the with produced been publication has is
Over the edge Hedge
2013
Prepared by Center for Equality Advancement, Vilnius, Lithuania. Eastern Europe Studies Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Designed by IMAGO: Darius Abromaitis, Kontis Šatūnas Illustrator Kristina Dailydė.
Over the Hedge is nature-friendly. Inner pages of this issue have been printed on 100% recycled paper.
ISBN 978-609-95488-5-2 CONTENTS
Instead of introduction 4
Women’s participation in politics as a measure of progress 6
The attitude of society towards women in politics 10
The impact of the electoral system on the representation of women 18
Incentives and barriers to women‘s participation in politics 26
Afterword 34
References 35 4 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? r int I o nste du only quantitative butalsoqualitative objectives. Apart from strengthening Participatory democracy is a deeper form of democracy, as it sets not of itsadvance:electoral 1 Developing theconceptofdemocracy, Silvia Walby of socialprogress. the qualityofdemocracy. Democracy, inturn,isoneofthekeyindicators Women’s participationinpoliticsisoneofthekeyindicatorsmeasuring five mainindicators: following the by defined is democracy Electoral progress. of indicator an level ofdemocracy. Inthe21stcenturyinEuropeitsattainmentisnolonger mocracy. Sheconsiderselectoraldemocracybasicandthemostelementary UK: SAGE UK: Publications. Modernities, and Contested Walby Sylvia and Complexity Inequalities (2009)Globalization universal suffrage. and peacefulassembly; free and fair elections conducted under conditions offreedom ofspeech gions, forexample); absence of other non-democratic formsofgovernance(organized reli- absence ofcolonies,sincecolonialruleisalwaysnotdemocratic; absence ofinheritedornon-electivepositionsinthegovernment; Democratic governance isbasedontherule able to implement democratic objectives. ofinstitutions and awell-developed network of law, protection of minorities, humanrights ction ad o ad democracy, f f participatory democracyand 1 identifies three stages open de- in building democracy and to profit from its achievements. As yet As achievements. its from profit to and democracy building in results. Women andmendonothaveequalopportunitiestoparticipate its enjoy can groups all not even, not is society in progress However,the is foundedondemocraticprinciples. Walby‘s opinion is inachieved when the - work of democracy a wide range open of institutions - democracy of level highest the and third The no womeninparliament. Sweden (44.7%), the outsiders are Qatar and Saudi Arabia, where there are leading countries are Rwanda (56.3%), Andorra (50%), Cuba The (45.2%) and 20.3%. is world the in parliamentarians women of number average 2 of participatorydemocracyisdefinedbythefollowingfourindicators: depth The processes. political the in particular) in (women groups social formal citizens‘rights,itguaranteestheactualparticipationofdifferent “Women innational
5 Instead of introduction 6 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? A di three friends... three a logue between between logue par a m p in tici o e o pr W a tion on Belarus and Ukraine. Yet the data for Lithuania, which was 34th was which Lithuania, for Yetdata Ukraine. the and Belarus on tion Economic Forum on Gender Equality for 2012 does not provide informa- Worldthe of Report Global The women. and men between the differences of index world the in year every measured is It state. a of progress the defining indicators the of one as rated is sexes of representation cal society.the in democracy politi- of of depth balance the The and equality gender of indicator an is parliaments national in women of presence The l s a itics o pa ur m gr tion e o en ess ’s s f f
3 of representation. After 2010 local elections in Belarus, Minsk city council The situation at the local level is a little better, but only on the lowest level of the Verkhovna RadaofUkraine. National Assembly in Belarus, 24.1% of the Seimas in Lithuania and 9.4% Currently womenrepresent26.6%oftheHouseRepresentatives level ofeducationat0.9954apoint. the and 0.9791, at survival and health 0.7551, as evaluated was activities took the 60th place, when women access to and participation in economic the political rights for women Lithuania gained only 0.1469 of a point and as well as the ministers of defence and finance, according to the criteria of male presidentand,atthetimeofassessment,SpeakerParliament, fe- a Having place. higher a take to country the allow not did women for potential and rights political of aspects that shows 111countries, among :
So far, noneoftheparliaments oftheanalyzed responsibilities, violenceagainstwomenandothers. health care,coordinationofprofessionalandfamily to women,includingsocialprotection,education, paying moreattentiontotheissuesdirectlyrelated would significantlyaffect thecontentofpolicy, countries hassuchanumberofwomenMPsthat
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7 Women’s participation in politics as a measure of progress 8 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? W ma ha t’s the tter? whom arewomen(10%). of six Lithuania, in mayors 60 are Currently,there 22.41%. to amounted councils municipal in women elections, 2011 the after Lithuania, In of districtimportance(6.5%)and151headsvillages(19.5%). 7 women became heads of regional cities (4.0%), 18 became heads of cities cils, 29.2% to urban regional councils, and 32.2% in urban district councils. cils of the cities of regional and national importance, 20.8% to district coun In Ukraine, 2010 local elections brought 21.4% of women to the city coun- borough councils-40.8%andvillage49.3%. 41.8%, - councils district urban 26.5%, - councils regional urban 29.4%, - councils district 17.3%, - councils regional women, of 26.3% to runs
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9 Women’s participation in politics as a measure of progress 10 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? tow Th s ard o e in a f societ p 5 4 ies (IISEPS)conductedapoll In 2010,theIndependentInstituteofSocio-EconomicandPoliticalStud- of reasons. situation in Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine reveals a more complex set However,side. women‘s from politics in participate to the of analysis the willingness of lack or candidates, female trust not does that electorate the of opinion either of consequence a is it representation, women of centage per low a to leads election democratic a when that believe people Some politics. wo ttit The pollwasconductedintheperiodbetweenlocalandpresidentialelections.
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42,2 18 2,4 2,6 4 4,1 5,1 4,5 6,9 17,1 27,1 %
11 The attitude of society towards women in politics 12 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? Women shouldnottakepartinpoliticsatall in thesameway, astheydonow Women shouldparticipateinpolitics Women shouldbemoreactiveinpolitics I t’s obvious, P a wom you ha you resident. while among men - from 31% to 12% (19 percentage points). Neverthe- points). percentage (19 12% to 31% from - men among while points), percentage 18 (by 5% to 23% from decreased it women, Among believe that women should not participate in politics significantly reduced. who respondents of number The 15%. to 18% from decreased statement the with agree who men of number the but 36%), to 28% (from points percentage 8 by increased politics, in involved more be should women that think who women of number the (1994-2009), years fifteen During men andwomen: for different significantly are change attitude of tendencies the although women‘s participation in politics in general is becoming more favourable, ducted since 1994 (1994, 2000 and 2009) showed that public opinion about In Lithuania,alongitudinalstudy„Women inLithuanianSociety“,con- attitude. negative cause still society in women and men of roles the about ideas a ve ve n Men, % 31 43 18 1994 Women, % 23 41 28 thought like this... like thought poll respondents respondents poll I third of of n 1994 athird Men, % 22 61 16 2000 Women, % 15 55 30 Men, % 12 55 15 2009 Women, % 42 36 5 Belarus. National Assembly of of Representatives ofthe to theHouse the elections candidates andMPs after ofwomenthe number Figure 1.Correlation of 2004 29,1 19,7 candidates number of thetotal Women out of MPs number of thetotal Women out 2008 21,4 31,8 2012 26,4 19 satisfied withthecurrentsituation). are involved in politics or not (in 2009, 55% of men and 42% women were Most of the residents of Lithuania also do not consider matter.important not if does women candidate mayor or council local a of gender the (59%) results of the survey in Ukraine showed that for the majority of respondents government. The local in women of participation active more a of favour in were women ten of out six while women, more involving of idea the endorse not do and of approve who those between equally approximately distributed were Men government. local in women of representation the in increase of idea the of (25%) opponents than (47%) supporters more 8 7 6 Fund «DemocraticInitiatives»namedafterIlkoKucheriv AUkrainian Women’sby conducted survey the with conjunction in Fund should notbeinvolvedinpolitics. less, there are still 2.4 times more men among those who think that women Rasa Ališauskienė and Giedrė Purvaneckienė Purvaneckienė andGiedrė Ališauskienė Rasa October,Service». outon3-15 carried Sociology 2010by was «Ukrainian The survey representative internete: http://www.su.lt/mokslas/mokslo-leidiniai/ml-lyciu-studijos-ir-tyrimai/2009-nr7 padaugėjimo“. Lyčių Nr. irtyrimai. studijos .P.6-15 Šiaulių 7,Šiauliai: universitetas, Prieiga arsulauksime politikoje: (2009)„Moterys Purvaneckienė, andGiedrė Ališauskienė Rasa one in ten in one ... a in 2009. in nd only only nd 6 8 7 found twice found
13 The attitude of society towards women in politics 14 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? the Seimas ofLithuania the Seimas toand MPs theelections after ofwomennumber candidates Figure 2.Correlation ofthe 20,6 of MPs total number out ofthe Women 25,6 candidates number of thetotal Women out 2004 2008 28,6 18,4 2012 23,7 31,7 formal justice and equality in society. Gender balance in the national of gov- matter the only not is politics in women of participation active More those districtswherethereisnoorminimalcompetition. in run women that fact the by explained be may that tendencies, opposite particularly noticeableinthecaseofUkraine.InBelarus(Fig.1)thereare is It elected. are they that guarantee to sufficient not is women of activity political the of increase the that means, That parliaments. national the in MPs women of increase the to lead automatically not does candidates female of number the in increase the that shows 3) 2, (Fig. Ukraine and affects their ability to be elected. The analysis politics of the situation in in Lithuania women of participation the to voters the of indifference The W Supposedlyneutral attitude oftheelectorate think a think politics and the importance oftheirpresence politics andtheimportance only oflackunderstandingwomen’s role in to thegender ofacandidate speaks often ha themselves? t do women t dowomen bout it it bout the Verkhovna ofUkraine Rada toand MPs theelections after ofwomennumber candidates Figure 3.Correlation ofthe 2002 10,4 8,1 2006 19,1 8,7 the total number 2007 number ofMPs Women outof 19,2 8,2 Women out of thetotal candidates a 2012 ctive p more amore support 19,1 9,4 36 per cent cent per 36 in politics... in a not aformalrequirement,butmatterofpolicycontent. is politics in women of representation parity Therefore, networks. lished ensured bythevarietyofdecision-makersanddestructionelitesestab- is moreaccountability and a more transparent decision-making process, 9 women. of safety laws againstdomesticviolenceoftensupportedbyfemaleMPsguarantee there are more women in the parliament, where because only countries effective protection the in killed are women fewer that shows analysis The the needs of children up to 3 years, helping to reduce economic inequality. in decision-making,moremoneyisallocatedforsocialneeds,especially income and reducing the risk of poverty. When more women are involved ticipation inthelabourmarket,especiallybyprovidingahigherpercapita par their encourage to measures of adoption the with linked is activities union trade and politics in participation women‘s that shows analysis cal Sociologi- corruption. of likelihood the reduce and women, of needs the ernment improvesthequalityofpolicymakingandpoliciesthataddress rticip Sylvia Walby a tion 9
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11 10 suffrage equal and universal provide councils municipal the of Law tion Elec- the and Republic Lithuanian the of Seimas the to Elections on Law CEC the of Chairman the of statements the by judging However,system. mixed a to or lists, party by voting for provides which ments to the Electoral Code. They insist on a shift to a proportional system, of Belarusianoppositionpartiescriticizedthissystemandstandforamend- off andcuts political forces representatives thisreason, For parties. smaller where he / she runs. Majoritarian electoral system is favourable for major be electedprovidedhe/sheobtainsamajorityofvoteintheconstituency will person a that presupposes It majoritarian. is system the Belarus, In Belarus, LithuaniaandUkraine. differsin which system, electoral the is important less No representation. ticipation inpoliticsareimportantbutitisnottheonlyfactoraffecting their women’sto relation in has electorate the par that (stereotypes) ideas The president. the from pressure political of result unspoken an is Belarus in women for electoral legislation in Belarus are not likely in the near future. 30% quota and less corrupt. I do not even remember when we convicted awomanofcorruption.“ whenweconvicted remember Idonoteven corrupt. and less adventurous less are womenmore more than responsible, men-they pressure. trust Ialways „Weby/rubrics/politic/2011/10/07/ic_news_112_377986/> undermy severe diditonpurpose, Naviny.by notfor is women” 2011
19 The impact of the electoral system on the representation of women 20 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? was found that the electoral system strongly influences the results together it politics, in women’srepresentation of level the on institutions political studied datafrom168countriesfortheyears1992-2010onimpactof not be neglected, considering the issues of women’s representation. Having An international comparative analysis shows that the electoral system can- in Ukraineatanyoftherepresentationlevels. 1991-1998 it was majoritarian. Gender quotas have never been introduced years the in and mixed, was system the 1998-2006, Earlier,in lists. party 13 12 oftheSeimas halfofthemembers One system. by secret ballot. The parliamentary elections are based on mixed electoral encies. are elected by closed party lists and the other half in majority constitu- A mixedelectoralsystemfunctionsinUkrainesince2012.HalfoftheMPs to adheretheproportionalrepresentationofwomenandmen. None of the laws of the Republic of Lithuania provides for the requirements constituting a municipal electoral district, where people vote for party municipality lists. each with system, electoral proportional the under held are stituencies, andtheother-byopenpartylists.Municipalcouncilelections There are445MPsintheSupreme CouncilofUkraine. There are141MPsintheLithuanian Seimas. 13 From2006to2012,Ukrainehadproportionalsystemofclosed 12 is electedinmajoritycon- is
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et’s support 15 14 the most favourable for women. However, in affluent countries the system The analyses showed that the electoral system on the basis of party lists is However, one should not underestimate the impact of the electoral system. than indevelopingorunderdevelopedcountries. efficient more times four even or three two, is women’sparticipation for HDI ofmorethan0.9,thechangeelectoralsystemtoafavourable tive effect on women‘s representation in politics. In the countries with the Studies have also shown that the level of economic development has a posi- Human DevelopmentIndex(HDI) the in reflected is which level, development country’seconomic the with 1992 to2010”,PoliticalResearch Quarterly, Vol. 66no.2. Political Representation: A Comparative Analysis of168Countriesfrom since 1990. year every inthe Human UN Report index published is Development The forindifferent comparingtool the ofliving overallstandard and countries regions. understudy. ofthe human ofasociety potential main characteristics astandard is HDI the as oflife oftheexpectancy, literacy,and measurement level andlongevity education annually calculated forThe comparison is afigure IndexDevelopment (HDI) Human Jennifer Rosen(2013)“TheEffects ofPoliticalInstitutionson Women‘s Economic andthe level ofthecountry of women’s engagement inpolitics existing system electoral are thekeyfactors 14
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21 The impact of the electoral system on the representation of women 22 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? Y women in politics. I politics. in women ou know, there should be the s the be should know, there ou er) thanintheothercountriesofregion,wheretherearenoquotas. the higher percentage of women in parliament (8.5 percentage points high- tries, the introduction of national gender quotas significantly contributes to developed countries, such as Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi. In such coun- least the in manifested is quotas of effect positive strongest The 5). (Fig. parliament in women of number the in increase significant a to lead tries, However,coun- underdeveloped and developing the in quota national the the developedcountrieswithoutquotas. quotas, tend to have a lower average number of women in parliament than introduced that countries Developed quotas. of introduction with nected con- women of representation the in differences significant statistically find not do scholars development economic of level high with countries the In countries. underdeveloped and developing developed, in women of representation the on effect different a have quotas that show Studies most problematiconeismajoritarianelectoralsystem(Figure4). Mixed electoral system gives less favourable effects regarding women. The in thisdirection. of women remains within the parties. The advocacy should be carried out advancement the on voice deciding The elections. of outcome the affect not do women towards attitudes stereotypical so list, the on candidate the With closedliststhevotersdonothaveabilitytochangepositionof developing andunderdevelopedcountries,closedlistsgivethebestresults. of open lists is more effective for women, than the system of closed lists. In 16
Ibid. t would immedi t would a a me a me tely incre ppro a ch to the issue of of issue ch to the a se their number. number. se their 16 Type System: of Electoral system. of countries andtheelectoral the economic development parliaments. Correlation of representation in Figure 4.Women‘s 1 National Legislation? Quota system. of countries andtheelectoral the economic development parliaments. Correlation of representation in Figure 5.Women‘s 1
Ibid. Ibid. Majoritarian No Mixed OpenlistPR Yes ClosedlistPR 1 1
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23 The impact of the electoral system on the representation of women 24 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? I a gree... for them a them for opportunity to t opportunity I f one a f one nd their country, only then it’s possible to justify the in the it’s only then to justify possible country, their nd a th grees favourable toincreasingthenumberofwomeninnationalparliaments. national gender quotasandelectoral system ofclosed lists would be most category ofdevelopingcountries. And itsuggeststhatintroductionof On thecriterialistedaboveBelarus,LithuaniaandUkrainefallinto a Globaldata suggeststhat solvingtheissues of ke p ke nuanced and adapted to the localcontext. Measures to promote women are to be it isimpossibleto applyuniversal approach. improving women’s politicalrepresentation t it’s f a rt in decision m decision in rt a ir when the biggest soci biggest the when ir a king reg king a rding the issues vit issues the rding a l group ha l group s no s no a ction. ction. a l women, wethen st
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25 The impact of the electoral system on the representation of women 26 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? par a tici to wo n I ncenti ie d barr pa resentation ofwomenandmenindecision-makingprocess. general, applicabletoallcontextsstrategythathelpsachieve equal rep- offer to unable is analysis However,the aspects. other and work political in part take to themselves women of willingness the politics, in women electoral systems, the corporate culture of parties, social attitudes towards structural, interpersonalandpersonalreasons.Expertsstudytheimpactof governmental institutions. This list combines factors that are related to the in politicsandmeasurescontributingtoanincreasetheirnumbers representation women‘s to barriers various to refers literature Academic p tion o l m itics ‘s en v in r es s
a fter awhile...fter 18 17 survey internet an in participate to agreed who The views expressed by the Belarusian, Lithuanian and Ukrainian women (not accepted by L 85.6%, B 92.7%, and U 93.6%), that «women are too are «women that 93.6%), U and 92.7%, B L85.6%, by accepted (not physical weakness does not allow them to establish themselves in politics» 76.2 %. The survey participants also rejected the stereotype that «women’s 66.1 % of respondents disagreed, in Lithuania (L) - 68.2 %, Ukraine (U) - that “family and political activities are incompatible”. In Belarus (B) However, the majority of survey participants disagreed with the statement values materialistic prevailing with countries of category the to belong Ukraine and Lithuania Belarus, that shown have values world-wide of Studies cases, theviewsaresimilar, inothertheydiffer. litical andculturalcontextaffects theinterpretationof theissue.Insome were only women who shared their opinion about participating in politics. were onlywomenwhosharedtheiropinionaboutparticipatinginpolitics. There were68respondentsfromBelarusandUkraine,292Lithuania. The respondents The pollinJune2013wascarriedoutBelarus,LithuaniaandUkraine.
1970 to2006”, West Vol. European Politics, 1–2,P.130 31,Nos. –146. S Ronald F. Values (2008)“Changing Inglehart among Western from Publics o ha eie orun? r to decided 18 and traditional views, including on social roles of men and women. ve you fin you ve a lly 17 , show that the social po- social the that show ,
27 Incentives and barriers to women‘s participation in politics 28 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? equal sharing of domestic responsibilities between women and men would «more that agreed majority survey.The the of participants Belarusian of % 70.3 and Ukrainian, of % 61.9 Lithuanian, of % 55.9 agreed positive,» be more women in politics if the society’s attitude towards them was more would «there statement Withthe men. of side the from hostility or roles, rather thaninstitutionalfactors,suchasstereotypesandtraditionalgender individual of influence the by politics in women of number insufficient the explain to inclined were countries three all in participants poll The of peoplewithauniversityeducation. majority the up make women countries, three all in since surprising, not expressed confidence in the competence of women. Such an assessment is in Lithuania were the most demanding of politicians, but at the same time edge first and only then go into politics». Obviously, the survey participants anian women believed that «it is necessary to acquire professional knowl- Lithu- of 68.8% and Ukrainian of 58.7% Belarusian, of However,51.5% participate in politics» (not accepted by B 80,9%, L 81.5%, and U 82.5%). to required competences the have not do «women that and 90.5%) U and L77.4%, 76.5%, B by accepted (not politics» in participate to emotional Y understood Iunderstood es, my oblig my a th t now it is is it t now a tion. tion. a a cha fr ents in Belarus, 66.6% in Ukraine and 68.5% in Lithuania agreed that such parties in promoting women’s participation in politics. of 50% of responsibilities the respond- and role the emphasized also participants survey The did nothaveaclearopiniononthisissue,and29,5%disagreed. for the fact that they are few in politics». 26,5% of Belarusian respondents blame to are «women position the with agree not did Lithuania in 44.6% bers in politics were divided. 52.3% of survey participants in Ukraine and The opinions on the responsibility of women for the increase in their num- evaluate unsatisfactoryresultsastheirguiltorresponsibility. not do they but themselves, women of task the be to politics in women of an assumptionthatthepollparticipantsconsiderimprovementofstatus but four out of ten (40%) also supported this position. This allows to make and Belarus (U 54%, B 51,5%). Lithuanian respondents were less negative, them it is disadvantageous» was actively supported by women in Ukraine statement «men will always resist the appearance of women in politics, for men potential supporters in women’sin see struggle for not parity did representation. women The of number large a Quite 68.3%). U and 64.7%, B 59.6%, (L politics» in women of presence the on impact positive a have a ren’t you ren’t you a id of such of id llenge? moreover, Iw moreover, policy is rich enough; enough; rich is policy something import something experience in soci in experience M y competence a y competence a nt to do nt a nd nd a nt. l
29 Incentives and barriers to women‘s participation in politics 30 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? 20,6% disagreed and 49.3% were positive about the statement. According Lithuania In quotas. of idea the supported 58.7% and disagreed 17.5% Ukraine, In agreed. respondents the of 39.7% while Belarus, in disagreed 25% left politics» in women of situation the improve significantly would ambiguous. more were quotas about responses the «quotas statement The level of democracy in the country» (B 63.2%, L 72.2%, U 73 high %). a However,indicates structures decision-making in men and women of tation U 81%). The majority also supported the position «proportional represen- L76.4%, 72.1%, B by accepted (not crisis» economic the overcomes try statement «the issue of women in politics could be solved when the coun- the with agree not did majority absolute The future. the for postponed According totherespondents,issuesofgenderequalitycannotbe agreed, against20.9%ofthosewhodidnot. a clear opinion, and 31.8% of the respondents agreed. In Lithuania 52.4% opinion. Those who agreed in Ukraine totalled no36.5%, 25.4% did had not have 23.5% politics», in themselves establish to them allow not does women did not agree with the statement «financial dependence of women Belarusian of 52.9% straightforward. so not were funding of importance the about question the to responses the However, important. is support would like to contribute to contribute like would issues a issues in a in Y soci ou ha ou ddressing them. ddressing a l issues. T l issues. re topic re ve mentioned mentioned ve a l, a l, hese hese nd I nd H
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33 Incentives and barriers to women‘s participation in politics 34 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? A f te 19 imprint on the world outlook of a society.a of outlook world the on imprint ism, Catholicism, Islam, Confucianism, or communism, leaves an indelible a stable democracy. However, cultural heritage, be it formed by - Protestant so-called survivalvaluestoself-expressionthatcreateconditionsfor the from transition to and world-view the changing to contribute security people. The increasing wealth as well as the material, social, and physical economic developmentusuallybringspredictablechangesintheoutlookof Scholars researchingthe system of values in human societies, argue that anticipates qualitativechangesin socialpracticesofthethreecountries. presence of women is important for the quality of government policy which observed. The participants of the survey expressed a strong belief that the be also can trends positive However, structures. party from support and strong negativeimpactofgenderstereotypesandlackpublic support a feel they undervalued, is politics in participation women’s countries, three all in contexts, political different the of spite why,in is That roles. the societies. Among other things it means patriarchal perception ofgender dominate still survival of values traditional where countries, by rounded aresur Belarus,LithuaniaandUkraine theglobalmapofvalues, On influence oftradition. the interactionofdrivingforcesmodernizationandcontinuing Ibid. rwo rd 19 The system of values reflects values of system The - Ref
35 References 36 OVER THE HEDGE: Politics Is Not For Women? 9 786099 548869 ЧЕРЕЗ ЗАБОР Европейского Союза. Европейского как взгляд ипозиция интерпретирована быть неможет мере ни вкоей публикация Эта авторов. личными взглядами являются в издании, Взгляды, выраженные Союза. Европейского создано приподдержке было издание Это 9 786099 548852
ЧЕРЕЗ ЗАБОР Европейского Союза. Европейского как взгляд ипозиция интерпретирована быть неможет мере ни вкоей публикация Эта авторов. личными взглядами являются в издании, Взгляды, выраженные Союза. Европейского создано приподдержке было издание Это