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Views on Gender Related Statements Across Men and Women and Age Groups, % of Agreement, 2008

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Views on Gender Related Statements Across Men and Women and Age Groups, % of Agreement, 2008 Report No. Public Disclosure Authorized March 3, 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY AND EQUIVALENT UNITS Exchange Rate Effective as of December 24, 2013 Currency Unit = Belarusian Ruble US$1 = 9514.74 BYR FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BEEPS Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECA Europe and Central Asia EVS European Values Survey FINDEX Financial Inclusion Database GNI Gross National Income HLSS Household Living Standards Survey IFC International Finance Corporation IT Information technology LiTS Life in Transition Survey NSC National Statistical Committee OLS Ordinary Least Squares UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund US United States WDI World Development Indicators WHO World Health Organization Vice President: Laura Tuck Country Director: Qimiao Fan Sector Director: Roumeen Islam Sector Manager: Carolina Sanchez Task Team Leader: Sarosh Sattar ...................................................... 1 ............................................................................................ 3 ................................................................................................... 4 ............................................................................. 5 ......................................................................................................................... 9 ............................................................................................................................ 11 ............................................................................................................... 17 ............................................................... 21 ................................................................................. 25 .................................................................................................... 27 ................................................................................................................................. 35 List of Tables Table 0.1: Views on Gender Related Statements Across Men and Women and Age Groups, % of Agreement, 2008 .................................................................................................................................. 7 Table 2.1: Demographic Tendencies ......................................................................................................... 12 Table 3.1: Employment and Earnings Statistics, 2009 ............................................................................... 19 Table 3.2: Profile of working and nonworking women above 55 ............................................................... 21 Table 3.3: Oaxaca Decomposition of Monthly Wages, 2010 .................................................................... 27 List of Figures Figure 0.1: Share of Women Representation in Legislative and Public Administration Bodies, % ............. 4 Figure 0.2: Measures of Life Satisfaction ..................................................................................................... 5 Figure 0.3: Mean Value of Indicators Showing Agreement with the Views on Gender Related Statements Across Gender, 2008 ............................................................................................................................ 6 Figure 2.1: Enrollment in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Education, % .................................................. 9 iii Figure 2.2: Enrollment Among Population Aged 17-24 by Consumption per capita Quartiles in 2010, % ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 2.3: Enrollment in Tertiary Education by Subjects in 2009-2010, % .............................................. 11 Figure 2.4: Share of Population by Age Groups and Gender in 2011, % ................................................... 11 Figure 2.5: Life Expectancy at Birth, years ................................................................................................ 13 Figure 2.6: Mortality and Death Rates ........................................................................................................ 14 Figure 2.7: Infant and Under-5 Child Mortality ......................................................................................... 15 Figure 3.1: Male and Female Labor Force Participation, % ....................................................................... 18 Figure 3.2: Manual and Salaried Employees in by Gender 2009, % .......................................................... 19 Figure 3.3: Employment Ratios across Gender, Age and Education in 2010, % ........................................ 20 Figure 3.4: Attempts and Success in Starting Business Across Gender ..................................................... 22 Figure 3.5: Female Management and Ownership of Firms in 2008, % ...................................................... 23 Figure 3.6: Female Ownership and Management by Economic Sectors in 2008, % .................................. 23 Figure 3.7: Use of Bank Accounts in Belarus and the ECA Region, 2011 ................................................. 24 Figure 3.8: Purposes of Accounts and Sources of Loans in Belarus, 2011 ................................................. 24 Figure 3.9: Log Monthly Wage Across Gender, 2010 ................................................................................ 25 Figure 3.10: Returns to Education and Experience Based on Heckman Model, 2010 ............................... 26 Figure 3.11: Share of male and female headed households in population by age groups, % ..................... 27 Figure 3.12: Share of men and women headed households among single person and single parent families by age groups, % ................................................................................................................................ 27 Figure 3.13: Monthly income per capita by gender of head of household and the type of household ....... 28 Figure 3.14: Monthly income per capita by gender of head of household and age group among single person and single parent households .................................................................................................. 28 Figure 3.15: Income per capita in female headed single parent households by the number of children below 12 years, 2010 ......................................................................................................................... 29 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This note was prepared by Aziz Atamanov under the leadership of Sarosh Sattar. The team would like to thank Qimiao Fan, Country Director, and Young Chul Kim, Country Manager, for their support for this report. We are thankful to Elizaveta Perova, a peer reviewer of this report, for her constructive comments and suggestions. The report benefited from the comments provided by Sammar Essmat, Elena Klochan, Peter Nicholas, Irina Oleinik, Yulia Snizhko, the staff of UNICEF and UNFPA offices in Belarus and all participants of the World Bank Group Country Partnership Strategy for Belarus consultations on gender inequality. Administrative support was provided by Helena Makarenko. v 1. This assessment identifies and describes main gender disparities in Belarus in agency, education, health and access to economic opportunities. The report builds on the framework of the of the World Bank’s regional gender report, Europe and Central Asia: Opportunities for Men and Women, as well as the World Development Report on Gender and Development. The assessment takes a quantitative approach using a wide range of different international data sources including World Bank’s World Development Indicators, the Global Financial Inclusion Database, the Life in Transition Survey, EBRD- World Bank Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey as well as local Household Living Standards Survey. Key findings of the assessment can be summarized as follows: 2. Belarus has high level of female human development indicators and gender neutral legislation. In particular, Belarusian women are more educated than men, have a high level of labor force participation, high share of firms with female ownership, and are represented in politics. Significant progress was achieved in reducing maternal and infant mortality to the level observed in developed countries. Belarusian legislation does not discriminate against women, and different policy measures were enacted in the field of gender equality along with establishing the coordinating and advisory agency. 3. Nevertheless, this report identifies important gender disparities in various spheres starting from education. In particular, in spite of very high and increasing levels of tertiary enrollment, the gender gap in favor of women is much higher than in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region and increasing. The high concentration of women in tertiary education may be a result of barriers women face in the labor market and therefore stronger efforts to get better education and/or low prestige of higher education among men. This may also be because women are less likely to be in blue collar jobs. In
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