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Alternative Report on Compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women by Belarus

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Alternative Report on Compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women by Belarus Alternative Report on Compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women by Belarus Prepared by the Anti-Discrimination Centre Memorial with the assistance of Her Rights Center For the 65th session of the UN CEDAW, 2016 Overview The situation of women in Belarus remains difficult for a number of reasons: while politicians and the media convey patriarchal stereotypes to a wide audience, pronounced gender discrimination in the employment sphere aggravates the difficult economic situation, poverty, and unemployment. Although Belarus yet to adopt a special law barring discrimination and does not have a separate law against gender discrimination, the Constitution and industry-specific laws ban any discrimination, including on the basis of gender, and the National Strategy on the Sustainable Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for the Period until 2030 states that “gender equality is necessary for society’s sustainable development and is one of the current challenges for realizing human rights and ensuring social fairness” (point 8.7).1 Discrimination against women in the public appearances of politicians and representatives of state institutions Even though the government officially professes to adhere to the values of gender equality and non-discrimination, politicians and other public representatives of state institutions continue to convey stereotypical and frequently discriminatory statements about women in interviews and speeches. One example is a video interview given by Nikolai Ulakhovich, chair of the Belarusian Patriotic Party, during the parliamentary campaign in 2016. During this interview, he stated that a woman’s primary responsibility is to raise children and that “gender equality is perverting society.”2, 3 In another example, Lidia Ermoshina, chair of the Central Election Committee, has repeatedly spoken out sharply on the topic of women’s participation in political life, thus conveying traditional, discriminatory attitudes: “Women are not interested in politics, they are apolitical by nature.”4 “These ‘women’ have nothing better to do? They should sit at home and make borscht, not roam around squares” (on women’s participation in political actions in 2010).5 The role of women in social consciousness is reduced to the traditional role of mother and wife, and women are conveyed as symbols of beauty, spring, and warmth. The president, ministers, and other senior Belarusian officials have repeatedly spoken about this in their speeches.6, 7 Once the president even said that “being president is not the business of a woman.”8 These kinds of statements help traditional notions of the role and status of women in Belarusian society become entrenched and have an overall negative effect on the process of achieving gender equality. Also, this negative effect is significantly intensified because the people who shape and influence policies address these statements to a wide audience. Lack of protection of women from discrimination in the media Belarusian law contains operating principles for the media (Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus of July 17, 2008 No. 427-Z “On the Media”), including principles such as reliability of information, respect for human rights and freedoms, protection of morals, and observance of professional ethics rules for journalists and universal moral rules. However, given the existing stereotypes and traditional notions of the role and status of women, general principles alone are not 1 sufficient to protect women from discrimination: proving instances of discrimination against women in the media will be extremely difficult unless discrimination in the media is banned and journalists, editorial boards, editors and others are held liable for their discriminatory actions and materials. Discriminatory materials do not generally contain objective information and facts, only stereotypical notions and generalizations that amount to value judgments in respect of women (usually in insulting terms). Articles are frequently published that degrade women whose appearances do not “match” standards of beauty and that relegate the value of women to maternal functions and to the role of wife and housewife, while conveying stereotypes regarding their abilities and personal traits. These articles are usually accompanied by apologies to readers they may offend. When individuals and organizations write letters about these articles, the editorial board / journalists generally refuse to acknowledge the discriminatory nature of their material or only acknowledge that the tone may have been “sharp.” For example, a reader of the internet portal rebenok.by who was trying to have an article offensive to heavier women removed from this website turned to the Her Rights Center for assistance.9 Even though the editorial board deleted this article after the Center got involved, it never admitted to the article’s discriminatory nature. Discrimination against women in advertising There are some mechanisms to protect against discrimination in advertising, but there is no direct ban on discrimination. Instead, Belarusian law contains a definition of “unethical advertising,” which includes, among other things, offensive words, comparisons, and images in respect of external appearance, age group, gender, etc. (Article 26 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus of May 10, 2007 No. 225-Z “On Advertising”). The Ministry of Trade and local executive authorities of the Republic of Belarus caution against and delete improper advertisements to the extent of their competencies. Even so, in practice discriminatory advertising is widespread in Belarus. A determination of the ethical nature of an advertisement (and whether or not it should be allowed) is usually based on existing stereotypes and traditional notions about the image of a woman. And the people making these decisions do not generally have sufficient or even basic knowledge about the criteria for discrimination. In this situation, there is clearly a need to make systematic changes to the process of evaluating advertisements for discrimination. Examples of these kinds of advertisements can be found in a review article.10 Women have little knowledge of their legal rights The Her Rights Center, which works with requests from women for legal assistance on a daily basis, notes that in most cases women are not aware of their rights and the possibilities for protecting them. Women frequently lack the financial means to consult an attorney, and government institutions frequently neglect to explain their rights to them, even when required to do so by law. This is particularly true in cases of domestic violence. The incompetence and negligence of employees at various agencies frequently results in an even greater violation of rights and discrimination. Gender upbringing, education, career The Education Code of the Republic of Belarus identifies one of the components of upbringing as gender upbringing, which, in the opinion of lawmakers, constitutes “…the student’s shaping of notions about the role and purpose of men and women in contemporary society.” Thus, gender upbringing is based on the traditional gender role approach, which shapes students’ understanding of themselves as girls or boys in the conventional sense. 2 For example, schools still offer life skills lessons where the class is divided into two groups by gender. Generally, girls receive instruction in the basics of cooking, gardening, sewing, knitting, etc. (in essence, service work), while boys receive technical instruction in woodworking, carpentry, etc. This kind of division does not allow for student preference or the development of individual abilities and helps entrench stereotypes regarding the division of labor into traditional “male” and “female” roles. As of 2015, 56.1 percent of Belarusian women and 43.9 percent of Belarusian men had a higher education.11 These numbers have remained the same for several years. Interestingly, most women who have a higher education work in the medical, agricultural, socio-economic, and public spheres, while it is mainly men who have graduate degrees in these areas. This can in many ways be explained by the fact that from pre-school on, girls are oriented towards housework and performing the roles of mother and wife. Additionally, fewer women hold senior positions in education like rector, vice-rector, director of an affiliated institution than men (women – 66, men – 216). As of 2016, women accounted for 66 percent of teachers and assistants at institutions of higher learning, 21.6 percent of professors, 36.6 percent of deans, and only 9.1 percent of rectors. Most women working in education are employed at the level of teacher or lecturer (65 percent women and 50.1 percent men). Typically, the higher the positions and salaries at an educational institution, the fewer women work there. It should be noted that women employed by government institutions are more educated: 33.5 percent of workers at government agencies with a higher education are women as compared to 24.5 percent of men. According to the RB Statistics Committee2, 1, in 2014–2016 81.9 percent of education workers were women, 85.3 percent of healthcare and social service workers were woman, 75.5 percent of financial workers were women; and 73.4 percent of hotel and restaurant workers were women. Meanwhile, male workers predominated in construction (81.4 percent), mining (72.3 percent), and production and distribution of electricity, gas, and water (81.4 percent).
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