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Étude De La Doctrine Politique De Chávez De 1999 À 2006 À Travers Ses Discours, Écrits Et Entrevues

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Étude De La Doctrine Politique De Chávez De 1999 À 2006 À Travers Ses Discours, Écrits Et Entrevues UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL ÉTUDE DE LA DOCTRINE POLITIQUE DE CHAVEZ DE 1999 À 2006 À TRAVERS SES DISCOURS, ÉCRITS ET ENTREVUES MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SOCIOLOGIE PAR THOMAS CHIASSON-LE BEL Janvier 2009 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris 1'1 nternet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES iv LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS v RÉSUMÉ vi INTRODUCTION PENSER LA PENSÉE DE CHAVEZ 1 CHAPITRE 1 PROBLÉMATIQUE ET MÉTHODE 6 ].J Ontologie de la démarche 6 ] .2 Les méthodes utilisées dans d'autres études et leur apport pour notre démarche 10 1.2.1 Les études sur la pensée Il 1.2.2 Le castrisme 13 1.2.3 Le péronisme 15 1.2.4 Que reteni r de ces études? 18 1.3 De l'importance du discours politique 20 1.4 Sur le matériel disponible 24 15 Mises en garde 28 1.6 Le traitement des données et les résultats escomptés 30 1.6.1 Hypothèse 31 CHAPITRE II PRÉSENTATION DU CONTEXTE D'ÉMERGENCE DU CHAVISME 33 2.l La période «puntofijiste» 34 2.2 L'effondrement du pacte de Punto Fijo 39 2.2.1 Le Caracazo, des émeutes qui durent près d'une semaine .4ü 2.2.2 1992: année des deux tentatives de coup d'État 42 2.2.3 La période d'instabilité qui a précédé la nouvelle hégémonie 46 2.3 La mise en place de la révolution bolivarienne 52 2.4 Conclusion 61 CHAPITRE III LE NATIONALISME AU CŒUR DE LA PENSÉE DE CHAvEZ 63 3.l Le concept de nation 65 III 3.2 : Le passé commun 69 3.2.1 Simon Rodrîguez 70 3.2.2 Simon Bolîvar 73 3.2.3 Ezequiel Zamora 75 3.2.4 Retour sur l'importance des acteurs historiques 77 33 Un projet pour le futur 78 3.3.1 Révolution, utopie et objectifs stratégiques 79 3.3.2 L'importance de la Constitution 80 3.4 La souveraineté 82 35 L'impérialisme, stade suprême du néolibéralisme 85 3.5.1 Les alternatives à l'impérialisme 90 3.6 Conclusion 94 CHAPITRE IV L'ÉVOLUTION DE LA PENSÉE ÉCONOMIQUE DE CHAvEZ 96 4./ Une réponse nationale au néolibéralisme 98 4.2 Le rôle de l'État /03 4.2.1 Les problèmes qui lirrùtent l'action de l'État 104 4.2.2 Une solution globale: le pétrole 106 43 Le rôle des autres acteurs /07 4.3.1 Le modèle pré-électoral 107 4.3.2 Le modèle de transition 109 4.3.3 Le plan économique 2001-2007 et la loi habilitante III 4.3.4 Le socialisme du XXI" siècle 116 4.4 Conclusion /20 CHAPITRE V CIVILS, MILITAIRES, PARTI, ÉTAT ET CHEF 125 5./ L'union civils-militaires /26 5.2 La relation entre le président et les électeurs /32 5.3 Le parti et le peuple /36 5.4 Conclusion /40 CHAPITRE VI CONCLUSION 142 6.1 Les résultats /44 6.2 Retour sur la méthode 149 6.3 Notes sur l'originalité 153 6.4 Perspectives 155 RÉFÉRENCES I5'lO LISTE DES FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Évolution de la quantité relative de voix pour les principaux candidats en fonction de leur parti lors des présidentielles de 1958 à 2006 .48 2.2 Évolution du nombre de voix aux élections impliquant le président de 1998 à 2006 60 1· i , LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ABM : Blanco Mufioz, Agustfn. 1998. Venezuela del 04F-92 al 06D-98 : Habla el comandante Hugo Chavez Frias. T. 12 de Testimonios violentos. Caracas: "Catedra Pio Tamayo". CSD : Châvez Frfas, Hugo et Haiman El Troudi. 2005- . Seleccion de Discursos del Presidente de la Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela, Hugo Chtivez Frias. 7 t. Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la Republica. DZ: Dfaz Rangel, Eleazar. 2006. Todo Chavez : De Sabaneta al socialismo del siglo XXI. 2e éd. rev. et augm. Caracas: PJaneta. LA: Châvez Frias, Hugo. 2007. Ellibro Azul. Caracas: ediciones deI Minci. LB : Bilbao, Luis. 2005. Chavez el la révohtlion bolivarienne : enlretien avec Luis Bilbao. Clamecy (Fr) : Le temps des cerises. MH : Harnecker, Marta. 2002. Hugo Chavez Frfas. Un hombre, un pueblo. Espagne: Gakoa Tercera Prensa. PA : Châvez Frfas, Hugo. 2006. Palabras Antiimperialistas. Caracas: Ministerio de comunicaci6n e informaci6n, deuxième édition. RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire a pour objectif de présenter la pensée politique de Hugo Châvez Frfas. Cette pensée est une doctrine baptisée chavisme qui agit au sein d'un débat de nature idéologique visant à mobiliser la population autour d'une refonte de la stmcture institutionnelle du Venezuela. À l'aide d'éléments de la théorie de Mikhail Bakhtine, d'études sur la pensée politique de Lénine, Gramsci et Guevara, et de travaux portant sur la pensée politique de personnages similaires à Hugo Chavez Frfas, nous avons dégagé une méthode qui permet de découvrir sa doctrine à travers ses discours, ses écrits et des entrevues longues qui ont été publiées. Cette méthode utilise les résonances dialogiques et les éléments de doctrine qu'il énonce au sein du matériau étudié. Elle nous a permis de présenter une doctrine qui est l'articulation des concepts principaux qui justifient ses prises de position et politiques particulières pendant la période étudiée, soit de 1999 à 2006. Cette recherche présente le chavisme d'abord comme une réponse au contexte qui précédait sa prise de pouvoir. Cette réponse s'appuie sur un nationalisme qui définit l'appartenance à la nation en fonction de l'adhésion à un projet politique, lui-même défini pour les plus pauvres et les exclus. Autour de ce nationalisme s'organise une série de concepts, comme la souveraineté, la révolution et l'impérialisme. Cette doctrine contient également un versant économique, lui-même articulé au nationalisme à l'aide du concept de développement endogène intégral, dont J'évolution mènera à l'inclusion du concept de socialisme au sein de la pensée. Finalement, en tant que proposition de changement de la structure institutionnelle, Je chavisme inclut également une partie importante sur les relations entre le chef d'État, le parti politique, les forces armées et le peuple. Dans cette partie de la pensée, les concepts de parti, de leader naturel et d'union civils-militaires, qui s'articulent également avec les concepts précédents, brouillent les frontières entre le peuple, le gouvernement, Je parti et l'État afin que tant le peuple que les institutions et les organisations contribuent ensemble au projet politique défini pour la nation. Bien que cette méthode autorise difficilement le discernement des éléments qui semblent être des choix plus stratégiques que doctrinaires, elle permet de présenter un ensemble articulé et cohérent qui facilite la compréhension de la situation au Venezuela. Surtout, elle permet de présenter les intentions qui, à travers les discours, écrits et entrevues de Châvez, servent à justifier les choix institutionnels qui ont été faits. Elle montre également certaines tensions au sein de la doctrine, notamment entre le rôle important accordé au leader naturel et celui, non moins important, accordé à la démocratie participative et « protagonique ». Mots clefs: Châvez, Frfas, Hugo; Histoire politique; Pensée politique; Révolution bol ivarienne;Venezuela. INTRODUCTION PENSER LA PENSÉE DE CHÂVEZ Le Venezuela a changé de visage au cours des deux dernières décennies. En 1989, au milieu d'une crise économique importante, une émeute explose et dure plusieurs jours: elle provoque des affrontements violents entre les forces armées et les émeutiers. Trois ans plus tard, en une seule année, deux groupes militaires tentent de renverser le gouvernement par la force et échouent. Le président perd toutefois la confiance du Parlement quelques mois plus tard. Ce contexte provoque une chute draconienne de la popularité des partis politiques qui s'échangeaient le pouvoir depuis une trentaine d'années et favorise l'émergence d'une nouvelle coalition politique, Convergencia Caldera, qui prendra la présidence pour un seul mandat. Tremblements économique et politique créeront l'espace pour une nouvelle formation politique ayant à sa tête le principal protagoniste de l'une des tentatives de coup d'État: Hugo Chavez. Celle-ci a changé le visage politique du paysl. Ce nouveau visage, c'est celui d'un projet hégémonique2 qui a pris suffisamment d'importance pour avoir fait naître un substantif et son épithète, le chavisme et chaviste. 1 À ce sujet, Dick Parker (2001, p.l3) débutait un article sur le chavisme par la phrase suivante: «Todos los analistas estan de acuerdo en reconocer que el fen6meno polltico que encabeza el actual presidente de Venezuela, Hugo Chavez Frfas, representa una ruptura con el esquema polftico venezolano de las ultimas décadas.
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