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Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES INSECTOS ASOCIADOS A ESPOROMAS DE MACROMICETOS EN TRES TIPOS DE VEGETACIÓN EN EL MUNICIPIO DE LINARES, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO. POR: ING. KAREN ELISAMA RIVERA LUNA Como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS FORESTALES. Agosto, 2020 1 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FORESTALES INSECTOS ASOCIADOS A ESPOROMAS DE MACROMICETOS EN TRES TIPOS DE VEGETACIÓN EN EL MUNICIPIO DE LINARES, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO. POR: ING. KAREN ELISAMA RIVERA LUNA Como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS FORESTALES Agosto, 2020 2 INSECTOS ASOCIADOS A ESPOROMAS DE MACROMICETOS EN TRES TIPOS DE VEGETACIÓN EN EL MUNICIPIO DE LINARES, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO. Aprobación de Tesis Agosto, 2020 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Primeramente a Dios por poner a mi disposición la oportunidad de superarme. A CONACYT por el apoyo económico durante mis estudios de posgrado. Al director de éste trabajo de investigación, el Dr. Fortunato Garza Ocañas por su gran apoyo y que desde licenciatura me ha ayudado a conocer este hermoso mundo de la micología. A mis asesores, el Dr. Horacio Villalón Mendoza y la Dra. Laura Rosa Sánchez Castillo por sus aportaciones a ésta investigación. A mi asesor el Dr. Humberto Quiróz Martínez por su gran apoyo en la identificación de los artrópodos y por haberme permitido usar un espacio en su laboratorio. A Carlos Ignacio Tamez García por su apoyo en todo momento, por ayudarme en mi trabajo de campo y laboratorio, estando cuando nadie más estuvo. Este logro lo alcancé con su compañía, amor y apoyo. i DEDICATORIA ii CONTENIDO AGRADECIMIENTOS i DEDICATORIA ii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS 6 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS 8 ÍNDICE DE LÁMINAS 9 RESUMEN 11 SUMMARY 12 1.- INTRODUCCIÓN 13 1.1.- Biología de los hongos 13 1.1.1.- Papel de los hongos en los ecosistemas 15 1.2.- Interacciones ecológicas: Micofagia. 18 1.2.1.- Caracterización de insectos micetófilos 20 2.- ANTECEDENTES 23 3.- JUSTIFICACIÓN 25 4.- HIPÓTESIS 26 5.- OBJETIVOS 27 5.1.- Objetivo General 27 5.2.- Objetivos específicos 27 6.- MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 28 6.1.- Diagrama de flujo del trabajo de investigación. 28 6.2.- Localización del área de estudio 29 6.2.1.- Sitios de colecta 29 6.3- Metodología 31 3 6.3.1- Trabajo de campo 31 6.3.2- Trabajo de laboratorio 32 7.- ANÁLISIS DE DATOS 34 7.1.- Vegetación 34 7.2.- Hongos e insectos asociados 34 8.- RESULTADOS 36 8.1.- Vegetación 36 8.1.1.- Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco 36 8.1.2.- Bosque de Encino 38 8.1.3.- Bosque de Encino-Pino 39 8.2.- Macromicetos 41 8.2.1.- Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco 41 8.2.2.- Bosque de Encino 42 8.2.3.- Bosque de Encino-Pino 44 8.2.4.- General 45 8.2.5.- Jerarquización taxonómica 53 8.2.6.- Láminas fotográficas 59 8.2.7.- Hábito de crecimiento 68 8.2.8.- Comestibilidad 68 8.3.- Insectos 70 8.3.1.- Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco 70 9.3.2.- Bosque de Encino 71 8.3.3.- Bosque de Encino Pino 72 8.3.4.- General 73 8.3.5.- Jerarquización taxonómica 75 4 8.3.6.- Láminas fotográficas 76 8.4.- Asociación insecto-hongo 78 8.5.- Diversidad de especies por estaciones del año 83 8.5.1.- Macromicetos 83 8.5.2.- Insectos 88 8.6.- Análisis de los datos 91 8.6.1.- Análisis de similitud 91 8.6.2.- Índice de Shannon-Wiener 92 9.- DISCUSIÓN 94 10.- CONCLUSIONES 99 11.- LITERATURA CITADA 100 5 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1.- Ubicación de los sitios de muestreo en el municipio de Linares, Nuevo León. ................................................................................................................. 30 Figura 2.- Cámaras de cría para la colecta de insectos micófagos. ................. 32 Figura 3.- Identificación de insectos en estereoscopio en el laboratorio de Entomología. ..................................................................................................... 33 Figura 4.- Sitio 1 establecido en vegetación de Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco con coordenadas 24°47’51’’N 99°32’29’’O a 379 msnm. .................................. 37 Figura 5.- Sitio 2 establecido en vegetación de Bosque de Encino con coordenadas 24°41’13.1’’N 99°42’20.5’’O a 617 msnm. ................................... 39 Figura 6.- Sitio 3 establecido en vegetación de Bosque de Encino-Pino con coordenadas 24°42’50’’N 99°47’08’’O a 1,345 msnm. ...................................... 40 Figura 7.- Número de órdenes, familias y géneros pertenecientes al sitio 1 Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco. ....................................................................... 41 Figura 8.- Número de órdenes, familias y géneros pertenecientes al sitio 2 Bosque de Encino. ............................................................................................ 43 Figura 9.- Número de órdenes, familias y géneros pertenecientes al sitio 3 Bosque de Encino-Pino. ................................................................................... 44 Figura 10.- Distribución de las especies de macromicetos de acuerdo a su nivel taxonómico........................................................................................................ 47 Figura 11.- Número de especies de macromicetos por familia en los sitios de muestreo. .......................................................................................................... 49 Figura 12.- Número de especies de macromicetos por género en los sitios de muestreo. .......................................................................................................... 50 Figura 13.- Número de especies pertenecientes a los phylum Ascomycota y Basidiomycota registradas en cada uno de los sitios de colecta. ..................... 51 Figura 14.- Número de especies total y exclusivas pertenecientes a cada uno de los sitios de colecta. .......................................................................................... 52 Figura 15.- Porcentaje de los hábitos de crecimiento de las especies de macromicetos. ................................................................................................... 68 Figura 16.- Especies de macromicetos comestibles, tóxicas y medicinales registradas para el municipio de Linares, Nuevo León. .................................... 69 6 Figura 17.- Porcentaje de las especies comestibles, tóxicas y medicinales registradas para este estudio. ........................................................................... 70 Figura 18.- Número de individuos registrados en el sitio 1 MET pertenecientes a los distintos órdenes de insectos. ..................................................................... 71 Figura 19.- Número de individuos registrados en el sitio 2 Bosque de Encino pertenecientes a los distintos órdenes de insectos. .......................................... 72 Figura 20.- Número de individuos colectados en el sitio 3 Bosque de Encino- Pino pertenecientes a los distintos órdenes de insectos. .................................. 73 Figura 21.- Número de individuos de insectos pertenecientes a los distintos órdenes. ............................................................................................................ 74 Figura 22.- Número de insectos registrado en los sitios de colecta. ................ 74 Figura 23.- Especies de macromicetos y el número de insectos asociados registrados en los sitios de colecta. .................................................................. 78 Figura 24.- Diagrama de especies de macromicetos con precencia de artrópodos, así como el nivel taxonómico de cada una de las especies pertenecientes a ambos reinos. ........................................................................ 79 Figura 25.- Número de especies de macromicetos correspondientes a cada estación del año. ............................................................................................... 84 Figura 26.- Número de especies de macromicetos en cada sitio de colecta por estaciones del año. ........................................................................................... 88 Figura 27.- Número de individuos de insectos correspondientes a cada estación del año. ............................................................................................................. 89 Figura 28.- Número de insectos presentes en cada uno de los sitios de colecta por estaciones del año. ..................................................................................... 90 Figura 29.- Resultado del Coeficiente de Sorensen mediante la utilización del paquete estadístico MVSP. ............................................................................... 91 7 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1.- Sitios de colecta en el municipio de Linares, Nuevo León. ................ 30 Tabla 2.- Resultados de IVI para el sitio 1 con vegetación de Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco. .................................................................................................... 36 Tabla 3.- Resultados de IVI para el sitio 2 con vegetación de Bosque de Encino. .......................................................................................................................... 38 Tabla 4.- Resultados de IVI para el sitio 3 con vegetación de Bosque de Encino- Pino. .................................................................................................................. 40 Tabla 5.- Jerarquía de especie de macromicetos colectados en los tres tipos de vegetación en el municipio de Linares, Nuevo León, así como su hábito de crecimiento y comestibilidad. ............................................................................ 53 Tabla 6.- Especies de artrópodos registrados en los sitios
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