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Origin Al Article International Journal of Botany and Research (IJBR) ISSN (P): 2277–4815; ISSN (E): 2319–4456 Vol. 11, Issue 1, Jun 2021, 21–32 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND PALYNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FABACEAE JASEERA .J. S Guest Lecturer, MSM College, Kayamkulam, Kerala, India ABSTRACT Twelve members of the Fabaceae were collected from different parts of Kollam and subjected to detailed morphological and palynonlogical studies. The Fabaceae presents a well-knit group of closely related plants with several major floral and foliar characters conserved as such. These include pinnate and alternate leaves, racemose inflorescence, absence of epigyny, monocarpellary ovary with marginal placentation, leguminous fruits. From the morphological and palynological standpoints, the Mimosoideae stand apart from the other two. The exclusive bipinnate nature of the compound leaves, aggregation of small regular and polygamous flowers into umbels or heads, presence of lomentum, 3-colporate pollen grains without zonal distribution of apertures, presence of tetrads and polyads etc. substantiate this. The Faboideae stands apart from the Mimosoideae with exclusively pinnate leaves, irregular bisexual flowers in Original Article simple racemes, papilionaceous corolla, diadelphous or monadelphous stamens without any polyandry, hypogynous or perigynous condition, fruit exclusively a legume, zonal distribution of the three pollen apertures, existence of pollen grains as monads, variability with regard to pollen size and shape etc. The Caesalpinioideae however, exhibit several intermediate features, although it appears to be more closer to the Faboideae, with pinnate as well as bipinnate leaves, irregular bisexual flowers clustered into corymbose racemes, exclusively polyandrous stamens, hypogynous or perigynous condition, fruit exclusively a legume, zonal distribution of the three pollen apertures, existence of pollen grains as monads, predominance of prolate-spheroidal pollen shape, absence of small pollen etc. The data gathered from the present study favours the treatment of the three groups as subfamilies under the single large family Fabaceae. The Fabaceae Lindely or Leguminosae Adanson, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants, which are commonly known as the legume family, pea family, bean family or pulse family. The name 'Fabaceae' comes from ‘Faba’, the Latin name for Broad bean (Simpson, 2006). Leguminosae is an older name still considered valid (ICBN, Vienna Code) and refers to the typical fruit of these plants which are called legumes. KEY WORDS: Faboideae, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, Palynology Received: Jan 05 2021; Accepted: Jan 25, 2021; Published: Feb 10, 2021; Paper Id.: IJBRJUN20213 INTRODUCTION The Fabaceae Lindely or Leguminosae Adanson, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants, which are commonly known as the legume family, pea family, bean family or pulse family. The name 'Fabaceae' comes from ‘Faba’, the Latin name for Broad bean (Simpson, 2006). Leguminosae is an older name still considered valid (ICBN, Vienna Code) and refers to the typical fruit of these plants which are called legumes. www.tjprc.org [email protected] 22 Jaseera .J. S The species of this family are found throughout the world. In terms of economic importance the family Leguminosae are the most important family in the Dicotyledonae (Harborne, 1994), second only to the Grasses (cereals) in providing food crops for world agriculture (Judd et al. 2002). The seeds of Legumes are rich in high quality protein, providing man with a highly nutritional food resource. The total world value for leguminous crops is thought to be approximately two billion US dollars per annum. The important agricultural plants include Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Glycine max (soya bean), Phaseolus spp. (beans), Pisum sativum (pea), Cicer arietinum (chickpeas), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), and Tamarindus (tamarind) and several others. Legumes are used as fodders, forages and green manures e.g. Lupinus (lupin), Medicago (alfalfa) and Trifolium (clover). The Fabaceae are placed in the order Fabales according to most taxonomic systems, including the APG system. The Fabaceae comprise three subfamilies (Bentham, 1865; Taubert, 1894; Rendle, 1925; Lawrence, 1951; Engler, 1964; Polhill and Raven, 1981; Mabberly, 1997; APG II 2003): Faboideae: 470 genera and 14,000 species, cosmopolitan. The majority of the species are herbaceous, although there are some trees and shrubs, e.g. Laburnum and Gorse (Ulex), easily recognised by their characteristic papilionaceous (butterfly-like) flowers. The flower is irregular (zygomorphic) and is made up of five petals; a ‘banner’ petal (standard or vexillum), two wing petals (alae) and two keel petals partially fused together along one margin to form a boat-shaped keel or carina. The keel encloses the stamens and carpel, which are not visible externally. Caesalpinioideae: 170 genera and 2,000 species, cosmopolitan. The majority of the Caesalpinioideae are tropical or subtropical trees and shrubs. The flowers of the Caesalpinioideae are irregular (zygomorphic) with five petals which are not differentiated into standard, wings and keel. The stamens are visible externally. Several species in this subfamily are well-known tropical ornamentals such as Flamboyant (Delonix regia) and Barbados Pride (Caesalpinia pulcherrima). Alexandrian Senna (Senna alexandrina) is a commercially grown medicinal plant, known for its purgative qualities. Mimosoideae: 80 genera and 3,200 species. Mostly tropical and warm temperate Asia and America. The Mimosoideae are characterised by their small, regular (actinomorphic) flowers crowded together, generally into spikes or globose heads. The stamens have become the most attractive part of the flower, as the petals are inconspicuous. The leaves are predominately bipinnate. Examples of genera within this subfamily are Acacia and Mimosa. Certain Acacia species are extremely important economically. An extract from the bark of the Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha) is used in tanning. Several species, such as Australian Blackwood (e.g. Acacia melanoxylon) provide useful timbers and some (e.g. Acacia senegal) yield commercial gum arabic, which is used in a wide range of industrial processes. Pollen morphology has been well recognized as a potential supplementary tool in dealing with taxonomic problems, systematic relationships and phylogeny of angiosperms at all taxonomic levels (Taylor and Levin, 1975; Dayanandan, 1979). The present investigation in the Fabaceae covers two aspects of study (A) Morphological and (B) Palynological and accordingly the results are presented in two sections. The main objectives and lines of work envisaged are: To make a comprehensive study on the exomorphology of twelve members of the Fabaceae incorporating maximum number of foliar and floral characters, with appropriate illustrations. To study the pollen morphology of all the selected members of the family. Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9837 NAAS Rating: 4.08 A Comparative Study on the Morphological and Palynological Aspects of Selected Species of Fabaceae 23 To make a preliminary analysis of the systematic inter-relationships between the three subfamilies of the Fabaceae in the light of palynological and morphological data. Bentham and Hooker (1865) divided the Leguminosae into three suborders (subfamilies) viz. Papilionaceae, Caesalpineae and Mimoseae. The Papilionaceae included 295 genera under eleven tribes, Caesalpineae seven tribes and the Mimoseae five tribes. Taubert (1894) also recognized three subfamilies – the Mimosoideae, Caesalpinioideae and Papilionatae. This was supported by Rendle (1925). Wettstein (1933-1935) had a different approach and recognized two families – the Mimosaceae and the Papilionaceae, including Caesalpinioideae as a subfamily under the latter. Polhill and Raven (1981) administered an interdisciplinary approach amassing evidences from various disciplines such as anatomy, phytochemistry, palynology, serology, cytology etc. They considered the three subgroups as subfamilies under a single major family – the Leguminosae. Mabberley (1997) recognized the three subfamilies as three independent families. Recent phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters (Chappill, 1994; Tucker and Douglas, 1994) and DNA sequences (Doyle et al. 1997; Bruneau et al. 2001; Kajita et al. 2001) have shown that the “Caesalpinioideae” are paraphyletic, with some genera closely related to Mimosoideae and others more closely related to Faboideae than they are to one another. The temperate herbaceous species of the Faboideae are considered to be more recent derivatives of the tropical woody groups (Judd et al. 2002). Palynological Studies Hemsley and Ferguson (1985) reported considerable variation in pollen type as well as exine ornamentation in Erythrina. Kuriakose (2000) and George (1995) studied the South Indian taxa of Papilionaceae and Caesalpineaceae respectively and observed that the subfamilies share many pollen features. The pollen grains of the Mimosoideae have received much attention. Rosanoff (1865) subdivided the Mimosoideae in to three groups: those having single pollen grains or monads, those with eight-celled polyads and those with more than eight- celled polyads. Dhyansagar (1955) subdivided the family Mimosaceae into two subfamilies – the mimoseae with compound pollen grains and the Prosopideae with simple pollen. Bentham (1875) reported that the most archaic species
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