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Los Conflictos Armados De Centroamérica CONFLICTOS -----------------INTERNACIONALES CONTEMPORÁNEOS ~ CÁSTOR MIGUEL DÍAZ BARRADO JOSÉ ROMERO SERRANO SAGRARIO MORÁN BLANCO LOS CONFLICTOS ARMADOS DE CENTROAMÉRICA INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ESCUELA DE GUERRA INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS DEL EJÉRCITO ccFRANCISCO DE VITORIAu MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA LOS AUTORES CÁSTOR MIGUEL DÍAZ BARRADO es Catedrático de Derecho Interna-cio- nal Público y Relaciones Internacionales en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid y Director del Centro de Estudios de Iberoamérica (CEIB) de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Autor de numerosas publica-ciones sobre Iberoamérica, Seguridad y Defensa y Misiones Internacionales de Paz. Entre algunas de sus publicaciones destacan: «Perfiles de la Comunidad Iberoamericana de Naciones. A la luz de las Cumbres iberoa-mericanas», Casa de América, Cáceres-Madrid, 1994, o «El uso de la fuerza en las Relaciones Internacionales», Ministerio de Defensa, Madrid, 1991. JOSÉ ROMERO SERRANO es Coronel de Infantería (DEM) y pertenece a la XXXVI promoción de la AGM. En sus destinos de oficial estuvo al mando de unidades de infantería ligera. Realizó el Curso de Estado Mayor (92 Promoción) y estuvo destinado en la Escuela de Estado Mayor como profesor de Estratégia entre 1995 u 2001, colaborando en algunos proyectos con oficiales iberoamericanos. Como Teniente Coronel estuvo destinado en el Reino Unido como Oficial de Enlace (Mando de Doctrina Británico) y posteriormente como Political Advisor del TG Jefe del Mando Componente Terrestre Aliado en Madrid. En 2008 tomó el mando del Regimiento Infantería «Canarias» 50. Es diplomático en Relaciones Internacionales por la SEI, y Master/Magister en «Paz, Seguridad y Defensa» por el IU «General Gutiérrez Mellado». Colabora habitualmente con la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, el Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos y el CESEDEN. SAGRARIO MORÁN BLANCO es profesora del Área de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid. Autora de publicaciones sobre el Terrorismo en España, las Relaciones entre España y Francia en la Lucha conta ETA, y el fenómeno de la Guerra. Ha participado como Observadora Electoral de la OSCE y de la UE en Sierra Leona, Albania o Kosovo, entre otros destinos. CONFLICTOS INTERNACIONALES CONTEMPORÁNEOS 13 CÁSTOR MIGUEL DÍAZ BARRADO JOSÉ ROMERO SERRANO SAGRARIO MORÁN BLANCO LOS CONFLICTOS ARMADOS DE CENTROAMÉRICA INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ESCUELA DE GUERRA INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS DEL EJÉRCITO «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://www.060.es Edita: INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID NIPO: 076-10-111-6 (edición en papel) NIPO: 076-10-112-1 (edición en línea) ISBN: 978-84-9781-577-2 Depósito Legal: M-27827-2010 Imprime: Imprenta del Ministerio de Defensa Tirada: 1.500 ejemplares Fecha de edición: junio, 2010 Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Ninguna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cual- quier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. ÍNDICE Páginas PRESENTACIÓN. CENTROAMÉRICA: LA CONFIGURACIÓN DE UN ESPACIO PARA LA PAZ.......... 7 PARTE I. LA CONFLICTIVIDAD EN CENTROAMÉRICA: EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA ............................................................ 15 1. Conflicto en Centroamérica ...................................................... 21 1.1 Guatemala.......................................................................... 21 1.2. El Salvador. ....................................................................... 25 1.3. Nicaragua .......................................................................... 28 1.4. Honduras. .......................................................................... 31 1.5. Costa Rica y Panamá. ........................................................ 34 2. Los EE.UU. y su posición respecto a CentroAmérica ............... 35 3. Los Modelos Revolucionarios .................................................. 40 4. La Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional .......................................... 42 4.1. La DSN –el ámbito conceptual– ....................................... 42 4.2. Adaptación de las Fuerzas Armadas en la lucha Contra- Revolucionaria. ................................................................. 45 5. Comentarios Finales .................................................................. 48 PARTE II. CENTROAMÉRICA EN LA DÉCADA DE 1980: GUERRA Y NEGOCIACIÓN ....................................................... 51 1. El proceso de paz en Nicaragua ................................................ 57 1.1. Orígenes del proceso de Contadora: ................................. 58 1.2. Contadora inicia su travesía .............................................. 60 5 ÍNDICE Páginas 1.3. Declaración de Esquipulas I y última versión del Acta de Contadora ......................................................................... 70 1.4. Plan de Paz de Óscar Arias ................................................ 74 1.5. Esquipulas II, agosto de 1987 ........................................... 75 1.6. Obstáculos a Esquipulas II ................................................ 79 1.7. Acuerdos de Tela ............................................................... 83 2. Orígenes y Establecimiento de ONUCA ................................... 84 2.1. Elecciones en Nicaragua ................................................... 87 2.2. Ampliación de ONUCA .................................................... 88 3. El proceso de paz en El Salvador y ONUSAL .......................... 93 3.1. Despliegue de ONUSAL .......................................................... 96 3.2. Cese del Fuego ......................................................................... 98 4. El conflicto Guatemalteco y MINUGUA ................................... 103 5. Haití y ONUVEH ........................................................................ 108 6. Consideraciones Finales .............................................................. 110 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................... 117 ANEXO ................................................................................. 121 6 CENTROAMÉRICA: LA CONFIGURACIÓN DE UN ESPACIO PARA LA PAZ La afirmación y consolidación del espacio centroamericano, como pue- de observarse en este trabajo, es el resultado de un proceso histórico com- plejo pero de enorme interés, en el que se pone de manifiesto, sobre todo, que las cuestiones referidas a la defensa, la paz y la seguridad han venido ocupando, históricamente y, en particular, a finales del siglo XX, un lugar predominante. En efecto, Centroamérica se constituyó, y continúa teniendo elementos de una región convulsa, al mismo tiempo que se afirman los va- lores de la paz, la democracia y el respeto de los derechos humanos. Quizá, los avances que se vengan produciendo en el seno de la inte- gración dentro de este espacio se configuren, en el fondo, como uno de los elementos para la solución de muchos de los problemas que aquejan a esta región. En otros términos, la consolidación del proceso de integración existente en la zona, Sistema de Integración Centroamericana –SICA– se aventura como un aspecto de sumo interés para asegurar el bienestar de los centroamericanos y garantizar la paz y la seguridad en la zona. Lo que está claro es que el SICA «tiene por objetivo fundamental la realización de la integración de Centroamérica, para constituirla como Región de Paz, Libertad, Democracia y Desarrollo» y éstos serán, precisamente, los va- lores y principios que deben inspirar el comportamiento de los Estados de la región. De ahí que se especifique que «Paz, Democracia, Desarrollo y Libertad, son un todo armónico e indivisible que orientará las actuaciones de los países miembros del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana». Ello, nos permite subrayar aquellos instrumentos político-jurídicos que, de manera intensa, vienen a definir los objetivos y principios de la integra- ción en este espacio y que, a la postre, otorgan al SICA un marco propio de actuación en sus relaciones tanto con los Estados miembros como en su 7 PRESENTACIÓN acción exterior. Se trata, en suma, de destacar, tan sólo, aquellos instrumen- tos que, de alguna manera, perfilan el futuro de la región Centroamericana. Desde esta perspectiva, corresponde indicar, por un lado, los aspectos relativos a la integración económica que deben conducir a la estabilidad en la región y al entendimiento entre los Estados que la componen sobre la base de reglas de conductas basadas en la reciprocidad y la solidaridad. Así, la integración económica se concibe como un aspecto sustancial de la inte- gración y, además, necesario para que se produzcan avances en el bienestar de los pueblos centroamericanos. Como se sabe, «el 29 de octubre de 1993 se suscribió el Protocolo al Tratado General de Integración Económica Centroamericana», de 1993, en el que los Estados especifican que «la ampliación de sus mercados nacionales, a través de la integración constituye un requisito necesario para impulsar el desarrollo en base a los principios de solidaridad, reciprocidad
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