Die Quelle Der Tränen«

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Die Quelle Der Tränen« Wolf Scheller »Die Quelle der Tränen« Der israelische Schriftsteller Aharon Appelfeld und sein Werk In seinem neuen Roman »Der Mann, der nicht aufhörte zu schlafen« erzählt Aharon Ap- pelfeld von einem jüdischen Jungen namens Erwin, der immer wieder schläft und aus sei- nen Träumen nur mit Mühe erwachen kann. Er dämmert die meiste Zeit vor sich hin, Vater und Mutter, Verwandte und Freunde, Nachbarn und Lehrer – sie alle begegnen ihm im Schlaf. Fast könnte man – wäre der Titel nicht schon vergeben – ihn als »Schlafes Bruder« bezeichnen. Aber Erwin ist ein jüdisches Kind, das aus der grünen, heimatlichen Bukowina stammt und im Krieg alles verloren hat, die Mutter, den Vater, die Verwandten und Freunde – und eben auch seine Heimat. Dass er das Ghetto überlebte, sich vor der Ermordung in die Wälder zu den Partisanen flüchtete, 1946 über ein Flüchtlingslager bei Neapel in einer aben- teuerlichen Schiffspassage nach Palästina gelangte – das alles entspricht im Großen und Ganzen der Biographie des Autors, der auch in diesem jüngsten Werk seinem Alter Ego die Stimme des Erzählers leiht. Freilich wäre es abwegig, einen Schriftsteller auf das biogra- phische Emblem seiner Romanfiguren zu reduzieren. Dennoch gehört es erkennbar zum Er- zählmuster des nunmehr 80-jährigen Autors, das Handlungsgeschehen in seinen Romanen so miteinander zu verknüpfen, dass man ständig das Gefühl hat, alten Bekannten zu begeg- nen. Und doch schlägt das neue Buch neue Töne an. Sein Protagonist findet in Palästina zu einem neuen Selbst. Er erlebt eine éducation sentimentale mit allen Schmerzen, aber auch Glückserfahrungen, die weit über das hinausgehen, was uns Aharon Appelfeld bereits vor zwölf Jahren in seinem autobiographischen Roman »Geschichte eines Lebens« anvertraut hat. Damals endete die Lebensgeschichte des Ich-Erzählers nach sechsjährigem Kampf ums Überleben in der Ungewissheit des Vorläufigen mit der Überfahrt nach Palästina. Der Junge war gerade einmal 14 Jahre alt, hatte alles verloren, konnte kein Hebräisch – und musste sein Leben wieder von vorn beginnen. Von dieser Wiedergeburt handelt nun der neue Roman, von der Erziehung im Kibbuz, die der zionistischen Vorstellung eines »neuen Judentums« folgt, von dem Einfluss der Lehrer, von dem Idealismus der jungen Heranwachsenden, die sich am Verteidigungskampf gegen die Feindseligkeiten der arabischen Nachbarn beteiligen. Bei diesen Kampfhandlungen wird Erwin schwer verletzt. Erst nach mehreren Operationen und langwierigem Hospitalaufenthalt gelingt es den Ärzten, die Beine des mittlerweile 17/18-Jährigen zu retten. Aber mit dem selbstständigen Gehen und Laufen wird es noch lange dauern. Und immer, wenn die Bedrückung und das Elend der Erinnerung zu stark wer- den, flüchtet sich Erwin in Schlaf und Traum. In den Elementen des Unterbewusstseins lebt er seine Erinnerungen aus und bewahrt, was er in Wahrheit verloren hat. Parallel dazu lernt er Hebräisch, liest die Bibel und knüpft an die jüdische Tradition seiner Vorfahren an, mit deren Orthodoxie sein Vater im Grunde nichts mehr anzufangen wusste. Aber es ist der 1) Aharon Appelfeld: Der Mann, der nicht aufhörte zu schlafen. Roman. Aus dem Hebräischen von Mirjam Pressler. Rowohlt-Verlag, Berlin 2012, 288 S., 19,95 Euro. 161 Vater, der dem Sohn die Neigung zur Literatur und Schriftstellerei vererbt hat. Wie sich der Junge die jüdische Identität seiner Vorfahren aneignet und wie Appelfeld sie in seiner un- prätentiösen Sprache ins Wort setzt, geht weit über die introspektive Dimension hinaus: »In jener Nacht empfand ich große Einsamkeit. Ich hatte das Gefühl, als habe die Trennung von meinen Eltern, die im Krieg begonnen hatte, nie aufgehört, auch nicht nach der Befreiung und auf dem Weg hierher, und finde erst an diesem Ort ihr bitteres Ende. Das war meine Schuld, das wusste ich. Ich hatte mich nicht genug bemüht, die Wärme ihrer Worte zu be- wahren. … Ich sah schwere Beine vor mir, Beine, die sich neben mir den Weg entlang schleppten, Füße, die schwer und geschwollen waren vom Laufen. Ich wusste, dass den Menschen das Laufen zugesetzt hatte, trotzdem trugen sie mich weiter, als hätten sie ver- einbart, mich an einen sicheren Ort zu bringen.« Ja, es sind auch Schuldgefühle, die den Überlebenden der Shoa bis ans Ende seiner Tage verfolgen. Imre Kertèsz, der Nobelpreisträger, hat dies eindrucksvoll bestätigt. Auch Primo Levi und viele andere. »Für den Überlebenden,« so schrieb Appelfeld vor einigen Jahren in einem Essay, »war die chronologische Erinnerung wie eine Boje, an die er sich mit aller Kraft klammerte. Jede Ausschmückung galt – und gilt immer noch – als unangebracht, dem Ernst des Gegenstandes nicht angemessen. Oft hört man: Wenn es um den Holocaust geht, darf man nicht mit Worten oder formalen Mitteln spielen, sondern muss die Dinge erzäh- len, wie sie waren, so genau wie möglich. Jedes fiktionale Element, das ganz offensichtlich nicht der konkreten Erinnerung entstammt, ist verboten.« An diese Maxime hat sich Ap- pelfeld gehalten. Er weiß aber auch, dass die Erinnerung an die Shoa inzwischen nahezu ohne die Überlebenden auskommen muss. Aber er gehört zu jenen, die als Kind den Holo- caust überlebten – und deren Erinnerung nunmehr in den Vordergrund rückt. In seinem Er- innerungsbuch »Blumen der Finsternis« schildert Appelfeld aus der Perspektive des jüdi- schen Jungen Hugo Mansfeld aus der Bukowina einmal mehr den Verlust der Kindheit, die Vernichtung des Elternlandes, das Ende der Geborgenheit. Hugo ist eines jener gejagten Kinder, die in Appelfelds Büchern immer wieder vorkommen und an deren Schicksal der Autor die Geschichte seines Lebens erzählt. Hugo Mansfeld entgeht der Deportation vom Ghetto ins Lager nur durch die Energie seiner Mutter, die ihn im letzten Moment bei einer Jugendfreundin – Mariana – unterbringt, die den Jungen in einer Abstellkammer versteckt. Mariana arbeitet als Prostituierte in einem Bordell. Aus seinem Versteck kann der Junge das Eine oder Andere mitbekommen. Er sitzt wie gelähmt in dem winzigen Raum und wartet auf die Rückkehr der Mutter, die er zum letzten Mal gesehen hat, wie sie sich einen Weg durch das Dickicht bahnt und in der Dunkelheit verschwindet. Apathisch überlässt sich Hugo dem Schlaf. In den Jahren, die er in der Obhut von Mariana verbringt, wandelt sich deren Fürsorge mit der Zeit in eine Art erotisierende Zuneigung, die in ihren Nuancen vom Autor behutsam beschrieben wird und jegliche Anzüglichkeit vermeidet. Liebe in Zeiten der Finsternis. Mariana, die ihr Bett meistens mit den deutschen Soldaten teilt, wird am Ende mit den anderen Frauen des Bordells wegen Kollaboration mit den Deutschen von den sowjetischen Truppen zum Tode verurteilt. Als sie abtransportiert werden, sehnt sich Hugos ganzer Körper danach zu weinen. »Aber die Quelle der Tränen war versiegt«, heißt es im Buch. »Ich habe alles in seine Seele gelegt, was ich hatte«, sagt Mariana, als sie Hugo im Traum erscheint. Und an die Flüchtlinge gewandt, deren Bilder in Hugos Träume einsi- ckern: »Vermutlich werden manche Menschen nicht gutheißen, was ich ihm beigebracht habe, aber seid unbesorgt, ich habe ihn mit viel Glauben ausgerüstet, er weiß jetzt, dass Gott in allen Dingen ist, auch wenn euch das nur wenig bedeutet. Der Widerstand gegen Gott ist so stark, sogar ein bisschen Glaube verlangt dem Menschen eine große Anstrengung ab. 162 Deshalb sage ich euch, Hugo hat sich gewiss nur äußerlich verändert. Ihr werdet noch stau- nen.« Aharon Appelfeld, der aus dem Ort Sadhora in der Nähe von Czernowitz stammt, wuchs in einem gutbürgerlichen Haushalt auf. Die Großeltern sprachen noch Jiddisch, die Eltern Deutsch, die Nachbarn meistens Ukrainisch. Die Amtssprache aber war Rumänisch. Ghet- to, Vertreibung, Monate in Auschwitz, schließlich die Flucht und eine Wanderung durch Europa unter abenteuerlichen Bedingungen bestimmten seine Jugend. Seine Mutter wurde vor seinen Augen von rumänischen Antisemiten erschossen und er mit seinem Vater in ein Lager in Transnistrien, damals östlichster Teil von Rumänien, verschleppt. Man trennt ihn von seinem Vater, den er erst zwanzig Jahre später wiedersehen wird, und es gelingt ihm zu fliehen, sich in den Wäldern versteckt zu halten. Als Gelegenheitsarbeiter wird er später auf verschiedenen Bauernhöfen beschäftigt. Er gibt sich als Ukrainer aus (»Ich war blond und blauäugig.«). 1944 schließt er sich den westwärts vorrückenden Truppen der Roten Armee als Küchenjunge an. Als der inzwischen 14-Jährige nach Israel kommt, ist er stumm. Er hat keine Schule besucht, Hebräisch nicht gelernt. Er muss die Hochschulreife erwerben und studiert an der Hebräischen Universität in Jerusalem. Die ersten Gedichte und Erzählungen entstehen. Die Verzweiflung gebiert den Schriftsteller, der 1971 mit dem Roman »Die Haut und das Hemd« debütiert. Er erfindet sich Stellvertreter wie etwa Paul im Roman, der durch die Gewalt der Verhältnisse von allem getrennt wird, das er liebt. Oder Bruno, der in »Zeit der Wunder« mit seiner Mutter im Zug sitzt und per Lautsprecherdurchsage aufgefordert wird, sich als Ausländer und Nichtchrist registrieren zu lassen. In Appelfelds frühen Roma- nen herrschen Angst, Kälte und Verzweiflung. So auch in der Geschichte von der KZ-Über- lebenden Tzili, die im gleichnamigen Roman vor ihren mörderischen Verfolgern flieht und dabei die Erinnerungen an die Gräuel des Lagers heraufbeschwört. Oder in »Die Eismine« von 1997, wo sich in jeder Körperzelle der Flüchtlinge die Erinnerung an die Schrecken der Verfolgung festgesetzt hat. Die »Quelle der Tränen«, die bei Hugo Mansfeld versiegt ist, er- fährt ihre Umsetzung
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