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Countering Violent Extremism in Peshawar Pakistan Licona Bryan Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2018 Countering Violent Extremism in Peshawar Pakistan Licona Bryan This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the International Relations Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Sociology Commons Share Feedback About This Item This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Countering Violent Extremism in Peshawar Pakistan by Bryan Licona A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2018 Copyright © by Bryan Licona September 2018 Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences This dissertation was submitted by _Bryan Licona under the direction of the chair of the dissertation committee listed below. It wasEmitted to the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences and approved in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis and Resolution at Nova Southeastern University. Approved: /,/,,/,==:I , i -.-`.-i.-i..`, -.--I---- Date of Defense E]- %:::inD.Bema,Ph.D.-i:i_ fl; ¢thf L-, Neil Katz, Ph.D. ' '`. |J-_ Date of Final Approval Chair Dedication This is an optional page for a dedication. If you include a dedication, use regular paragraph spacing as shown here (not centered, italicized, or otherwise formatted). If you do not wish to include this page, delete the heading, the body text, and the page break below the end of the text. Acknowledgments This is an optional page for acknowledgments. It is a nice place to thank the faculty, family members, and friends who have helped you reach this point in your academic career. No page number appears on any of the pages up to this point. If you do not wish to include this page, delete the heading and the body text; if a blank page remains, delete the page break above but leave the section break that you see below this text. Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................... vii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ............................................................................... 1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 4 Purpose Statement ................................................................................................. 8 Research Question Process ................................................................................... 8 Research Question .............................................................................................. 10 Delimitations ....................................................................................................... 10 Declaration of Conflicting Interests .................................................................... 13 Funding ............................................................................................................... 13 Key Concepts Defined ........................................................................................ 13 Abbreviations & Acronyms ................................................................................ 17 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 19 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 19 Pakistani Constitution .............................................................................................. 21 Pakistani Government .............................................................................................. 27 The Era of Praetorianism (1958-1971) ............................................................... 31 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1971-1977) ........................................................................ 36 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988) ................................................................. 40 Benazir Bhutto (1988 – 1990) ............................................................................. 45 Nawaz Sharif (1990 – 1993) ............................................................................... 46 i Benazir Bhutto (1993 – 1996) ............................................................................. 48 Nawaz Sharif (1997 – 1999) ............................................................................... 48 General Pervez Musharraf (1999-2007) ............................................................. 49 Conflicts in Pakistan ................................................................................................ 52 Violent Extremism .............................................................................................. 57 Social Groups ...................................................................................................... 62 Theoretical Perspectives .......................................................................................... 66 Theory of Rationalization ................................................................................... 66 Theory of Power ................................................................................................. 69 General Systems Theory ..................................................................................... 70 Social Facts (Emile Durkheim) ........................................................................... 72 Compare Theoretical Perspective ....................................................................... 73 Chapter 3: Methodological Approach ........................................................................... 75 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 75 Research Design ....................................................................................................... 75 Research Paradigm ................................................................................................... 77 What is a Paradigm? ........................................................................................... 79 Scientific Paradigm .................................................................................................. 82 Critique of Scientific Paradigm .......................................................................... 86 Interpretive Paradigm ............................................................................................... 89 Critique of Interpretive Paradigm ....................................................................... 93 Critical Paradigm ..................................................................................................... 96 Critique of Critical Paradigm ............................................................................ 101 ii Paradigm Summary ................................................................................................ 103 Content Analysis .................................................................................................... 105 Content Analysis Process .................................................................................. 107 Issues of Content Analysis ................................................................................ 109 Culture Awareness ............................................................................................ 110 Finding Discrepancies in Data .......................................................................... 110 Triangulation ..................................................................................................... 111 Representativeness of Data ............................................................................... 112 Constant Reflection ........................................................................................... 113 Peer Consultation .............................................................................................. 114 Theory-Construction and Negative Evidence ................................................... 115 Data Collection ...................................................................................................... 116 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 116 Written Material ................................................................................................ 117 Published Literature .........................................................................................
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