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Madhya Pradesh: History & Culture Contents

Madhya Pradesh: History & Culture Contents

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MADHYA PRADESH: HISTORY & CULTURE CONTENTS

❖ Chapter 1 MAJOR EVENTS AND DYNASTIES IN THE HISTORY OF

❖ Chapter 2 CONTRIBUTION OF MADHYA PRADESH IN FREEDOM MOVEMENT

❖ Chapter 3 MAJOR TRIBES OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 4 IMPORTANT TRIBAL PERSONALITIES OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 5 MAJOR FESTIVALS and FAIRS of MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 6 MAJOR FOLK MUSIC, FOLK ARTS &FOLK THEATRE OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 7 MAJOR DIALECTS OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 8 MAJOR ARTS AND SCULPTURE OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 9 RELIGIOUS AND TOURIST PLACES OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 10 LITERATURE and LITTERATEUR OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 11 FAMOUS MUSICIANS AND PAINTERS OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 12 CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF MADHYA PRADESH

❖ Chapter 13 MAJOR AWARDS and HONOURS OF MADHYA PRADESH

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Major Events and Dynasties in the History of Madhya Pradesh

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1. MAJOR EVENTS AND MAJOR DYNASTIES IN HISTORY OF MADHYA PRADESH ANCIENT HISTORY OF MP MADHYA PRADESH • As its name implies—madhya means "central" and pradesh means "region" or "state"—it is situated in the heart of the country. • This central region belongs to the land the southern part of supercontinent pangea. The term Gondwana means the land of the Gonds and even today, MP continues to be inhabited by various tribal groups

Prehistoric Period of Madhya Pradesh • Prehistoric period - No written records/ Only Archaelogical evidences.(Settlements) • Prehistoric age classified into STONE AGE and CHALCOLITHIC AGE • The prehistoric settlements in present day MP developed primarily in the valleys of rivers such as o Narmada o Chambal o Betwa. • Relics of prehistoric human beings have been found in Bhimbetka, Hoshangabad, Sagar, , , Nemawar, , , Pachmarhi, Adamgarh, ; • In Eran, Kundam, Arjuni, Jaykara, , , Hata Sagar, Hoshangabad regions of Madhya Pradesh, evidence of Stone-Age era have been found. Prehistoric - Stone Age Era • Indian Stone Age is divided into three stages—Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. • In Eran, Kundam, Arjuni, Jaykara, Jabalpur, Damoh, Hata Sagar, Hoshangabad regions of Madhya Pradesh, evidence of Stone-Age era have been found.

1. The Paleolithic Age—Hunters and Food Gatherers (2.5 Lakh-10000 BC) • Main Sites in MP-evidence found from the river valleys of o Narmada o Chambal o Son o Betwa – Hand axe made of quartzite discovered from Betwa Valley o Parvati o Hiran o Venganga.

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• Bhimbetka is Special – (By Dr Wakankar) o Bhimbetka in MP is the most significant prehistoric site-it not only exhibits earliest traces of human life in MP but also on Indian sub-continent. o Here evidences of continuous occupation by man have been found from prehistoric to the historic period. o Location: o 40 kms from Bhopal o Designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site 2003. o 3rd UNESCO site of MP after Khajuraho and o Total 500 caves , all with rock paintings o Hunting Dancing and domestic activities • Hathnaura o First evidence of Human Existence o District – Hathnaura Village o Narmada Valley o 30 km from Hoshangabad City o Narmada Man – Fossil Skull in Dec 5th 1982 o By Geologist Arun Sonakia. o It may be late evolved form of Homo Erectus

Sites list Upper Paleolithic Hathnora Narmada Valley Bhimbetaka Madhya Pradesh Adamgarh

Middle Paleolithic Bhimbetaka Narmada Valley Madhya Pradesh Narmada Valley

Lower Paleolithic Jogdaha Sidhi Madhya Pradesh

Bhimbetaka Narmada Valley Madhya Pradesh

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2. The Mesolithic Age—Hunters and Herders (10,000-6,000 BC) • Microliths are found in the valley of Betwa,Chambal and Narmada • Adamgarh o Most important mesolithic site in MP is Adamgarh o On Banks of river Narmada o Adamgarh Hills () are famous for the pre-historic rock shelters and rock paintings found in the hills. o Paintings depict – HUNTING, DANCING , DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES o Stone age artefacts (lower palaeolithic and mesolithic implements) have been excavated here. • Other sites include o East o Shahdol o Mandsaur, o Hoshangabad, , Sehore, , , , Chhindwara, etc

3. The Neolithic Age—Food Producers (6000 BC-4000 BC) • Sharp edge tools • Most Important Feature: Agriculture or domestication of plants as well as animals • Rice, wheat, barley, millets • Domestication of animals (sheep, goat, cattle) led to emergence of village life, and division of labor based on sex.

Prehistoric - Copper Age 4000 to 1200 BC • At the end of the Neolithic age, we see the use of metals. • Chalcolithic means stone—copper age. So after stone, metal began to be used for making tools. • And copper was the first metal to be used by man. • This civilization existed in region.

Main sites of Chalcolithic Culture in MP • Valleys of Narmada, Chambal, Betwa, Jabalpur, Balaghat, etc. • Kayatha (Ujjain) (Dr Wakankar) o Within Ujjain Distt o Located on the banks of CHOTI SINDH. o Kayatha was the first chalcolithic habitation in MP. o Oldest town excavated belonging to Chalcolithic period. o It later flourished as agro based economy during Gupta Period. o Astrologer Varahmihira was born in kayatha. o Dr Wakankar had discovered Kayatha and Nagda. • Eran

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o Located in o Ancient Name Erikin o Time period 2000 to 700 BC. o Eran also flourished under Gupta Dynasty o Eran Inscription is famous – illustrating a SATI sacrifice incidence) • Navdatoli o Located in (West Nimar) o Situated on the banks of NARMADA o Time period 1600 BC o Cottages in round and rectangular shape o CHULHA o Presence of Migrated Foreigners • Avara - Mandsaur o Contemporrary to the Maheswar , Navdatoli • Dangwala - Ujjain • Nagda - Ujjain (By Dr Wakankar) o Ujjain District o On the banks of Chambal • Other Chalcolithic Sites o Besnagar () (Besnagar Inscription is there) o Maheshwar (Khargone) o Khedinama ( Hoshangabad) o Azad Nagar ( City) o Shajapur o o Jabalpur o Bhind • Dr Wakankar had discovered Kayatha and Nagda. • Dr Sankalia discovered Maheshwar and Navadatoli.

Prehistoric Sites with ROCK PAINTINGS • Bhimbetka: Raisen District • Adamgarh – Hoshangabad District • Panarpani – Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad District– Mama Bhanja Rock Paintings (29) • Mara Caves – Sidhi

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HISTORIC PERIOD – Ancient – Medieval and Modern History Ancient History • Ancient history of Madhya Pradesh is different from Indian in 3 aspects o Absence of grey painting wares (as it reflects the beginning of iron age of northern ) o Chalcolithic sites continued till 600 BC o Effect of Megalithic culture from South India. (Megaliths found in REWA and SEONI.

Iron Age • Evidence of Iron Age found in Chambal Valley – Bhind Morena Sheopur and

Vedic Period • The Vindhyas formed the southern boundary of the Indo-Aryan territory • Rigveda – Does not mention the name Narmada • Samaveda • Yajurveda • Atharvaveda • Brahamanas Aitraye o Mentions about the NISHAD tribe settled in dense forest of MP o Mentions about the rule of NAG dynasty in Narmada Territory o Purukuts changed the name of river REWA to NARMADA • Puranas and EPICS o Karush Dynasty o Yayati Dynasty o Chandra Dynasty (El kingdom) o Yadu Dynasty o Dantvakra founded the DATIYA o Tulsidas Ji received the blessings of lord Rama in CHITRAKOOT o Lord Rama spend most of the exile time in DANDKARANAYA (BASTAR) o – and Baghelkhand supported PANDAVAS and Malwa region supported KAURAVAS. o Main cities during Mahabharata – (Maheshwar), UJJAINI(Ujjain), KUNDALPUR(KUNTALPUR), VIRATPURI (Sohagpur)

Ancient names of Cities and Rivers • Mahismati – Maheshwar • Gopalgiri – Gwalior • Viratpuri – Sohagpur • Indraput – Indore • Ujjaini – Ujjain

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• – Bhopal • Dharanagri – Dhar • Bhatha(Bharhut) – Rewa • Achhara – • Kakvya – kakonodbot – Sanchi • Kuntalpur – Kindiya • Rewa – Narmada (Rewa to Narmada by Purukut) • Vetravati / Netravati – Betwa • Shiktimani – Ken • Charmanvati – Chambal

Mahajanpadas Period • At the end of Vedic Period there were total 16 Mahajanpadas. • The Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya which gives the names of the 16 mahajanapadas, names three from — o Avanti (Ujjaini Malwa regions) o Chedi (Bundelkhand - from Shaktimati in North to Tripuri in South) o Vatsa (Kaushambi as capital) • The Pali Buddhist works mention several important cities in central India, including Ujjaini, Vidisha and Mahishmati (Maheshwar).

1. Chedi Mahajanpada • Eastern part of modern Bundelkhand and nearby area comes under Chedi Mahajanpada. • Its capital was Shaktimati in the northern part and Chedi and southern part extended till Tripuri (Tewar, Jabalpur) • At Mahabharata period its ruler was Shishupal. • Shishupal’s head was cut by Krishna, after that it was weakened and captured by .(Mahapadmananda of nanda dynasty occupied Chedi) • Buddhist Text - Chetak Jatak contains information about the Chedi king.

2. Avanti Mahajanpada • Avanti Mahajanpada falls in modern day Malwa region [near Ujjain] • Vetravati River divides it in north Avanti and south Avanti. • Geographically, it was big kingdom so o Ujjani ( Ujjain) was capital of north Avanti and o Mahishmati (Maheshwar ) was capital of south Avanti. • According to ancient texts, Avanti was ruled successively by the o Haihaya dynasty o Vitihotra dynasty (a branch of the Haihayas) and Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964

o Pradyota dynasty. • Under the Pradyotas, Avanti became a major power of the Indian subcontinent. • Avanti was later annexed into the Magadha empire by the Shishunag dynasty. • The Shishunaga dynasty was overthrown by the Nandas, who were replaced by the Mauryans. • Avanti, Mahishmati, Krurdhar or Sudharshanpur were 4 famous cities, which were praised in Buddhist literature. • Name Avanti was given by Udayin .

The Haihayas of Mahishmati • According to Puranic accounts, the Haihayas were the earliest rulers of Avanti, who captured the region from the Nagas. Initially, they ruled from Mahishmati. • Later, the whole janapada was divided into two parts with their respective capitals. • The Haihayas were a confederation of five clans. Later, the Haihayas were better known by their dominant clan, the Vitihotras. • Ripunjaya, the last Vitihotra ruler of Ujjayini was overthrown by his amatya (minister) Pulika, who placed his son, Pradyota on the throne.

Pradyota Dynasty Avanti • Pradyota was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha. • He was also known as Chandapradyota Mahasena. • Most serious rival of Avanti was Magadha. So Chanda Pradyot fought against Bimbisara but later the two became friends. • When Pradyot suffered from jaundice, he requested Bimbisara to send his royal physician— Jivaka to Ujjain. • Pradyot was a contemporary of both and Buddha. Pradyot patronized and as a result, Avanti was a center for Buddhist activities during this time (though both religions claim Pradyot as their supporter and devotee). • Bimbisara’s Son Ajatshatru(Haryanka Dynasty) build patali village which later Converted into Patliputra Citynby UDAYIN at Patliputra to defend against him. Later Shishunaga annexed Avanti. • The last successor of Pradyot (Palak) was defeated by Shishunaga, the king of Magadha and Avanti became a part of the Magadhan empire.

Magadh - Haryanka, Nanda and Mauryan Dynasty • Capital of Haihaiyas, Mahishmati had been captured by Mahapadmananda. • Chandragupta Maurya [323 – 298 BC] had defeated Nandas and formed huge Mauryan Empire. • Madhya Pradesh had been part of this empire. • During the reign of second ruler of Mauryan Empire, Bindusar [298 – 272 BC], viceroy of AVANTI region was ASHOK. • Avanti was named by Udayi [Udayan].

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1. • Ashoka was appointed governor of Avanti. (administrative unit under Magadha) • Ashoka [273 – 232BC] married daughter of merchant of Besnagar Vidisha [Bhilsa old name]. • King Ashoka's wife name was Mahadevi (princess of Vidisha). • Ashoka adopted Buddhism and made several stupas at: o Sanchi, o Vidisha, o Bhojpur, o Bharhut, etc. • Ashoka built huge stupa in Ujjaini for Vaishyaputri (daughter of Merchant) queen Mahadevi. • As a King of Magadha, he constructed Sanchi Stupa (most magnificient). • He built 84000 stupas in Sanchi to spread Buddhism. • Stupas were also built in modern Vidisha, Satdhara, Sunami, Andher, Bhojpur, Roopnath [Jabalpur] and Pangurariya [Sehore]. • Ashoka had built a stupa in Bharhut [Satna]. • Mahishmati was among the center to produce cotton clothes.

2. Stone inscriptions of Ashokan Era found in Madhya Pradesh are : • Gurjara [] (With Ashoka’s Name) • Pangurariya [Sehore]; (With Ashoka’s Name) • Roopnath [Jabalpur, Sehora Tehsil] • Saro Maro [Shahdol]

Later Mauryan- Shunga Satvahana, IndoGreek (Bactrian), Sakas and Kushan

Shunga Dynasty • Founded by Pushyamitra Shunga. • At the time of Pushyamitra Shunga, his son Agnimitra was the Magadhan viceroy at Vidisha. • Kalidas started his career from the court of Agnimitra where he wrote his first title Malvikagnimitram (a drama on the love story of Agnimitra and Malvika). • It was during Shungas, Indo-greek King Antialcidas sent the Greek ambassador Heliodorus visited the court of Shunga King Bhagbhadra. • Shungas constructed corridor around Stupa. • Also constructed stupas at Bharhut Satna. (Discovered by Lord Cunningham 1875).

Satvahana • Goutami putra Shatkarni conquered eastern Malwa (inscribed in Sanchi inscription) • He defeated Saka ruler of Ujjaini.

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IndoGreek(Bactrian), Sakas, and Kushan Era • Bactrian, Saka and Kushan coins have been found at several places in MP Bactrian • Demetrius (Sialkot) • Successor Minander's(Milind) coins have been found at Balaghat. • Nagasena or Nagarjuna converted Milind into Buddhism. Sakas • Started Kshatrap System • Saka’s Ujjaini Kshatrap - Greatest king Rudradaman • He renovate Sudarshan lake in – Girnar inscription. • Last king Rudrasen • Saka’s Nasik Kshatrap ruler Nehpan's coins from and Jagalthumbi Kushan • Entered from western China • Coins of Kujul KadIpses (First kushan king) was found in of Madhya Pradesh • Coins of Vima kadhipses - Shahdol • Coins of Kanishka – Shahdol • Coins of Huvishka- Harda • Coins of Vasudev- Reward, Jabalpur • Out of 757 coins of Shahdol by Kushan rulers, 44 coins belonged to Vima Kadphises. • From Bhedaghat – 2 inscription of Buddha, contemporary of Kushan Period ,

Gupta Period 4th century • It was established by Srigupta. Who had connection with MP? • Samudragupta • Bhanugupta • Chandragupta II • Kumar Gupta • Skandagupta Key Points • Samudragupta extended his empire to all parts of Madhya Pradesh and northern region of Narmada. • Chandragupta, a dynamic ruler of Gupta Dynasty, has spread its kingdom till parts of Madhya Pradesh adjoining . • Chandragupta II/Vikramaditya defeated the Sakas of Ujjain and conquered Malwa. • Chandragupta II made Ujjain his capital where he gave patronage to the Navratnas: 1. Kalidas 2. Vetalbhatta

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3. Varahamihir 4. Dhanvantri 5. Amarsimha 6. Vararuchi 7. Ghatkapar 8. Harisena 9. Kshapanaka • Sanchi inscription- Chandragupta haunted here during expedition to kill Sakas. • Fahein visited Malwa during Chandragupta reign. • Skandagupta- Indore inscription- he gave Grant in aid to Oil manufacturers. (TELI shreni) • Bhanugupta- Eran inscription.

1. • The rock-cut temples at Bagh Caves (Dhar district) attest to the presence of the Gupta dynasty in the region. • Cave of Bagh was discovered by Dangerfield in 1818. • Cave has nine paintings of Gupta period, out of which fourth and fifth painting is most secure. • These caves were established by Buddhist monks, Dataka. • These caves are surrounded by paintings, similar to .

2. Architecture of Gupta era: a) temple of Bhumara [Satna district] is made of iron. b) temple of Pipariya [Satna district in Uchhara near Pipariya], discovered in 1886 by K.D. Vajpayee. c) Parvati temple of Nachna Kuthar [near Ajaigarh, ], is built around a circular platform of 35 feet. d) Vishnu temple of Tigawva []. Sanctorum diameter is around 8 feet. e) Vishnu temple of Eran [Sagar district], is in ruins. In 528, Yasodharman of Malwa defeated the Hunas, who had invaded India from the north-west and ended their expansion. In this way, Malwa reemerged from the disintegrating Gupta Empire as a separate kingdom. Pushyabhuti Dynasty Vardhan Empire • During the seventh century, the region was conquered by King Harsha from Thaneshwar. He reunited northern India for a few decades before his death in 647.

Harshavardhana Period • inscription – Harsha defeated by Pulkeshin II (Chalukyas ) at the south side of Narmada.

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MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF MP Gurjara Pratihara (Ujjaini & Kannauj) 700-900 • They originated from Jodhpur , . • Later migrated to Ujjaini (Malwa). • They ruled first at Ujjaini and later at Kannauj. The Gurjara-Pratiharas prevented the Arabs from moving east of the Indus River. • Founder: Harish Chandra • Nagbhatta I : Successfully defended kingdom from Arabs. • Vatsaraj : He started the Tripartite Struggle with Palas (bengal) and Rashtrakutas for Kannauj. • Nagbhatta II: Became the most powerful dynasty in northern India under Nagabhata II. He defeated Dharmpal and captured Kannauj. Later Rashtrakuta king GOVIND III defeated Nagbhatta II. • Nagabhatta II grandson was Mihira . • Mihir Bhoj [836 – 882 AD] ruled over Malwa and his objective was to re-establish control over Bundelkhand, which was captured by Rashtrakuta rulers. • Gwalior and Kahla inscriptions mentioned about MihirBhoja. (Arabian Traveller Suleman mentioned about him.) • Mahipal: Arabian traveller AL MASUDI mentioned about him. • Rajyapal: Killed by Chandela king Vidyadhar. • Yashpal : Last ruler of Pratiharas.

Rashtrakutas (Betul and Manyakhet/Malkheda) • In 786, the malkheda region was captured by the south Indian dynasty—Rashtrakuta kings of the Deccan. • This period saw the triangular struggle for power between Palas-Pratiharas-Rashtrakutas. • From 7th to 10th century, Rashtrakuta dynasty had two branches: o First ruled over Betul – Amaravati (Madhya Pradesh and ) o second ruled over Manyakhet. • Founded by Dantidurga. • Dantidurga attacked Ujjaini and defeated Gurjara king. He made a large part of Madhya Pradesh his empire. • The Rashtrakutas appointed the clan of Paramara rulers as governors of Malwa. So, the medieval period saw the rise of the such as the of Malwa and the Chandels of Bundelkhand

Parmara (800-1100) • Dynasty was founded by Upendra or Krishnaraj.

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• First independent leader of Parmara dynasty was Sriharsh Siyak – II. • Around 972 CE, Siyaka (Sri Harsha) sacked the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta, and established the Paramaras as a sovereign power . • Vakpati Munja o He was the first powerful leader. o He constructed Munja Sagar in Dhar. o During the reign of Vakpati Munja, the Malwa region in present-day Madhya Pradesh had become the core Paramara territory o Dharanagri (now Dhar) was their capital. o He repeatedly defeated Chalukya king TAILEP 2 o Following writers were part of his court: Parimal Gupta, Dhanik, Dhananjay, Halayudh, Amitgati. • Sinduraj Navshashank o Son of Vakpati Munja o Parimal Gupta continued in his court. o Got the titles Shree Vallabha, Amoghvarsha etc • Bhoj Parmara: (Vakpati Munja’s Nephew) 1010-1060 o The most well known king of this dynasty was King Bhoj Parmara (1010 to 1060) . o The dynasty reached its zenith under Munja's nephew Bhoja, whose kingdom extended from Chittor in the north to Konkan in the south, and from the Sabarmati River in the west to Vidisha in the east. o Kingdom of Bhoj included Malwa, Konkan, Khandesh, Bhilsa, Dungarpur, Banswada, Chittor and Godavari coastal area. o Equal command over ARMS and ARTS o He defeated: Kalchuri-Chedi, Chalukya Solanki etc. Ultimately Chalukya and Solanki killed him. o Under his rule Malwa became an intellectual center of India. o He was also known as ‘Kaviraj’ as he was very intelligent. He was a great polymath philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings (23 Books) on different subjects covering philosophy, poetry, medicine, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. o Samrangsutra, Ayurveda Sarvasva, Sringara Manjari, Panjal Yoga , Sutravati etc. o He built Saraswati temple in Dhar. o Also built Shiv Temple in Bhojpur o A manmade lake named Bhojsen/ Bhojtal. o Bhopal [Bhojpal] was named after King Bhoj. • His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was conquered by the Sultanate. • Mahakaldev was last ruler of Parmara Dynasty, who ruled Malwa in 1305 AD. • won over Vidisha in 1223 AD and looted Ujjain.

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Chandel (Chandels of Jejakbhukti) 900-1206 • Chandel were earlier administrators of Pratihara rulers in the Kanyakubj region(Kannaj) • Nannuk was founder of Chandel dynasty in Jejakbhukti (Bundelkhand) with Khajurvatika (Garden of Dates - khajuraho as capital). He later shifted capital to Mahoba. • His son was Vakpati and Vakpati’s 2 son’s were Jaishakti( Jai Jak – Jejakbhukti) and Vijay Shakti. • Yashovaram [925 – 950 AD], was son of Harshdev. During his rule, Chandel dynasty reached its highest peak. First independent Chandela king of Jejakbhukti • His kingdom was spread till Ganga and Yamuna after defeating Kalijnjar. ( District UP) • Dhangdev : Warrior and patronage of architecture. Famous temples of Khajuraho constructed especially the Parshvanath and Vishvanath temples. • Gandadev: Continued the construction process of Khajuraho temples. • Vidyadhar: Greatest among all Chandels. Defended kingdom against Mahmud Gazni. Supported HINDU SANGH. Kandariya Mahadev Temple constructed under Vidhyadhar reign. • Parmardideva was the last Chandela Ruler. ALHA and UDAL were 2 brothers and famous warriors. According to Myth, ALHA was a great devotee of MAA SHARDA at . • CHANDELAs built Chaturbhuj temple dedicated to lord Vishnu and Kandariya Mahadev Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva • Chaturbhuj temple is the only temple built by Chandelas without any erotic sculptures.

CHANDELA DYNASTY CHRONOLOGY RULER RULING PERIOD DESCRIPTION Founder of Chandela dynasty. Ruler of Khajuravatika, Nanuka 835 - 845 CE fuedatory of Gujara-Pratihara Vakpati 845 - 865 CE Ruler of Khajuravatika, fuedatory of Gujara-Pratihara Shri Harshadev 900 - 925 CE Ruler of Jejakbhukti, fuedatory of Gujara-Pratihara Yashovarman 925 - 950 CE Independent King of Jejakbhukti. Dhangadeva 950 - 999 CE Independent King of Jejakbhukti. Gandadeva 999 - 1002 CE Independent King of Jejakbhukti. Vidyadhara Rao 1003 - 1035 CE Independent King of Jejakbhukti. (greatest Chandela) Madanavarman 1128 - 1165 CE Ruler of Mahoba. Yahsovarman-II 1164 - 1165 CE Very short period ruler of Jejakbhukti region. Bhojavarman 1285 - 1288 CE Week ruler of Jejakbhukti region. Viravarman 1315 CE Reduced to local chief

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Kalchuri Dynasty [550 – 1740 AD] Kalchuri of Mahishmati (Maheswar, Khargone) and Kalchuri of Tripuri (Tewar, Jabalpur) were two branches of this dynasty. 1. Kalchuri of Mahishmati • Its capital was Mahishmati (Maheshwar). • First ruler was Krishanraja [550 – 575 AD], later Shankargad and Budhharaj. • Budhharaj was displaced by Chalukya ruler and they shifted to Tripuri (Jabalpur)

2. Kalchuri of Tripuri (Tewar, Jabalpur) • Its capital was Tripuri. (Remember that Chedi Mahajanpadas capital was Shaktimati) • The Kalchuris of Tripuri (or the Kalchuris of Chedi) were a central Indian dynasty during 9th to 12th centuries. • They ruled the historical Chedi region (also known as Dahala-mandala), from their capital Tripuri (present-day Tewar near Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh). • The Kalachuris of Tripuri fought several battles against the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti, and later had matrimonial alliances with them. Kachchapgat Dynasty • They had 3 branches o Gwalior o Duvakund o Narvar

Gwalior Branch • Their discription and achievement mentioned in SAAS BAHU Temple Gwalior. • Laxman was their first king. • Later times Mahmud Ghazni attacked and took control.

Duvakund Branch(Ancient Chandobh – 100 kms from Gwalior) • Inscripted in Duvakund inscription.

Narvar Branch • Some kings inscripted in Copper place inscription.

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DELHI SULTANATE RULE [1206 to 1526 AD] • Dilawar Khan Ghuri was the founder of Malwa Sultanate. He was initially the governor of in Malwa but asserted his independence in 1392. The capital was shifted from Dhar to Mandu which was renamed Shadiabad (the city of joy). • After his death, he was succeeded by his son Alp Khan, who assumed the title of . (Hoshang Shah's Tomb is at Mandu). • The Ghuri dynasty founded by Dilawar Khan Ghuri was replaced by the founded by Mahmud Shah I.

1. Slave Dynasty [1206 – 1290 AD] • Iltutmish in 1231 AD had attacked and won it.

2. Khalji Dynasty [1290 – 1320 AD] • Jalaluddin attacked Mandu and after looting, had gone back to Delhi. • In 1295 AD, he came to Gwalior for hunting and built a rest house for visitors stay. • In 1305 AD, Allauddin Khilji sent Multan’s Subedar, Ain-ul-mulk to Malwa for attack. • He killed Mahkaldev [Malwa king] and his son and captured Ujjain, Dharnagri and . • He appointed Ain-ul-mulk Multani as Subedar of Malwa.

3. [1320 – 1414 AD] and Sayyad Dynasty [1414 - 1450 AD] • Large part of MP like , Malwa and Bundelkhand were under Tughlaqs. • When Narsimha became Gwalior ruler, Delhi influence over MP parts get reduced. • He attacked Malwa with Muzaffar Shah [Gujarat ruler], for this he was imprisoned. After mutiny in Malwa, Muzaffar Shah sent Hussain Shah and made Mandu his capital.

4. [1451 – 1526 AD] • Bahlol Lodi attacked Gwalior and won. • Gwalior ruler Mansingh gave 30 lakh taka to Bahlol. • Bahlot fell sick while returning from Gwalior and died near Jamil in 1489 AD. • Ibrahim Lodi defeated Gwalior’s ruler Vikramjeet and ruled. However he was not able to win Malwa. Sher Shah II • Shah II surrendered to Bahadur Shah, the of Gujarat after the fort of Mandu fell to Bahadur in 1531. • In 1542, conquered the kingdom and appointed Shujaat Khan as the governor. His son, Baz Bahadur declared himself independent in 1555. In 1561, 's army led by Adham Khan and Pir Muhammad Khan attacked Malwa and defeated Baz Bahadur in the battle of Sarangpur.

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Mughal Era [1526 – 1858 AD] • Tatar khan became independent ruler of Gwalior region. • On 19 Jan 1528 AD, Babar defeated Medanirai (Malwa Subedar) and takes control over Chanderi. Gwalior also became part of his empire. • Babar’s son became Mughal emperor. During that time, Bahadur Shah became independent and established control over Malwa. • Again Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah and ruled over Malwa and area located west of Bundelkhand. • Humayun attacked Kalinjer, king Chandel surrendered. • In 1542 AD, Shershah attacked Malwa and controlled Raisen fort. At the same time he attacked Kalinjer and defeated Madhukar Shah. • Shershah last campaign was Kalinjer campaign. Karit Singh (kalinjer Ruler, 1545 AD) defied Shershah’s order and gave refuge to Veerbhan Singh Baghel (Rewa Ruler). • At the time of Akbar rule, Bajbahadur [Malwa ruler] tried to become independent. • Emperor Akbar (1556-1605) brought most of Madhya Pradesh under Mughal rule. • In 1561 AD, Akbar sent Adham Khan Pir Mohammad and established control over Malwa. • On 29 March 1561 AD, Mughal forces establishes control over Malwa’s capital Sarangpur. • In 1564 AD, Akbar sent Asaf Khan to win Gondwana queen Durgawati was ruling Gondwana as caretaker for her younger son Vir Narayan. She fought bravely but both mother and son died in war. • After the death of the Mughal emperor in 1707 Mughal control began to weaken, and the Marathas began to expand their influence.

Maratha Era • Between 1720 and 1760 the Marathas took control of most of Madhya Pradesh, and clans were established semi-autonomous states under the nominal control of the Maratha . • The of Indore ruled much of Malwa, and the Bhonsles of Nagpur dominated and Gondwana. • Pawars ruled Dewas and Dhar, ruled much of the northern parts of the state. • was founded by a Maratha general. • Bhopal was ruled by a Muslim dynasty descended from the Afghan General Dost Mohammed Khan. Bajirao first [1720 – 1740 AD] first time attacked Malwa in 1722 AD. In 1724 and 1728 he again attacked Malwa, and defeated Nizam in the attack on Bhopal. • Treaty of Durai, a truce was declared between Bajirao first and Nizam in 1738. According to it, entire Malwa region and land between Narmada and Chambal was supposed to be given to Bajirao.

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• There was a truce between Mughal ruler and Peshwa which was brokened by Jaisingh in July 1741 AD. Malwa region was handed over to the , Malwa was ruled by Marathas for the first time. • [Bundelkhand administrator], in 1728 AD sought Bajirao’s help in fighting Mohammad shah Bangas, Afghan ruler. Bajirao helped him in 1729. After victory, Chhatrasal gifted half of Bundelkhand to Bajirao. • In 1761, The Third Battle of brought an end to the Maratha expansion (when the Marathas fought against Afghan invader Abdali). Neither the Afghans nor the Marathas benefitted much from this battle. • After defeat, Scindias and Holkars became independent rulers in .

GWALIOR STATE • was a during the . • It was ruled by the dynasty of the Marathas in subsidiary alliance with the British. The state was founded in the early eighteenth century by RanojiScindia, an influential Maratha sardar. Under Mahadji Scindia (1761-1794) Gwalior State became a leading power in northern India, and dominated the affairs of the confederacy. • After the defeat of the Marathas in the Anglo-Maratha wars, the state came under British suzerainity. Gwalior was the largest state in the Central India Agency, under the political supervision of a Resident at Gwalior. In 1936, the was separated from the Central India Agency, and made answerable directly to the Governor-General of India. After Independence in 1947, the Sindhia rulers acceded to the new Union of India, and Gwalior state was absorbed into the new Indian state of .

Some of the prominent rulers of Gwalior state were • Ranojirao Scindia (1731-1745) • Mahadji Scindia/Madhavrao I (1768-1794) • Daulat Rao Scindia (1794-1827) • Jankojirao II Scindia (1827-1843) • Madhav Rao II Scindia (1886-1925) • Jivajirao Scindia (1925-1948)

BHOPAL STATE • was an independent state of the eighteenth century India. From 1818 to 1947 it was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India, and an independent state from 1947 to 1949. • The state was founded by Dost Mohammad Khan, an Afghan soldier in the Mughal army. He took advantage of the disintegrating and annexed several territories.

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• For instance, he usurped the Rajput principality of Mangalgarh and the Gond kingdom of Rani Kamlapati, after the death of their female rulers. • He established his capital at Jagdishpur, 10 km from Bhopal and later renamed it as Islamnagar. • During the early 1720s, Khan fortified the city of Bhopal and assumed the title of Nawab. • In 1723, Bhopal came under the of the Nizam of Hyderabad. In 1737, Marathas defeated the Mughals and the Nawab of Bhopal in the Battle of Bhopal, and started collecting tribute from the state. In 1818, Bhopal became a British princely state after the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha war. The state was finally merged into the Union of India in 1949 as Bhopal.

The Rule of The Begums • Between 1819 and 1926, Bhopal state was ruled by four women-Begums—unique in the royalty of those days. • In 1819, the 18-year-old Qudsia Begum (also known as Gohar Begum) took over the reins after the assassination of her husband. • Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Begum. • Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum was the last woman ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favor of her son, Hamidullah Khan.

1. Qudsia Begum (1819-1844) • In 1819, 18-year-old Qudsia Begum (also known as Gohar Begum) took over the reins after the assassination of her husband. • She was the first female ruler of Bhopal. • She built the Jama Masjid () and her beautiful palace the `Gohar ' (also called Nazar Bagh) in Bhopal.

2. Sikander Jahan Begum (1844-1868) • In 1844, Sikander Begum succeeded her mother as the ruler of Bhopal. • During the Revolt of 1857, she sided with the British and crushed all those who revolted against them. She also built the and Moti Mahal.

3. Shah Jahan Begum (1868-1901) • Shah Jahan Begum was quite passionate about architecture, very much like the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. • She built a vast mini-city, called Shahjahanabad after her.

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4. Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum (1901-1930) • She further advanced the emancipation of women and established a modern municipality in 1903. • She had her own palace Sadar Manzil (the present headquarters of Bhopal Municipal Corporation).

5. Nawab Hamidullah Khan • Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum's son, Nawab Hamidullah Khan, ascended the throne in 1926. • He was Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes.

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Contribution of Madhya Pradesh in Freedom Movement

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2. CONTRIBUTION OF MADHYA PRADESH IN FREEDOM MOVEMENT MODERN HISTORY OF MP • British defeated Peshwas, Holkars, Scindia and Bhonsles in first, second, third and fourth battles. Anglo Maratha Wars • In 1804, British Governor General Lord Wellesley and Scindia signed a treaty. • On 3 June 1857, foot soldiers and horse riding divisions revolted and set bungalows in camp on fire. There were armed revolts against British in Mandsaur, Mahidpur, Shivpuri, Guna, Indore, Dhar, Mahu, Amjhera, Gwalior, etc. • On 14 June 1857, soldiers in Murar camp near Gwalior destroyed communication system between Gwalior and Shivpuri. • On 18 June, 1857, King Shankarshah, Raghunathshah and Vijay Raghavgadh raised a banner of revolt in Mahakaushal region. • In Ramgad [], Avanti Bai led a revolt. • On 1 July, 1857, in Indore; residency bungalow was attacked by soldiers under the leadership of Shadat khan and Bhagirat Silawat. • On 23 July 1857, revolt spread in Amjhera, and Bhopawar. An armed assault was made to Britishers in leadership of Rana Bakhtawar Singh. • Bhima ruler occupied Mandaleshwar, and Badwani. • Four Baghela Sardars of Bundelkhand, Ranmat Singh, Shyam Singh, Dhir Singh and Punjab Singh raised a banner of revolt and fought for long time.

Personalities • Jawahar Singh of Chandrapur (Sagar) • Tatya Tope and Nana Saheb—their messengers moved from place to place across the cities of Gwalior, , Neemuch, Mandsaur, Jabalpur, Sagar, Bhopal, etc., and spread the message of nationalism. • Saadat Khan led the revolt at Mhow cantonment • Rao Bakhtiyar Singh (of Amjhera) also revolted • Bhima Nayak led revolt at Mandaleshwar, Sendhwa and • Rani Avantibai (of Ramgarh state in Mandla) also revolted. Girdhari Bai (bodyguard) extended support. • Shankar Shah and Raghunath Shah (of Gadhmandla) revolted • King Surajprasad (of Raghavgarh in Mahakaushal) revolted • Rani Laxmibai revolted in Jhansi-Kalpi. Jhalkaari Bai (Rani's bodyguard) extended full support

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• 1905: First conference of Congress, organized by Dadasaheb Khapde in Nagpur 1905. • 1906: Regional conference was organized by Gangadhar Chitins [1906] in Jabalpur. • Seth Govind Das and Pt Dwarika Prasad Mishra led a march at mausoleum of Rani Durgawati, 21 kms from Jabalpur. • In 1923 at Jabalpur, Jhanda Satyagraha was organized • In 1930, during Civil Disobedience Movement, march was organized from Rani Durgavati's cemetery at Jabalpur and various places were covered such as , Sehore, Jabalpur, etc. • In Seoni, Durgashankar Mehta broke salt law by making salt at Gandhi Chowk and started satyagraha protest • In 1930, Seoni (Duriya) tribals organized forests satyagraha • Adivasis from Seoni, Turia and Ghoda Dongri [Betul] started Van Satyagrah in 1930. • At GhoraDongri, Rajan Singh Korku led forest satyagraha

• 8 April 1931, Civil Disobedience agitation started in Sehore, Katni, Mandla and Damoh. • 1931, at Chhatarpur (Charan Paduka village), Colonel Fischer opened fire at a peaceful, meeting of freedom fighters. Six persons were killed. This event was compared with the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (19 . April 1919, Amritsar, General Dyer) • 1939, first individual satyagrahi was Vinoba Bhave from Jabalpur

• 1939, Tripuri [near Jabalpur] conference, Subhash Chandra Bose become Congress president after defeating Pattabhi Sittaramaya. • 1942, Quit India Movement commenced in Vidisha and Gwalior princely states. ‘Do or Die’ agitation spread up to Hoshangabad, Gadarwara and Piparia and eventually to entire Madhya Pradesh. • British flags ‘Union Jack’ were burnt in and Dhar districts.

Important Events in MP during National Movement 1. Jhanda Satyagraha • In March 1923, in Jabalpur, local officials got involved in a dispute regarding hoisting of the tricolor. • The dispute started when on 8 March 1923, Congress members were hoisting the tricolor on the Municipality building but the British Deputy Commissioner ordered the tricolor to be pulled down. • Congress members started satyagraha to protest against official restriction. The protest was led by : o Subhadra Kumari , o Pandit Sundarlal Sharma and o Nathuram Modi. • The satyagrahis were prosecuted in a legal case after which center of jhanda satyagraha shifted to Nagpur. Subhdnadra Kumari Chauhan and her husband Laxman Singh were sent to Nagpur.

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• On 18 August 1923, British officials allowed volunteers to carry out procession with the tricolor. This procession was led by Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Vallabh Bhai Patel and Babu Rajendra Prasad. 2. Jungle Satyagraha • In 1930, in Ghora-Dogri (Betul) region, tribals sat on satyagraha protest. Jungle satyagraha took its motivation from Mahatma Gandhi's salt satyagraha. • During the protest, tribals of Ghora-Dogri,Betul region came out of the jungle with lathis in hand and blankets on shoulders. • They were led by Gunjan Singh Korku. • Spread of the movement included jungles of Betul, Chhindwara, Seoni, Harda, Turiya, Bnajari Dhaal and Ghunghati. 3. Charanpaduka Massacre • On 14 January 1931, on Makar Sankranti day, in , an assembly was organized at SinghpurCharanpaduka Ground situated on the bank of river Urmila. British forces cornered the assembly and opened fire killing 21 persons and injuring 26 others. • This massacre is termed as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of MP. • The massacre further ignited people's aggression in entire Bundelkhand against British rule. In 1939. Bundelkahnd Congress committee was set up and Ram Sahay Tiwari was elected its President. 4. Punjab Mail Murder Case • On 23-24 July 1931, VirYashvant Singh, Devnarayan Tiwari and Dalpat Rao attacked and killed Haxel at Khandwa railway station. In the court case that ensued, Singh and Tiwari were hanged to death, while Rao was sent to Kalapani. 5. Sohabal Massacre • On 19 July 1938, in SohavalRiyasat in Hinauta village (district Satna), an assembly was planned to be organized under the leadership of Lal Buddha Pratap Singh. However, even before the assembly could be held, Singh and some of his men were shot dead by British officials near Majan village. This incident is also known as Majan shooting case. 6. Tripuri Congress • On 29 January 1939, 52nd Congress Session was held at Tripuri. In this session, Subhas Chandra Bose was elected Congress President after he defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya by 203 votes.

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Major Tribes of Madhya Pradesh

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3. MAJOR TRIBES OF MADHYA PRADESH

• According to 2011 census the percentage of tribal population in India is 8.6%. The praiseworthy fact is that their Sex Ratio is 984 which is better than the state and national average

• In the state of MP, the percentage of tribal population is 21.1%. The distribution of the tribal population is from in the north to the in the south east, with the tribal people occupying mainly the slopes of mountainous regions.

• Maximum number of tribes in India, live in MP [46 tribes]. • Tribal population [2011 Census – 15316784, 21.1% of total population of MP] • Schedule caste population is 11342320 [15.6% of total population of MP] • “Aadivasi” term – first time used by Thakkar Bappa [pioneer of Tribal Dev Program]. • Tribal Sub-plan – Fifth Five Year Plan [1974 – 75] • Tribal areas in MP – 31 [under Tribal Sub-plan] • MP Tribal Research and Development Institute at BHOPAL. • Vanya publication was founded in the year 1980, as a welfare undertaking of the Government of MP, Department of Tribal, Scheduled Caste and Other Backward Classes. Vanya has been registered by the Madhya Pradesh Firms and Societies. MP, Bhopal.

Geographical Distribution • In the North-Eastern region of our state (which includes districts of Shandol, Sidhi, Jabalpur, Rewa and Satna), there is a major concentration of tribal population particularly of Kol, Mudiya, Agariya, Panika and Khairwar tribes. Kol is the major tribe in this area. • In the Western region of our state (which includes Khandwa, Khargone, Jhabua, and Dhar), there is a major concentration of Bhil population. • When will look into Southern region of our state (which includes districts of Mandla, Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul and Hoshangabad), there is a major concentration of Baiga, Gond, Bharia and Madia tribes. • Three tribes of Madhya Pradesh Baiga, Bhariya and Sahariya have been declared specific backward tribes by the

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MAIN TRIBES of MP

• Largest Tribe of MP • Sub Tribes – Bhilala, Patlia, Barela, Rathya • Location – Jhabua, Dhar, , Badwani, Khargon, , Ratlam and Neemuch. • Festivals – Bhagoriya, Jatara, Narvani. • Gol Gadhedo Utsav is related to Bhil tribe. • Bow and arrow are the traditional weapon of Bhils and their houses are called Ku. • The term Bhil is derived from the word Villus or Billu which in 1. Bhil Tribe dravidian language means bow. • Bhils are popularly known as the bow men of Rajasthan. Their chief is Lord Shiva or Mahadev. • The social organization of Bhils is village based and the place where they live is known as Falya. • Marriage by kidnapping is also seen in Bhil tribe. • The Bhagoria tradition of Bhils is very famous which is organized every year before in kartik. • Tadi is the famous drink of Bhil tribe. •

• Second Largest tribe of MP [India’s largest tribe is Gond] • Location – Banks of Narmada river and Vindhya and Satpura ranges • Districts – Betul, Hoshangabad, Chindwara, Shahdol, Mandla, Balaghat, Damoh, Dhindori • Sub Tribes – Pardhan, Agaria, Ojha, Solahas, Nagarchi. • Main – Thakur Deo, Dulha Deo, Narayan Deo, Budhi Mai, Khair Mata. • Folk Dance – Karma, Saila, Sua, Haridili, Special – Madai Fair, Dudh Lautawa, “Khehul Pata” death anthem • ABUJMADIYA are the most ancient Gonds. 2. Gond Tribe • Chief economic activity of Gonds is agriculture. • Festival of Gonds- Madhai • Marriage traditions of Gonds include-Pathauni, Lamsena and Chaudh vivah. • Gond death song is `Kheul Pata'. • Gonds believe in souls and spirits • The word Gond has been derived from the word Khonda which is of Telugu origin which literally means hill and thus Gonds are inhabitants of hilly region. • Ghotul tradition which is more prevalent in Mudiyas is also practiced by Gonds.

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• Third largest tribe of MP • Location – Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori, Sidhi • Sub Tribes – Binjhwar, Bharotia, Ramaina, Nahar, Narotia, Kathmaina • Extremely backward tribe and lives in forest 3. Baiga Tribe • Main Deity – Budha Deo • Folk Dance – Karma, Bilma, Pardhauni, Gendi • Veyvar – Jhum cultivation • Jhumming cultivation is practiced in Baiga tribe and is also known as pondu or veyvar.

• Main tribe of Austric race • Location – Rewa and Jabalpur division (Rewa Satna Shahol Sidhi) • Sub tribe – Shaitiya, Rautel and Rautia 4. Kol Tribe • Gohia – Panchayat of Kol • Dialect – Munda, Bagheli • Folk dance – Koldahka • Gohiya panchayat is related to Kol tribe and their chief is called Cahudhary.

• Sahariya tribe is the sub tribe of Bhils. • Declared special backward tribe of MP • Sahariyas are mainly concentrated in north-west region of state. They live mainly in patterns in a row called `Sahrana'. • Location – North western MP regions like Gwailor, Shivpuri, Morena, Bhind, Guna • They are tribe of kolerian family 5. Sahariya Tribe • They celebrate Hindu festivals • Occupation – Agriculture laborers • Term `Sahariya' is derived from `Sa' and `Hariya' which means with lion. • Sahariya tribe people are experts in Herbs and shrubs which they collect from forest and sell them and it is their chief economic activity. They worship Hindu Gods.

• Branch of Munda or Kolerian race • Location – Hoshangabad, Chhindwara, Betul, Harda, Burhanpur etc 6. Korku Tribe • Sub Tribes – Dularia, Rum, Bobal, Patharia • Main Deities – Dulha Deo, Budha Deo • Lachaka – Liquid Meal Of Korku Tribe

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• Extremely backward tribe • Location – Chhindwara, Seoni, Jabalpur, Balaghat, Betul, Hoshagabad etc. • Bhariya (Dravidian) tribe are the inhabitants of Patalkot 7. Bharia Tribe • Famous Place- Patlkot [Chhindwara] • Origin – Karnadeo, King Of Baghelkhand • Main Office Bearers – Mumka, Parihar, Kotwar Etc. • Main Deities – Dhula Deo, Budha Deo, Bhimsen, Nag Deo etc • The vernacular or language of Bharia tribe is Bharnoti.

• Most primitive tribe of MP thus considered Special Backward Tribe • Location – Dindori, Mandla, Balaghat, Shahdol, Sidhi 8. Agaria Tribe • Special Achievement – Invention of iron • Folk Dance – Karma, Shaila, Chilma • Main Deities - Thakur Deo, Shitla Mata, Dhula Deo, Budha Deo

• Location – Sehore, Raisen 9. Pardhi • Sub Tribes – Gosai, Cheeta, Shishi, Phans

10. Khairwar • Location: Sidhi, Shahdol, Panna, Chhatarpur

Tribal Dance of MADHYA PRADESH

• Tribe / Area – Gond, Baiga, Kumhar, Kanwar, Virhor etc. [Mandla Madhya Pradesh] • Performed in , , too • Occasion – In the month after performing pooja of karma tree. • Dance style – Expression of every activity of life along with the 1. Karma Dance love between men and women • Instrument – Mandal • Specialty – Several variations like Karma Ke Jhar Lahaki, Jhoomar Langada, Thada, Types Karam, Khari, Khay, Jhulni, Lahaki

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• Tribe/Area – Gond, Baiga, Pardhan • Occasion – Starts after sharad purnima in the moonlit nights • Dance style – the name Salia comes because men and women 2. Salia Dance hold Parak / stick in hand while dancing. This dance of youths expresses joy and happiness • Instrument – Mandal • Specialty – Men And Women take equal parts

• Tribe/ Area – Baiga • Occasion – at the time of arrival of marriage processions [Barat] 3. Pardhoni • Dance style – An elephant is made of cot, winnowing basket dance [Soop], mattresses, etc, the father in law sits astride it and dance is performed on the tunes of songs • Instrument – Naker [Nagada] and Timki • Specialty – Bride Walks In Front Of The Elephant

• Tribe/Area - Gonds and Baiga • Occasion - on Dussera • Dance style – young men and women of a village form groups 4. Bilma Dance and visit other village to dance. Unmarried girls get decked up and participate in the dance. They select the spouse while dancing • Instrument – Mandal

• Tribe/ Area – Gond and Baiga • Occasion – on Holi 5. Faag Dance • Dance style – young and old adivasis participate in the dance enthusiastically. One or two persons entertain wearing wooden masks and holding wooden sparrows.

• Tribe/Area – Bhil [Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dhar, Barwani etc.] • Occasion – on Holi • Dance style – young women decked up in colourful clothes and young women holding bow-arrow in hand dance rapidly 6. Bhagoriya displaying the bravery and love in people of Bhil community Dance • Instrument – Drum [dhol], mandal, thali, timki • Specialty – young men and women choose spouse for haran vivah type of marriage through this dance

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• Tribe/Area – Karku • Occasion – In the month of vaishakh • Dance style – Men and women both participate. Men hold cotton towel [pancha] in hand and women play chatkora with 7. Thapti Dance both hands while both dance • Instrument – Drum [dholak] and flute[bansuri] • Specialty – Besides thapti dance, korkus organized dhandhal, chachari, fagati, dhadaya etc dances.

• It is also called Kolhai dance • Tribe/area – Kol [Baghelkhand] • Dance style – Male singers and singers as well as women wearing simple dress sing and dance. The songs have questions and answers. Male singers have to answer for the 8. Kol Dhaka song raising question. Male singers dance in loud voice. The dance women dance and men play instruments. • Instrument – 5-6 Drums [dhols] are played with intense Cymbal [jhanj] • Specialty – women move feet and fingers of hand at high speed while dancing

• Tribe/area – Saharia [Gwalior division] • Occasion – in the month of Shravan [ the day after Rakshabandhan purnima on occasion of tejaji puja and on ekadashi festival] 9. Lahangi Dance • Dance style – in this group dance, women walk with gujariyas • Instrument – Dholak • Specialty – Carnival of gujariyas

• Tribe/Area – Sahariya Gwalior division 10. Dul Dul • Occasion – Festivals Ghodi dance • Instrument – Dhol, Nakar, Zika • Specialty – The dance original comes from Rajasthan

• Traditional Dance of Bharias [Patalkot, Chindwara] 11. Bharam • During Wedding Sailam • Group dance by women Dance • Instrument – Timki, Dholak, Mridang, Flute • Other names – Gannu Sahi, Bharot, Angam

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• Tribe – Korku • Night of Jyeshth month Ashad 12. Atari dance • Love songs • Instrument – Dholak, Timki, Flute, Mridang

Important Awards for SC/ST

1. Sant Kabir Puraskar • This award was started in the year 2009, by MP Tribal Welfare Department. The state government gives away this award with the aim of recognizing the literary service and contribution of SCs residing in the state.

2. Sant Ravidas Smriti Rajya Seva Puruskar • This award was established in 2005. The award is given by the state government for the service and contribution of individuals and social organizations working for the purpose of development, welfare and social upliftment of SCs living in the state.

3. Shri Vishnu Kumar Anusuchit Jati Seva Samman • Since the year 2010, this award has been instituted in the memory of founder of Seva Bharti Shri Vishnu Kumar to honor individuals or voluntary organizations who have done excellent work in the field of social service for the people of ST community.

National Commission For Scheduled Tribes • The National Commission for schedule tribes is a constitutional body and has been established under article 338-A of the Constitution. The separate National Commission for ST's came into existence in the year 2004 and consists of a chairperson and vice chairperson along with three other members. They are appointed by the President and their conditions of service and tenure of office are also determined by the President.

Some of the functions of the Commission are: • The commission investigates and monitors all the matters related to the constitutional and other legal safeguards and also evaluates them. • The commission inquires into the various complaints related to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the ST's.

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• The commission also submits an annual report to the President who in turn places it before the . • The Central as well as State governments are required to consult the commission regarding the policy matters related to the Scheduled Tribes. • Note: The Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment coordinates all the affairs related to the Scheduled Castes while the Ministry of Tribal Affairs works for the Scheduled Tribes.

Factual Takeaways • Highest ST population is in Dhar district. • Largest tribe of Madhya Pradesh is Bhil. • The term Adivasi was first propounded by Thankkar Bappa. • Every 13th person in India and every 5th person in MP is a tribal. • Lowest percentage of ST population is in . • Lowest number of ST population in terms of number is also in Bhind district. • Baiga, Bharia, Agaria and Saharia has been accorded special backward primitive tribes status by central government. • Verrier Elwin has written a book named 'The Baiga' on Baiga tribe. • 'Paige' is a drink chiefly associated with Baiga tribe. It is also consumed by Bharia tribe. • The first tribal radio that was started in Madhya Pradesh was Vanya in Chandrashekhar Azad Nagar. • MP Tribal Research and Development Institute is situated at Bhopal. • Doodh Lautawa tradition of marriage is present in Gond tribe. • Top three biggest Tribes of Madhya Pradesh are Bhil, Gond and Kol. • Panika tribe is mainly Weavers caste or tribe and thus they are traditionally cloth manufacturers, probably the first tribe to do so. In addition to weaving, agriculture is another chief activity. • Chief deities of Panikas include- Surya, Indra, , Dulhadev, Budhimata, Marahaimata and Hulkimai. • People of Panika tribe are followers of Kabir. • Dhanuk tribe is mainly found in Bhind, Morena, Ujjain, Ratlam, Jhabua, Indore and Satna. They derive their name from the word `Dhanushk', meaning those who keep bow. • Saur tribe is found in the region Sagar and Damoh. They worship Bhavani.

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Notes

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Important Tribal Personalities of Madhya Pradesh

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4. IMPORTANT TRIBAL PERSONALITIES OF MADHYA PRADESH • The fire of the freedom struggle that took five hundred years in the whole country, which did not allow humanism to become a place in this entire environment, remained a part of Indian consciousness from the fifteenth century. • The examples of the way the tribal warriors faced the attackers armed with foreign weapons and weapons with spears, spears, arrows and command throughout this period. • There will be hundreds of stories in which heroes, inspired by heroes from small places to small places, do not let the evil intentions succeed easily.

1. Rani Durgawati , Shankar Shah and Raghunath Shah • The stories of Gondwana's queen Durgavati to King Shankar Shah and Raghunath Shah of his own dynasty are precious chapters in the great saga of the sacrifice of tribals in the freedom struggle. • The struggle of Rani Durgavati dates back to the sixteenth century and the struggle of Shankar Shah-Raghunath Shah to the nineteenth century, which gives us evidence that the Indian tribal consciousness fought its identity and honor century-by-century. • DurgavatiMaravi (1524-1564) was a ruling Queen of Gondwana from 1550 until 1564. The name of her state was Gadhmandla and present day Jabalpur was the center of her state. Her father, King Keerat Rai, was Rajput ruler of Chandel dynasty. She was born in the famous in Banda, UP. • She was married to Dalpat Shah, the eldest son of king Sangram Shah of Gond Dynasty. This alliance between the Chandels and the Gonds was successful in curbing the increasing power of Sher Shah Suri. • In 1550, Dalpat Shah died leaving behind a young son named Vir Narayan. Rani took the reigns of the Gond kingdom into her hands and ruled as the guardian of her son. Rani's achievements further enhanced the glory of her ancestral tradition of courage and patronage. • Rani moved her capital to Chauragarh from Singaurgarh. Chauragarh was a fort of strategic importance situated on the Satpura ranges. She was instrumental in constructing various temples, dhramshalas, mathas and wells in her kingdom. • In 1562, Akbar defeated Baz Bahadur and annexed Malwa. As a result, the borders of Gond Kingdom now touched those of the Mughal empire. • In the year 1983, the Government of Madhya Pradesh renamed the University of Jabalpur as Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya in her memory.

2. Bhoi Tribal Community and Revolt • In the challenges of the nineteenth century, many tribal patriots from Madhya Pradesh along with Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi and her associates Nana Saheb Peshwa and Tatya Tope supported them.

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• At the time when Tatya Tope used to appear and meditate almost like a miraculous man who chewed the chickens to the British, it was a tough challenge to go through the Chhindwara region and stay safe among the trusted patriots there. • In this, the courageous youths of Bhoi community of Khas Tamia villages - Sahra Bhoi, Jhanka Bhoi, Amaru Bhoi, Lotia Bhoi, Taparu Bhoi, Imrat Bhoi Kaundawala and Imrat Bhoi Saiyam made the road to Tatya Tope easy. • Not only this, these brave patriots used to work a lot for the Gond kings and their soldiers who fought for the freedom struggle. Of these, Lotia Bhoi punished Jagirdar Bekhat Shah, who met the British, for his actions. • Sahra, Taparu and Imrat Bhoi Syam fought for the rescue of Jagirdar Mahavira Singh of Harrakot, a refugee of Tatya Tope, who was found heroic.

3. Bundela Rebellions – Dhillon Shah • During the Bundela Rebellion of 1842, the Cachars of Narmada and Gond Raja Dhillan Shah of Madanpur of in Bundelkhand region, with their army, fought against the British. • Later the British resorted to forgiveness by putting pressure on the king. • Dhillan Shah was not encouraged, when the rebellion of 1857, he again went with his army with arms and fought the British, but this time the British defeated him. • Dhillon Shah was martyred

4. Malguzar Devi Singh • In Mahakaushal zone, Malguzar Devi Singh Gond of Nan Kauda combined his strength with the soldiers of the 52nd Platoon of Jabalpur Cantonment and fought fiercely against the British in the Battle of Putti. However, the English army numbered heavily on Devi Singh with force and weapons. There was loss of life, soldiers were caught but Devi Singh escaped by dodging the British.

5. King Mahipal Singh • In the same way, King Mahipal Singh of Bhutgaon did not leave any stone unturned to confront the British rule. Together with the rebel king of Vijayraghavgarh, he kept fighting, dodging, absconding with the British and did not come into the hands of the British.

6. King Gangadhar of Mangadh • King Gangadhar of Mangadh continued to push on the British in the same way, but the British could catch him.

7. Shankar Shah • The saga of valor of Shankar Shah and his son Raghunath Shah is well known in the tribal uprising of Madhya Pradesh. • After wandering across the country, they increased their power by the support of Rani Lakshmibai and also received the weapons.

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• Later they were sacrificed to death by a fraudster who was betrayed by the subjects of his own faith. The British had sentenced them to fly with cannon.

8. Tantya Bhil • Nimar region, like Mahakaushal, has not been untouched by the contributions of many great brave patriots in history. • In the revolution of 1857, Tantya Bhil was considered as divine and miraculous by people like Ashwatthama and Robin Hood, who would appear where, when to become invisible, not know how to live nor to confirm the death. • Tantya Bhil was the messiah of the poor victims and miseries. Eleven years he took a front against the British, running his rule. • Tantya Bhils, also known as Tantya Mama, was also the nightmare for all those who were moneylenders and landlords. • Tantiya wanted to free India from the subjugation of the British and realize the Bhils' dream of socialist society. • He remained on the most wanted list of the British police for many years, he eluded them and inflicted reverses on them several times. • Ultimately, Tantya was arrested due to treachery of Ganpat, the husband of his sister while he was getting rakhi tied. He was kept in Jabalpur jail where he was ruthlessly tortured. • The Sessions Court, Jabalpur sentenced him to be hanged till death on 19 October 1889.

9. Bhima Nayak • Bhima Nayak was the hero of the princely state of Barwani. • Bhima Nayak (1840-1876) was a Bhil hero born in Western Nimad. He had participated in the Revolt of 1857 from Western Nimad region. • He was a legendary freedom fighter who took on valiantly against the British. He also motivated his community to join the struggle against the British rule. • According to one account, Bhima's sphere of influence was spread from Barwani to Khandesh region of Maharashtra. Bhima played a major role in the Ambapani battle in 1857. Bhima had also helped Tantia in crossing the Narmada while he visited Nimar. • Bhima was finally caught and tried by the British authorities. • He was subsequently incarcerated in the Cellular Jail in Port Blair, where he breathed his last in 1876.

10. Khajya Nayaka • Khajya Nayaka was also the hero of Nimar. • Khwaja Nayak was the brother-in-law of Bheema who was known as Nimad's Robin Hood. Khwaja was a in an detachment entrusted with patrolling a 34-mile stretch from western Nimad's Sendhwa-Jamli Post to Maharashtra's Shirpur Post. • He served the Britishers for two decades from 1831 and was then awarded ten years' imprisonment for fatally beating up a highway robber while on patrol. However, he was freed in five years owing to good behaviour. In 1857, when sepoys were revolting across northern Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964

India, Khwaja was re-enlisted by the Company but quit and joined Bheema after being insulted by a British captain. Besides looting the treasury, they fought against British. The Britishers made several attempts to crush the rebels but in vain. The latter were surrounded on April 11, 1858 at Amba Pani between Barwani and Silawad. In the ensuing battle, Khwaja's son Daulat Singh and several other Bhils were martyred. • He became a victim of the deception of one of his companions, due to which he had to lose his life, otherwise the way he prepared an army of eight hundred warriors and took the fight against British. • A few years later, treachery by relatives led to an arrest of Khwaja and Bheema who were subsequently incarcerated at the Cellular Jail at Port Blair along with their associates.

11. Sitaram Kanwar Bhilala and Raghunath Mandloi Bhilala • Western Nimad's Khargone and the surrounding area was ruled by the Holkars. One of their jagirdars, Raghunath Singh Mandloi, wielded considerable influence over tribal villagers in the vicinity of Barun. As news spread of Tantya Tope's arrival in Nimad in 1857, several employees and citizens rebelled. Raghunath was among them. His instigating the uprising led to the jagir being snatched and handed to Daulat Singh Mandloi. Thousands of Bhil revolutionaries gathered at Barun under Raghunath's leadership and supplies came from Banjaras. The Holkars arrested Raghunath who was suitably aided by Sitaram. The latter was martyred while fighting a force led by Captain R H Keating.

12. Birsa Munda (Munda Tribe) • 15 November 1875 – 9 June 1900 was an Indian tribal freedom fighter, religious leader, and folk hero who belonged to the Munda tribe. • Birsa Munda was born at Ulihatu in the Bengal Presidency (presently in Jharkhand) on 15th November 1875 into a Munda family. His parents were Sugana Munda and Karmi Hatu. • His childhood was spent in a typical Munda fashion amidst poverty. • He converted to Christianity and became Birsa David/Daud in order to receive an education from a missionary school. • He spent a great part of his childhood in Chaibasa. He was influenced by the national movement there. His father withdrew him the missionary school. Birsa developed a strong anti- government and anti-missionary stamp on his mind from there. • During the 1890s, he started speaking to his people about the exploitation done by the British. The British agrarian policies were stifling the tribal people and disrupting their way of life which was hitherto peaceful and in tune with nature. Another problem was that of cultural belittlement of the tribal people by the Christian missionaries. • The Mundas had followed the Khunkhatti system of joint landholding. The British replaced this egalitarian system with the Zamindari System. Outsiders entered the tribal landscape and started exploiting them. In their own turf, they became forced labourers. Poverty descended on them like a strangling chain.

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• In 1894, Birsa announced his declaration against the British and the Dikus (outsiders) and thus began the Munda Ulgulan. This is a very important rebellion of the tribal people among the various uprisings of the tribals and peasants in India in the 19th century. • Birsa also started his own religion and proclaimed he was god’s messenger. Many Mundas, Kharias and Oraons accepted him as their leader. Many other and also flocked to see the new leader of the masses. • Birsa advocated the tribal people to shun the missionaries and revert to their traditional ways. He also asked people not to pay taxes. • He was arrested in 1895 and released after two years. In 1899, he resumed his armed struggle along with the people. He razed police stations, government property, churches and houses of Zamindars. • The British caught him in 1900 from Jamkopai forest, Chakradharpur. • Birsa Munda died on June 9th 1900 while lodged at the Ranchi jail aged just 25.

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Major Festivals of Madhya Pradesh

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5. MAJOR FESTIVALS and FAIRS of MADHYA PRADESH

Fairs of MP

Total – 1400 Fairs

• Maximum – Ujjain division [227]

• Minimum – Hoshangabad division Season wise division

• Season wise max – March, April, May (Chaitra, Vaishakh)

• Season wise min – June, July, August (Aashad, Sharavan)

• Fair of Goddess Jogeshwari • Chanderi [Ashok Nagar]

• Urs of Peer Budhan • Sanvara [Shivpuri]

• Fair of Tejaji • Guna and Neemar

• Fair of Mahamritunjaya • Rewa • Amarkantak [Anupur District], Pachmadi • Fair of Shivratri And Hoshangabad • Fair of Chandi Devi • Ghoghar [Sidhi District]

• Urs of Baba Shahadubbin Aulia • Neemuch

• Fair of Kaluji Maharaj • Piplya Khurd [Khargon]

• Fair of Garibnath • Avanti, Barodiya Village [Shajahapur]

• Fair of Kanna Baba • Sodalpur [Harda]

• Fair of Nagaji • Porsa Village [Morena]

• Fair of Martyr • [Indore]

• Fair of Siddha Baba • Vijaypur

• Fair of Jalvihar • Chatarpur

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• Fair of Maiyar Mata • Satna

• Fair of • Datiya

• Fair of Kundeshwar •

• Fair of Rawatpura • Bhind

• Fair of Heera Bhumiya • Gwalior, Guna

• Fair of Ramleela • Bhander Tehsil [Datiya]

• Bhamoni Urs • Dhamoni [Sagar]

• Fair of Singaji • Pipliya Khurd [Khargon]

• Fair of Mandhata • Khandwa, Omkareshwar

• Fair of Burman • Gadarwada [Narsingpur]

• Fair of Math Dhodhara • Bhairo Nath Pilgrim []

• Fair of Kumbh Simhastha • Ujjain

• Fair of Ratangar • Datiya

• Fair of Ramji • Hoshangabad

• Fair of Unnav • Datia

• Cheti Fair • Byawara [Rajgarh]

• Baldauji Fair • Panna

• Dhrupdehi Fair • Hirapur

• Ramnavami Fair • Nayagaon

• Kedareshwar Fair • Tikamgarh

• Khandwa Fair • Deori [Sagar]

• Salkanpur Fair • Salkanpur

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MAJOR CULTURAL FESTIVALS

Festival / Event in Location / Place Details Madhya Pradesh

Indian Classical Dance Khajuraho Dance festival Khajuraho Performance Literary Presentations along with Akhil Bharatiya Kalidas Ujjain dramas and Indian Classical Samaroh Dance programmes Gwalior Indian Classical Vocal and Musical Tansen Sangeet Samaroh performances

Vocal performances of Dhrupad Dhrupad Samaroh Bhopal style of Indian Classical Music Madhya Pradesh Utsav /Madhya Pradesh Festival Allauddin Sangeet Samaroh Maihar, Satna Indian Classical Music

Ameer Khan Festival lndore Indian Classical performances Rashtriya Natya Hind's Best Drama's Bhopal Samaroh performances Pachmarhi Utsav Pachmarhi Indian Folk Art's performances

Mandu Utsav Mandu --

Orchha Utsav , Niwari --

Keshav Jayanti Samaroh Orchha, Niwari Literary Presentation Alauddin Khan Bhopal Lectures based on Classical Music Vyakhyanmala Muktibodh Samaroh Bhind Literary Programmes

Bhavbhuti Samaroh Gwalior 's Literary Programmes

Malwa Utsav Ujjain and lndore Folk Arts / Indian Classical Music

Makhanlal Chaturvedi Jabalpur Literary Programmes Samaroh

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Rashtriya Ramleela Mela Different Parts of MP Ramleela Mandlis Performance

Pandit Balkrishna Sharma Shajapur Hindi Literary Programmes "Naveen" Samaria

Indian Folk Art's Presentation and Lokrang Samaroh Bhopal Performance

Pandit Kumar Gandhana Dhar Sanskrit Literary Programmes Samaroh

Padmakar Samaroh -- Hindi Literary Programmes

Bhoj Samaroh Dhar Sanskrit Literary Programmes

Throughout Madhya Shankari Samaroh Sanskrit Literary Programes Pradesh

All over Madhya Folk Arts, Music, Dances and Kabir Samaroh Pradesh Literary Programmes

Rashtriya Alankaran Bhopal Distribution of Cultural Awards Samaroh

Indian Classical and Folk Arts Jagar Samaroh -- Display.

Krishna Rao Samaroh Gwalior Indian Classical Music

Throughout Madhya Nimar Utsav, Maheshwar Indian MP Sangeet Samaroh Pradesh Folk and Classical Performances

Various Folk arts exhibitions and Bharat Bhawan Bhopal performances throughout year

Suhhadra Kumari Chauhan Hindi Literary Programmes and Jabalpur Samaroh Performances

Film Festival Bhopal Films from India and Abroad Tepa Samaroh / Tepa Ujjain Kavi Sammelan Festival Tribal Film Utsav Indore

Kishore Kumar Samman Khandwa Samaroh

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Bundeli Utsav / Bundeli Chhattarpur Festival

Bhedaghat Utsav Bhedaghat [Jabalpur]

Tulsi Utsav / Tulsi Festival Chitrakoot

Madhya Pradesh Lok Kala Bhopal Samaroh

Padmakar Smriti Samaroh Sagar Literary

Chakradhar Smriti Samaroh Indore

Lokranjan Festival Khajuraho Festival of Folk Dances

Region Wise Festivals of MP

FESTIVALS REGION Bhagoriya Haat Jhabua Festival Called as the Festival of Love Sanjha Bundelkhand Suata Bundelkhand Nawanna Bundelkhand Gangaur Malwa Harelip Malwa and Bundelkhand Rata trawa Mandla Niraja Malwa Govardhan Bundelkhand Guripadawa Malwa, Chambal, Neemar

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Major Folk Music, Folk Arts and Folk Theatre of Madhya Pradesh

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6. Major Folk Music, Folk Arts and Folk Theatre of Madhya Pradesh

FOLK MUSIC STYLES MADHYA PRADESH

o Region – Bundelkhand 1. Alha Recital o Time – Sawan month

o Region – Nemar 2. Kalagitura o Sung in the form of Qawalli

o Region – Malwa 3. Sanja Songs o Sung by unmarried young girls

4. Basavdeva o Region – Gayan o Tribe – Harbole

o Region – Bagelkhand 5. Birha Songs o Tribe – Aahir, Teli, Gadariya o Sung in the form of questions and answers

o Region – Malwa 6. Birthari o People of Nath sect sung it [Suraj Bhai Khande – famous singer]

o Region – Malwa 7. Bhope Style o Tribe – Bhope o Mudiya tribe [death song] sung by senior 8. Gokul Patha citizens

o Region – Nemar 9. Gangaur o Sung during the month of chaitra, using dhol and thali

o Tribe – Muriya 10. Hulki patha o Group song based on theme of king and queen

o Region –Gwalior, Bhind, Malwa And 11. Dholamaru Bundelkhand o Famous person – Jagan Nath Kumhaar

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Folk Arts: MADHYA PRADESH Region-wise

• Folk dance – Garba, Matki, Adha Khada Rajavadi Dance • Folk Song Styles – Tharthari Gayan, Bhope Gayan, 1. Malwa region Sanjha Geet, Barasati Barata, Nirgunani Bhajan • Folk Theatre – Mach

• Folk Dance – Badhai, Rai, Nautanki, Saira, Dhinariyai 2. Bundelkhand region • Folk Song Styles – Alha Singing, Faag, Berayata, Bundeli, Babuliya • Folk Theatre – Swang, Ragini

• Folk Dance - Kathi, Gangaur, Mandlay, Ada Khada, Phiphariya • Folk Music Styles – Saint Singaji Style – 3. Neemar Region Nathpanthi Style, Kalagitura, Sanjha Songs,Nirgunoya Style, Nasanya • Folk Theatre – Gammat

• Folk Dance – Biraha Dance, Dadar, Kemali, Kalasa, Rai 4. Baghelkhand region • Folk Songs – Faag, Birha, Baadeva, Videsiya • Folk Theatre – Hingola, Mansukha, Jindba, Chahur

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FOLK THEATRE OF MADHYA PRADESH

• By Muriya tribe Maopata • Traditional story of hunting • Faces are smeared with soote, soil and ash

• By Korku Tribe • Korku perform drama around the pillar Khamb Swang • The performance is staged to celebrate Meghnath, son of Ravan, who saved Korkus

• By Baiga tribe –Dussera • Reciting love poem Dadaria dance • Young women chooses their spouse while dancing

Gokulpadha • Muria Adivasi death song • Description of king Jologayas

Hulki Dance • By Muria tribe • Boys and girls both participate in it.

• By Muria tribe Mandri dance • One man dances with chitkul and no songs are sung

• By Madia tribe • Celebration of Jawa festival Gaur Dance • Young men wear headgear with horns of bison [Gaur] • It is probably the best Adivasi dance of the country

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Major DIALECTS of Madhya Pradesh

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7. MAJOR Dialects of Madhya Pradesh Different regional dialects are prevalent in different regions of the state such as Malwa, Bundeli, Nimari etc. These all have certain Similarities due to their origination from Hindi except tribal dialects.

1. Bundeli • This dialect of Arya language group is widespread in the state. • It was named as Bundeli by George Grierso, and is an Apbhransh (narrated form) of Shaurseni. • The influence of this dialect can be experienced in Bundelkhand and also in the southern part of M.P. extended to Maharashtra. • Pure form of the dialect is widely spoken in Tikarngarh, Sagar, Narsinghpur and Panna districts of M.P. and its subdialects are prevalent in different area such as Panwari in Gwalior, Datia, Lodharti in Hamirpur, Khatola in Parma, Chhatarpur, Domoh districts. There are some mixed Bundeli dialects too like Banafari, Kundri, Nibhatta, Bhadauari & Koshthi. • Famous Scholars in Bundeli Language : Keshav, Padmakar, Lal, Gangadhar Vyas. • Datia, Guna, Shivpuri, Bhind, Gwalior, Morena. Sagar, Tikamgarh, Niwari. Chhatarpur, Damoh, Panna, Vidisha, Raisen, Hoshangabad, Narsinghpur, Jabalpur, Seoni, Chhindwara, Balaghat, etc. 2. Bagheli • It is the modified version of Ardh-Magadhi which is prevalent in Rewa, Satna, Sidhi & Singrauli districts of the state. Its mixed form is spoken in Tribal region of Mandla. • Some of the Sub dialects of Bagheli are : Tirhari in Banda, Hamirpur & Fatehpur districts, Gahora in central areas of Banda districts Gondi which is spoken in Rewa & Manda region is also a variation of Bagheli. • It is also called as baghelkhandi, Rimahi and Rivai. The Parental Language of Bagheli is assured to be Avadhi. • Shri Niwas Shukla from sidhi has prepared first Dictionary of Bagheli. • Parmdharm Vijay, Vishwanath Prakash - these Bagheli books are written by Rewa king vishwanath singh. • Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Shandol, Umaria.

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3. Malwi • This dialect has impact of Hadoti of Rajasthan and is also influenced from Shaurseni of Maharastra. • In its purest form it is spoken in Indore, Ujjain, Dewas, Dhar & Ratlam districts of M.P. some of its varients also be practicised in Bhopal, Hoshangabad, Neemuch, Guna & Mandsaur districts. • In Phonetic point of view, malvi belongs to western Hindi family, but in origin it is a marwadi. • The malvi dictionary is compiled by sh. prahlad chandra joshi. • Sh. Dhirendra Verma has called the Malvi as Dakshin Rajasthani whereas sh K.L. Hans has called as Pashimi Hindi. • Subdialects of Malvi : Sondhwari, omathwari, Ragadi. • Some scholars treat the nimari as subdialects of Malvi. 4. Nimari • It is the widely spoken dialect of Khandwa, Khargone, Burhanpur, Barwani districts of M.P. It is also originated from Shaurseni. It higly exert influence of Malwi, Marawari, Gujrati & Marathi. Remarkable Folk literature has been written in Nimari. George Grierso called the Nimari as Dakshini Hindi. • Famous writter of Nimari Gorishankar Sharma, Ramnarayan Upadhyay, Prabhakar Choube. • Ammar Bol - The First epic in Nimari Language written by mahadev Prasad chaturvedi. It is a thousand work of Mahabharat. • Prabhakar choube has been a well known Singer of Nimari, Particularaly he sung gammat and swang. He also written Thumka in Nimar. • Dr. Shri Ram Parhar Written a book, Nimari Sahltya Ka Itihas (in Hindi). • Khandwa, Khargone, Dhar, Dewas, Barwani, Jhabua, Indore. 5. Brij Bhasha () • Basically spoken in Brij territory (Mathura) of UP. • Brij is also a narrated form of shaurseni. it is also called as Pengal Antarvedi, kannauji, Gwaliori. • The Maximum Medievel Literature is complied in Brijbhasha. • Prominent Scholar : Amir Khusro, Raskhan, surdas, Mirabai. • Brij Bhasha is a main Language of Hindustani Music.

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• Tulsidas ji, a avadhi writer, also used Brij Bhasha in His book, Vinay Patrika. • Bhind, Morena, Gwalior, etc.

6. Bhadavari (Goanwari, Buland) • This is a dialect of proverbs. • Bhadavari is assured as the language Bhadrashrav as used by dieties. • Territory : The adjoining area of MP-UP-Rajasthan in MP - Bhind, Morena, Gwalior are the districts where Bhadavari in Practice. • The Bhadavardham area (Ater, Mahgoan) speak Bhadavari at large. Other Dialects of MP 7. Jandomati • Gandomati area of Morena-sheopur speak in the dialect Jadomati. • Territory of 24 Village of sabalfond is called as chobisa and therefore the dialect jandomati is also called chobisa boli here. 8. Panchamahali • Speaking largely in . • Territory: five historical mahals Dabara, Bhitorwar, Pichore, Chonot, Tekanpur. • Panchamahali has remarkable phonetic similarity to that of Bundeli. 9. Jatwari • Come in Practice during Jat state of Bharatpur. • Territory : Jatwara area ( to Murar)

10. Sikarwari • The most Dominating area of central India is sikarwar. • The Dialect in Practice, Particularaly in Jowra, Kailash, morena, Pandganj is Sikarwari.

11. Kachvadhari • Gwalior was ever known as kanchapghat under the reigon of kachvay rulars. • Kachvayghari is spoken in some part of Bhind (Lahar, Ron, Mehgoan, Bharoli)

12. Torghari • The dialect of Tomars, settled in some part of morena in torghari. • It is mainly affected by Brijbhasha and bhadavari.

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13. Lodhadhari • Lodhi as settled in some part of Bhind are speaking Lodhadhari dialect. • It is very much similar to that of Bhadavari.

14. Rajputi • The territory Rajputghar in Gwalior region speaks the dialect Rajputi. • Rajputi is affected by Bundeli, Lodhanti, Kachvaydhari.

15. Pawari • Pawar caste of Chhindwara speaks in Pawari Dialect. • Pawari is originated from Marathi and Gujrati.

16. Korvi • Korvi is assumed to be the ancestor to Hindi. • Korvi is much near to Khadi Hindi.

Tribal Dialects Tribals have their own culture & dialects such as Gonds of Mandla speak Gondi, Korku of Hoshangabad speak Korku dialects. 1. Bhili • It is also considered as a part of Aryan language group. • It is a dialect of Bhili Tribe which are reside in Jhabua, west Nimar, Dhar & Ratlam districts of M.P. Dravidian & Kolerian words are also use while speaking Bhili. • It also has a deep influence of Nimari, Rajasthani, Gujrati & Malvi. • Ratlam, Dhar, Jhabua, Khargone, Alirajpur.

2. Mavasi • Mavasi tribe of chhindwara speaks in Mavasi Dialect. • Specially the Mavasi of Junnardev Tehsil use this dialect.

3. Barela • Speaking by Barela sub-tribe of Bhil. • Territory: West Nimar (Khargone) and Alirajpur.

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4. Gondi • Speaking by Gond and it's subtribe. • Territory : Hoshangabad, Betul, Harda, Mandla, Dindori are majorly compiled in Gondi. • Chhindwara, Seoni, Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori, Hoshangabad.

5. Banjari • Speaking by Banjara tribe and they call this dialect as Gwari. • Banjari review a great impact of Rajasthani. • Many folk songs are compiled in Banjari.

6. Sahriyayi • Speaking by sahariya tribe. • Territory : A belt extended from Kota to Guna. (Sheopur, Shivpuri, Morena, Bhind)

7. Nahal • Speaking by Nahal tribe of . • Territory: Multai Prabhatpattan, Satner. Bhainsdehi Daboni, Dhaba. Aamla - Tirmau Betul - Khandara

8. Korku • Betul, Hoshangabad, Chhindwara, Khargone, Khandwa.

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Major Arts and Sculpture of Madhya Pradesh

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8. MAJOR ARTS AND SCULPTURE OF MADHYA PRADESH FORTS S No NAME DETAILS

• By – Surajsen • Period – 525 AD 1. Gwalior Fort • Key Point – Called as Gibraltar Of India • 5 Gates – Alamgir Gate, Hindola Gate, Gujari Mahal Gate, Chaturbhuj Gate, Hathi Paud Gate

• By – Raja Veersing Bundela • Period – 16th Century 2. Orchha fort • Key Point – Jehangir Mahal, Prominent Temples Like Chaturbhuj Temple, Ram Temple, Laxmi Narayan Temple.

• By – Raja Udayvarman • Location – near Bhopal 3. Ginnorgarh fort • Period – 13th Century • Key point – parrots are found

• By – Raja Nal • Location – Shivpuri 4. Narvar fort • Key point – important dynasty associated [Tomars, Kachwahas, etc]

• By – Raja Nerendra Shah 5. Mandla fort • Period – 16th Century • Key point – Raj Rajeshwari by Nizam Shah

• By – Allauddin Khilji 6. • Period – 14th Century • Key Point – Tapeshwar Temple

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• By – Vyagradeo [Bundelkhand Dynasty] • Location – near Umaria 7. • Period – 14th Century • Key point – Vishnu temple, Shershahi lake

• By – Raja Ajaypal • Location – near Panna 8. Ajaygarh fort • Key point – Design carved on stones, palace of Raja Amal

• By – Asharam 9. Asirgard fort • Key Point – Asha Devi temple, Shiv temple

• By – Mohammed Tughlak 10. • Period – 1344 AD Dhar fort • Key point – Kharbuja Mahal

• By – Kirtipal • Period – 11th Century 11. • Key Point – kund, Hawa mahal, Khooni darwaj

• By – Raja Rajvasanthi 12. Raisen fort • Period – 16th century • Key point – Badal Mahal, Itradar Mahal.

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PALACES

• Jay Vilas Mahal [Gwalior] – Residence of Jivaji Rao Scindia.

• Jahaz Mahal [Mandu]- Ghiyasuddin Khilji

• Rohit Mahal – Raja Vasanti built this palace at Raisen fort

• Badal Mahal – Raja Vasanti built this palace at Raisen fort.

• Kharbuja Mahal – it is in Dhar fort

• Baghelin Mahal – Baghela’s constructed it in Mandla.

• Gujari Mahal – Raja Man Singh Tomar built this palace in Gwalior fort in memory of his queen

Rani Durgawati.

• Moti Mahal [Gwalior] – palace of King Jivaji of Gwalior Moti Mahal – Gond King Hridayshah built

this palace in dense forests of Ramnagar.

• Aman Mahal – King Ajaypal built this palace in Ajaygarh Fort [Panna].

• Dai Mahal – this palace in Mandu [Dhar] is famous for artwork there

• Hawa Mahal – Pratihar king Kirtipal built this palace in Chanderi fort.

• Naukhanda Mahal – Pratihar king Kirtipal built this palace in Chanderi fort.

• Mahal – Veer Sing Deo Bundela built this palace in Orchha fort.

• Rani Rupmati Mahal – Bajbahadur built this palace near Rewa Kund in Mandu for his beloved

Rani Rupmati. This palace symbolizes queen Rupmati’s love for architecture.

• Rajmandir Mahal – this palace was built by Raja Vir Singh Deo Bahadur.

• Madan Mahal – Gond king Madanshah built this palace near Jabalpur.

• Asharfi Mahal – this palace in Mandu leaves tourists spellbound.

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CAVES

• Bhimbetka Caves [Abdullagnj] Raisen

• Shankaracharya Caves [Omkareshwar, Khandwa]

• Bharatruhari Caves – Ujjain

• Bilaua Caves – Gwailor

• Mara Caves – Singrauli

• Bagh Caves - Dhar

• Bhrugenranath Caves – Raisen

• Saromaro Caves – Sehore

• Udaygiri Caves [Vidisha]

• [Panchmari] Hoshangabad

• Adamgarh Caves – Hoshangabad

• Kabara Caves – Rajgarh

TOMBS

• Tomb Of Nawab Jihidami Hassan Khan – Bhopal

• Tomb Of Hoshangabad – Mandu

• Tomb Of Abdulla Shah Changal – Dhar

• Tomb Of Mohammad Gaus – Gwalior

• Tomb Of Tansen – Gwalior

• Tomb Of Pir Budhan – Shivpuri [Sanwara Area]

• Tombs Of Baj Bahadur And Rani Rupmati – Sarangpur [Rajgarh]

• Tomb Of Mumtaj Mahal – Burhanpur

• Tomb Of Daulat Khan Lodhi – Burhanpur

• Tomb Of Hajrat Shah Wajhruddin – Chanderi

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MAUSOLEUMS • Mausoleum of Peshva Bajirao – Rawerakhedi [Khargoan]

• Mausoleum of Baiju bawra – Chanderi

• Mausoleum of Girdhari bai – Mandla

• Mausoleum of Jhalkari Bai – Gwalior

• Mausoleum of Kana Baba –Hoshangabad

• Mausoleum of Malayendra Pir – Ujjain

• Mausoleum of Maharani Sankya Raje Scindia – Shivpuri

• Mausoleum of Madhavrao Scindia – Shivpuri

• Mausoleum of Tatya Tope – Shivpuri

• Mausoleum of Rani Durgawati – Jabalpur [Badelagram]

• Mausoleum of Laxmibai – Gwalior

Additional Places

• Begum Mumtaz Mahal’s Tomb, Burhanpur

• Bercha Rani Ka Makbara, Chhatarpur

• Deora’s Fort, Deora, Chhatarpur

• Shahajahan Parvez Ka Makbara, Burhanpur

• Daulat Khan Lodhi Ka Makbara, Bhuranpur

• Chhappan Mahal, Mandu [Dhar]

• The Memorial Of Rana Bakhtawarsingh, Ajmera, Dhar

• Jahangir Palace Of Shahjahan Palace, Gwalior

• Bhimsen Rana Ki , Gwailor

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• Durgadas Umbrella, Ujjain

• Fatehi Bibi Ka Makbara [Tomb]

• Ancient Shiva Temple, Bhainsdehi, Betul

• Chhatrasal Ka Makbara, Chhatarpur

• , Goha, Bhind

• Laghedi Gate, Gwalior

• Lalbaug Palace, Indore

• Krishnabai Holkar’s Chhatri, Indore

• Sabalgadh Fort, Sabalgadh, Morena

• Ganna Begum Ka Makbara, Morena

• Queen Rupmati And Bajbahadur’s Grave, Saragpur, Rajgadh

• Madhavgadh’s Fort, Madhavgadh, Satna

• Old Palace, Orchha Tikamgarh

• Cannon Orchha, Tikamgarh

• Palki Palace Orchha, Tikamgarh

• Siddha Baba’s Cave, Orchha, Tikamgarh

• Shiva Temple, Orchha, Tikamgadh

• Bhavanisingh’s Chhatri, Datia

• King Parikshit’s Chhatri, Datia

• King Indrajit’s Chhatri, Datia

• Khooni Bhandara, Burhanpur

• Chaugan’s Fort; Chauragadh, Gadarwas, Narasimharpur

• Tatya Tope Memorial Park, Shivpuri

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Important Museums

• District Archaeological Museum, Dhar – 1902

• State Museum, Bhopal – 2 Nov 2005

• Gujari Palace Museum, Gwalior – 1922

• Central Museum, Indore – 1929

• District Architectural Museum, Vidisha -1940

• Chhatrasal Museum Dhubela [Chhatarpur] – 1955

• Queen Durgavati Museum, Jabalpur – 1976

• District Archaeological Museum, Rajgadh – 1976

• Tulsi Museum, Ramvan [Satna] – 1978

• District Archaeological Museum, Rajgadh – 1976

• District Archaeological Museum, Mandla – 1979

• District Archaeological Museum, Shahdol – 1984

• District Archaeological Museum, Hoshangabad – 1984

• District Archaeological Museum, Panna – 1988

• District Archaeological Museum, Dewas – 1988

• District Archaeological Museum, Rawa – 1988

• Jahangir Mangal Museum, Orchha [Tikamgarh] – 1990

• Yashodharman Museum, Mandsaur – 1982 – 83

• Local Museum, Gandharvpuri [Dewas] – 1964

• Local Museum, Ashapuri [Raisen] – 1965 – 66

• Local Museum, Pichhore [Gwalior] – 1977

• Local Museum, Mandsaur – 1958 -59

• Local Museum, Kundeshwar [Tikamgadh]

• Local Museum, Chanderi [Guna] – 1991

• Queen Ahilya Devi Museum, Maheshwar [Khargone] – 1974

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Religious and Tourist Places of Madhya Pradesh

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9. RELIGIOUS AND TOURIST PLACES OF MADHYA PRADESH

12 Religious Cities of MP 1. Amarkantak 2. Maihar 3. Chitrakoot 4. Maheshwar 5. Panna 6. Orchha 7. Datiya 8. Multai 9. Salkanpur 10. Mandla 11. Omkareshwar 12. Ujjain

Major Hindu Religious Sites • Nemavar : Teertha of Hindu on the banks of Narmada in . A fair is also organised here every year. • Rudija : A sacred place related to Tejaji Maharaj situated in . • Omkareshwar : It is known for one of 12 Jyotirlings and have figure of 'Om' situated on the merger of Narmada - Tawa. where Omkar-Mandhata temple is established. • Bhojpur : Situated near Bhopal, known for the world's largest Shivling built by Raja Bhoj. • Nohta : Nohta situated on the confluence (sangam) of Gurahya & Bersa river was once the capital of Chandela, this place is now famous for the remains of ancient Jain & Shiva temple. • Dadaji Darbar : Samadhi (Solvation) of Great Saint Dadaji in Khandwa. • Kamadgiri (Satna): The main part of Chitrakoot is Kamadgiri famous for the Temple of lord KamnaNath. • Nalkheda Peeth : A religious site of Hindus, at Nalkheda(Dist Agar), The oldest temple of Ma Bagulamukhi.

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• Pitambara Peeth : A religious site of Hindus, at Datia, named as Ma Bagulamukhi pitambara peeth. Another temple of Maa is also there in the same campus.

Major Jain Religious Sites • Pawagiri : Digambar Jain site situated in Khargone (Oon). There are 99 Jain temples in Pavagiri. • Pushpgiri : A jain teertha, situated in Sonkatchh near Dewas. • Gommatgiri : A famous Jain site of Indore, there are magnificent temples of Adinath, Parsvanath and Lord Mahavira at this mountain site. • : A religious place of Jainas, situated in Betul district. Here, there are total 52 temples and a water fall too. • Sonagiri : Jain temples at Sonagiri (). • Bavangaja : Famous of 72 feet high statue of Lord Adinath in hills of Barwani.

Major Sikh Religious Sites • Anandpur Sahib : Ashok Nagar • Bandichhod Gurudwara 1. Situated in side of Jailvilas Place (Gwalior). 2. 6th sikha guru Hargovindji was prijoined here by mughal king Jahangir. • Imli Bajar Gurudwara: Indore 1st Sikh guru Sh. Nanakdev visited this place in Indore. • Badi Sangat Gurudwara: Burhanpur 10th Sikh guru Govindsingh ji arrived here. • Bhai Bala Sandhu Gurudwara: Shivpuri • Onkareshwar Sahib : Dist Khandwa

Major Church • Cathedral Church: Jabalpur (1840-1858) • Red Church: Indore • White Church: Indore (1858) • Panchmarhi Church: Constructed in 1875 in Panchmarhi.

TOURIST SITES OF MP

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Total marked touries sites 382 Sites of International Fame 20 Site with highest visitors Khajuraho

Historical Places and Monuments 1. Khajuraho • The Magnificent temples of Khajuraho built by the king Dhang of Chandel dynasty in 11th century. • The No. of these temples initially was 85 but later decreased. • There are two Khajoor (dates) shaped Toran at the entrance of these temple That's why This place is named as Khajuraho. Place to Visit • In western side there are temples of Kandariya Mahadeo, Chausath Yogini, Chitragupta, Vishwanath Temple, Laxman Temple & Matengeshwar Temple. • At the Eastern front there are Parshvnath Temple, Ghantai Mandir, Adinath Temple and in South the temples of Dulhadev & Chaturbhuj are famous. Other than this Beni Sagar Dam, Sneh Prapat are also good places to visit.

2. Mandu • Manduvgarh `Mandu' is situated in Dhar district, only 100 km away from Indore. It was named as Shdiabad (City of joy) by. Hoshangabad. Mandu is also related to the love story of Baj Bahadur & Rani Roopmati. • Parmara dynasty made It as their capital due to It's safe location (situated in Vmdhyan range at the height of 2000 feet). Place to Visit • There are 12 gateways (Parkota) in the fort of Mandu named as : Rampole, Tarapur • Darwaza, Jahangir Darwaza, Dilli Darwaza etc. In addition there are Jahaj Palace, Hindola Palace, Tomb of Hoshangshah, Jama Masjid, Asharfi Pal-ace, Rewa Kund. Roopmati Mandap, Neelkanth Mahal, Hathi Mahal & Lohani Caves.

3. Sanchi • Situated in Raisen district, 45 km. away from Bhopal. • The ancient name of Sanchi was Kaknaya & Budhha Shri Parvat. • It is the centre of Buddhist religion. There is a large stupa & single pillar inscription in Sanchi, Which was built by Ruler Ashoka of Mauryan Dynasty for her wife Mahadevi. • The corridor (Jungla) around the Stupa was built in Shunga era. Sanchi stupa is not only the biggest Stupa but also a place of worship for Buddhists, as the Bane of Sariputra moglayan are placed under this stupa. There are two smaller stupas too. Jataka stories are carved on the walls of this stupas. One inscription about the minister of Chandragupta Vikramaditya is also stood here. • In 2012, Buddha University was setup in Sanchi. Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964

4. Bharhut (Satna) • Known for the remains of Buddhist stupa.

5. Vidisha • It's ancient name was Bhelsa or Besnagar. Its other ancient names also appeard as Mahamalistan and . Ruler Ashoka used to visit here when he was the governor of Ujjaini. He married to Mahadevi of Vidisha. • Greek Ruler anticlandious Sent his ambassador Heliodorus in the court of Shunga Ruler Agnimitra. • He built Garuda Stambhbh (Pillar) and declared himself disciple of Bhagvat . This pillar is also known as Khamba Baba. • Tourist Sites Lohangi Shila, Gumbaj, Beeja Mandal, Samrat Ashok Sagar (Halali Sagar Dam).

6. Gwalior • It is named after Rishi Galay. Jahangir imprisoned the 6'h Sikh Guru Hargovind Singh in the fort of Gwalior. This fort is known as the Zibraltor of East. Place to Visit • Gwalior Fort, Gujri Mahal (Built by Raja- Mansingh for his beloved Gurjar Queen Mrignayani), Man Mandir, Suraj Kund, , Saas-Bahu ka Mandir, Jai Vilas Palace. Statue of Rani Laxmi Bai, Museum. Tomb of Tansen Mohaumad Gaus, Nagar Palika Museum, Zoo, Gurudwara, Sun Temple etc.

7. Bhopal • The Bhoj Pal built by Raja Bhoj of Parmara dynasty, it was later renamed as Bhopal. It is situ- ated over the 5 hills. There are 2 lakes here. Famous sites of Bhopal • Taj-ul-masjid, Jama Masjid, Saket Mahal, Bharat-Bhavan, Birla Temple, Indira Gandhi, Museum, Van Vihar etc.

8. Orchha • Established in 16th century by Bundela Ruler Rudra Pratap. • Famous Sites are Shaheed Smarak, Jahangir Mahal, Hardaul Palace, Sundar Mahal, Ray Praveen Mahal, Phool Bagh.

9. Udaygiri Caves • Udaigiri situated in the Vidisha district is well known for its architecture. There is the statue of Varah in one of the caves of Udaypur.

ECO Tourism in MP Eco tourism society setup under Eco-Tourism board includes following activities under eco tourism. 1. Visit to site with full of Natural beauty. 2. Sensible behaviour with and respect to Nature.

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3. Local economic activities to be promoted which support the conservation of local resources and culture.

ECO-Tourism Zones (04) 1. Bhopal Zone : Panchamari, Bio-diversity Van Vihar, Bhopal, Sanchi Stup, Primitive Culture Centre(Bhim Betka), Bhopal Lake. 2. Rewa Zone : Chachai fall, Panna National Park, Orcha, Madhav National Park, Khajuraho. 3. Jabalpur Zone : Kanha National Park, Fossil National Park, Narmada-Bhedaghat, Amarkantak, Bhandhvgarh National Park. 4. Indore Zone : Maheshwar, Kharmore-Sardarpur. Sanctury Mandu and Jhabua.

Tourism Investment Zones (05) 1. Bhopal 2. Gawalior 3. Jabalpur 4. Khajuraho 5. Indore

Water Sports Centres 1. Tigara Dam (Gwalior) 2. Tawa Dam (Hoshangabad) 3. Boat Club (Sailling School, Bhopal) 4. Yatch Club (Jabalpur)

Proposed Sites 1. Indira Sagar (Khandwa) 2. Bansagar (Shandol) 3. Mohini Sagar (Shivpuri) 4. Wanchu Point (Mhow, Indore) 5. Touriest Island (Omkareshewar, Khandwa)

Tourist Visitors in MP-2018 • Total Tourists 6.93 cr. • Indian Tourists 6.90 cr. • Foreign Tourists 2.88 Lacs

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Literature & Litterateur of Madhya Pradesh

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10. LITERATURE and LITTERATEUR OF MADHYA PRADESH Important Literator of Madhya Pradesh and their literature.

• The literature of MP can be briefly divided into 3 eras – Ancient, Medieval and Modern Era

Ancient Era

PERSONALITY WORKS • Kumar Sambahv – 1st Epic • Malvikagnimitram – 1st Drama Kalidas • Ritu samhara – 1st Khand Kavya [Poetry] [Shakespeare Of • Abhigyan Shakuntalam – Last Drama India] • Raghuvansh [Epic]

• Meghdoot [Poetry] • Vikramovashiyam [Drama]

• Harshcharitra Banabhatta • Chandrika Shatak • Kadambari • Mukut Tadit

• Nitishatak Bhartruhari • Shringar Shatak

• Vairagya Shatak

• Mahaveer Charitra Bhavbhuti • Uttar Ramcharit [1st Tragedy Drama In Sanskrit]

• Malati Madhav

Dandi • Dashkumar

Bharavi • Kiratarjuniyam Medieval Era Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964

PERSONALITY WORKS

• Shivraj Bhusham • Chhatrasaal Dashak Bhushan • Bhushan Ullahas • Bhushan Hajar • Rasik Priya • Kavi Priya

• Nakhshikh • Vigyangita Keshav [Spirit Of • Jahangir Jas Chandrika Poetry] • Ramachandrika • Ratanvamini • Vir Singh Deo Charita • Chhandmala

• Jagat Vinod Padmakar • Alijah Prakash • Pratap Virudhavali • Himmat Bahadur Virudhavali

Krishnand Gupta • Isuri Ki Fah

Bihari • Bihari satsai

Lok Singh Nagar • Isuri Satsai

Sant Swarupdas • Ras Ratnakar

Rewaram Bapu • Ratanpur Ka Itihas

Brajesh • Ras Sag Nirmay

MODERN ERA

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PERSONALITY WORKS • Kala Ka Anuvad [Story] • Krisnarjun Yuddha [Drama] • Phusp Ki Abhilasha [Poem] • Him Kiritani [Poem] • Himtragiri [Poem] • Mata [Poem] Makhanlal Chaturvedi • Samarpan [Poem] Babai,Hoshagabad • Maraj Jwar [Poem] • Amar Rashtra [Poem] • Vijuri Kajal Aaj Rahi [Poem] • Venu Le Gunje Dhara [Poem] • Rangon Ki Boli [Prose Poem] • Sahitya Devta [Essay] • Pav-Pav[Essay] • Amir Irade, Garib Irade [Essay] • Urmila [Epic] • Pranarpan [Prolonge Poem] • Aplak [Poem] Balmukund Sharma • Umkum [Poem] ‘Naveen’ • Rashmirekha [Poem] Shajapur • Vinov Stavan [Poem] • Viplav Gayan [Poem] • Hum Vishpayi Janam Ke [Poem] • Kwasi [Poem] • Rashmirekha [Poem] • Jhansi Ki Rani [Poem] Subhra Kumari Chauhan • Jaliayanwala Bag Me Basant [Poem] – Allahabad • Sabha Ke Khel [Poem]

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• Vivechanatmak Galpvihar [Poem] • Bikhare Moti [Story] • Sidhe Sade Chita [Story] • Unmadini [Story] • Geet Farosh • Gandhi Panchashati Bhawani Prasad Mishra • Buni Hui Rassi – Hoshangabad • Pave Evam Pankh • Paheli • Kamal Ke Phool • Andheri Kavitae • Nai Kavita Ka Atmasangharsh

Gajanand • Kamayin Ek Punarvichar • Chand Ka Moh Teda Madhav Muktibodh • Bramarakshas Seopurkala • Ek Sahitiyak Ki Dairy

• Tar Saptak Andhere Me • Bharat Itihas Aur Sanskrit • Parikrama • Fir Kisi Bahane • Rah Kinare Beth Sharad Joshi - Ujjain • Jeep Pe Sawar Llliyan • Andhon Ka Hathi • Tilism • Andhon Ka Hathi • Tat Ki Khoj Harishankar Parsai • Jaise Uske Din Phire Hoshangabad • Haste Hai, Rote Hai • Bhoot Ke Pav Piche • Tab Ki Baat Aur Thi

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• Beimani Ki Parat • Pagdandiyon Ka Jamana • Sadachar Ki Taweej • Shikayat Mujhe Bhi Hai • Nithallon Ki Diary • Diwane Mulla Ramuji • Lathi Aur Bhains Mulla Ramuji [Father Of Pink Writing] • Gulabi Urdu • Jindagi

• Angura • Auraat Jat

Dhananjay Verma • Nirala Kavya Evam Vyakititv Padumlal Punnalal Bakshi • Jhalmala

Raghuvar Prasad Diwedi • Umara Ki Beti

Nand Dulare Vajapal • Parkarnika, Riti Aur Shaili

Chakradhar Singh • Ramay Ras

Dwarka Prasad Mishra • Krishnayan Shiv Mangal Singh Suman • Vindhya Himalaya, Parlay Gaan, Hillol

Folk Poets of MP

Name Work Additional Information

Isuri Prakash, Isuri Satsai, Isuri Jaydeo Of Bundelkhand Premika Rajau

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Parchari Pandhulipi, Singhaji Singhaji He Belongs To Khajuri, Ka Dridh Upadesh, Singhaji Khargone Ka Narach, Pandrah Din

Legand Of Pandit Jagnik – Jagnik Folk Poet Of Bundelkhad Alhakhand, BanaHari Dialect

Ghagh Ghagh Aur Bhaddai Epigrammatist Of North India

Srajanpeeth in MP

Person Place Established/Proposed

Munshi Preemchandra Vikram University, Ujjain Established Srajanpeeth

Muktiboodh Srajanpeeth Hari Singh Gaur University, Established Sagar

Shubra Kumara Chauhan Rani Durgawati University, Established Srajanpeeth Jabalpur

Nirala Srajanpeeth Barktullah University, Bhopal Established

Nanaji Deshmukh Srajanpeeth Mahatma Gandhi Gramodaya Established University, Chitrakut

Mahadevi Verma Peeth Atal Bihari University, Bhopal Proposed

Shankaracharya Peeth Omkareshwar Proposed

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Famous Musicians and Painters of Madhya Pradesh

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11. FAMOUS MUSICIANS AND PAINTERS OF MADHYA PRADESH

Famous Musicians

NAME DETAILS • He was famous for Megh Malhar, Rag Dhrupad, Rag Deepak • His music teacher was Swami Haridas • His original name was Ramtanu Pandey • He invented Rabab and Venna instruments. • His works include Miyan ki malhar, Miyan ki Sarang, Miyan ki Tody, Darbari, Kanada, etc. Tansen [1506 -1589]

• His tomb is at Gwailor • He was supported by Daulat Khan, Raja Ramchandra of Kalinjer, Mughal Emperor Iqbal. • He was great musician [Sarod player] of Maihar. He was invited by Emperor Brijnath Singh [Rewa] where he devoted his entire life for development of music/art. • He invented Sur Singar, Nautarang, Chnadra Sarang.

• His teachers were Habu Dutt, Ustad Vajir Khan [Sarod], Ustad Allauddin Khan Ustad Ali Adhmad Khan [Shahnai] And Neelu Gopal. [1881 – 1972] • His major titles were Bharat Gaurav, Sangitacharya, Sangit Nayak, Aftab E-Hind. • He is known as Kabir of Music, Revolutionary Musician • He created Anuprag Vilas, Triveni Gayan • He was bold, experimenting musicaian who had created Kumar Gandharva new rages from local folk tunes. [1924 – 1991] • He also presented Gandhi Malhar • His teachers were VR Deodhar, Tijanbai Matekar, etc • His name was – Shivputra Siddharamaiya Komkalli

• He was great Khayal and Tarana singer • He belongs to Indore Gharana Ustad Aamir Khan • He also went to foreign counties like USA,U.K [1913 – 1974] • His father was famous Sarangi and Veena player – Shahmir Khan • He also contributed to films like Baiju Bawara, Tansen, Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje etc

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• He had expertise in Khayal, Tappa and Yaman Rag. • Pandit Shankarrao He arrived in Gwalior on invitation by Jivajirao

[1862 – 1917] • He learned music from Bhalkrishna Buva, Deoji Kumar etc.

• In his memory Shankar Gandharva Sangeet Mahavidyalaya was founded at Gwalior. • He was son of great Pt. Shankarrao Pandit Krishnarao • His command was on Khayal and he created Sangeet Sar [1893 – 1983] Sargam, Sangit Aalap Sanchari, Sangit Pravesh etc. • His teachers include Ustad Nisar Khan and his father Pt. Shankarrao. • Also known as Aftab-e-Sarod, Sangit Ratnagar. • He was exceptionally great Sarod player and his music Ustad Hanif Khan has Dhrupad, Thumri and Khyal mixture [1892 – 1972] • His teacher include Ustad Vazir khan, Ganapatrao, Chukkalal etc • Jiwaji Scindia and Madhavrao Scindia supported him • In his memory a Sarodghar was founded at Gwailor • He had great command over Khyal, Thumri and Tappa. • He also taught music and was a teacher and principal of Raja Bhaiyya Poochhwale Madhav Sangeet Vidhalaya [1882 – 1956] • Taanmalika, Sangget Upasana, Thumri Tarangini, Dhrupad Ghamar Gayaki were his creations Badeoji Lala Buva, Anandrao were his prominent teachers.

Famous Painters 1. Maqbul Fida Hussain • MF Hussain was born in 1916 in Pandarpur village of Sholapur, Maharashtra. He spent a major part of his life in Indore. • He was also mentored by Devlalikar in Indore. His life was full of struggles. In , he painted film hoardings. • The main subject of his paintings was Indian woman • Horse and Ganesh were also his favorite subjects. He drew a series of paintings named Gajgamini and also made a film named Gajgamini. He became a painter of worldwide fame and was awarded by Padmabhushan and Kalidas Samman.

2. Laxmi Shankar Rajput • Rajpoot was born in 1919 in Indore. He also studied in Indore School of Arts and later went to JJ School Mumbai. 'Arrival of rains' is a famous painting by him.

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3. Deokrishana Jayashankar Joshi • Joshi was born in 1911 in Maheshwar. He was also mentored by Devlilakar in Indore School of Arts. He created about 3,000 paintings and statues. He is a school in himself in the art world. His main creations include: red pagadi, bride buying red bangles, weekly market.

4. Devyani Krishna • Devyani Krishna was born in Indore. She got her initial education by Sri Devlalikar. Later, she studied in JJ School of Arts. She has made paintings on life and nature in Tibet. In 1946, she got first position in International Painting Exhibition. She also made toys and this influence is also visible in her paintings.

5. Chandresh Saxena • Saxena from Ujjain was trained in JJ School of Arts Mumabai and Vishva Bharati University Shanti Niketan. His artworks have been awarded nationally. He also won Kalidas Award for Painting in 1959.

6. Syed Haider Raza • He was born in 1922, at Babariya village of Narsinghpur. In 1950 he got scholarship from French Arts Academy & worked to Paris. In 1953 French govt. Honoured him with Prothelitic award(France) & Padma Shree. In 1996 M.P. Government honoured him with the Kalidas Award. He passed away in 2017. • His Major Painting are: Atal Sunya ki anantata, Bindu, Ansuni Awaj, Ma, Rajasthan, Safed Fool, Fertility, Nag, Ankuran & Spandan etc.

7. Vishnu Chanchalkar • Born in Alot village of Dewas district and took training from Devlalikar in Indore School of find arts. He made Friday Group. • He was honoured with Beniet Award in 1960. M.P. Government awarded him the prestigious shikhar Samman.

8. Narain Shridhar Bendre • Born on 21st August 1910 at Indore, He recieved Primary Training from Devlalikar, His famous paining are : Avashyakta se mukti, Grameen Jeevan ke Atirikta, Kashmir ki Ghati, Navital ki Jheel, Utakanand, Amarnath, Himalaya, Prarthna, Gandhiji etc.

9. DATTARIYA DAMODAR DIVLALIKAR • Devlalikar was born in 1883 at Bidwal (Dhar). Since childhood he was fond of painting. He went to JJ School of Arts Mumbai. He made many mythological paintings.

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• He combined western and and developed a new style of Painting. His paintings were influenced by Rajasthani as well as Persian. • One of his famous series of paintings was `Shakuntala'. He was also good at sculpture. In 1927, he established College of Arts at Indore. He was given the title of 'Ram Ratan' by Shivant Rao Holkar

Famous Paintings 1. Nimar • Jiroti (Hariyali Amawasya), Nag Chitra (Nag Panchmi), Sanjafulli (Kunwar), Navrat (Navratri), Dushhera painting Thapa (Sil Saptami), Mordhdhwaj ( Parva), Bhaidooj painting & Madna at the occassion of marriage etc.

2. Malwa • Mainly made by women in houses. Chitravan is made by the Chitere tribe in the outer walls of Houses & Temples. Madna is highly famous, made on Diwali. On the festival of Sanja women make different figures & drawings, for 16 days outside their houses. Rangoli is also famous. On the eve of Diwali some make Savahi with cow dung on the walls. On Krishna Janamastami make & pictures of Lord Krishna with colours, on the wall & write Athe Kanhaiya. On Hartalika make the Painting of Lord Shiva & Parvati.

3. Bundeli • Chouk painting is widely prevalent in Bundelkhand people there make chouk on every occassion. Suraiti is sketched on Laxmi Pujan, which is a form of Grid Painting. On Navratri, unmarried girls make Navrota painting. Morte painting is the painting on walls, on the occassion of marriages.

4. Bagheli • On the ocassion of marriage make Kohbar painting, to which the couple worship, from Tilanga on walls with the help of coal & till oil. Chathi painting is drawn on the 6th days of the birth of child. Neuran picture tell the story of sacrifice of the Weasel (Nevla) and the child.

Painting Style of M.P.

1. Prehistoric Style : Painting of Adamgarh, Bhimbetaka, Maran Caves painted under this style. 2. Malwa Style : Gupta aged painting style, Bagh paintings painted with this style Mandana also an another example. 3. Bundeli Style : Inspired and influenced from Rajasthani Style. King Shungjeetsing of Datiya State introduced in the state. 4. Gwalior Style : Flowished under Tomar Dynasty.

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Notes

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Cultural Institutions of Madhya Pradesh

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12. CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF MADHYA PRADESH

• Madhya Pradesh Kala Parishad – Bhopal [1952]

• Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Parishad – Bhopal [1954]

• Indira Gandhi University Of Arts And Music, Khairgarh [1956]

• Madhya Pradesh Directorate Of Archaeology And Museums [1956]

• Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy, Bhopal [1969]

• MP Kalidas Academy, Ujjain [1978]

• Madhya Pradesh Sindhi Academy, Bhopal [1983]

• Madhya Pradesh Urdu Academy, Bhopal [1976]

• Kul Hind Allama Iqbal Adabi Markaj [1984]

• Madhya Pradesh Sanskrit Academy, Bhopal [1985]

• Ustad Allauddin Khan Sangeet Academy, Bhopal [1979]

• Madhya Pradesh Adivasi Lok Kala Parishad, Bhopal [1980]

• Ravindra Bhavan, Bhopal

• Madhya Pradesh Sanskritik Parishad, Bhopal [2003]

• , Bhopal [1982]

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• MP Tulsi Academy, Bhopal [1987]

• MP Bhojpuri and Punjabi Sahitya Academy, Bhopal [2013]

Note: MP CULTURAL COUNCIL This body was set up in 2003 in Bhopal with the Chief Minister as its President and Culture minister as Vice President. Following academies have been included under this body- 1. Ustad Allaudin Khan Academy, Maihar 2. Kalidas Academy 3. Sahitya Academy 4. MP Kula Parishad 5. MP Adivasi Lok Kala Parishad

Ustad Allauddin Khan Sangeet Evam Kala Academy • The Central India Art Council was established in 1952 in Gwalior. • The name of Madhya Pradesh Arts Council was named after the state of Madhya Pradesh formed in 1956. This name was in vogue until 2003. • In the year 2003, Madhya Pradesh Culture Council was formed by the Department of Culture and its name became Madhya Pradesh Kala Academy. • In the year 2006, the music academy, merged with the name of Maihar Gharana's musician Ustad Allauddin Khan, was merged in the Kala Academy. Since then, its name is in the vogue of Ustad Allauddin Khan Sangeet Evam Kala Academy.

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Major Awards and Honors of Madhya Pradesh

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13. MAJOR AWARDS and HONOURS OF MADHYA PRADESH

MP Awards & Honours (National)

Year of Current Update No. Name Honorarium Faculty Institution (Selected Persons)

To an institution which is working Mahatma according to 2018 - Lokayat, Pune 1. 1995-96 Rs 10.00 lakh Gandhi Award Gandhi (Alka Joshi) Philosophy and Ideology

2017 - Naresh Saxena,

In the field of Gwalior 2. Kabeer Award 1986-87 Rs 3.00 lakh Indian poetry 2018 - Gorti Vecanna, Hyderabad

Tansen Award In the field of 3. (Indian Classical 1980-81 2.00 lakh Hindustani Music Music)

Kalidas Award In the field of 4. 1980-81 2.00 lakh (Classical Music) theatre

Kalidas Award In the field of 5. 1980-81 2.00 lakh (Fine Arts) classical Dance

Kalidas Award In the field of 6. 1980-81 2.00 lakh (Theater) theatre

Kalidas Award In the field of 7. (Classical 1980-81 2.00 lakh classical Dance Dance)

In the field of folk 2017 - and traditional 8. Tulsi Award 1983-84 2.00 lakh Kailashchandra tribal Art (only for Sharma, Jaipur male Artist)

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2018 - Vikram Yadav, Rajnandgaon

For music Lata direction, and 9. Mangeshkar 1984-85 2.00 lakh playback singer in Award the field of light music

2017 - Shamsurrahman For creative Urdu 10. lqbal Award 1986-87 2.00 lakh Farooqui writing 2018 - Ghazanafar Ali, Aligarh

2017 - Rajesh Joshi, Maithli Sharan In the field of Bhopal 11. 1996-97 2.00 lakh Gupt Award 2018-Manzoor Ahtesham, Bhopal

In the field of 2017 - Krishna Devi Ahilya traditional folk Verma, Ujjain 12. 1996-97 2.00 lakh Award and tribal Art (For 2018 - Shantidevi female Artist) Jha, Bihar

For film direction, 2017 - Priyadarshan, Kishore Kumar Acting script Chennai 13. 1997-98 2.00 lakh Award writing and lyric 2018 - Waheeda writing Rehman, Mumbai

2017 - Yashwant In the field of Vyas, Jaipur Sharad Joshi writing of Report, 14. 1992-93 2.00 lakh Award Diary letter and 2018 - Ravish Hindi satire Kumar, senior journalist, Delhi

2018 - Ashok Kavi Pradeep For stage poetry 15. -- 2.00 lakh Chakradhar, New Award field Delhi

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Faculty For individuals and Nanaji institutions in the 16. Deshmukh -- 2.00 lakh field of socio- Award cultural harmony and social development

For young Artist from age (25-45 Kumar years) in the field 17. Gandharv 1992-93 1.25 lakh of classical music Award for vocal and instrumental

For institutions Raja Maan working under 18. Singh Tomar -- 1.00 lakh music, culture Award and art conservation

Chakradhar 19. -- -- Cultural Dance Fellowship

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Notes

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