MPPSCADDA Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 MADHYA PRADESH: HISTORY & CULTURE CONTENTS ❖ Chapter 1 MAJOR EVENTS AND DYNASTIES IN THE HISTORY OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 2 CONTRIBUTION OF MADHYA PRADESH IN FREEDOM MOVEMENT ❖ Chapter 3 MAJOR TRIBES OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 4 IMPORTANT TRIBAL PERSONALITIES OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 5 MAJOR FESTIVALS and FAIRS of MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 6 MAJOR FOLK MUSIC, FOLK ARTS &FOLK THEATRE OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 7 MAJOR DIALECTS OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 8 MAJOR ARTS AND SCULPTURE OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 9 RELIGIOUS AND TOURIST PLACES OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 10 LITERATURE and LITTERATEUR OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 11 FAMOUS MUSICIANS AND PAINTERS OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 12 CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF MADHYA PRADESH ❖ Chapter 13 MAJOR AWARDS and HONOURS OF MADHYA PRADESH Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 Major Events and Dynasties in the History of Madhya Pradesh MPPSCADDA Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 1. MAJOR EVENTS AND MAJOR DYNASTIES IN HISTORY OF MADHYA PRADESH ANCIENT HISTORY OF MP MADHYA PRADESH • As its name implies—madhya means "central" and pradesh means "region" or "state"—it is situated in the heart of the country. • This central region belongs to the Gondwana land the southern part of supercontinent pangea. The term Gondwana means the land of the Gonds and even today, MP continues to be inhabited by various tribal groups Prehistoric Period of Madhya Pradesh • Prehistoric period - No written records/ Only Archaelogical evidences.(Settlements) • Prehistoric age classified into STONE AGE and CHALCOLITHIC AGE • The prehistoric settlements in present day MP developed primarily in the valleys of rivers such as o Narmada o Chambal o Betwa. • Relics of prehistoric human beings have been found in Bhimbetka, Hoshangabad, Sagar, Bhopal, Raisen, Nemawar, Chhanera, Maheshwar, Pachmarhi, Adamgarh, Mandsaur; • In Eran, Kundam, Arjuni, Jaykara, Jabalpur, Damoh, Hata Sagar, Hoshangabad regions of Madhya Pradesh, evidence of Stone-Age era have been found. Prehistoric - Stone Age Era • Indian Stone Age is divided into three stages—Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. • In Eran, Kundam, Arjuni, Jaykara, Jabalpur, Damoh, Hata Sagar, Hoshangabad regions of Madhya Pradesh, evidence of Stone-Age era have been found. 1. The Paleolithic Age—Hunters and Food Gatherers (2.5 Lakh-10000 BC) • Main Sites in MP-evidence found from the river valleys of o Narmada o Chambal o Son o Betwa – Hand axe made of quartzite discovered from Betwa Valley o Parvati o Hiran o Venganga. Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 • Bhimbetka is Special – (By Dr Wakankar) o Bhimbetka in MP is the most significant prehistoric site-it not only exhibits earliest traces of human life in MP but also on Indian sub-continent. o Here evidences of continuous occupation by man have been found from prehistoric to the historic period. o Location: Raisen District o 40 kms from Bhopal o Designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site 2003. o 3rd UNESCO site of MP after Khajuraho and Sanchi o Total 500 caves , all with rock paintings o Hunting Dancing and domestic activities • Hathnaura o First evidence of Human Existence o Sehore District – Hathnaura Village o Narmada Valley o 30 km from Hoshangabad City o Narmada Man – Fossil Skull in Dec 5th 1982 o By Geologist Arun Sonakia. o It may be late evolved form of Homo Erectus Sites list Upper Paleolithic Hathnora Narmada Valley Bhimbetaka Madhya Pradesh Adamgarh Middle Paleolithic Bhimbetaka Narmada Valley Madhya Pradesh Narmada Valley Lower Paleolithic Jogdaha Sidhi Madhya Pradesh Bhimbetaka Narmada Valley Madhya Pradesh Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 2. The Mesolithic Age—Hunters and Herders (10,000-6,000 BC) • Microliths are found in the valley of Betwa,Chambal and Narmada • Adamgarh o Most important mesolithic site in MP is Adamgarh o On Banks of river Narmada o Adamgarh Hills (Hoshangabad district) are famous for the pre-historic rock shelters and rock paintings found in the hills. o Paintings depict – HUNTING, DANCING , DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES o Stone age artefacts (lower palaeolithic and mesolithic implements) have been excavated here. • Other sites include o East Nimar o Shahdol o Mandsaur, o Hoshangabad, Rewa, Sehore, Ujjain, Mandla, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, etc 3. The Neolithic Age—Food Producers (6000 BC-4000 BC) • Sharp edge tools • Most Important Feature: Agriculture or domestication of plants as well as animals • Rice, wheat, barley, millets • Domestication of animals (sheep, goat, cattle) led to emergence of village life, and division of labor based on sex. Prehistoric - Copper Age 4000 to 1200 BC • At the end of the Neolithic age, we see the use of metals. • Chalcolithic means stone—copper age. So after stone, metal began to be used for making tools. • And copper was the first metal to be used by man. • This civilization existed in Malwa region. Main sites of Chalcolithic Culture in MP • Valleys of Narmada, Chambal, Betwa, Jabalpur, Balaghat, etc. • Kayatha (Ujjain) (Dr Wakankar) o Within Ujjain Distt o Located on the banks of CHOTI SINDH. o Kayatha was the first chalcolithic habitation in MP. o Oldest town excavated belonging to Chalcolithic period. o It later flourished as agro based economy during Gupta Period. o Astrologer Varahmihira was born in kayatha. o Dr Wakankar had discovered Kayatha and Nagda. • Eran Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 o Located in Sagar District o Ancient Name Erikin o Time period 2000 to 700 BC. o Eran also flourished under Gupta Dynasty o Eran Inscription is famous – illustrating a SATI sacrifice incidence) • Navdatoli o Located in Khargone (West Nimar) o Situated on the banks of NARMADA o Time period 1600 BC o Cottages in round and rectangular shape o CHULHA o Presence of Migrated Foreigners • Avara - Mandsaur o Contemporrary to the Maheswar , Navdatoli • Dangwala - Ujjain • Nagda - Ujjain (By Dr Wakankar) o Ujjain District o On the banks of Chambal • Other Chalcolithic Sites o Besnagar (Vidisha) (Besnagar Inscription is there) o Maheshwar (Khargone) o Khedinama ( Hoshangabad) o Azad Nagar ( Indore City) o Shajapur o Dhar o Jabalpur o Bhind • Dr Wakankar had discovered Kayatha and Nagda. • Dr Sankalia discovered Maheshwar and Navadatoli. Prehistoric Sites with ROCK PAINTINGS • Bhimbetka: Raisen District • Adamgarh – Hoshangabad District • Panarpani – Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad District– Mama Bhanja Rock Paintings (29) • Mara Caves – Sidhi Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 HISTORIC PERIOD – Ancient – Medieval and Modern History Ancient History • Ancient history of Madhya Pradesh is different from Indian in 3 aspects o Absence of grey painting wares (as it reflects the beginning of iron age of northern India) o Chalcolithic sites continued till 600 BC o Effect of Megalithic culture from South India. (Megaliths found in REWA and SEONI. Iron Age • Evidence of Iron Age found in Chambal Valley – Bhind Morena Sheopur and Gwalior Vedic Period • The Vindhyas formed the southern boundary of the Indo-Aryan territory • Rigveda – Does not mention the name Narmada • Samaveda • Yajurveda • Atharvaveda • Brahamanas Aitraye o Mentions about the NISHAD tribe settled in dense forest of MP o Mentions about the rule of NAG dynasty in Narmada Territory o Purukuts changed the name of river REWA to NARMADA • Puranas and EPICS o Karush Dynasty o Yayati Dynasty o Chandra Dynasty (El kingdom) o Yadu Dynasty o Dantvakra founded the DATIYA o Tulsidas Ji received the blessings of lord Rama in CHITRAKOOT o Lord Rama spend most of the exile time in DANDKARANAYA (BASTAR) o MAHABHARATA – Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand supported PANDAVAS and Malwa region supported KAURAVAS. o Main cities during Mahabharata – MAHISHMATI(Maheshwar), UJJAINI(Ujjain), KUNDALPUR(KUNTALPUR), VIRATPURI (Sohagpur) Ancient names of Cities and Rivers • Mahismati – Maheshwar • Gopalgiri – Gwalior • Viratpuri – Sohagpur • Indraput – Indore • Ujjaini – Ujjain Web: mppscadda.com Telegram: t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp/Call: 9953733830, 7982862964 • Bhojtal – Bhopal • Dharanagri – Dhar • Bhatha(Bharhut) – Rewa • Achhara – Satna • Kakvya – kakonodbot – Sanchi • Kuntalpur – Kindiya • Rewa – Narmada (Rewa to Narmada by Purukut) • Vetravati / Netravati – Betwa • Shiktimani – Ken • Charmanvati – Chambal Mahajanpadas Period • At the end of Vedic Period there were total 16 Mahajanpadas. • The Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya which gives the names of the 16 mahajanapadas, names three from central India— o Avanti (Ujjaini Malwa regions) o Chedi (Bundelkhand - from Shaktimati in North to Tripuri in South) o Vatsa (Kaushambi as capital) • The Pali language Buddhist works mention several important cities in central India, including Ujjaini, Vidisha and Mahishmati (Maheshwar). 1. Chedi Mahajanpada • Eastern part of modern Bundelkhand and nearby area comes under Chedi Mahajanpada. • Its capital was Shaktimati in the northern part and Chedi and southern part extended till Tripuri (Tewar, Jabalpur) • At Mahabharata period its ruler was Shishupal. • Shishupal’s head was cut by Krishna, after that it was weakened and captured by Magadha.(Mahapadmananda of nanda dynasty occupied Chedi) • Buddhist Text - Chetak Jatak contains information about the Chedi king. 2. Avanti Mahajanpada • Avanti Mahajanpada