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Iceland's Language Technology View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CiteSeerX Proceedings of the BAAL Conference 2007 Iceland’s language technology: policy versus practice Amanda Hilmarsson-Dunn & Ari Páll Kristinsson Iceland’s language technology: distributing historical and literary knowledge up until the end of the 19th century because printed books were policy versus practice too expensive for the common man to buy (Ólafsson, Amanda Hilmarsson-Dunn 2001). Many professional people also collected and University of Southampton copied manuscripts, especially Árni Magnússon, whose Ari Páll Kristinsson collection, built up in the second half of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic eighteenth century, now bears his name. This collection Studies, Iceland of manuscripts forms the core of Icelandic national Email: [email protected] heritage. Email: [email protected] Iceland was a colony of Denmark for over five hundred Introduction years, until 1944. One of the consequences of Danish Iceland‟s language policies are purist and protectionist, domination over Iceland was the rise of linguistic aiming to maintain the grammatical system and basic nationalism, in the form of the pure language vocabulary of Icelandic as it has been for a thousand movement (hreintungustefnan) to purify the language years. Corpus planning plays a major role in keeping and rid it of Danish influence. Linguistic purism in the language free of foreign (English) borrowings and Iceland was a highly political issue in the nineteenth inventing neologisms for new terms. Corpus planning and twentieth centuries, and was characterised by is considered of great importance in the domain of keeping out foreign words and inventing neologisms. information technology (IT). If Icelandic is not used The act of creating neologisms also had the political within this domain, according to Rögnvaldsson (2005), role of signalling – and even exaggerating – the then a part of the daily life of Icelanders will be in a difference between Icelandic and Danish. Iceland based foreign language, a situation „without parallels earlier its identity, after emerging as a nation after hundreds of in the history of the language.‟ years of Danish rule, upon its language and literary tradition. In order to use Icelandic in the IT domain, there has been a major investment in language technology English started to take over from Danish after the including the development of linguistic databases, invasion of Iceland by Britain in 1940 and the translations of software and use of the special Icelandic subsequent handing over to the Americans in 1941. characters in international standards and fonts. These actions became an impetus to get rid of English However, funding language technology is expensive words and the official reaction from the Icelandic and time consuming and some feel that, with a Government was to give financial support, although on population conversant in English, the effort to a small scale, to the creation of Icelandic neologisms, constantly adapt and translate new technologies from from the 1950s onwards. English is not worthwhile. Language policy This paper aims to examine Iceland‟s policies for Icelandic, spoken by about 300,000 people, is the language technology and investigate whether they can official language of the Republic of Iceland and is used be maintained in practice. in all aspects of daily life. Icelandic language policy has two main components: 1) the preservation of the Ideologies language (of the system of grammar and the basic Before examining Iceland‟s policy for IT, it is vocabulary) and 2) the development of the language necessary to understand that policy is informed by the (Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, 2001). ideologies that Icelanders hold about their language. Iceland‟s policy for IT reflects its language ideologies. These ideologies are historically deep-rooted and hold The government‟s vision of the information society in great psychological importance to the community. Iceland is summed up in the two words: guidance and vigilance, that is, to guide information technology in a Iceland was settled by West Norwegians in 870 – 930 „beneficial direction‟ by facilitating the use of AD. The settlers took the language of the west Icelandic in as many fields as possible (guidance) and Norwegians, Old Norse, with them, wrote down the to stand guard over the Icelandic people's identity history of the first settlements and established a great (vigilance) (The Icelandic Government, 2001). literary tradition. Icelandic literature reached its zenith in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the „Golden Icelandic language policy deals with the two Age‟ and Icelandic writers and poets were highly fundamental parts of language planning: corpus sought after in the courts of Europe. A manuscript planning and status planning, which are interrelated. A culture developed at this time, and flourished in Iceland language variety can not gain status in a particular long after the advent of printing technology. The society unless it is provided with forms of language ancient manuscripts were copied out by laymen, such which meet certain demands, that is, that the varieties as farmers, and the stories of the sagas read out to the in question have developed the vocabulary necessary extended families in the evenings after work on the for all the domains needed, and that there is a literary farms. A love of literature became part of the culture. standard. The interrelation between corpus and status Manuscripts became the grassroots means of becomes clear when we realize that, as a certain 43 Proceedings of the BAAL Conference 2007 Iceland’s language technology: policy versus practice Amanda Hilmarsson-Dunn & Ari Páll Kristinsson language variety gains more domains in society, there in terms of being able to search for Icelandic words are more and more opportunities for it to have a with all their inflections. positive influence on the forms of language, for example, by developing and promoting its literary Conflicts: ideologies versus practicalities standard further, and by increasing the amount of new Despite support from government, the question of vocabulary for more specialized fields, which may whether to continue to promote Icelandic versus build on existing terminology in that language. The English in information technology causes mixed more vocabulary there is, the stronger the status of that feelings amongst Icelandic IT professionals. Some language. Hence, there is a circle of enhancement at believe that it is absolutely essential that Icelandic be work here. Icelanders have been able to develop the used in this domain, for ideological reasons, while necessary vocabularies in all basic domains of society, others are uncertain that the effort is worthwhile, for which in turn makes it easier for language developers practical reasons. These reasons include the cost, the to continue whenever they are faced with new difficulties of constantly translating and adapting new technology or new ideas. technologies, Iceland‟s small population, plus the fact that the population is quite able to cope with IT in The Icelandic government launched a language English. technology project in 2001 to encourage the development of software and equipment enabling the According to Rögnvaldsson (2005) the total budget for use of Icelandic in computer equipment and computer- the language technology project which ended in 2004 controlled devices. It was seen as crucial to create 1) was about one eighth of the estimated cost to make common linguistic databases which companies could Icelandic Language Technology self-sustained. A use as raw material for their products, 2) to invest in major problem, he stresses, is that the small size of applied research in language technology, 3) give Iceland‟s population „is not enough to sustain costly financial support for private companies developing development of new products.‟ He emphasises that, language technology products, and finally 4) increase although the project has been successful, it is important education and training in this field. Some progress has to continue with public support for it and „to utilize the been made in all of these areas (Rögnvaldsson 2005). knowledge and experience that researchers and companies have gained.‟ One of the priority tasks in the language technology project was that general computer programmes in As we can see, cost is a major issue. Hitherto everyday use should be available in an Icelandic Icelanders have always paid for goods in Icelandic, translation (Rögnvaldsson 2005), such as the Windows such as for books and newspapers. The price is very operating systems, the Microsoft Office package, e- high precisely because they are in Icelandic and the mail programmes, and Internet browsers. In 1999 market is small. Rögnvaldsson (2005) wonders Microsoft agreed to translate their Windows98 however, „will individuals want to buy Icelandic operating system into Icelandic, after initially refusing technology products or cheaper English ones?‟ to do so, because of the small size of the Icelandic market. This translation was ready in March 2000 but People may be ready to pay a little more for there were some technical bugs in it and it never language technology programs and tools in their became widely used. Furthermore, Microsoft was own language, but if the difference is about to launch its Windows 2000 operating system, substantial, people will resort to the foreign which, in fact, they never translated into Icelandic. In almost always English products (Rögnvaldsson, 2004 however, Windows XP, with Internet Explorer 2005). and Microsoft Office, came on the market in an Icelandic translation, and many people, schools, Because English started off as the language of companies, use it now instead of the English version, programming, professionals in Iceland very often use or make use of both versions. In order to stimulate the English as they are more used to it, so that it is not use of Icelandic further, the Government has necessary to use Icelandic.
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