DOCSLIB.ORG

• Aec—Nasa Tech Brief

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
• Aec—Nasa Tech Brief August 1967 Brief 67-10312 • AEC—NASA TECH BRIEF AEC-NASA Tech Briefs describe innovations resulting from the research and development program of the U.S. AEC Or from AEC-NASA interagency efforts. They are issued to encourage commercial application. Tech Briefs are published by NASA and may be purchased, at 15 cents each, from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Virginia 22151. New Electron Microscope Employs New Video Display Technique —50KV D.C. Supply 1 Field Control i Emission 5KV D.C. Electrode '- - Point Supply Anode Aperture Sweep Slits 3 Octupole I Generator I Current I - I I - 11 Supplies 1= ___ StorageDisplay - Quadrupoll Tubes Magnification Current I Selector Supplies Specimen - Deflection I Plates Positive' Voltage MN Supply Photomultiplier -- / And Amplifier Scintillators Electrostatic Photomultiplier g ' Analyzer And - - Plate Amplifier i Analyzer Slits Vacuum The problem: and require visual control of specimen positioning, To design, for a scanning electron microscope, a adjustment of the magnification range, and image video display system which will provide advantages in refocusing when magnification is changed. Conven- visual observation over conventional display systems. tional electron microscopes generally do not permit The desired features include: (I) a color gradient tech- leisurely viewing over extended periods. Visual nique generated within the display system, (2) the display with a standard oscilloscope requires either ability to change the apparent specimen position with- high electron microscope beam strength or the use of out necessitating fine adjustment of the specimen photographic techniques to avoid image flicker. location, (3) good resolution for viewing portions of The solution: the specimen where selected energy regions contribute Direct-view storage display tubes in an integral relatively few electrons, (4) the ability to change the system which combines features found in scanning magnification range without refocusing, and (5) the electron microscopes, electrostatic energy analyzers, ability to permit leisurely viewing over extended and CRT display methods. This microscope display observation periods without using photographic tech- system provides (I) slow-scanning rates, used with the niques, and without continuous and excessive bom- two direct-view storage display tubes, , allowing the bardment of the specimen. microscope electron beam to be continually focused Electron microscopes employing high-magnification sharply on' the specimen while the image is slowly electron imaging depend upon "fast-scan" techniques "written" on the display tubes; (2) a superimposed (continued overleaf) This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the Atomic liability resulting from the use of the information contained in this Energy Commission and/or the National Aeronautics and Space document, or warrants that the use of any information, apparatus, Administration. Neither the United States Government nor any per- method, or process disclosed in this document may not infringe pri- son acting on behalf of the United States Government assumes any vately owned rights. imaging and color gradient technique using precisely- specimen, varying slightly in the relative number of adjusted mirrors for use with the dual (side-by-side) electrons being contributed to the two energy images, storage tube output; (3) change of apparent specimen appear substantially different in hue. At the design location by applying dc biases to the microscope strength of the microscope electron beam of 1 x 10 beam deflection plates; (4) a microscope beam amperes, with slow scan, a photomultiplier output strength of lx 10- 9 amperes which, when used with amplifier of moderate gain and bandwidth is adequate slow scan, provides a sufficient number of events per even for observations in energy rgions where there picture element, including observations in energy are relatively few electrons, allowing good resolution regions containing few electrons; (5) a change in mag- for very faint specimens. nification by changing the amplitude of the sweep The extended storage time of the direct-view storage voltages applied to the microscope deflection plates; display tubes, as compared with phosphor decay times and (6) storage tubes which permit viewing periods of of standard oscilloscope tubes, permits visual observa- several hours, with the image persisting through shut- tion of a single slowly scanned raster. Specimen downs and power failures. examination may begin before a single scan is com- How it's done: pleted, with the presentation persisting for many The integrated microscope system employs three seconds, even at high display intensities. In addition, basic functional units which are used for electron successive "writes" may be partially added, permit- beam emission and control, specimen bombardment ting averaging and integration over long observation with subsequent electron beam focusing, and a photo- times without extremely slow initial scanning. Suc- multiplier output display system. cessive scans may be piled up until visual observation Electrons emitted from the beam control and field indicates that a good statistical integration has been emission point pass through the specimen and enter achieved. A recording camera and/or the optical the electrostatic energy analyzer (see Figure). The superposition device may be interposed leisurely while electrostatic energy analyzer plates refocus the elec- the displays are retained in storage. trons at the analyzer slits. Electrons that have tra- Notes: versed the specimen with little loss of energy are I. Magnification may be chosen by simple switching, focused at the lower slit, while the upper slit is used and specimen position is also obtained electroni- to observe electrons that have suffered appreciable cally. The color optical system provides contrast energy loss. Behind the slits are cesium iodide scintil- without specimen "staining", and identification of lators with quartz light pipes leading to the photo- specimen constituents is possible. multiplier tubes; the outputs of the photo multipliers 2. The factor causing the greatest degree of difficulty and amplifiers are then applied to the storage tubes. in the practical use of the system has been the The two display patterns produced on the storage relatively poor quality and characteristics of the tubes simultaneously produce images of the speci- available storage tubes. The lack of illumination men using two different electron energies. uniformity over the 6x6 inch tube area, for elec- An optical device permits the observation of the tron beam intensities below saturation illumina- two displays by superimposing and viewing the images tion, and the slight dynamic range of the tubes through separate color filters. A pair of mirrors, such have contributed to a very high contrast display as used in a periscope, produces an image of one image. display tube which appears to be located midway 3. Additional details are contained in IEEE Transac- between the tubes. A second set of semisilvered tions on Nuclear Science, April 1965, p. 104-110. mirrors, similarly arranged, is placed in the viewing 4. Inquiries concerning this innovation may be di- path of the first set of mirrors. With the four mirrors rected to: adjusted exactly, the images are congruent, and Office of Industrial Cooperation exhibit no parallax problems or differences of mag- Argonne National Laboratory nification. 9700 South Cass Avenue Since the eye has difficulty judging the relative Argonne, Illinois 60439 illumination of nonadjacent areas in a nonuniform Reference: B67-10312 field, but may quite easily distinguish slight color Source: W. K. Brookshier and J. Gilroy changes in nearby areas, a set of color filters is used Electronics Division to observe contrast effects of the displays being pre- (ARG- 158) sented at different electron energies. Although the illumination of the storage tubes normally appears Patent status: yellow-green (P20 phosphor), illuminated areas of the Inquiries about obtaining rights for commercial first display tube, when used with a red filter, will use of this innovation may be made to: appear bright pink, and areas of the second tube, Mr. George H. Lee, Chief viewed through a blue filter, appear bright green. In Chicago Patent Group a display region where both images are contributing U.S. Atomic Energy Commission an appreciable portion of the light, a slight change in Chicago Operations Office illumination from either display will produce substan- 9800 South Cass Avenue tial color variation. Thus neighboring areas of a Chicago, Illinois 60439 Brief 67-10312 Category 03.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nojivw&Ohn? *Joto Omaj
    Dec. 18, 1962 W. R. SLOAN 3,069,681 SYSTEM FOR LARGE-AREA DISPLAY OF TWO-COLOR INFORMATION Filed March la, l960 3 Sheets-Sheet 1. r LIMAS9.NIHO BOHABO ??31=== IWWBO-BNI-NOI.-OL SV78EWIlCJE OMAJ.*JOTOO NOJIVW&JOHN? MABIA9.NI BOV-38ñS [] [] INVENTOR. WILLIAM R. SLOAN BY ????????? ? ???? AT TORNEYS Dec. 18, 1962 W. R, SLOAN 3,069,681 SYSTEM FOR LARGE-AREA DISPLAY OF TWO-COLOR INFORMATION Filed March 14, 1960 3. Sheets-Sheet 2 GN2&#OTOO ea? ?——?? AT TORNEYS Dec. 18, 1962 W. R. SOAN 3,069,681 SYSTEM FOR LARGE-AREA DISPLAY OF TWO-COLOR INFORMATION Filed March 14, 1960 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 – E. T =-4 HORIZONAL ? SWEEP GENERATOR 44 68 256 K.C. GENERATORPULSE ( BSTABLE BSTABLE B|STABLE ? B|STABLE BSTABLE ??? ? ??82 m232 -- 198 lost 3 -- SAS JS JAAYeASeSYe SAuSJSJASJLLLTLTMSTTLTTTLLLSLLSS LL LLL LLLLLL DISPLAY SURFACE HORIZONTAL SWEEP GENERATOR INVENTOR. WLLAM R. SOAN ATTORNEYS 3,069,681 United States Patent Office Patented Dec. 18, 1962 2 3,069,681 when the electrodes are respectively pulsed. Each of the SYSTEM FOR LARGE-AREA DISPLAY OF pluralities of electrodes is in spaced-apart alignment along TWO,-COLOR ENSFORMATION one dimension of the sheet and the two pluralities of William R. Sloan, Fort Wayne, Ind., assignor to Inter electrodes are respectively spaced-apart along the other national Telephone and Telegraph Corporation dimension of the sheet. Means are provided for moving Filed Mar. 14, 1960, Ser. No. 14,743 the sheet with respect to the electrodes along the other 9 Claims. (Cl, 346-74) dimension. First switching means is provided sequen tially coupling the first electrodes to the converting means This invention relates to a system for presenting in for sampling one of the color-responsive signals at dis two colors alpha-numeric information, i.e., words and Crete intervals and for pulsing the first electrodes respon numbers, and graphical information, such as maps, sive to the presence of the one color signal at the respec graphs, etc., visually on a large-area display for group tive intervals.
    [Show full text]
  • Teelllliedi Siteeifieatittil CONTENTS
    '. INTERACTIVE GRAPHIC SYSTEMS t;DSn teellllieDI Siteeifieatittil CONTENTS Section Page Section Page 1 Introducing GDS II ........................................... 1-1 4 Specifications ................................................ 4-1 2 General Description .......................................... 2-1 4.1 Database Features ....................................... 4-1 4.2 Input/Editing ............................................ 4-1 2.1 The Problems of VLSI .................................... 2-1 4.3 Display Control .......................................... 4-3 2.2 The Solution - GDS II .................................... 2-1 4.4 Background Programs ................................... 4-4 2.3 Exploiting the Latest Technology .................. , ...... 2-2 4.5 Application Programming Tools .......................... 4-5 4.6 Hardware ............................................... 4-6 3 System Operation ............................................ 3-1 5 Software ..................................................... 5-1 3.1 Database Extensibility ................................... 3-1 3.2 Database Elements ...................................... 3-1 5.1 Multiground RDOS ...................................... 5-1 3.3 Database Construction ................................... 3-2 5.2 Database Management System ........................... 5-3 3.4 Menu Operations ........................................ 3-2 5.3 GPL™ ................................................... 5-7 3.5 Graphic Display ......................................... 3-2
    [Show full text]
  • Of 38 an Inexpensive VTCT Adapter for All Tektronix Scts Version. 1.04.1
    Page 1 of 38 An Inexpensive VTCT Adapter for All Tektronix SCTs Version. 1.04.1 Page 2 of 38 An Inexpensive VTCT Adapter for All Tektronix SCTs Version. 1.04.1 Figure 1 Front cover—Tektronix 577 Semiconductor Curve Tracer displaying the characteristic curves of a TRIODE VACUUM TUBE. Page 3 of 38 An Inexpensive VTCT Adapter for All Tektronix SCTs Version. 1.04.1 AN INEXPENSIVE VACUUM TUBE CURVE TRACER ADAPTER FOR ALL TEKTRONIX SEMICONDUCTOR CURVE TRACERS © Dennis Tillman W7pF, [email protected], Version 1.04.1, Mar. 10, 2020 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 5 TEKTRONIX CURVE TRACER FEATURE COMPARISON .................................................................. 6 TEKTRONIX CURVE TRACERS .......................................................................................................... 6 VACUUM TUBE TESTER FEATURE COMPARISON .......................................................................... 8 THEORY OF OPERATION .................................................................................................................. 11 EICO 667 MODIFICATIONS................................................................................................................ 13 WHAT CAN I EXPECT WITH THE CURVE TRACER I MAY ALREADY OWN? ................................ 13 WHAT YOU WILL NEED TO MAKE THIS VTCT ................................................................................ 14 TWO CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
    [Show full text]
  • Frequency Spectrum Generated by Thyristor Control J
    Electrocomponent Science and Technology (C) Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Ltd. 1974, Vol. 1, pp. 43-49 Printed in Great Britain FREQUENCY SPECTRUM GENERATED BY THYRISTOR CONTROL J. K. HALL and N. C. JONES Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, Leics. U.K. (Received October 30, 1973; in final form December 19, 1973) This paper describes the measured harmonics in the load currents of thyristor circuits and shows that with firing angle control the harmonic amplitudes decrease sharply with increasing harmonic frequency, but that they extend to very high harmonic orders of around 6000. The amplitudes of the harmonics are a maximum for a firing delay angle of around 90 Integral cycle control produces only low order harmonics and sub-harmonics. It is also shown that with firing angle control apparently random inter-harmonic noise is present and that the harmonics fall below this noise level at frequencies of approximately 250 KHz for a switched 50 Hz waveform and for the resistive load used. The noise amplitude decreases with increasing frequency and is a maximum with 90 firing delay. INTRODUCTION inductance. 6,7 Literature on the subject tends to assume that noise is due to the high frequency Thyristors are now widely used for control of power harmonics generated by thyristor switch-on and the in both d.c. and a.c. circuits. The advantages of design of suppression components is based on this. relatively small size, low losses and fast switching This investigation has been performed in order to speeds have contributed to the vast growth in establish the validity of this assumption, since it is application since their introduction, when they were believed that there may be a number of perhaps basically a solid-state replacement for mercury-arc separate sources of noise in thyristor circuits.
    [Show full text]
  • Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976
    NAT'L INST. OF STAND ms & TECH R.I.C. Pubii - cations A111D4 4 Tfi 3 4 4 NBSIR 78-1564 Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final QC— U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 100 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS U56 73-1564 Buraev of Standard! NBSIR 78-1564 1 4 ^79 fyr *'• 1 f TABULATION OF PUBLISHED DATA ON ELECTRON DEVICES OF THE U.S.S.R. THROUGH DECEMBER 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary / Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director - 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface i v 1. Introduction 2. Description of the Tabulation ^ 1 3. Organization of the Tabulation ’ [[ ] in ’ 4. Terminology Used the Tabulation 3 5. Groups: I. Numerical 7 II. Receiving Tubes 42 III . Power Tubes 49 IV. Rectifier Tubes 53 IV-A. Mechanotrons , Two-Anode Diode 54 V. Voltage Regulator Tubes 55 VI. Current Regulator Tubes 55 VII. Thyratrons 56 VIII. Cathode Ray Tubes 58 VIII-A. Vidicons 61 IX. Microwave Tubes 62 X. Transistors 64 X-A-l . Integrated Circuits 75 X-A-2. Integrated Circuits (Computer) 80 X-A-3. Integrated Circuits (Driver) 39 X-A-4. Integrated Circuits (Linear) 89 X- B.
    [Show full text]
  • Hereby the Screen Stands in For, and Thereby Occludes, the Deeper Workings of the Computer Itself
    John Warnock and an IDI graphical display unit, University of Utah, 1968. Courtesy Salt Lake City Deseret News . 24 doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00233 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/GREY_a_00233 by guest on 27 September 2021 The Random-Access Image: Memory and the History of the Computer Screen JACOB GABOURY A memory is a means for displacing in time various events which depend upon the same information. —J. Presper Eckert Jr. 1 When we speak of graphics, we think of images. Be it the windowed interface of a personal computer, the tactile swipe of icons across a mobile device, or the surreal effects of computer-enhanced film and video games—all are graphics. Understandably, then, computer graphics are most often understood as the images displayed on a computer screen. This pairing of the image and the screen is so natural that we rarely theorize the screen as a medium itself, one with a heterogeneous history that develops in parallel with other visual and computa - tional forms. 2 What then, of the screen? To be sure, the computer screen follows in the tradition of the visual frame that delimits, contains, and produces the image. 3 It is also the skin of the interface that allows us to engage with, augment, and relate to technical things. 4 But the computer screen was also a cathode ray tube (CRT) phosphorescing in response to an electron beam, modified by a grid of randomly accessible memory that stores, maps, and transforms thousands of bits in real time. The screen is not simply an enduring technique or evocative metaphor; it is a hardware object whose transformations have shaped the ma - terial conditions of our visual culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Electronics Components
    CURRENT INDUSTRIAL REPORTS SERIES 2007 MA334Q — SEMICONDUCTORS, ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, AND SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. Scope of survey Your figure should include — This survey covers the manufacture of semi-conductors, Electronic components parts (integrated microcircuits, printed circuit boards, connectors, capacitors, and other transistors, diodes, rectifiers, capacitors, resistors, electronic components (except relays) and semi- coils, transformers, connectors, filters, etc.) conductor machinery in the United States. (See Reference List for complete list of products collected 2. Figures to be reported on this survey.) Companies with more than one establishment but exclude — manufacturing the products covered by this survey are requested to complete a separate report form for each Electric wiring devices should be reported on survey location. If you have not received a separate form for MA335K, "Wiring Devices and Supplies." each of your establishments, please call the contact shown on the report form or write to the U.S. Census Home entertainment electronic equipment, such as Bureau for additional forms. home and automobile radio receivers, television receivers, phonographs, hi-fidelity components, a. Value of Shipments consumer audio and video tape recorders, loud- speakers, microphones, ear phones, phonograph The figures on value of shipments should include the cartridges, and public address systems should be physical shipments of all products sold, transferred to reported on survey MA334M, “Consumer Electronics.” other establishments within your company, or shipped on consignment, whether for domestic or export sale. The Analytical and optical instruments should be reported value represents the net sales price, f.o.b. plant, to the in MA334A, “Electromedical Equipment and Analytical customer or branch to which the products are shipped, Instructions.” net of discounts, allowances, freight charges and returns.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Product Fisting
    Richardson "' Electronics, Ltd. Master Product fisting Part #and Description Guide • Electron Tubes • Semiconductors r Electron Tubes Part Description Part # Description Part # Description LCMG-B X-Ray Tube 2AS15A Receiving Rectifier QB3.5/750GA Power Tetrode QEL1/150 Power Tetrode 2AV2 Receiving Tube 6163.5/750/6156 Power Tetrode CCS-1/Y799 CC Power Tetrode 2822 Planar Diode QBL3.5/2000 Power Triode PE1/100/6083 Power Pentode 2B35/EA50 UHF Diode W3/2GC TWi C1A Thyratron 2694 Twin Tetrode W3/2GR TWi GV1A-1650 Corona Voltage Reg 2BU2/2AS2A/2AH2 Receiving Tube 61QV03/20A UHF Twin Tetrode CE1A/B Phototube 2C36 UHF Triode QQE03/20/6252 UHF Twin Tetrode 1A3/DA90 Mini HF Diode 2C39A Planar Triode QQE03/12/6360A Twin Tetrode 1AD2A/1BY2 Receiving Tube 2C39BA Planar Triode OE3/85A1 Voltage Regulator C1 B/3C31 /5664 Thyratron 2C39WA Planar Triode OG3/85A2 MIN Volt Regulator 1B3GT/1 G3GT Receiving Tube 2C40A Planar Triode QB3/200 Power Tetrode 1B35A ATR Tube 2C43 Planar Triode QB3/300 Power Tetrode 1658A TR Tube 2C51/396A MIN Twin Triode QB3/300GA Power Tetrode 1859/R1130B Glow Modulator 2C53 High Voltage Triode T83/750 Power Triode 1B63B TR Tube 2CW4 Receiving Tube OA3NR75 Voltage Regulator 1885 Geiger-Mueller Tube 2D21 Thyratron OB3NR90 Voltage Regulator 1BQ2IDY802 Receiving Rectifier 2D21W/5727 MIN Thyratron OC3NR105 Voltage Regulator 1C21 Cold Cathode 2D54 Receiving Tube OD3NR150 Voltage Regulator 1D21 /SN4 Cold Cathode Dischg 2E22 Pentode OB3A Receiving Tube 1G3GT/ 1B3GT Receiving Tube 2E24 Beam Amplifier OC3A Voltage Regulator 1G35P Hydrogen Thyratron 2E26 Beam Amplifier OD3A Voltage Regulator 1HSGT Recv.
    [Show full text]
  • 1999-2019 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through April 2019, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD-ROM Set, and the Following TCA Special Publications: No
    1999-2019 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through April 2019, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD-ROM set, and the following TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual.................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Approved for Public Release. Case 06-1104. I
    APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. CASE 06-1104. I Memorandum M-1937 Page 1 of k2 Digital Computer Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 39* Massachusetts SUBJECT: BIWEEKLY REPORT. March 27. 1953 To: Jay W. Forrester From: Laboratory Staff 1.0 SYSTEMS 0PFRATI0N 1.1 Whirlwind I System 1.11 Operation (F. J. Eramo) The following is an estimate by the computer operators of the usable percentage of assigned operation time and the number of computer errors for the period 13 - 26 March 1953s Number of assigned hours 117 Usable percentage of assigned time 88 Usable percentage of assigned time since March, 1951 85 Number of transient errors 53 Number of steady-state errors 2 Number of intermittent errors Uo (S. H. Dodd) We are continuing our practice of having two installation days per week and have made very good progress in eliminating weak points in the circuits and readying the computer for operation with the new terminal equipment. Plans are now being formulated for a change in the positions of some of the ES control circuits so that a spare ES digit column can be in­ stalled. Thus when the second bank of storage is in operation, there will be one parity digit and one spare digit available for each bank. An inten­ sive program of testing of the various digit columns in Electrostatic Storage has been going on for several weeks with the view of determining the reasons for positive switching and, in general, increasing the reliability of operation of Electrostatic Storage. The evaporative condenser in the present air-conditioning system has been moved to a new location to prepare for the installation and tie-in of the new air-conditioning system.
    [Show full text]
  • Approved for Public Release. Case 06-1104
    APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. CASE 06-1104. PROJECT WHIRLWIND SUMMARY REPORT NO. 29 FIRST QUARTER 1952 Submitted to the OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH Under Contract N5ori60 Project NR 048-097 and the UNITED STATES AIR FORCE Under Contract AF19(l22)-458 DIGITAL COMPUTER LABORATORY MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Cambridge 39, Massachusetts APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. CASE 06-1104. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD QUARTERLY REVIEW (AND ABSTRACT) SYSTEM ENGINEERING . 1 Storage Reliability and Checking . 2 Input-Output 3 Operational Control Center CIRCUITS AND COMPONENTS . 1 Vacuum Tubes . 2 Component Replacements in WWI . 3 Ferromagnetic and Ferroelectric Cores .4 Transistors , ELECTROSTATIC STORAGE . 1 Tube Program INPUT-OUTPUT . 1 Magnetic Tape . 2 Magnetic Drums MATHEMATICS, CODING, AND APPLICATIONS . 1 Problems Being Solved . 2 Subroutines Completed ACADEMIC PROGRAM IN AUTOMATIC COMPUTATION AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS . 1 Automatic Computation and Numerical Analysis . 2 Seminars on Computing Machine Methods APPENDIX . 1 Reports and Publications . 2 Professional Society Papers . 3 Visitors e APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. CASE 06-1104. 1. QUARTERLY REVIEW tion of the 16x16 ceramic array has been (AND ABSTRACT) operated, but much work remains to be done. FOREWORD A multi-position ferroelectric switch has been developed which can perform many of the During the firstquarter of 1952 the Whirl­ switching tasks required in an information- wind I computer used one bank of storage handling system. A magnetic-materials group tubes with a density of 32x32 (1024) spots. has been formed for the purpose of develop­ Project Whirlwind The original bank of 16 x 16 tubes was remov­ ing ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materi­ ed from operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Active Discrete Components
    Christiansen_Sec_05.qxd 10/28/04 10:40 AM Page 5.28 Source: STANDARD HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING CHAPTER 5.2 ACTIVE DISCRETE COMPONENTS George W. Taylor, Bernard Smith, I. Reingold, Munsey E. Crost, Gregory J. Malinowski, John F. Donlon, Edward B. Hakim POWER AND RECEIVING TUBES George W. Taylor, Bernard Smith Introduction Power and receiving tubes are active devices using either the flow of free electrons in a vacuum or electrons and ions combined in a gas medium. The vast majority of uses for low-power electron tubes are found in the area of high vacuum with controlled free electrons. The source of free electrons is a heated material that is a thermionic emitter (cathode). The control element regulating the flow of electrons is called a grid. The collector element for the electron flow is the anode, or plate. Power tubes, in contrast to receiving-type tubes, handle relatively large amounts of power, and for reasons of economy, a major emphasis is placed on efficiency. The traditional division between the two tube categories is at the 25-W plate-dissipation rating level. Receiving tubes traditionally provided essential active-device functions in electronic applications. Most receiving-type tubes produced at the present time are for replacement use in existing equipments. Electronic functions of new equipment designs are being handled by solid-state devices. Power tubes are widely used as high-power-level generators and converters in radio and television transmit- ters, radar, sonar, manufacturing-process operations, and medical and industrial x-ray equipment. Classification of Types Power and receiving-type tubes can be separated into groups according to their circuit function or by the num- ber of electrodes they contain.
    [Show full text]