Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters

Home , Neuroanatomy

2/1/2016

Neurons

• Structure of neurons • Soma • Dendrites • Spines • Axon • Myelin • Nodes of Ranvier

Neurons

• Structure of neurons • Axon collaterals

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Neurons

• Structure of neurons • Synapse • Presynaptic • Postsynaptic

Neural Communication

• Membrane potential • Resting membrane potential • Ions • Sodium (Na +) • Potassium (K +) • Calcium (Ca 2+ ) • Chloride (Cl -) • Ion channels • Ion Pumps • Electrical gradient

Neural Communication

• Membrane potential • Ion channels • Ion Pumps • Electrical gradient

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Neural Communication

• Action potential • Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) • Electrotonic conduction • Voltage-gated ion channels • Spike-triggering zone • Axon hillock

Neural Communication

• Action potential • Depolarization • Threshold of excitation • Repolarization • Equilibrium potential • Hyperpolarization • Refractor period

Neural Communication

• Chemical Transmission • Vesicles • Neurotransmitters • Excitatory • Inhibitory • Conditional • Inactivation of neurotransmitters

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Neural Communication

• Chemical Transmission

Neural Communication

• Neurotransmitters Drugs that Interact w/ Neurotransmitter Primary Effects Effects of the Drug Neurotransmitter Primary excitatory Alcohol Desensitization of NMDA Receptor Glutamate Neurotransmitter Primary inhibitory Barbiturates, Alcohol, Desensitization of GABA-A Receptor GABA Neurotransmitter Tranquilizers Muscular contraction Botulinum Toxin, Blocks release of Ach Acetylcholine (Ach) Control hippocampus Nicotine Stimulates Ach receptor Facilitate movement, Amphetamine, Cocaine, Inc. Dopamine synthesis Dopamine (DA) Attention & learning Antipsychotics, Prozac, LSD Inhib. Dopamine reuptake Increases vigilance & Block Dopamine receptors Norepinephrine (NE) Controls REM sleep Regulates mood, Inhibit serotonin reuptake Serotonin eating, sleep, arousal Stim. serotonin receptors Reduce pain, reinforce Heroin, Morphine Stimulate opioid receptors Endogenous Opioids behavior Naloxone Block opioid receptors Anandamide Analgesia, nausea THC Stimulated cannabinoid receptors (endogenous cannabinoid) reduction, appetite

Neural Communication

• Glial Cells (neuroglial cells) • Astrocytes • Microglial cells • Oligodendrocytes

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Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS) • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nervous System

• Autonomic Nervous System (CNS) • Central Nervous System (PNS) • Dura matter • Nucleus • Layer • Cerebral Cortex

Nervous System

• Cerebral Cortex • White matter • Gray matter • Tracts • Commissures • Corpus Callosum

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The Brain

• Anatomical Directions • Lateral-medial • Anterior-posterior • Dorsal-ventral

The Brain

• Anatomical Sections/Planes • Coronal (frontal, transverse) • Horizontal (axial) • Sagittal

The Brain

• Brainstem • Medulla • Pons • Cerebellum • Midbrain

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The Brain

• Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Pituitary Gland

The Brain

• Telencephalon • Limbic System • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Basal Ganglia • Cerebral Cortex

The Brain

• Cerebral Cortex • Sulci • Gyri • Two Hemispheres • Corpus Callosum

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The Brain

• Cerebral Cortex • Four Lobes • Frontal • Parietal • Temporal • Occipital • Central Sulcus • Sylvian (lateral) fissure

The Brain

• Cytoarchitectonics • Korbinian Brodmann • Brodman Areas

Functional Divisions of the Cortex

• Frontal Lobe • Motor Areas • Prefrontal cortex • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

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Functional Divisions of the Cortex

• Parietal Lobe • Somatosensory areas • Topographical mapping • Homunculus • Somatotopy

Functional Divisions of the Cortex

• Occipital Lobe • Visual Processing Areas • Striate cortex (V1) • Extrastriate areas

Functional Divisions of the Cortex

• Temporal Lobe • Auditory processing areas

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Image References

• http://humanphysiology.academy/Neurosciences%202015/Chapter%201/P.1.3p%20Neurone%20Micro.html • https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Physiology%20101/Chapter%20Notes/Fall%202007/chapter_7%20Fall%202007.htm • https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/psych-chapter-3/deck/12232144 • https://cnx.org/contents/73d8f8a7-46a3-4a3a-9afa-970f2f03deb3@3/Neurons-and-Glial-Cells • http://s-f-walker.org.uk/optionintranet/brodmann.html • http://www.flanderstoday.eu/innovation/ku-leuven-discovers-brain-process-responsible-gripping • http://www.slideshare.net/shahnazsyeda/frontal-lobe-functions-and-assessmeny-20th-july-2013