2/1/2016 Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters Neurons • Structure of neurons • Soma • Dendrites • Spines • Axon • Myelin • Nodes of Ranvier Neurons • Structure of neurons • Axon collaterals 1 2/1/2016 Neurons • Structure of neurons • Synapse • Presynaptic • Postsynaptic Neural Communication • Membrane potential • Resting membrane potential • Ions • Sodium (Na +) • Potassium (K +) • Calcium (Ca 2+ ) • Chloride (Cl -) • Ion channels • Ion Pumps • Electrical gradient Neural Communication • Membrane potential • Ion channels • Ion Pumps • Electrical gradient 2 2/1/2016 Neural Communication • Action potential • Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) • Electrotonic conduction • Voltage-gated ion channels • Spike-triggering zone • Axon hillock Neural Communication • Action potential • Depolarization • Threshold of excitation • Repolarization • Equilibrium potential • Hyperpolarization • Refractor period Neural Communication • Chemical Transmission • Vesicles • Neurotransmitters • Excitatory • Inhibitory • Conditional • Inactivation of neurotransmitters 3 2/1/2016 Neural Communication • Chemical Transmission Neural Communication • Neurotransmitters Drugs that Interact w/ Neurotransmitter Primary Effects Effects of the Drug Neurotransmitter Primary excitatory Alcohol Desensitization of NMDA Receptor Glutamate Neurotransmitter Primary inhibitory Barbiturates, Alcohol, Desensitization of GABA-A Receptor GABA Neurotransmitter Tranquilizers Muscular contraction Botulinum Toxin, Blocks release of Ach Acetylcholine (Ach) Control hippocampus Nicotine Stimulates Ach receptor Facilitate movement, Amphetamine, Cocaine, Inc. Dopamine synthesis Dopamine (DA) Attention & learning Antipsychotics, Prozac, LSD Inhib. Dopamine reuptake Increases vigilance & Block Dopamine receptors Norepinephrine (NE) Controls REM sleep Regulates mood, Inhibit serotonin reuptake Serotonin eating, sleep, arousal Stim. serotonin receptors Reduce pain, reinforce Heroin, Morphine Stimulate opioid receptors Endogenous Opioids behavior Naloxone Block opioid receptors Anandamide Analgesia, nausea THC Stimulated cannabinoid receptors (endogenous cannabinoid) reduction, appetite Neural Communication • Glial Cells (neuroglial cells) • Astrocytes • Microglial cells • Oligodendrocytes 4 2/1/2016 Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System (CNS) • Central Nervous System (PNS) • Dura matter • Nucleus • Layer • Cerebral Cortex Nervous System • Cerebral Cortex • White matter • Gray matter • Tracts • Commissures • Corpus Callosum 5 2/1/2016 The Brain • Anatomical Directions • Lateral-medial • Anterior-posterior • Dorsal-ventral The Brain • Anatomical Sections/Planes • Coronal (frontal, transverse) • Horizontal (axial) • Sagittal The Brain • Brainstem • Medulla • Pons • Cerebellum • Midbrain 6 2/1/2016 The Brain • Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Pituitary Gland The Brain • Telencephalon • Limbic System • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Basal Ganglia • Cerebral Cortex The Brain • Cerebral Cortex • Sulci • Gyri • Two Hemispheres • Corpus Callosum 7 2/1/2016 The Brain • Cerebral Cortex • Four Lobes • Frontal • Parietal • Temporal • Occipital • Central Sulcus • Sylvian (lateral) fissure The Brain • Cytoarchitectonics • Korbinian Brodmann • Brodman Areas Functional Divisions of the Cortex • Frontal Lobe • Motor Areas • Prefrontal cortex • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) 8 2/1/2016 Functional Divisions of the Cortex • Parietal Lobe • Somatosensory areas • Topographical mapping • Homunculus • Somatotopy Functional Divisions of the Cortex • Occipital Lobe • Visual Processing Areas • Striate cortex (V1) • Extrastriate areas Functional Divisions of the Cortex • Temporal Lobe • Auditory processing areas 9 2/1/2016 Image References • http://humanphysiology.academy/Neurosciences%202015/Chapter%201/P.1.3p%20Neurone%20Micro.html • https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Physiology%20101/Chapter%20Notes/Fall%202007/chapter_7%20Fall%202007.htm • https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/psych-chapter-3/deck/12232144 • https://cnx.org/contents/73d8f8a7-46a3-4a3a-9afa-970f2f03deb3@3/Neurons-and-Glial-Cells • http://s-f-walker.org.uk/optionintranet/brodmann.html • http://www.flanderstoday.eu/innovation/ku-leuven-discovers-brain-process-responsible-gripping • http://www.slideshare.net/shahnazsyeda/frontal-lobe-functions-and-assessmeny-20th-july-2013 10.