Annual Report

ANNUAL REPORT 2011 The Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) combines a broad spectrum of disciplines (such as population biology, statistical and mathematical modelling and genomics) to foster the concept of ecology as a driving force of evolution via selective processes, with a corresponding influence of evolutionary changes on ecology.

Bumblebee in the Herb Garden at Blindern Campus, UiO © Ruben A. Pettersen

Cover picture: Stockfish (dried cod) in Ballstad, Lofoten © Martin Malmstrøm CEES IN BRIEF

CEES is chaired by Professor Nils Chr. Stenseth. As of 31 December 2011 CEES consists of 125 members including students, researchers, technical and administrative personnel. The centre has a core group of 19 employees of which 12 are full-time, two are employed by the Department of Mathematics, one by the Department of Economy and one by the Institute of Marine Research. In 2011, CEES hosted two Kristine Bonnevie Professors, from Florida State University (USA) and the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. One em- ployee is a visiting scientist at the University of Alberta (Canada). There were representa- tives from 25 nationalities at CEES in 2011.

CEES supervised 23 Master and 28 PhD students in 2011, and was also involved in the teaching of 13 PhD/Master courses and 4 Bachelor courses. 4 new PhD students were employed, and 9 PhD students and 8 master students completed their degrees. The CEES graduate school held its annual conference at Holmen Fjordhotell with 114 participants.

Approximately 59 MNOK of the total 2011 budget of 121 MNOK came from the 54 exter- nally funded research projects conducted by CEES in 2011. Most of these were funded through the Research Council of Norway. CEES is also involved in various EU-funded projects. 14 new projects were started in 2011.

CEES members published 143 articles in peer reviewed journals and 10 reports/book chapters in 2011. The majority of these lie within the core scope of CEES. 178 talks at conferences were conducted. The centre hosted 64 guest speakers, primarily from abroad and received 66 international and national visitors (staying at least one week).

The work of CEES is structured into Colloquia and Themes, the former being focused projects each lasting for three years and the latter consisting of on-going, long-term work that is accommodated within the centre. The first colloquium: Colloquium 1: Selection and evolvability – Concepts, measurements and statistical modelling had its main activity in 2009, however, as planned, some activity was continued during 2010 and 2011. The Colloquium 2: Bridging the gap between genomics and evolutionary biology has been operative since August 2010. The overall aim of this Colloquium is to facilitate interactions between the knowledge-base of molecular sciences, particularly genomics-related research and classical evolutionary theory and has become one of the centre’s focal activities. Other focal points of research at CEES include empirical and theoretical molecular biology work exploring the molecular evolution, persistence, and distribution of disease pathogens – and will become the main focus of the upcoming Colloquium 3: The ecology and evolution of infectious diseases within an environmental reservoir. To prepare for the startup of Colloquium 3, a meeting was organised at the University of Oslo 31 August 2011. CEES IN BRIEF CONT.

*The talks at the Annual CEES Student Conference (on average ~40 talks each year) and the Annual NorMER

conference *The talks (arranged at the Annual CEES for Student the Conference first (on average time ~40 talks in each 2011 year) and with 25 talks) are not included in the counting of Internal CEES talks. the Annual NorMER conference (arranged for the first time in 2011 with 25 talks) are not Tore Wallem 30.3.12 16:18 *The talks at the Annual CEES Student Conference (on average ~40 talks each year) and the Annual NorMER included in the counting of Internal CEES talks. Merknad [1]: Dette er altså en fotnote til conference (arranged for the first time in 2011 with 25 talks) are not included in the counting of Internal CEES talks. «Internal CEES talks» i figuren over. Tore Wallem 30.3.12 16:18 *The talks at the Annual CEES Student Conference (on average ~40 talks each year) and the Annual NorMER Merknad [1]: Dette er altså en fotnote til conference (arranged for the first time in 2011 with 25 talks) are not included in the counting of Internal CEES talks. «Internal CEES talks» i figuren over. Tore Wallem 30.3.12 16:18 Merknad [1]: Dette er altså en fotnote til «Internal CEES talks» i figuren over.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CEES in brief 3

Table of Contents 5

1 The Chair’s comments 6

2 Management and Administration 10 Management structure 10 Midterm evaluation 11 The Board and the Scientific Advisory Board 12

3 Scientific activity 14 Organisation of the research 14 Scientific highlights in 2011 14

4 Education and research training 28

5 Scientific outreach 30

6 Gender equalising strategy 31

7 Experimental facilities 32

8 Finances 34 Accounting principles 34 Revenues and expenditures 2011, Budgeted revenues and expenditures 2012 35

9 Appendices 36 CEES-members 36 Guests of CEES in 2011 41 Associated research projects 43 Seminars with invited speakers 46 Production 52

| 5 | 1 THE CHAIR’S COMMENTS

As in previous years, 2011 was, a good and productive The national biology evaluation was an equally good year for CEES; the number of publications in good experience. Once again, CEES received the highest journals continues to increase. CEES has also been visible possible classification (‘Excellent’) – Out of the 67 in the media – exposing the public to exciting science. scientific groups reviewed by the panel for botany, The Centre has about 150 members (including visiting zoology and ecology-related disciplines, only two researchers) and a total annual budget of about 120 received this score. This further contributed to the good million NOK; conditions which permit a broad scientific feeling among the members of the centre. spectrum of expertise without intellectual fragmentation and allow CEES to function as a unified centre. The CEES Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) concluded its annual meeting in August 2011 by saying that it was 2011 was also a year of external assessment: the mid- “the best SAB meeting to date” and that “CEES is moving term evaluation of the centre and a nation-wide biology- forward exceedingly well”. evaluation were both performed by the Research Council of Norway with the assistance of international Financially we are also doing very well. Among the committees. CEES was reviewed very positively in both new grants we obtained is one that fits directly into the evaluations. Colloquium 4 work. We certainly have a bright future ahead of us. The challenge now is to maintain this good The midterm evaluation was a good experience in several feeling and take advantage of these assessments in respects: it was good to produce the documents for the the further development of the centre. Receiving such evaluation committee, which forced us to self-assess, positive assessments encourages us to keep up the good and the review of the assessment report gave us valuable work. It also encourages the Department of Biology, the input for moving forward. Altogether, CEES received the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences as well as highest possible classification (‘exceptionally good’) in the entire University of Oslo to take advantage of having the overall assessment of quality and will receive funding such a successful research group and ensures that what for an additional five years. The evaluation committee we are now developing within CEES will be of benefit to concluded that “Without doubt the Centre has reached the entire field of evolutionary biology in Norway. its original goals” and that “CEES is developing along a very good trajectory”. The committee was furthermore Scientifically it has certainly been an exciting year at “impressed with the vision to form a synthesis of how CEES. We have published great science in high ranking living organisms respond and adapt to environmental international journals, stimulating seminars (both changes – bridging the areas of ecology and evolution internal and open) and frequent integration among the with an analysis on different organisational levels from CEES members. For what it is worth, it is pleasing to genes to ethology.” They also stated that “The CEES observe that if CEES had been a journal, it would have has been very successful in creating a collaborative an Impact factor of around 3.5, slightly below Evolution, spirit and in making the different researchers interact Ecology and Proceedings of the Royal Society B. I’d like to across sub-specialty borders, and it has provided extra highlight a few of our scientific achievements during funding for transdisciplinary projects.” I believe that this 2011 – more details are provided later in this annual midterm assessment has contributed very positively to report. the further development of the centre: it is always good when someone from the outside corroborates our own experience.

| 6 | The sequencing of the cod genome: We completed the sequencing of the cod genome with a publication in Nature which received strong media attention worldwide. Through this work we revealed that the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has lost the genes that are essential for the function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II pathway. Other genes in the Atlantic cod genome are far more numerous than expected, indicating that the Atlantic cod has to rely on these for its immune response by using unique mechanisms to deal with bacterial infections. This discovery has led us to change our views on the evolution of the immune system in vertebrates, though many questions raised by these results remain to be answered and thus encourage further research.

African wolf discovered: We also discovered, through molecular genetic techniques, a new wolf species in Africa, one closely related to the grey wolf of the Holartic Chair Nils Chr. Stenseth © Robin Cristofari region. This finding, which was published in PLoS ONE, also received much media attention worldwide. This new wolf species was earlier confused with an Egyptian of the world’s most common birds, has interbred with subspecies of the golden jackal. However, it is actually a the Spanish sparrow, forming a third distinct species, newly discovered species within the grey-wolf lineage the Italian sparrow. Only very rarely does a new and that reached Africa about 3 million years ago, presumably distinct third species arise through the crossing of two before it spread throughout the northern hemisphere. extant species. Clearly the Italian sparrow provides We aim to pursue this work in the next few years: we groundbreaking insight into how new species arise. will describe the wolf in a proper taxonomic manner and Again much work remains to be done – and is now being document its geographic distribution. My feeling is that pursued. this is an exceptional discovery and that the new species is more widely distributed in Africa than just in the Horn The achievements of these projects, and many others of Africa region, where our work was carried out. are made possible at CEES due to our success in integrating different disciplines. These interdisciplinary Hybrid speciation in sparrows: We published two papers collaborations are facilitated through multiple fora, such in Molecular Ecology on our work on the Italian sparrow, as the Friday Seminars, Late Lunch Talks and reading reporting that it is at the centre of an extremely rare groups/journal clubs, that have stimulated frequent event in nature, namely hybrid speciation. The studies engagement among CEES-members. demonstrated that the ubiquitous house sparrow, one

| 7 | 1 THE CHAIR’S COMMENTS

Colloquium 2: Bridging the gap between genomics and combined with molecular biology and evolutionary evolutionary biology: Since the kick-off meeting held in thinking, places us in an internationally unique position November 2010 at the Norwegian Academy of Science for conducting very exciting work. and Letters, Colloquium 2 has become an integral part of the ongoing activities. The overall aim is to facilitate new Bridging the gap(s) has become a trademark of ours. We synergies and collaborations within the centre by linking have been largely successful in getting classically-trained, various fields such as ecology, evolution, genomics, whole-organism scientists (ecologists and evolutionary theoretical biology and statistics. The Colloquium has specialists) to work together with genomics-oriented increased the awareness of molecular sciences and scientists. We have during the past year seen evidence of genomics at the centre and new collaborations across our innovative and interdisciplinary collaborative efforts different research groups have been established. leading to new and important insights: the cod genome (and its application), the African wolf, and the work on The Norwegian Sequencing Centre (NSC): The plague are three of these. establishment of the Norwegian High-Throughput Sequencing Centre (NSC) and the sequencing of the Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and cod genome have enabled us to be at the forefront of Resources under Climate Change (NorMER), a Nordic genomics, especially within marine functional genomics. Centre of Excellence administered by CEES, had its Considerable competence has been achieved, and will first full year in 2011. This network centre focuses on now be further exploited and developed through many the biology of cod under climate change, and builds on of the ongoing projects linked to Colloquium 2. This will much of the population biology and genomic expertise enable researchers at CEES to combine state-of-the- developed within CEES. The first cohort of PhD art sequencing technology with classical evolutionary students and postdocs were appointed; we attracted thinking. an exceptionally good group of applicants, suggesting that we are seen as an interesting place to work. In The ecology and evolution of infectious diseases within October we had the official launch of NorMER with the an environmental reservoir: We have started the work Minister of Research and Higher Education and the State to develop Colloquium 3 (starting mid 2012), exploring Secretary of the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs the molecular evolution, persistence, and distribution attending as honorary participants. In November we had of disease pathogens through empirical and theoretical the first annual assessment meeting with the NordForsk work. A kick-off meeting held at the University of Oslo in assessment panel, at which the organisation of NorMER August brought together experts in various fields such as was applauded. molecular biology, pathology, genomics, epidemiology, disease ecology, ecological niche modelling and Training of young researchers is an integral part of CEES. theoretical modelling. Our ecological work on plague, At the annual student conference the young researchers

| 8 | 1 THE CHAIR’S COMMENTS

get experience in presenting their work to a larger – and challenged – a hallmark of CEES. It is a great pleasure to critical – audience. At the annual Young Researchers’ congratulate Richard Dawkins in being made Honorary Day (‘De unges dag’), where no tenured members are Doctor of the University of Oslo; we are extremely present, the young researchers of CEES are able to give pleased and honoured to benefit from his promotion of feedback, and mingle and interact together – thereby rational and evolutionary thinking in society. significantly contributing to the social cohesion of the centre. The young researchers do indeed play a very Katinka Grønli, our Head of Administration, has left us for important role in the centre: both scientifically, by gluing another position at the University. I’d like to thank you together different avenues of science through innovative for having contributed enormously to the development collaborations, and socially through “happy hour” every of CEES. You helped us introduce administrative routines Friday afternoon and the organisation of sports and that we profoundly benefit from today. Thanks, Katinka. recreational activities. Eli K. Rueness left her position as Deputy Chair. I’d like Press coverage continues to be very good. The science to thank you, Eli, for all what you’ve done to establish the conducted at CEES continues to be well covered in both centre; from the development of the original proposal to national and international media (e.g., Aftenposten, the implementation of what we proposed to do. Thanks, Dagens Næringsliv, Scientific American, BBC, Daily Mail, Eli. Guardian and Wired). The reporting of our work on the cod genome, the hybrid sparrow and the African wolf Sissel Jentoft replaces Eli K. Rueness as the new Deputy generated hundreds of news items worldwide, indicating Chair. I’ve enjoyed working together with you during this broad international interest in our work. Interacting first year in your new position. CEES will surely benefit with the media, and also writing opinion pieces and the tremendously from her insight and work. Welcome, like, are important elements in the dissemination of the Sissel. centre’s work and science and something we strongly encourage. Thanks also to all the scientists and technical personal at CEES. You are a fantastic team of people. Thanks for Richard Dawkins was made Honorary Doctor of the your dedicated and hard work for CEES and science. University of Oslo in 2011 – as a result of our nomination. Thanks to the Board and the SAB for sharing their valued Richard Dawkins made several contributions while in expertise and guidance with us. Finally, thanks to the Oslo, both by lecturing on how to communicate science CEES administrative staff, who provide the entire centre to a broad audience and through several interviews with tremendous benefits. in newspapers. An interview in Aftenposten (a major Norwegian newspaper), focused on the importance of universities as places where ideas are continuously being

| 9 | 2 MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

CEES is established as a Centre of Excellence (CoE) by al reporting (RCN, EU and others), media and external The Research Council of Norway (RCN). It is hosted by communication, facilitating a good reception and stay the Department of Biology under the Faculty of Math- for the CEES guest researchers, maintenance of the CEES ematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Oslo website and implementing the different CEES arrange- (UiO). RCN and UiO are the main financial contributors ments like weekly seminars, conferences, workshops and constitute the final reporting entities that define the and public lectures. The administrative team also orga- guidelines under which the centre operates. nise all the CEES meetings; i.e. monthly Core meetings, bi-annual Board meetings and annual SAB meetings, including taking minutes from these. Most of the general correspondence with the University, the Department, Management structure the RCN and the media goes through the CEES administration.

Chair Prof. Nils Chr. Stenseth The CEES Chair has from September 2011, in accordance Deputy Chair Dr. Sissel Jentoft (Senior Adviser) with the Deputy Chair and the administrative staff, cho- Administrative team Dr. Gry Gundersen (Adviser), Kari B. Rygg sen a so-called “flat organisational structure” where (Adviser), Tore Wallem (Adviser), Camilla the responsibilities formerly associated to the Head of Tømta (Higher Executive Officer). A call for CEES Administration are now divided among different a Senior Executive Officer was made at the end of 2011; this person will be employed persons in the administrative team. Human Resources in 2012. are for instance Gry Gundersen’s responsibility, while Lab Board Ass. Prof. Anne Brysting (Leader), Prof. finances and budgeting are Kari B. Rygg’s responsibility. Kjetill S. Jakobsen, Dr. Kathrine Schou, Each member of the administrative team thus has the Nanna Winger Steen and Dr. Ave Tooming- primary responsibility for selected tasks, and all mem- Klunderud. bers of the administration team are contributing with Administrative Prof. Atle Mysterud tasks associated with the daily running of the centre. Leader of Fieldwork This organisational model seems to be very well func- Resources tioning due to the high level of competence among the administrative staff and their frequent interaction with The centre is run on a daily basis by the Chair, the Dep- the Chair and Deputy Chair at CEES. uty Chair and the CEES administrative team. At weekly meetings logistical and strategic issues are dealt with. The formal administrative support required for the stu- The Chair and Deputy Chair communicate on a daily dents (from Bachelor to PhD level) is provided by the basis regarding scientific progress within the centre. In Department at which the students are enrolled, which order to facilitate the running of CEES, and to provide a is the Department of Biology for most. The general IT good cooperative relationship with its host, the Depart- support is provided by the Department of Molecular Bio- ment of Biology, weekly meetings are conducted where sciences. the Head of Department, the Head of administration at the Department, the CEES Chair and a representative The CEES Core consists of the faculty members that have from the CEES administration are all present. In addition committed to allocating their research time to the cen- to these weekly meetings, the administration at CEES tre. The Core serves as an advisory group for the Chair. meets with the administration at the Department twice Several Core members are Theme and Colloquia leaders a month. These meetings are led by the Head of adminis- and responsible for the scientific progress within their tration at the Department. respective Themes/Colloquia.

The CEES administrative team is responsible for the dai- Professor Atle Mysterud has been appointed to be in ly running of the centre which includes; employments, charge of running administration of fieldwork related the CEES budget and accounting, budgeting and coordi- resources, while a CEES Lab Board has been appointed nating funding proposals (RCN, EU and others), annu- to administrate the running of the CEES laboratories.

| 10 | Midterm evaluation

CEES, along with the other seven national CoEs belonging is well functioning. The Chair’s vision of the scientific to the SFF-II group, was in 2011 evaluated as for the directions of the centre has been central for the Research Council of Norway (RCN) to decide whether the development of CEES. The question was raised as funding and status as a CoE should be continued for the to what a degree the Chair should provide advice to entire 10 year period, or be ended after 5 years. All eight different projects rather than actually being a co-author CoEs were successful in this evaluation, and maintained on publications. For younger researchers it is often their funding and status. important to demonstrate independence, for instance when applying for grants or positions. In the long- The CEES midterm evaluation involved the preparation term perspective, it is important to foster new scientific of extensive background material, including a self- leaders to further develop the central visions of CEES, evaluation, an assessment of the centre by international beyond the duration of the CoE. experts from related scientific fields, and an overall evaluation made by an interdisciplinary, international CEES is developing along a very good trajectory, and evaluation committee set up by the RCN. The evaluation appears to be in a very dynamic and positive phase of committee based its judgments on the written its development. That the centre has acquired new background material, the experts’ assessments and a important technologies during its first years, should hearing with the centre and the host institution. have a very positive effect on the next five year period. All in all: The future research plans for the CEES appear very promising. Summary of the conclusions of the international evaluation committee Overall assessment: Exceptionally good

The evaluation committee was impressed with the vision The full report from the evaluation committee can be to form a synthesis of how living organisms respond and found at the CEES website. adapt to environmental changes – bridging the areas of ecology and evolution with an analysis on different organisational levels from genes to ethology. The CEES has been very successful in creating a collaborative spirit Strengths pointed out by the Expert panel and in making the different researchers interact across sub-speciality borders, and it has provided extra funding • Overall, the achievements and future aims for transdisciplinary projects. –Without doubt the centre of the centre are excellent. In particular has reached its original goals. there is a clear focus on engineering an interdisciplinary environment that tackles CEES publishes not only many articles, but also in the large conceptual issues. very best journals. The PhD training is of high quality, the premises appear to be excellent and the infrastructure is • The centre has an excellent international cutting edge. The socio-scientific atmosphere appears to reputation, with the director being an be very positive and the scientific environment is very internationally renowned scientist at the international. The economy of the CEES is also very forefront of his field. impressive: That the CoE contribution from the RCN represents only around 10 percent of the total budget • The centre’s future research plans are implies that the main scientific activities of the centre exciting and innovative, and the long-term will be able to continue even after the CoE grant has potential of the centre is very good. finished. • The centre provides an excellent and dynamic The organisation of CEES appears to operate in a working environment for young PhD students satisfactory manner. The Chair, Stenseth, is a very and postdocs. dynamic scientific leader of CEES and the administration

| 11 | 2 MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

The Board and the Scientific Advisory Board

The CEES Board is an administrative body that meets approximately twice a year to focus on strategic and control functions as well as approving budgets, accounts and annual reports.

The CEES Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) has been appointed by the CEES Board. The SAB had its annual meeting on 29–30 August 2011, and the advice from the SAB was, as usual, honest, critical and highly constructive.

For more details, including the boards mandates, see the CEES website.

Comments by the Board Chair: Reidun Sirevåg

As in the previous years the The “Young Researchers’ Day” which was arranged last CEES board has had two year for the second time, is a scientific arrangement sole- meetings in 2011; the first on ly for the PhD students and the younger scientists con- March 10th and the second on nected to CEES. The report to the Board from this second October 20th. At these meet- time arrangement suggests strongly that this should be ings, the organisation of the continued. administration as well as the organisation of the scientific collaboration and team The year of 2011 was a good and rewarding year for CEES work have been important issues to discuss. in several ways. The scientific production has been high and of very good quality with perhaps the publication of The CEES is a large centre employing and responsible for sequence of the cod genome in Nature as the peak. The a variety of people on all levels and from several fields findings from the analysis of these data have received within biology. The administration of all this is far from much attention and raised many new, important ques- trivial and routine and is therefore a great challenge to tions which definitely will stimulate further interesting the administrative staff, the Chair, Deputy Chair and the scientific work at CEES. senior scientists. The administration has had some turnover of employees, but this has worked out well. Consid- At the end of the year it was revealed that the Research ering the complexity and variety of sources of income Council of Norway had decided to continue the support etc., the budget and expenditures are handled and pre- of CEES for a new period. Their decision was based on sented in a clear and professional way, which is easy for the report from an evaluation panel which found the sci- the Board to follow. The work by the administrative staff entific quality of CEES “Exceptionally good”. is highly praised by the Board. The Board has been informed and updated regarding In 2011 Eli Rueness resigned as deputy chair, and the proposals for new projects sent to the Research Coun- Board expressed its gratitude for her engagement and cil of Norway and other sources of funding. In addition, responsibility with regard to the CEES identity and thoughts and ideas regarding future plans have been structure. She was replaced by Sissel Jentoft and the communicated by the Chair to the Board. transition went smoothly. To increase the responsibility and participation of the senior scientists of CEES (the In summary it can be claimed that CEES has reached ma- core), their meetings have been revitalised with the goal turity, it is as productive as ever and lives in a peaceful of more frequent communication. The CEES core has ex- coexistence with its surroundings. pressed satisfaction with this arrangement.

| 12 | The Board Specialisation and home institution The Scientific Specialisation and home institution Advisory Board Reidun Sirevåg Microbiologist, University of Oslo (Chair) Rita R. Colwell Microbiologist, University of Maryland, US (Chair) Sven-Axel Ecologist, Lund University, Sweden Bengtson Tim Coulson Population biologist, Imperial College, London, UK Tyge Greibrokk Professor at the Department of Chemistry and member of the Board of the Faculty David R. Brillinger Statistician, University of California, Berkeley, US of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo Edward J. Feil Microbiologist, University of Bath, UK

Rolf A. Ims Ecologist, University of Tromsø, Norway Barbara Mable Evolutionary Biologist, University of Glasgow, UK

Trond Schumacher Chair of the Department of Biology, Anne Magurran Behavioural Ecologist, University of St. Andrews, University of Oslo UK

Bernt Øksendal Mathematician, CoE Centre of Mathematics Gordon H. Orians (Corresponding member) Evolutionary Biologist, for Applications, University of Oslo University of Washington, Seattle, US

Comments by the Scientific Advisory Board Chair: Rita R. Colwell

The CEES team continues to Studies of the cod genome and the biology and ecology produce significant findings of Yersinia pestis, as recommended by the SAB, have re- from the research efforts ceived greater attention which is reflected in the high underway and publications quality of journal publications derived from this work. are appearing in top ranked journals. The Scientific Ad- The SAB concluded that the most recent meeting visory Board (SAB) compli- was the best to date, with truly significant progress ments the Chair, Staff, and Scientists of the Centre for achieved. CEES members gave presentations that were the quality of the research and their focus on appro- inspiring and the eagerness of the team to work inter- priate themes, including genomics. Genomics was rec- disciplinarily was favorably noted by the SAB members. ommended by the SAB as a powerful tool in studies of Good work is being conducted in the Red Queen project, evolution and ecology and the application by the CEES the cod genome project, and Colloquium 3; which shows team has been effective, with excellent results. The in- great promise. The young scientists are active and en- tegration of ecology and evolution is a defining objec- thusiastic. Clearly, CEES is building a legacy in many dif- tive of CEES and a key component of its strategic plan, ferent aspects of science for Norway. Especially reward- as well as a part of what makes the centre unique. ing is the inclusion of many very talented and intelligent young female scientists. Overall, CEES is moving forward exceedingly well, from the perspective of the SAB.

Northern Fulmar © Ruben A. Pettersen

| 13 | 3 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

Organisation of the research Scientific highlights in 2011

CEES takes on numerous research objectives with an Colloquium 2: Bridging the gap between ecological and evolutionary synthesis using old and genomics and evolutionary biology new data from the field and the lab. The research is or- Colloquium 2 has been operative since August 2010, and ganised around three intertwined Themes. Theme 1: The the goal is to facilitate interactions between the knowl- role of population structuring in adaptive evolution. In 2011 edge-base of molecular sciences, particularly genom- CEES focused on the effects of habitat fragmentation ics-related research, and classical evolutionary theory. on early stages of genetic diversification and the ecol- The focus on genomics was a natural choice due to the ogy of microbial communities. Theme 2: The potential for progress in high-throughput sequencing technologies adaptation. Research in 2011 dealt with human induced over the past 4–5 years, and the establishment of the evolution, e.g. effects of size-selective hunting and fish- Norwegian Sequencing Centre (NCS; sequencing.uio.no). ing. Theme 3: The evolution of reproductive isolation. CEES’ The genomics research is in itself a bridging activity by efforts addressed genetic aspects of reproductive isola- bringing many of the researchers at CEES together – in tion. Within each research Theme, there is integration particular the young investigators. A separate goal is of ecological and evolutionary thinking. In order to avoid therefore to catalyse the use of genomic approaches to of the pitfalls associated with integrative work, such address ecological and evolutionary questions. as conceptual and semantic confusion, and to promote communication across the various research fields (that The Colloquium 2 activities are organised through multi- each have their own limiting assumptions), the Themes ple fora, such as seminars, reading groups/journal clubs, are addressed through four multidisciplinary Colloquia, and informal activities, in addition to ongoing research each of three-year duration. Each Colloquium constitutes projects. In 2011 we arranged a number of “Late Lunch an excellent setting for highly qualified staff and visit- Talks” focused on genomics where scientists (often ing scientists, with experience from a wide range of bio- younger researchers) presented their work or specific logical and methodological systems, to collaborate and issues of interest. A particular theme was bioinformat- thus contribute to the overall objectives of the centre. ics; how are we going to meet the strong needs here at The topics of the Colloquia are as follows: Colloquium 1: CEES in the future? For the CEES Friday seminars there Selection and evolvability: Concepts, measurements and sta- were a number of Colloquium 2 talks by leading scien- tistics. Colloquium 2: Bridging the gap between genomics and tists covering a broad range of topics aimed at bridging evolutionary biology. Colloquium 3: The ecology and evolution the gap between genomics and evolutionary biology. of infectious diseases with an environmental reservoir (refo- The speakers include Jeff Hutchings (Dalhousie Univ., cused relative to the original proposal to create a greater Canada), Yves van de Peer (Univ. of Liege, Belgium), scientific impact using the expertise at CEES).Colloquium Daniel Ruzzante (Dalhousie Univ., Canada), Frank Jo- 4: Integration of ecology and evolution: A synthesis. hannes (Univ. of Groningen, Netherlands), Massimo Pig- liucci (New York Univ., USA), Michael Purugganan (New York Univ., USA), Kim Sneppen (Univ. of Copenhagen, Theme 1: Danmark), Bas Koojiman (Vrije Univ., Netherlands) and The role of population structuring Jon Slate (Univ. of Sheffield, UK). Two different reading in adaptive evolution groups/journal clubs; “The Philosophy of Science” and “Epigenetics and transgenerational inheritance” were also arranged. Coll. 1: Selection and evolvability: concepts, measurements and statistics The informal activities have included “Concept Hat” and a one-day discussion around Colloquium 2 themes at Coll. 2: Bridging the gap between genomics and evolutionary biology the “Young Researchers’ Day” (“De unges dag” in Nor- wegian). The idea behind Concept Hat is to expose the Coll. 3: The ecology and evolution of infectious diseases within an environmental reservoir knowledge of CEES senior scientists to Colloquium 2 relat-

Theme 3: ed terms and concepts at an open forum for all scientists Theme 2: Coll. 4: Integration of ecology and The evolution of The potential for evolution: a synthesis reproductive adaptation isolation

| 14 | at CEES. It is organised as a panel of CEES core mem- A new project within the Colloquium 2 framework, “The bers drawing “unknown” terms literally from a hat, and genetics of epigenetics” has been initiated in 2011. In this without any preparation they must provide a conceptual project the evolutionary impact of epigenetic inheritance understanding of the term to the audience. These events by modeling the effects of epigenetic traits in a transgen- have been a success. We have also performed a survey erational setting is addressed. Postdoc Thomas Owens among the young scientists about their interest for us- Svennungsen is employed on this project. ing genomics in their future research. The survey clearly showed a large interest. The expected outcome of Colloquium 2 is an increase of internal collaborations within CEES and an enhanced There are several ongoing projects within the Colloquium awareness and use of genomics for addressing ecologi- 2 framework associated with activities related to the cal and evolutionary questions. This should contribute continuation of the Atlantic cod genome project. Cur- to the transformation of the discipline-oriented tradition rently, a new version of the cod genome is being pro- into more dynamic and cross-disciplinary research, and duced which will enable more detailed and complete facilitate the philosophy of CEES in merging ecological analyses of the evolutionary effects on genes associated and evolutionary thinking. with local adaptation, fishery pressure and aquaculture- related traits. Another fish-related project is “Tracking signatures of adaptive diversification during postglacial colonisation: the build-up of genomic isolation in threes- pine stickleback”. Here freshwater, brackish and marine populations of stickleback are studied with respect to the adaptive differences in the genomes of these populations. Other Colloquium 2 projects include “Evolutionary comparative genomics and homoploid hybrid speciation in Passer sparrows”, “Evolutionary response of two Af- rican Rodent species (Hystrix sp.) to climate changes”, “Experimental evolution in yeast” and “Genotype-phenotype modeling – a systems biology approach”, “Micro- Summarised by Kjetill S. Jakobsen and Sissel Jentoft. bial communities and ecology” and “Population genomics of sympatric cyanobacteria”. Further reading:

Star, B., Nederbragt, A. J., Jentoft, S., et al. (2011) The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system. Nature, 477, 207–210.

Gjuvsland, A. B., Vik, J. O., Woolliams, J. A., Omholt, S. W. (2011) Order-preserving principles underlying genotype–phenotype maps ensure high additive proportions of genetic variance. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 24, 2269–2279.

Paul R. Berg, Lofoten © Tore O. Elgvin

Red deer © Erling Meisingset | 15 | 3 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

The Sequencing of the Cod Genome: a unique Knowledge of such alternative mechanisms will greatly resource for merging genomics and life help us understand the evolution of immune function in history biology: vertebrates and even humans, and will allow for more In the 2009 CEES annual report we announced that the targeted vaccine development – aiding disease manage- Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) genome was completely se- ment and the process of domestication of Atlantic cod. quenced using a pure high throughput sequencing approach. In 2011 the complete assembled and annotated Through the cod genome project considerable compe- genome was published in the September 8, 2011 issue tence in genomics has been built up at the centre. The of Nature (Star et al. Nature 2011), coinciding with the ability to perform large-scale re-sequencing at low costs, release of the genome via codgenome.no and Ensembl in combination with profound ecological knowledge, (pre.ensembl.org). robust statistical genetics and bioinformatics tools will give us unique opportunities to further study essential The sequencing of the cod genome revealed a striking biological/ecological questions related to Atlantic cod – discovery that fundamentally changed our understand- activities that will be tightly linked to the ongoing Col- ing of the evolution of the immune system in verte- loquium 2. brates. Atlantic cod has lost the genes essential for the function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Summarised by Kjetill S. Jakobsen and Sissel Jentoft. II pathway – a crucial component fighting bacterial and parasitic infections. In humans, malfunction of this pathway leads to severe disease or even death. Atlantic Further reading: cod, however, is not exceptionally susceptible to disease under natural conditions. Other immune genes in the At- Star, B., Nederbragt, A. J., Jentoft, S., et al. (2011) The ge- lantic cod genome are far more numerous than expect- nome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune ed, indicating that Atlantic cod relies relatively more on system. Nature, 477, 207–210. these genes for its immune response and has developed unique mechanisms to deal with bacterial infections. For example, a highly expanded number of MHC I genes and Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes were found.

Cod © Ruben A. Pettersen

| 16 | Colloquium 3: The ecology and evolution of MHC and immunity infectious diseases with an environmental reservoir The major histo-compatibility complex (MHC) con- Due to their short generation time, bacterial pathogens sists of two groups of protein complexes; MHCI such as Y. pestis (bubonic plague) and B. anthracis (an- and II. These molecules are key components in anthrax) are excellent model organisms to study the effects tigen presentation – a process leading to activation of ecology on genetic evolution. Because both pathogens of immunological and subsequent killing of the can cause large-scale lethal epidemics in their wildlife pathogens. Whereas MHCI is involved in defence host populations and can persist within an area for long against viral pathogens, MHCII acts against exter- periods of time (either in the soil or in vector species), nal infections such as bacteria and parasites. MH- they exert a strong selection pressure on host population CII is essential for immune memory and regulation dynamics, host innate resistance, and/or their own viru- of immune response. lence. In addition, anthropogenic factors such as changes to land use and trade routes have affected the global distribution and genetic variation of these pathogens. Sequencing technology Finding out exactly how the factors mentioned above The high throughput sequencing technology de- have influenced the evolution of plague and anthrax will veloped by 454 Life Sciences/Roche, was used for be a major challenge; the phylogeny of Y. pestis has led this project. The cod genome was sequenced to to much speculation on the disease’s origin and the role around 32x coverage employing a combination of of ecosystem dynamics in its global persistence. Fur- shotgun and paired end approach. The cod genome thermore, the co-evolution between plague and wildlife was annotated automatically by ensembl. rodents has resulted in a huge variation in host suscep- tibility and plague virulence levels (up to a 1010-fold difference in lethal dose), even within the same host rodent The research team species. For B. anthracis, we have a good grasp of its ecology, but there are still many open questions regarding The project is led by Kjetill S. Jakobsen, and the fol- this species; for example, the origin of the plasmids that lowing researchers at CEES participated: Bastiaan allow it its unique mode of existence. Projects in Etosha Star, Lex Nederbragt, Sissel Jentoft, Unni Grim- National Park in Namibia are focused on elucidating key holt, Martin Malmstrøm, Trine B. Rounge, Jonas question of the pathogen’s eco-epidemiological cycle. Paulsen, Monica H. Solbakken, Karin Lagesen, Ave Tooming-Klunderud, Tina G. Kirubakaran, Mari Espelund, Morten Skage, Paul R. Berg, Stig W. Om- holt and Nils Chr. Stenseth.

The project has an extensive national and international component from a number of research groups:

Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, Univ. of Oslo, Cen- tre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Univ. of Life Sciences; Computational Biology Unit (CBU), Univ. of Bergen; Dep. of Biology, Univ. of Bergen; Inst. For Marine Research (IMR); Nofima Marin; Univ. of Nordland; Dep. for Molecular Biotechnology, Univ. of Tromsø; 454/ Roche (USA); Max Planck Institute (Germany); The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute – Ensembl (UK).

W. Ryan Easterday in Kazakhstan © Kyrre Kausrud

| 17 | 3 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

We will tackle many of the challenges related to plague The paths of paleontologists with access to the fossil re- and anthrax by combining ecological niche modelling tools cord, experimentalists who can manipulate organisms with historical epidemiological outbreak records, and mod- with very short generation times, and theoretical biolo- ern sequencing techniques such as ancient DNA sequenc- gists with mathematical expertise seldom converge. But ing, and whole-genome sequencing. Together, these sourc- their confluence is exactly what we need for a deeper es of information provide a unique view on the evolution understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of long- of these two highly pathogenic bacteria in the context of term multi-species communities. As part of Collloqium their ecology. 4, we have assembled an unusual team consisting of a theoretical biologist (B. Fischer), a paleobiologist (L. H. Liow), a microbial experimentalist (P. Trosvik), and an evolutionary biologist (N. Chr. Stenseth) who leads the project.

Our team will use the Red Queen framework as a means to integrate ecology and evolution. Employing a multi- pronged approach, we will use empirical patterns from the fossil record to guide realistic model construction while incorporating the volatile environmental background that has persisted throughout Earth’s history. We will not only take on the challenge of measuring Summarised by Boris Schmid and W. Ryan Easterday. proxies of long-term biotic interactions, (e.g., inferring spatial competition from the fos- silised remains of encrusting Further reading: bryozoa) but also translate such interactions into variables we can Samia, N.I., Kausrud, K. L., Heesterbeek, H., Ageyev, V., experiment with in the laborato- Begon, M., Chan, K. S., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Dynamics ry. Insights from both natural and of the plague-wildlife-human system in Central Asia are artificial experiments will enter controlled by two epidemiological thresholds. Proceed- our equations, allowing us to gain ings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (35), 14527– understanding of the individual 14532. and combined contributions of abiotic and biotic factors to long- Xu, L., Liu, Q., Stige, L. C., Ben Ari, T., Fang, X., Chan, K. term evolutionary dynamics. S., Wang, S., Stenseth, N. C., Zhang, Z. (2011) Nonlinear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic in Summarised by Lee Hsiang Liow. China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (25), 10214–10219. Further reading: Easterday, W. R., Kausrud, K. L., Star, B., Heier, L., B. J. Haley, B. J., Ageyev, V., Colwell, R. R., Stenseth, N. C. Fischer, B., Liow, L. H., Stenseth, N. C. (In prep.) Asym- (2012) An additional step in the transmission of Yersinia metric ecological interactions and Van Valen’s Red pestis? The ISME Journal, 6 (2), 231–236. Queen.

Liow, L. H., Van Valen, L., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Red The Red Queen Continues to Run Queen: from populations to taxa and communities. “It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26, 349–358. place”, said the Red Queen. In a nutshell, the Red Queen Hypothesis states that biotic interactions suffice to drive Trosvik, P., Rudi, K., Straetkvern, K. O., Jakobsen, K. S., evolution in the absence of environmental perturbation. Al- Naes, T., Stenseth, N. C. (2010) Web of ecological interac- though the Red Queen Hypothesis is in line with Darwin’s tions in an experimental gut microbiota. Environmental writings, it has generated a lot of controversy among pa- Microbiology, 12, 2677–2687. leontologists and biologists. The Red Queen hypothesis has been notoriously difficult to test and remains interesting despite decades of debate and research.

| 18 | African wolf, Ethiopia © Jean-Marc Lernould

The first true wolf species on the African ern hemisphere more than two million years ago. Our continent findings were published in PLoS One in 2011 and became The taxonomic status of the enigmatic animal called the the focus of massive public and academic interest. It Egyptian jackal has been long debated. While Aristotle was highlighted in thousands of newspapers and blogs and Thomas Huxley both noted its wolf-like appearance, worldwide, and as a result people sent us photographs the official classification has been as a subspecies of the of canids from various locations. It turned out that wolf- golden jackal, Canis aureus. In 2006, former CEES M.Sc. like animals have been observed student Maria Asmyhr was in Ethiopia collecting fecal in a wide range of African coun- samples from the rare Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis (not tries for decades. Their identity a member of the gray-wolf species complex). While an- as African wolfs can, however, alysing these samples we were surprised to learn that only be confirmed by genetic some of them contained canid DNA not resembling any- analysis. As the golden jackal is thing previously reported. We conducted a new expedi- considered a species of least con- tion and succeeded in identifying the animal from which cern by IUCN and is commonly the strange DNA had originated. It is known as the com- killed by humans, the distribu- mon jackal and based on its morphology it has been clas- tion and conservation status of sified with the golden jackals, a species widely distrib- the African wolf requires urgent uted both in Africa and Eurasia. Some scientific detective assessment. work eventually led us to a few short DNA sequences from Egyptian jackals. The Egyptian and Ethiopian ani- Summarised by Eli K. Rueness. mals, separated by 2,500 km, were unquestionably the same species. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis placed them firmly within the grey wolf species complex, rep- Further reading: resentatives of which have never been thought to exist on the African continent. Our results also revealed that Rueness, E. K., Asmyhr, M. G., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Macdon- the newly discovered African wolf most likely originated ald, D. W., Bekele, A., Atickem, A., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) before the Holarctic wolf spread throughout the north- The cryptic African wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is not a golden jackal and is not endemic to Egypt. PLoS ONE, 6 (1).

| 19 | 3 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

Hybrid speciation in sparrows ductive barriers against its parental species, a process Speciation is usually thought of as the process where that is generally thought to be slow and to require geo- one species diverges into two because the ancestral graphic isolation. Regardless, two sparrow species have population becomes split geographically, allowing the apparently given rise to a new hybrid species in Italy. populations to diverge over time into reproductively isolated species. However, species may arise in different In two papers, published in Molecular Ecology, Professor ways. Indeed, researchers at CEES have found evidence Glenn-Peter Sætre and his research group present com- for a mode of speciation that is thought to be extreme- pelling evidence for hybrid speciation in these birds. The ly rare in nature, and particularly so among animals, Italian sparrow is phenotypically intermediate between namely “homoploid hybrid speciation”. This is the pro- the house sparrow and the Spanish sparrow. Hence, the cess where two species hybridise and the resulting hy- researchers considered it possible that the Italian spar- brid lineage becomes reproductively isolated from both row really is a hybrid between the other two. However, parental species. The reason this process is thought to an intermediate appearance is not necessarily caused be rare in nature is not only because it has rarely been by hybridisation. Therefore the researchers used genet- found, but also because it is difficult to understand the- ic markers to investigate the relationship between the oretically how it could occur. Hybrids often have low three sparrow types. The genetic results revealed that survival and/or fertility. Hence, “lucky” combinations the Italian sparrow indeed possesses a complex mixture of parental alleles would need to become established of genes from the other two species. At one gene the Ital- in the hybrid lineage if the population is to be sustain- ian sparrows may only possess the house sparrow vari- able. Further, this hybrid would need to evolve repro- ant, at a different gene only the Spanish sparrow variant, and at other genes they may carry variants from both parental species. Hence, the “genetic uniquness” of the Italian sparrow lies in how the parental variant has been combined - the Italian sparrow does not possess gene variants that are not found in either or both of the parental species. This can only be explained by it being of hybrid origin.

The researchers show that the Italian sparrow has developed reproductive barriers against its parental species. In south east Italy, in the Gargano peninsula the Italian sparrow lives together with the Spanish sparrow. Yet the genetic data showed that there was not any hybridisation between these two species. In the Alps the Italian sparrow’s range overlaps with that of the house sparrow. Here some hybridisation actually occurs, but hybridisation is restricted to a very narrow zone suggesting that reproductive barriers have developed also between the hybrid lineage and the other parental species. The nature of these reproductive barriers is under current investigation by the group.

The speciation event in Italy is evidently of relatively recent origin. If we go back in time, say 10,000 years before present, the only European sparrow present would have been the Spanish sparrow; confined to the Medi- terranean region. In the Fertile Crescent, developing agricultural societies opened a new niche for ancestral house sparrows by altering the landscape. As agricul-

Glenn-Peter Sætre and Fredrik Haas © My Hanh Tu

| 20 | ture spread from the Middle East, human-adapted house of young cod along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. The sparrow followed, and eventually they came into contact survey, still carried out each year by the Institute of Ma- with local Spanish sparrows in Italy. Normally, house rine Research, captures juvenile cod in nearshore habi- sparrows and Spanish sparrows do not hybridise, but tats just after their first summer when they are only half if one or both of the species are rare they might do so a year old. Using statistical models, we found a strong due to the shortage of conspecifics. Hence, shortage of relationship between the size of cod in autumn and the mating opportunities may have set the stage for hybridi- temperatures experienced the preceding spring and sation when the two parental species met some thou- summer. Warmer springs resulted in larger cod, where- sands of years ago. The hybrid lineage eventually stabi- as warmer summers had the opposite effect. Nearshore lised and by now it has developed reproductive barriers waters were often too warm in summer, well above the against both its parental species – it has developed into a optimum temperature for the growth of young cod, and new species in a most peculiar way. resulted in smaller body sizes. Furthermore, the effects were nonlinear, so that as temperature increased, the negative effect of warmer summers began to outweigh the positive effect of warmer springs. The contradictory effects of spring and summer temperature on growth is an example of the complexity we face when trying to predict biological and ecological responses to climate change. Based on climate models, water temperature along the Skagerrak coast is predicted to warm by 2–3 °C by the end of the century. This makes it likely that the frequency of “too-warm” summers will increase, boding ill for Skagerrak coastal cod. Body size and growth are important traits that affect survival, maturation, and fe- Summarised by Glenn-Peter Sætre. cundity. In ongoing research, we are therefore studying whether changes in climate are also affecting the population dynamics of cod along the Skagerrak coast. Further reading:

Hermansen, J. S., Sæther, S. A., Elgvin, T. O., Borge, T., Hjelle, E., Sætre, G.-P. (2011) Hybrid speciation in sparrows I: phenotypic intermediacy, genetic admixture and barriers to gene flow. Molecular Ecology, 20 (18), 3812– 3822.

Elgvin, T. O., Hermansen, J. S., Fijarczyk, A., Bonnet, T., Borge, T., Sæther, S. A., Voje, K. L., Sætre, G.-P. (2011) Hybrid speciation in sparrows II: a role for sex chromosomes? Molecular Ecology, 20 (18), 3823–3837. Summarised by Lauren Rogers.

Climate change and the ecology of coastal cod Further reading: Marine fish populations are vital for the economy and ecology of coastal regions, but what does climate change Rogers, L. A., Stige, L. C., Olsen, E. M., Knutsen, H., Chan, have in store for these populations? By studying how K.-S., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Climate and population den- fish have responded to past climate variability we can sity drive changes in cod body size throughout a cen- begin to answer this question. We used data from a re- tury on the Norwegian coast. Proceedings of the National markable 91-year survey of Atlantic cod to determine Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108 (5), how changes in temperature have affected the growth 1961–1966.

| 21 | Penguins as sentinels of climate change: are banding appears to have serious deleterious impacts on banding data reliable? the major demographic parameters of penguins. This The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC - finding was highlighted by our January 2011 publication 2007) has highlighted an urgent need to assess how main Nature, which resulted from collaborative work with rine ecosystems respond to climate change. Some of the a French team from the Centre national de la recherche strongest signs of global change come from the Southern scientifique in Strasbourg. Ocean ecosystems, identifying them as potentially valuable sentinels of the health of our planet. In this context, Our study used automatic identification system tracking there has been a growing interest in using top predators of 100 microtagged free-ranging king penguins Apteno- in these systems, such as penguins, as sensitive indica- dytes patagonicus, of which 50 were also flipper-banded, tors of ecosystem health. Since they are high on the lo- over ten years in their natural environment within the cal trophic chain, any changes in their life-history traits Crozet Archipelago. The results were striking: over the are thus likely to reflect the impact of climate on lower study decade, banded birds produced 41 % fewer chicks trophic levels. and their survival was 44 % lower than for non-banded birds. In addition, banded penguins had longer forag- Most present knowledge of population dynamics of ing trips even after 10 years, and they arrived later in penguins has been based on data collected from flipper- the season to breed, with a stronger effect in years of banded populations. However, penguins rely on their warmer phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation. A few flippers to power their swimming, and the consequenc- years ago, we showed that ocean warming negatively af- es of the hydrodynamic drag effect induced by flipper- fected penguin fitness. Now, we have demonstrated that 469, 172X 13 JANUARY 2011 1272XX

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NATURE.COM/NATURE NO. 7329 MARKED FOR LIFE Flipper-banding reduces penguins’ fitness and skews climate data PAGES XXX & XXX

COSMOLOGY NATIONAL PARKS HAITI EARTHQUAKE NATURE.COM/NATURE 13 January 2011 £10 THROUGH A CRUNCH TIME AT BUILDING FOR Vol. 469, No. 7329 LENS DARKLY YELLOWSTONE FAILURE Gravitational magnification Overcrowding and cash Construction industry distorts the early Universe shortage put heritage at risk corruption raises death toll PAGE XXX PAGE 150 PAGE 153

Penguin with flipper-band © Céline Le Bohec SarauxCover 13 Jan.indd 1 et al. was featured on the front cover of Nature.21/12/10 15:52:15

| 22 | the population growth rates of banded and non-band- Genome duplication and hybridisation in plant ed birds respond differently to climate. Thus, data-sets speciation based on banded penguins cannot be relied upon to pre- Whole genome duplication, known as polyploidy, has dict the impact of future global changes on polar eco- long been recognised as a major force in plant evolution. systems without first correcting for the effect of flipper When genome duplication is coupled with hybridisation bands. between two species (so-called allopolyploidisation), a new species may arise within a single or few genera- tions. Common Hemp-nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit) is the classic example of a plant species that originated as a result of hybridisation and polyploidisation, and also the first natural allopolyploid to be synthesised in a greenhouse experiment during the 1930s by Prof. Arne Müntzing at Lund University. Using molecular data and phylogenetic analyses, researchers at CEES have revisited Müntzing’s hypotheses and partly confirmed/partly changed the story about the origin of Common Hemp- nettle and its relatives.

Summarised by Céline Le Bohec and Joël M. Durant. The Violets compose a large genus (Viola) with 500–600 species distributed all over the world. They represent a highly complex example of so-called reticulate evolu- Further reading: tion resulting from several independent and succeeding events of hybridisation and polyploidisation during the Saraux, C., Le Bohec, C., Durant, J. M., Viblanc, V. A., last 24 million years. We have used DNA sequence data Gauthier-Clerc, M., Beaune, D., Park, Y.-H., Yoccoz, N. G., to reconstruct the most likely network representing the Stenseth, N. C., Le Maho, Y. (2011) Reliability of flipper- complex evolutionary history and relationships of the banded penguins as indicators of climate change. Nature, Viola genus. We focused particularly on a group of very 469, 203−206. high-polyploid species, some of which are 18-ploid (i.e. they have as much as 18 sets of chromosomes). Le Bohec, C., Durant J. M., Gauthier-Clerc, M., Stenseth, N. C, Park, Y.-H., Pradel, R., Grémillet, D., Gendner, J.-P., Le Maho, Y. (2008) King Penguin population threatened by the Southern Ocean Warming. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 105, 2493−2497.

Le Maho, Y., Saraux, C., Durant, J. M., Viblanc, V. A., Gauthier-Clerc, M., Yoccoz, N., Stenseth, N. C., Le Bohec, C. (2011) An ethical issue in biodiversity science: The monitoring of penguins with flipper bands. Comptes ren- dus Biologies, 334, 378−384.

Galeopsis tetrahit © Anne K. Brysting

| 23 | Within the genus Arabidopsis, the two species A. arenosa Ecological and evolutionary responses to a (Sand Rock-cress) and A. lyrata (Northern Rock-cress) pathogen outbreak in Windermere perch include plants with two chromosome sets (diploids) and Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic parasites can plants with four chromosome sets (tetraploids). Analy- have severe impacts on fish populations. Reduced sur- ses based on molecular data show that the two species vival of specific age-classes due to a disease outbreak are genetically isolated at the diploid level, whereas ex- may cause ecological responses in the dynamics of the change of genes (via sexual reproduction) takes place population as well as evolutionary responses in life- between tetraploid plants of the two species. This sug- history traits. Windermere, a glacial valley lake in the gests that polyploids (because of their extra gene copies) English Lake District, is a unique and ideal ecosystem may overcome the shock of absorbing foreign genomes for studying the impacts of high size-specific mortality. that typically restricts hybridisation between species. Perch (Perca fluviatilis) is the most abundant fish species These findings further stress the evolutionary potential in Windermere and has been monitored by a scientific and flexibility of polyploid genomes, which have con- survey for more than 60 years. In 1976, this popula- tributed considerably to the evolution and diversity of tion experienced a major outbreak of a perch-specific all living seed plants. pathogen, which induced a massive mortality (up to 98 %), mostly among large and mature fish. Nevertheless, the population did not collapse after the outbreak of the pathogen, but became dominated by younger and smaller fish. While adult perch experienced less competition after the outbreak and increased their reproductive output, juvenile perch experienced less cannibalism by adults and thus survived in higher numbers. Due to the resulting increase in juvenile biomass that com- pensated for the loss of adults from the population, total biomass remained nearly unchanged. The pathogen outbreak also induced changes in the life-history traits of the perch. In response to the high mortality, the fish Summarised by Anne K. Brysting. matured earlier and at smaller sizes. Within less than 20 years after the outbreak, the length at which half of the male perch reached maturity decreased by about 40 %. Further reading: This indicates that the pathogen induced an evolutionary response in the maturation schedule of the fish. Tak- Bendiksby, M., Tribsch, A., Borgen, L., Trávníček, P., en together, these findings demonstrate that increased Brysting, A. K. (2011) Allopolyploid origins of the Gale- mortality rates may cause shifts in the age composition opsis tetraploids ─ revisiting Müntzing’s classical text- of natural populations as well as adaptive phenotypic book example using molecular tools. New Phytologist, 191, changes that need to be taken into account when pre- 1150–1167. dicting population-level consequences of disease out- breaks or exploitation by humans. Jørgensen, M. H., Ehrich, D., Schmickl, R., Koch, M. A., Brysting, A. K. (2011) Interspecific and interploidal gene flow in Central EuropeanArabidopsis (Brassicaceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11 (346).

Marcussen, T., Jakobsen, K. S., Danihelka, J., Ballard, H. E., Blaxland, K., Brysting, A. K., Oxelman, B. (2012) Infer- ring species networks from gene trees in high-polyploid North American and Hawaiian Violets (Viola, Violaceae). Systematic Biology, 61, 107–126.

Summarised by Jan Ohlberger.

| 24 | Further reading: and survival, costs of defence, the reliability of cues indicating the presence of predators, and feedback between Ohlberger, J., Langangen, Ø., Edeline, E., Claessen, D., defence level and rate of predator attacks. The trade-off Winfield, I. J., Stenseth, N. C., Vøllestad, L. A. (2011) between survival and defence costs is the main factor Stage-specific biomass overcompensation by juveniles determining which kind of reaction norm is most adap- in response to increased adult mortality in a wild fish tive. Threshold traits evolve only in cases where the population. Ecology, 92, 2175–2182. trade-off causes selection against intermediate defence levels. Poor reliability of cues constrains the accuracy Ohlberger, J., Langangen, Ø., Edeline, E., Olsen, E. M., with which defence level matches the predator environ- Winfield, I. J., Fletcher, J. M., James, J. B., Stenseth, N. C., ment and thus reduces the selection pressure that favors Vøllestad, L. A. (2011) Pathogen-induced rapid evolution plasticity. Feedback between defence level and attack in a vertebrate life-history trait. Proceedings of the Royal can maintain genetic variation when cues are absent Society B – Biological Sciences, 278, 35–41. and give rise to a reaction norm with multiple thresholds when cues are very reliable. We discuss the difficulties of using field data to separate between the two types of Inducible defenses: continuous reaction reaction norms. norms or threshold traits? This theoretical study investigates the evolution of plastic traits. Not all traits of an organism are determined by genes alone; many traits are also influenced by the environment in which an individual develops and their expression is somewhat flexible (i.e., they are plastic). For example, some organisms induce the development of a defence trait only in the presence of predators (or graz- ers, in the case of plants). The effect of the environment on a trait is summarised in a reaction norm (see figure), a curve depicting the trait value (e.g., level of defence, on the y-axis) expressed under different environments (e.g., predator densities, on the x-axis). Reaction norms can in Summarised by Thomas O. Svennungsen and Øistein H. principle take any shape, but threshold traits, which are Holen. discontinuous reaction norms characterised by sudden leaps, have received special attention in the literature. We raise the timely question of why one type of reaction Further reading: norm should evolve rather than another, and formulate a mathematical model to provide an answer. This model Svennungsen, T. O., Holen, Ø. H., Leimar, O. (2011) Induc- takes into account all factors believed to be of evolution- ible Defenses: Continuous Reaction Norms or Threshold ary significance; the relationship between defence level Traits? The American Naturalist, 178 (3), 397–410.

| 25 | Challenges of integrative science: bird migration and climate change There has been considerable interest in the effects of Doing better integrative science requires bridging across recent climate change on the timing of important life research traditions, but also making better use of avail- history events (also known as phenology), such as the able data. Continuing efforts at CEES include analysis of migration of birds. But what do we really know, what long-term population studies with marked individuals, do we not know, and what do we just think we know? as well as improved modelling of often noisy bird migra- In a recent publication, CEES staff teamed up with inter- tion data in space and time. Approaches being employed national researchers to assess ten general “claims” ap- include multilevel time series analysis, dynamic meta- pearing in recent literature on migratory birds and cli- population models, and improved models for stochastic- mate change. Some of these are research hypotheses on ity in count data. patterns and mechanisms while others are more general issues regarding consequences for populations and communities. Authors quantitatively scored their opinion on the general support (from the scientific literature) for each claim, and how much has been done to investigate it.

A simple analysis of concordance showed overall low agreement among the authors regarding support and moderate agreement regarding the knowledge basis. Not surprisingly, our ability to reach consensus and yield consistent expert opinions correlates with the amount of knowledge regarding a claim. We do know quite a Summarised by Endre Knudsen. bit about the patterns observed in the Northern Hemi- sphere; birds generally arrive earlier in spring than before, but we know little about what causes the large vari- Further reading: ability between species and populations. Much of this is rooted in uncertainty regarding environmental impacts Knudsen, E., Lindén, A., Both, C., Jonzén, N., Pulido, F., at data-deficient stages of the birds’ annual cycle of life Saino, N., Sutherland, W. J., Bach, L. A., Coppack, T., history events, as well as a poor understanding of the Ergon, T., Gienapp, P., Gill, J. A., Gordo, O., Hedenström, genetics of timing and migration. Hence we are unable A., Lehikoinen, E., Marra, P. P., Møller, A. P., Nilsson, A. L. to accurately predict consequences of possible climate- K., Péron, G., Ranta, E., Rubolini, D., Sparks, T. H., Spina, induced mismatch with food resources, as well as future F., Studds, C. E., Sæther, S. A., Tryjanowski, P., Stenseth, population development and community composition. N. C. (2011) Challenging claims in the study of migratory birds and climate change. Biological Reviews, 86, 928–946.

Lindén, A., Mäntyniemi, S. (2011) Using the negative binomial distribution to model overdispersion in ecological count data. Ecology, 92, 1414–1421.

A blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) captured and ringed in Italy during spring migration © Endre Knudsen

| 26 | House Sparrow © Ruben A. Pettersen

Walia Ibex, Ethiopia © Berihun G. Mewicha

Blue tit © Merethe Andersen

| 27 | 4 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH TRAINING

CEES aspires to provide excellent education and training Journal Club and discussion group facilities for our students to supply outstanding candi- CEES arranges several different Journal Clubs, e.g the dates for future positions. Our host Department (the De- Evolutionary Ecology Forum (6 sessions in 2011) and Epi- partment of Biology) as well as other units of the Univer- genetics and transgenerational inheritance discussions (8 sity (e.g. Departments of Mathematics and Economics) sessions in 2011). Participating students select relevant deliver the basic education to our bachelor and master/ papers that focus on scientific challenges within the field PhD programmes. In 2011 CEES’s permanent scientific of ecology and evolution. The Journal Clubs encourage staff contributed to the teaching of 4 Bachelor courses critical reading of scientific papers and provide an op- and 13 Master/PhD courses. 23 master students were portunity for students to keep updated in their field of supervised by CEES members. We provide a stimulating study, as well as in related scientific fields, thereby also research environment for our students by organising promoting synthesis within the centre. workshops, regular seminars and journal clubs, and fre- quently inviting prominent scientists as speakers which allows our students to stay abreast of the latest develop- Late Lunch Talks ments in their fields. The Late Lunch Talk seminar series is a forum where employees, visiting scientists and students at CEES present and discuss their work and ideas. The format is informal, The student conference at Holmen Fjordhotell with the objective being the facilitation of stimulating, The CEES Annual Student Conference is a compulsory topical discussions. 18 sessions were held in 2011. event that provides a good forum for students to hone their communication and presentation skills in a profes- In 2011, the Late Lunch Talk organisers introduced “Con- sional setting. This year the conference was held 18–19 cept Hat”, an exercise where basic concepts and buzz October at Holmen Fjordhotell with 114 delegates. 38 stu- words in biology are scrutinised. In this exercise, a panel dents presented their work. of CEES core members define scientific terms drawn at random and then discuss them further with the panel and audience. One of the main goals of CEES is to coun- The Marie Curie Early Stage Training (EST) teract fragmentation of science, so it is interesting to see The Marie Curie Early Stage Training on Ecological and whether our own core scientific staff members agree on Evolutionary Response to Climate Variation (CEES-MCO) the conceptual meanings of the terms we use. This ex- has been an important part of our research education ercise allows us to reflect on the language we employ in programme. A total of 11 PhD students (7 short-term and science and the usefulness of commonly excepted terms. 4 long-term) stayed at CEES during the 48-month project period from 2006 to 2011. All of the students have suc- cessfully completed their PhD degrees – two of them in 2011.

Participants at the CEES Annual Student Conference, Holmen Fjordhotell © Martin Malmstrøm

| 28 | Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and Resources under Climate Change

Challenges

Marine ecosystems worldwide are under pressure from This collaborative project combines the expertise of in- climate change and high exploitation rates. A major ternationally recognised research teams to implement challenge to managers and scientists today is to identify a broad international and multidisciplinary research ways that oceans can provide food and other services strategy to explore the consequences of global climate in a sustainable way given these pressures. Physical, change on fisheries resources in the Nordic region, biological and socioeconomic factors interact at several with a primary focus on the Atlantic cod. NorMER will levels of the problem and therefore cross-disciplinary achieve this through a unique program of primary re- approaches are needed to find a solution. Predicting the search; 45 researchers from 10 Nordic institutions will consequences of climate change on marine ecosystems collaborate in training 17 new PhD students and 8 post- is complicated by the fact that the behavior of fisher- docs through joint projects that integrate biology, eco- men or industrial fisheries may adjust in response to the nomics, industry, and policy. Furthermore, 3 of these ecological effects of climate change. Currently, research Postdocs will work in collaboration with Institutions in and training is primarily conducted by specialists within the US and Canada. Each PhD project will be based at a each field and truly cross-disciplinary studies are rare. single institution, but will require a mandatory visit to a This tradition for isolated in-depth studies is likely to partner institution for up to 4 months for co-supervision. miss important interactions such as those mentioned The postdoc positions are additionally required to col- above. In order to meet the challenges posed to our ma- laborate with multiple partner institutions. 8 PhDs and rine ecosystems, scientists of the future need the cross- 4 postdoc positions were announced in a common an- disciplinary skills to combine physical, biological, and nouncement in March 2011, and the remaining positions social/economic science in order to give management will be announced in 2012. advice on the ecosystem level. Read more in the NorMER report 2011, available at normer.org. To address these challenges, NorMER was established

NorMER is a Nordic Centre of Excellence (NCoE), funded NorMER – Nordic Centre for Research on Marine by Nordforsk on behalf of the Top-level Research Initia- Ecosystems and Resources under Climate Change tive (TRI) and chaired by Prof. Nils Chr. Stenseth. This is a cross-Nordic collaborative project including 10 re- Chair: Nils Chr. (1) CEES, Department of Biology, University search groups from all of the Nordic countries. Stenseth of Oslo Deputy Chair: (2) Stockholm Resilience Centre, Sweden NorMER was officially Carl Folke started in January 2011 Partner (3) Åbo Akademi University, Dep. of and will be funded over institutions Biosciences; (4) University of Helsinki, Dep. the next five years with of Economics and Management; (5) Swedish a total budget of 74 mil- Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; (6) Marine Academic Research Iceland lion NOK (35 million (MARICE); (7) University of the Faroe Islands, NOK contributed by Dep. of Biology; (8) Greenland Institute of Nordforsk and approxi- Natural Resources, Dep. of Fish and Shellfish; mately 39 million NOK (9) University of Bergen, Dep. of Biology; (10) National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU contributed by the par- Aqua). ticipating groups).

| 29 | 5 SCIENTIFIC OUTREACH

An important goal of CEES is to communicate its re- each Friday afternoon (see the Appendices for the full list search and findings, as well as general themes aimed to of invited guest speakers). increase appreciation and understanding of science, to Norwegian and international audiences. The members of CEES are accessible to the media, and the CEES members are encouraged to contribute their CEES organises open seminars with high-profile re- comments on issues of public concern when their exper- searchers and communicators of science, both at the tise is applicable. The press coverage of research con- University campus and at public venues such as Lit- ducted at CEES is conveyed through a broad array of both teraturhuset (‘The House of Litterature’, located in national and international media including newspapers, downtown Oslo). Our annual events, Darwin Day and magazines, radio, television and web-based information The Kristine Bonnevie Lecture on Evolutionary Biology channels. The studies on the cod genome, the African (which is featured as part of the University’s annual an- wolf and the hybrid sparrow speciation each generated niversary day), were both organised for the sixth time in hundreds of news items throughout the world in 2011 2011. Our scientific seminars are also open to the public (see scientific highlights).

Richard Dawkins emphasised the importance of communicating science in the introduction to Elizabeth Hadly’s Kristine Bonnevie lecture on evolutionary and ecological responses to climatic change © Fritanke/ Even Gran

| 30 | 6 GENDER EQUALISING STRATEGY

Gender balance in high-rank academic positions is a pri- thermore, we have continued our dedication to award- ority for both the Research Council of Norway and the ing scholarships for transitional engagements, enabling University of Oslo. CEES has implemented several guide- female candidates to further their scientific careers. In lines to counter the attrition of women at all levels, from 2011, nine women received such support from CEES, Master students to tenured scientific staff and all stages for 1–6 months. One female with a master’s degree was between. Our strategy to attract and keep female scien- granted a stipend to write manuscripts and qualify for tists is based on optimising the conditions for our female a PhD position (Cecilia Hoel), two females were granted students and emphasising female role models. stipends in order to finish their PhD degrees (Claudia Junge and Marte Jørgensen), and seven females with To optimise conditions for female scientists who may PhD degrees (Tamara Ben Ari, Barbara Fischer, R. Adri- be temporarily unable to perform their activities in the ana Hernandez-Aguilar, Claudia Junge, Antonieta Labra, lab, UiO funding has been secured for a lab technician Lauren Rogers and Yngvild Vindenes) received transi- Evan-20-5-Cover-1.qxpdesignated 10/12/11 specifically 11:16 AM Page 1 to assist female scientists. Fur- tional funding to work as postdocs. Of these last men-

INDEXED BY tioned, three have now been employed at CEES as post- PUBMED

2011, Volume 20, Issue 5, September-October Pages 161 - 200 docs, one will soon be engaged in a postdoc position, one is awaiting the results from a postdoc application from the RCN and two will soon submit a researcher/postdoc application to the RCN.

CEES received 500 000 NOK from UiO and 849 000 NOK from RCN in gender equalising funds, and used 2.13 million NOK towards this goal in 2011. CEES encourages the female postdocs/researchers to participate on project leader training courses at the Department; a great success in 2010, this course will be repeated in 2012.

In 2009 Lee Hsiang Liow was appointed as a CEES researcher with the support of RCN gender equalising funds. Her position is part of a recruitment strategy for female scientists and will act as a model for future ten- ure track positions.

Both the CEES Board and the Scientific Advisory Board are chaired by female scientists. The Deputy Chair is female, two of the three Themes are co-chaired by female

2010 scientists, and one of the four Colloquia will be chaired IN THIS by a female scientist. CEES has 3 female Associate Pro- ISSUE 4.531 fessor IIs employed in 20 % positions (Hege Gundersen, Finding Fossils in New Ways Jorijntje Henderiks and Hildegunn Viljugrein). These An Ape’s View of researchers have also been involved in supervising stu- the Oldowan Revisited ISSN 1060-1538 dents and have participated in both international and A study by R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar on primate internal scientific meetings and conferences, as well as tool use (Wynn et al., 2011) was featured on the front the CEES journal clubs. Through their many activities at cover of the September-October issue of Evolutionary CEES, these female scientists are good motivators and Anthropology. role models for our female (and male) students.

| 31 | 7 EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES

CEES manages dedicated labs for DNA/RNA isolation, tute of Medical Genetics (IMG), Oslo University Hospi- separate PCR facilities, and post PCR and DNA sequenc- tal. At CEES, we perform sequencing using two GS FLX ing laboratories. instruments from 454 Life Sciences (Roche). In 2011, a total of 157 different samples (down from 284) from 29 The CEES DNA Lab is a molecular research core facil- groups of researchers were sequenced in 2011. The NSC ity and is fully equipped for DNA and RNA extraction as a whole experiences an increase in demand for Illumi- from various types of bacteria, protists, algae, fungi, and na-sequencing (through our partner at IMG) due to the animal and plant tissues (including blood, faeces and an- lower price per base. Because of the longer read lengths, cient DNA). It contains all the basic instrumentation of the 454 instrument is still the preferred choice for am- a modern molecular biology laboratory including equip- plicon sequencing projects and certain de novo genome ment for gene cloning, genomic libraries, real-time PCR, projects. DNA/RNA quantification and chip-based analysis of DNA, RNA and protein. The annual turnover of the CEES The CEES node of the NSC has started two major upgrade DNA Lab was 382 000 NOK in 2011 and 63 researchers projects in 2011. First, we ordered a Pacific Biosciences used the lab. The CEES DNA lab is open to users from the instrument, the PacBio RS. whole Department of Biology and are at present actively used by CEES and the research group MERG. This instrument sequences single DNA molecules in real time, without the necessity of amplification of the tar- The ABI lab is a facility shared between the Department get sample. The instrument is able to deliver the long- of Biology and the Department of Molecular Biosciences. est sequencing reads as of yet, up to several thousand The lab is situated at CEES and functions as a sequencing bases long. Real time sequencing additionally allows for service lab (Sanger sequencing) for the various research detecting DNA base modifications, a unique feature of groups at the Departments, as well as affiliated organ- this technology. The instrument was delivered just be- isations in Norway and abroad. The ABI-service lab has fore year’s end (the first of its kind in Scandinavia), and been functional since July 2005. we are excited to be able to start offering sequencing on this platform in 2012. We started the refurbishing of the The ABI lab is a fully equipped laboratory with two laboratories: All sequencing instruments at CEES will ABI PRISM® 3730 Genetic Analyzers, each currently be placed in the same advanced laboratory, in a high- equipped with 48 capillaries, which provide DNA se- tech climate controlled room. We expect to open these quencing and fragment analysis. The ABI lab implement- laboratories early in 2012. Besides the addition of the ed a fully automated dye-terminator removal protocol PacBio RS, an Ion Torrent PGM (Life Technologies) and in 2009, based on paramagnetic beads and a Biomek® an Illumina MiSeq were purchased in 2011 (both placed 3000 Laboratory Automation Workstation. We also have at IMG). These two so-called ‘benchtop’ instruments ten different PCR-machines, shared by the CEES lab, e.g. deliver lower throughput but with short run times. By three Eppendorf master cycler ep gradient S and a MJ acquiring these instruments, the NSC will be maximally Research Tetrad PTC-225 Thermo Cycler. The annual flexible in providing services requested by our users. turnover of the ABI-service lab exceeded 1 MNOK in 2011 and a total of ~32.000 samples were sequenced. A survey undertaken by the NSC among its users in 2011 showed a high level of satisfaction. Users were particu- The Norwegian Sequencing Centre (NSC) has two nodes, larly appreciative of NSC pricing and the time we take to one hosted by CEES, the other being located at the Insti- discuss and advise on their projects.

| 32 |

Figure 1

Samples sequenced in 2011

Figure 2 Amplicon (PCR product) 103

cDNA 21 Institutional origin of samples University of Oslo 40 Whole genome amplification 16 Norwegian Uni. of Science and Techn. 24 Norwegian University of Life Sciences 17 Genomic DNA (de novo) 10 The Norwegian Veterinary Institute 17 University of Tromsø mRNA 4 12 University of Bergen 11 Genomic DNA (metagenomics) 2 University Centre in Svalbard 7 National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Res 4 Fosmid/Cosmid 1 Figure 1 Hedmark University College 1 Uppsala University 12

University of Vienna 6 Swedish Uni. of Agricultural Sciences 4

University of Luxemburg 1

University of Tartu 1 Figure 2

NSC organised three successful courses in October 2011: an introduction to High Throughput Sequencing (half day) open to the public, and a course in variant calling using HTS data (two days), and genome assembly (two days). The latter two courses were significantly over- subscribed, demonstrating the need for organising more such courses in the future.

The sequencing platform will continue to offer its experi- The Norwegian Sequencing Centre (NSC) is uniquely ence with all the possible HTS applications, e.g. sequenc- placed to offer the Norwegian research community ing of large and small genomes, cDNA/EST and metagen- High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) applications. omes (DNA isolated from environmental samples; Figure At present, we have instruments representing the 1) and PCR amplicons. Samples are still mostly from Nor- two major sequencing technologies: two GS FLX way, but also from other countries, such as Sweden and (454/Roche) located at CEES and one HiSeq2000 Austria (Figure 2). Overall, the number of users of the at IMG. New sequencing technologies (PacBio RS, NSC services is growing steadily. Ion Torrent PGM, Illumina MiSeq) will be made available for our users in 2012. The main goal

of the NSC is to provide the broadest possible Facilities provided by external parties portfolio of HTS services for resequencing, Facilities provided to CEES members by external parties transcriptomics, metagenomics and de novo includes the Alpine Research Centre at Finse, the Biologi- sequencing to the Norwegian research community. cal Research Station at Drøbak, the Flødevigen Research

Station, the Landscape Ecology Field Station of Evenstad, Website: sequencing.uio.no the University of Oslo research vessels, the Aquarium and animal facilities, the Phytotron and the Bioportal. For more information on these facilities, see our web pages.

| 33 | 8 FINANCES

Accounting principles

CEES funding is derived primarily from RCN sources (approximately 12 MNOK in core funding per year) supplemented by funds from UiO (2 MNOK per year plus funding for several positions) and other sources defined as own funding. Our own funding can be divided into sub categories: funding from RCN projects; funding from international projects; funding from other public sector based projects and private sector based projects.

Expenditures are sub-categorised into salary costs, indirect costs, equipment, travel and representation, R&D services and other expenses (composed mainly of running expenses for laboratory and fieldwork).

In addition to revenues and expenditures that are accounted for, we also have those that are not accounted for. These are mainly defined as the expenditures of those personnel that work within CEES, but receive their salaries from other parties. The value of these services is calculated using official UiO budgeting procedures.

In this report we present the accounting figures for 2011 and the budget for 2012.

Herring, North Sea © Ruben A. Pettersen

| 34 | Revenues and expenditures 2011/Budgeted revenues and expenditures 2012

Total funding Accounted revenues Revenues not in account 2011 Budget Figures 2011 Budgeted figures Revenues not in account 20111 2012 2012 RCN-CoE 12 984 11 857 12 984 11 857 UiO 29 327 8 997 8 740 8 997 20 587 RCN – CEES related projects 34 331 27 250 34 331 27 250 Other public sector based projects 8 305 4 880 8 305 4 880 International funding 28 523 14 594 9 120 14 594 19 403 Private sector based projects 160 757 160 757 Transferred revenues 7 412 11 395 7 412 11 395 Total funding 121 044 79 730 81 054 79 730 39 990 Accounted expenses 2011 (Acc 11)/Budgeted expenses 2012 (Bud 12) Total RCN-CoE UiO RCN projects Other public sector International funding Private sector based pro. based projects Acc 11 Bud 12 Acc 11 Bud 12 Acc 11 Bud 12 Acc 11 Bud 12 Acc 11 Bud 12 Acc 11 Bud 12 Acc 11 Bud 12 Salary expenses 36 770 36 493 10 320 9 066 4 312 5 482 13 322 12 141 5 003 3 867 3 706 5 443 107 494 Indirect costs 10 299 9 845 1 520 1 269 1 207 1 188 6 017 4 864 1 964 1 468 -453 854 44 202 R&D services 6 687 0 6 687 Equipment 3 303 170 152 3 087 170 16 48 Running costs 11 482 22 288 1 290 1 553 1 314 3 326 4 292 9 180 1 031 968 3 553 7 237 2 24 Travel and 1 119 0 276 843 representation2 Total 69 660 68 795 13 558 11 887 7 676 9 996 33 405 26 355 8 014 6 303 6 854 13 534 153 720 Expenses not in account 2011 (Nacc 11) Nacc 11 Bud 12 Nacc 11 Bud 12 Nacc 11 Bud 12 Nacc 11 Bud 12 Nacc 11 Bud 12 Nacc 11 Bud 12 Nacc 11 Bud 12 Salary expenses 25 293 12 060 13 233 Indirect costs 14 696 8 527 6 169 Total3 39 989 20 587 19 402

Balance 2011/Budgeted balance 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 Revenues 113 631 68 335 12 984 11 857 29 327 8 997 34 331 27 250 8 305 4 880 28 523 14 594 160 757 Transf. revenues 7 412 11 395 605 30 -65 999 4 558 5 484 1 028 1 319 1 287 3 554 0 7 Total expenses 109 649 68 795 13 558 11 887 28 263 9 996 33 405 26 355 8 014 6 303 26 256 13 534 153 720 Balance 11 395 10 935 30 0 999 0 5 484 6 379 1 319 -104 3 554 4 614 7 44

All figures are given in 1000 NOK. 1) Not posted revenues for 2011. These are mainly defined as the efforts of those personnel that work within CEES, but receive their salaries from other parties 2) Travel and representation is included in running costs for all funding sources except RCN-COE and UiO. |35 3) Not posted expenditures for 2011 9 APPENDICES CEES-members

Core scientific staff

Name Nationality Position Period Funding CEES share (%)

Brysting, Anne K. Norway Assoc. Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

Grimholt, Unni Norway Researcher Oct. 2007–May 2012 RCN 100

Hansen, Thomas F. Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

Hessen, Dag O. Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

Hjort, Nils L. Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Math 25

Houle, David USA KB Professor Sep. 2011 UiO, Bio

Jakobsen, Kjetill S. Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

Jentoft, Sissel Norway Senior Adviser/ Sep. 2011–Aug. 2014 RCN, CoE 100 Deputy Chair

Lampe, Helene M. Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

Mysterud, Atle Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

Nesbø, Camilla L. Norway Researcher Oct. 2007–Aug. 2012 RCN 100

Omholt, Stig Norway KB Professor Sep. 2010–Aug. 2013 RCN, CoE 30

Ottersen, Geir Norway Senior Scientist Oct. 2007– IMR 25

Schweder, Tore Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Econ 65

Slagsvold, Tore Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

Stenseth, Nils Chr. Norway Professor, CEES Oct. 2007– RCN, CoE 100 Chair

Storvik, Geir Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Math 38

Sætre, Glenn-Peter Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

Viljugrein, Hildegunn Norway Researcher Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 20

Vøllestad, L. Asbjørn Norway Professor Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 75

| 36 | Postdocs and Researchers

Name Nationality Position Period Funding CEES (share (%)

Bailey, Richard Ian United Postdoc res. fellow Aug. 2011–Aug. 2014 RCN 100 Kingdom

Ben Ari, Tamara Myriam France Postdoc res. fellow Oct. 2010–Jun. 2011 RCN, CoE 100

Bonenfant, Christophe France Researcher Jan. 2011–Dec. 2011 RCN 20

Brinch, Christian Norway Researcher Jan. 2008–Dec. 2011 RCN, CoE 10

Cadahia, Luis Spain Postdoc res. Fellow May 2011–Apr. 2013 EU, MC* 100

Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M. The Postdoc res. Fellow Jul. 2009–Jun. 2011 EU, MC* 100 Netherlands

Diekert, Florian K. Germany Postdoc res. fellow Oct. 2011–Oct. 2015 NorMER 100

Durant, Joel Marcel France Researcher Oct. 2007–Dec. 2012 RCN 100

Eikeset, Anne Maria Norway Postdoc res. fellow Aug. 2010–Jan. 2014 RCN, IMR 100

Fischer, Barbara Austria Researcher Oct. 2010–Mars 2012 UiO, CEES/ RCN, 100 CoE

Gautestad, Arild Olsen Norway Researcher Jan. 2011–Dec. 2012 RCN 20

Gerecht, Andrea Cornelia Germany Postdoc res. fellow Jan. 2011–Dec. 2013 RCN 100

Gundersen, Hege Norway Researcher Dec. 2008–Sep. 2012 RCN, CoE 20

Harstad, Håvard Norway Researcher Jun. 2010–Jan. 2011 RCN 100

Hedfors, Ida Norway Postdoc res. fellow Jan. 2010–Jun. 2012 RCN 100

Henderiks, Jorijntje The Researcher Jun. 2010–Dec. 2013 RCN 20 Netherlands

Hernandez-Aguilar, Raquel Mexico Researcher Mar. 2011–Dec. 2012 RCN, CoE 50/10 Adriana

Hidalgo Roldan, José Spain Postdoc res. fellow Jun. 2008–May 2011 EU, MC* 100 Manuel

Hjermann, Dag Ø. Norway Researcher Oct. 2007–Jan. 2015 RCN 100

Holen, Øistein H. Norway Researcher Oct 2007–Sep. 2012 RCN, CoE 100

Hutchings, Jeffrey Canada Researcher Sep. 2010–Sep. 2012 RCN, CoE 20

Jorde, Per Erik Norway Researcher Oct. 2007–Dec. 2014 RCN, IMR 50

Kausrud, Kyrre Norway Researcher Jul. 2010–Sep. 2012 RCN, CoE 20

Knudsen, Endre Norway Postdoc res. fellow May 2011–May 2014 RCN 100

Knutsen, Halvor Norway Researcher Oct. 2007–Dec. 2012 RCN 20

Labra, Antonieta Chile Postdoc res. fellow Aug. 2009–May 2013 RCN, CoE 100

| 37 | 9 APPENDICES

Lagesen, Karin Norway Postdoc res. fellow Feb. 2010–Feb. 2013 RCN, CoE 100

Langangen, Øystein Norway Researcher Sep. 2010–Aug. 2013 RCN 100

Le Bohec, Celine Julie France Postdoc res. fellow Jan. 2010–Jan. 2012 EU, MC* 100 Aurelie

Lindegren, Martin Olof Sweden Postdoc res. fellow Jul. 2011–Dec. 2011 EU, MC* 100

Liow, Lee Hsiang Singapore Researcher Oct. 2007–Sept. 2012 RCN, CoE 100

Martinsen, Lene Norway Postdoc res. fellow Oct. 2007–Apr. 2014 RCN 100

Minge, Marianne Aa Norway Postdoc res. fellow Nov. 2010–Feb. 2011 RCN 100

Moland-Olsen, Esben Norway Researcher Jan. 2011–Dec. 2012 RCN 20

Nielsen, Anders Norway Postdoc res. fellow Jul. 2009–Jun. 2012 RCN 100

Nilsson, Anna Sweden Postdoc res. fellow May 2010–May 2013 RCN 100

Ohlberger, Jan Germany Postdoc res. fellow Apr. 2009–Jul. 2012 RCN 100

Otero Villar, Jaime Spain Postdoc res. fellow May 2008–Apr. 2011 RCN 100

Pavlicev, Mihaela Slovenia Postdoc res. fellow Dec. 2008–Feb. 2011 RCN 100

Persson, Jonas Sweden Postdoc res. fellow Dec. 2009–Dec. 2011 RCN 100

Reitan, Trond Norway Postdoc res. fellow Feb. 2009–May 2012 RCN, CoE 100

Richter, Andries P. Germany Postdoc res. fellow Jun. 2009–Apr. 2013 RCN, CoE/EU, 100 MC*

Rogers, Lauren USA Postdoc res. fellow Aug. 2011–Jul. 2015 NorMER 100

Rounge, Trine B. Norway Postdoc res. fellow Aug. 2008–Apr. 2012 RCN 100

Rouyer, Tristan A. France Postdoc res. fellow Oct. 2007–Oct. 2011 RCN 100

Star, Bastiaan The Postdoc res. fellow Sep. 2008–Aug. 2013 RCN 100 Netherlands

Stige, Leif Chr. Norway Researcher Oct. 2007–Aug. 2013 RCN 100

Svennungsen, Thomas Norway Researcher Aug. 2011–Aug. 2013 RCN, CoE 100

Sæther, Stein Are Norway Researcher Oct. 2007–Jun. 2012 RCN, CoE 100

Tooming-Klunderud, Ave Norway Postdoc res. fellow Jan. 2008–Jan. 2011 RCN 100

Trosvik, Pål Norway Postdoc res. fellow Oct. 2008–Mar. 2012 UiO, Bio 100

Trucchi, Emiliano Italy Postdoc res. fellow Feb. 2011–Jan. 2013 EU, MC* 100

Vindenes, Yngvild Norway Researcher Apr. 2011–May 2012 RCN, CoE 100

Whittington, Jason USA Researcher Jan. 2010–Sep. 2012 RCN, CoE 100

Yedid, Gabriel Canada Postdoc res. fellow Jan. 2010–Dec. 2011 RCN, CoE 100

Østbye, Kjartan Norway Researcher Oct. 2007–Feb. 2011 RCN 100

Mar 2011–May 2014 50

* Marie Curie Individual Fellowship

| 38 | PhD students

Name Nationality Position Period Funding CEES share (%)

Atichem, Anagaw Ethiopia Research fellow Oct. 2007–Aug. 2012 Quota Scheme/RCN, 100 CoE

Mewicha, Berihun G. Ethiopia Research fellow May 2009–Apr. 2013 Quota Scheme 100

Berg, Paul Ragnar Norway Research fellow Oct. 2010–Sep. 2014 UiO, Bio 75

De Muinck, Eric USA Research fellow Oct. 2008–Sep. 2011 The Norw. Inst. of 50 Feb. 2012–Jun. 2012 Public Heath 40 Jul. 2012–Aug. 2012 100

Diekert, Florian K. Germany Research fellow Apr. 2008–Jun. 2011 RCN, UiB 100

Elgvin, Tore Oldeide Norway Research fellow Jul. 2011–Jun. 2014 RCN 100

Heier, Lise Norway Research fellow Oct. 2007–Mar. 2011 UiO, Bio 75

Helberg, Morten Norway Research fellow Sep. 2010–Aug. 2013 RCN 100

Hermansen, Jo Skeie Norway Research fellow May 2011–Apr. 2014 UiO (MLS) 100

Husek, Jan Czech Rep. Research fellow Oct. 2008–Sep. 2012 UiO, Bio 75

Jalal, Marwa Norway Research fellow Sep. 2010–Aug. 2013 RCN 100

Junge, Claudia Germany Research fellow Oct. 2007–Apr. 2011 EU/MC–EST*/RCN, 100 CoE

Jørgensen, Marte Norway Research fellow Oct. 2007–Aug. 2011 UiO, Bio 75

Kassie, Addisu Ethiopia Research fellow Aug. 2011–Jul. 2014 Quota Scheme 100 Mekonnen

Knudsen, Endre Norway Research fellow Oct. 2007–May 2011 RCN, CoE 100

Malmstrøm, Martin Norway Research fellow Jan. 2009–Dec. 2012 UiO, EMBIO 75

Mazzarella, Anna USA Research fellow Nov. 2010–Nov. 2013 RCN 100 Virginia B.

Moe, Therese Fosholt Norway Research fellow Aug. 2007–Mar. 2012 RCN 100

Orr, Russell Norway Research fellow Feb. 2007–Jan. 2013 UiO, Bio 100

Qviller, Lars Norway Research fellow Sep. 2010–Aug. 2014 UiO, Bio 75

Rivrud, Inger M. Norway Research fellow Sep. 2008–Aug. 2012 UiO, Bio 75

Romagnoni, Giovanni Italy Research fellow Sep. 2011–Aug. 2015 NorMER 100

Sadykov, Alexander Russia Research fellow Oct. 2007–May 2011 EU/MC–EST*/RCN, 100 CoE

Serbezov, Dimitar Bulgaria Research fellow Oct. 2007–Feb 2011 None 100

Siddiqui, Huma Norway Research fellow Oct. 2007–Jun. 2012 None 50

Solbakken, Monica H. Norway Research fellow Jun. 2010–May 2014 RCN 100

Taugbøl, Annette Norway Research fellow Oct. 2008–Sep. 2012 UiO, Bio 75

Tørresen, Ole Kristian Norway Research fellow Sept. 2011–Aug. 2015 UiO, Bio 75

Voje, Kjetil Lysne Norway Research fellow Aug 2008–Jul.2012 RCN, CoE 75

Westengen, Ola Norway Research fellow Sep. 2008–Aug. 2012 UiO–CEES 50

* Marie Curie Early Stage Training (EST)

| 39 | 9 APPENDICES

Research Assistants

Name Nationality Position Period Funding CEES share (%) Bass, Arthur USA Research Assistant May 2011–Apr. 2012 RCN 50 Bleka, Øyvind Norway Research Assistant Oct. 2011–Dec. 2011 RCN 100 Easterday, William Ryan USA Research Assistant Sep. 2010–Dec. 2011 UiO, Bio 100 Elgvin, Tore Oldeide Norway Research Assistant Mar. 2011–Apr. 2011 RCN 100 Henriksen, Jostein Strand Norway Research Assistant Jan. 2011–Aug. 2011 RCN, CoE Jordan, Petter Norway Research Assistant Sep. 2010–Mar. 2011 RCN Lange, Randy Gunnar Norway Research Assistant Jul. 2011–Sep. 2011 RCN Larsen, Søren Denmark Research Assistant Jan. 2011–Jul. 2012 RCN-NINA Serbezov, Dimitar Bulgaria Research Assistant Nov. 2010–Jan. 2011 RCN, CoE Sivertsen, Therese Norway Research Assistant Mar. 2011–May. 2011 RCN Tørresen, Ole Christian Norway Research Assistant Oct. 2010–Aug. 2011 UiO, Bio Utschig, Christian Germany Research Assistant Short term RCN Wojewodzic, Marcin Poland Research Assistant Short term RCN, UiB, Bjerknes Skonhoft, Anders Norway Research Assistant Short term NorMER Hansen, Rune Roland Norway Research Assistant Short term RCN Dahlberg, Barbro Kristina Norway Research Assistant Short term RCN

Administrative and technical support staff

Name Nationality Position Period Funding CEES share (%) Bakke, Hege Gilbø Norway Staff Engineer Jan. 2008–Dec. 2013 RCN 100 Eriksen, Ane Norway Staff Engineer May 2011–Jun. 2011 UiO, Bio 100 Espelund, Mari Norway Staff Engineer Sep. 2009–Oct. 2011 RCN 100 Gaup, Hege Junita Norway Senior Engineer Jun. 2008–May 2012 UiO 100 Gundersen, Gry Norway Adviser Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 100 Grøttland, Eva Ingrid Norway Principal Executive Apr. 2009–Sep. 2011 RCN, CoE 100 officer Henriksen, Jostein S. Norway Executive Officer Sep. 2011–Oct 2011 UiO, Bio 100 Jentoft, Sissel Norway Senior Adviser Jun. 2009–Aug. 2014 RCN, CoE 100 Herland, Anders Norway Staff Engineer Jan. 2008– UiO, Bio 100 Lambrou, Jayne United Kindom Higher Executive May 2009–Sept. 2011 RCN, CoE 80 Officer Nederbragt, Alexander The Senior Engineer Oct. 2007–Dec. 2013 RCN 100 Netherlands Nerli, Emelita Norway Senior Engineer Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 50 Rygg, Kari Beate Norway Adviser May 2008– UiO, Bio 100 Siddiqui, Huma Norway Senior Engineer Jul. 2011–May 2012 UiO, Bio 50 Skage, Morten Norway Senior Engineer May 2008–Apr. 2014 RCN 100 Steen, Nanna Winger Norway Staff Engineer Oct. 2007– UiO, Bio 100 Tooming-Klunderud, Ave Norway Senior Engineer Feb. 2011–Jan. 2014 RCN 100 Tømta, Camilla Maria Norway Higher Executive Oct. 2010–Oct. 2012 UiO, Bio 100 Officer Wallem, Tore Norway Adviser Dec. 2007– RCN, CoE 100

| 40 | Guests of CEES in 2011

Longer research visits (more than one month)

Name Nationality Home institution Period

Bass, Arthur USA Oregon State University Aug. 2010–Jun. 2011 Bærum, Kim Magnus Norway Hedmark University College Sep. 2010–Aug. 2012 Benoiste, Marine France AgroParis Tech Jan. 2011–Jul. 2011 Cristofari, Robin France École Normale Supérieure Sep. 2011–Nov. 2011 Dogan, Burak Turkey Middle East Technical University Jun. 2011–Sep. 2011 Eroukhmanoff, Fabrice Sweden Lund University Feb. 2011–Dec. 2011 Haas, Fredrik Sweden Lund University Nov. 2009–Dec. 2011 Hoel, Cecilia Norway University of Oslo Aug. 2010–Feb. 2011 Hostyeva, Vladyslava Norway University of Oslo Nov. 2011–Dec. 2011 Huidong, Tian China Chinese Academy of Sciences Aug. 2010–Dec. 2011 MacNeill, Keeley USA University of Nebraska Aug. 2011–Jun. 2012 Parra Montañes, Irene Spain Complutense University of Madrid Jan. 2011–Apr. 2011 Pettersen, Ruben Norway University of Oslo Jan. 2011–Dec. 2011 Rao, Archana M. India The University Centre in Svalbard Aug. 2011 – Dec. 2012 Ratrimoharinosy, Yoann France University of Perpignan Via Domitia Jan. 2011–Jun. 2011 Richter, Andries P. The Netherlands Wageningen University Feb. 2010–Feb. 2011 Rogers, Lauren USA University of Washington Feb. 2011–Jul. 2011 Traba, Amada Perez Spain Universidad Menendez Pelayo Nov. 2010–Nov. 2013 Utschig, Christian Germany University of Freiberg Aug. 2011–Feb. 2012 Vaage, Dag Inge Norway Norwegian University of Life Sciences Sep. 2010–Aug. 2011 Xi, Xiao China Zheijang University Aug. 2011–Aug. 2012

Northern Gannet © Ruben A. Pettersen

| 41 | 9 APPENDICES

Short term guests (more than one week, less than one month)

Name Nationality Home institution Period Bartholomew, James USA U.S Department of Defense Aug. 2011 Blackburn, Jason USA University of Florida Aug. 2011 Bradbury, Ian Canada Memorial University of Newfoundland Nov. 2011 Casini, Michele Sweden Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Nov. 2011 Caswell, Hal USA Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Nov. 2011 Collwell, Rita USA University of Maryland/Johns Hopkins University Aug. 2011 Cornet, Cindy France University Louis Pasteur Jan. 2011 Coulson, Tim United Kingdom Imperial College of London Aug. 2011 Daufresne, Martin France University Claude Bernard Lyon Sep. 2011 Dawkins, Richard United Kingdom University of Oxford Aug. 2011 Dewar, Ken Canada McGill University Oct. 2011 Fromentin, Jean-Marc France French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea Sep. 2011 Gabrielsen, Tove Norway The University Centre in Svalbard Sep. 2011 Grabowski, Mark USA University of Illinois Nov. 2011 Hadly, Elizabeth USA Stanford University Aug. 2011 Haley, Bradd USA University of Maryland Aug. 2011 Helaouët, Pierre France Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Oct. 2011 Hiddink, Jan Geert The Netherlands School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales Sep. 2011 Hinnesbusch, Joe USA National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Aug. 2011 Hsieh, Chih-Hao Taiwan National Taiwan University Sep. 2011 Huang, Wen-Bin Taiwan National Taiwan University Sep. 2011 Kitakado, Toshihide Japan Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Mar. 2011 Lindegren, Martin Sweden Technical University of Denmark Oct. 2011 Llope, Marcos Spain The Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Puerto Pesquero Oct. 2011 Loman, Nicolas James United Kingdom University of Birmingham Oct. 2011 Lupski, James USA Baylor College of Medicine Oct. 2011 Lynam, Christopher United Kingdom Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Oct. 2011 Mable, Barbara United Kingdom University of Glasgow Aug. 2011 Magurran, Anne United Kingdom University of St. Andrew Aug. 2011 Mallet, James USA Harvard University Feb. 2011 Molinero, Juan-Carlos Germany Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences Sep. 2011 Nakazawa, Takefumi Japan Centre for Ecological Research, Kyoto University Sep. 2011 Orians, Gordon USA University of Washington Aug. 2011 Pavlicev, Michaela Slovenia Conrad Lorenz Institute Oct. 2011 Purugganan, Michael USA New York University Oct. 2011 Salzburger, Walter Switzerland University of Basel Feb. 2011 Schmid, Boris The Netherlands University of Utrecht Aug. 2011 Subbey, Samuel Norway University of Bergen May 2011 Tian, Yongjun China Yanshan University Sep. 2011 Tu, Chen-Yi Taiwan National Taiwan University Sep. 2011 Turner, Wendy USA University of California, Berkeley Aug. 2011 Vader, Anna Norway University of Tromsø Sep. 2011 Venturelli, Paul USA University of Minnesota Sep. 2011 Wagner, Günter Austria Yale University Mar. 2011 Wang, Hui-Yu USA University of Massachusetts Sep. 2011 Yang, Ruifu China Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Aug. 2011

| 42 | Associated research projects Research projects

RCN projects

Name Project leader Funding Start End

National resources for genomics, functional genomics and health research Grimholt, Unni RCN 2007 2011 in Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod

Host-virus interactions in Atlantic salmon Grimholt, Unni RCN 2007 2011 Statistical tools for studying genetic architecture Hansen, Thomas F. RCN 2007 2012 Phytoplankton size: Climate adaption and long-term evolution Henderiks, Jorijntje RCN 2010 2013 Genome size, cell size and growth, searching for the casual links Hessen, Dag O. RCN 2010 2013 Spatiotemporal variability in mortality and growth of fish larvae in the Hjermann, Dag Ø. RCN 2010 2013 Lofoten-Barents Sea ecosystem Ultra-high throughput sequencing platform Jakobsen, Kjetill S. RCN 2007 2012 Genome sequencing of cod by exclusive uses of ultra-high-throughput Jakobsen, Kjetill S. RCN 2008 2011 sequencing technology Translating the cod genome for aquaculture Jakobsen, Kjetill S. RCN 2012 2013 Norwegian High-Throughput Sequencing Centre Jakobsen, Kjetill S. RCN 2010 2013 Genetic architecture in Drosophila-The role of the Y chromosome in gene Martinsen, Lene RCN 2011 2014 expression across the genome Natural and farmed habitat as a basis for production of red deer in Norway Mysterud, Atle RCN 2007 2011 Land: Long-term ecological effects of sheep grazing in alpine ecosystems Mysterud, Atle RCN 2008 2012 and its integration with management.

The ecology and economy of sheep production under climate change Mysterud, Atle RCN 2009 2012 LAND: Partial migration of red deer and tick distribution at the altitudinal Mysterud, Atle RCN 2011 2014 colonization border (TickDeer) Biogeographic and population analyses of Thermotogales bacteria from Nesbø, Camilla RCN 2008 2015 hydrocarbon-rich environments

Linking physics and biology - Structuring of cod populations in the North Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN 2007 2011 Sea/Skagerrak water-system Oceanography and Match-mismatch Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN 2008 2011 Match-mismatching of trophic levels as a structuring force of ecosystems Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN 2008 2012 Flexibility and constraints in animal movement pattern: ecology, evolution Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN 2010 2014 and annual cycles Fisheries induced evolution in Atlantic cod investigated by ancient and Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN 2011 2014 historic samples On the evolutionary genomics and behavioural ecology of homoploid hybrid Sætre, Glenn-Peter RCN 2011 2014 speciation in Passer sparrows VANN: Declining long-term trends in Atlantic salmon abundance: inferring Vøllestad, L. Asbjørn RCN 2008 2011 mechanisms using catch data for Norway and Scotland Modelling ecosystems under climate change: Windermere as a model lake Vøllestad, L. Asbjørn RCN 2008 2012 system Tracking signatures of adaptive diversification during postglacial Vøllestad, L. Asbjørn RCN 2010 2014 colonization: the build-up of genomic isolation in three spine stickleback

| 43 | 9 APPENDICES

Other public sector based projects

Name Project leader Funding Start End

Platform for Viral Aqua medicine Grimholt, Unni RCN/NVI 2008 2012

Application of a new principle to combat infectious salmon anemia (ISA) Grimholt, Unni RCN/NVI 2011 2014

Can nuisance growth of the aquatic macrophyte Juncus bulbosus be related Hessen, Dag O. RCN/NIVA 2007 2011 to elevated nitrogen deposition as well as hydropower regulations

Nutrient tunnelling and other alternative pathways for mineral nutrients Hessen, Dag O. RCN/UiB 2010 2011 through the microbial food web to copepods

Forecasting ecological effects of climate change: integrating functional and Hessen, Dag O. RCN/NINA 2011 2012 correlative models (FECIMOD)

Towards a better understanding of bloom-forming toxic cyanobacteria Jakobsen, Kjetill S. RCN/NIVA 2009 2011

High throughput sequencing of deep sea metagenomes Jakobsen, Kjetill S. Statoil/ 2009 2012 VISTA

Socio-economic effects of fisheries-induced evolution Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN/UiB 2008 2011

Arctic and sub-Arctic climate system and ecological response to the early Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN/NERSC 2009 2011 20th century warming

Marine phylogeographic structuring during climate change: the signature of Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN/IMR 2009 2011 leading and rear edge of range shifting populations (MARINERA)

PITRO III - Gr2 - Ecological modelling, interdisciplinary methodology and Stenseth, Nils Chr. SIU 2009 2012 climatic variation in Africa

Comparison of Marine Ecosystems of Norway and the US (MENU II) Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN/IMR 2009 2012

Investigations of population structure in shrimp (Pandulus borealis) in the Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN/IMR 2010 2012 North Atlantic – (POPBOREALIS)

ADMAR Adaptive management of living marine resources by integrating Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN/IMR 2010 2015 different data sources and key ecological processes

Common toad (Bufo bufo), Skraperudtjern, Oslo © Øistein H. Holen

| 44 | Private sector based projects

Name Project leader Funding Start End

Marine Ecosystem Response to a Changing Climate Hessen, Dag O. RCN/BCCR 2008 2011

Combined effects of ocean acidification, climate change and oil related Hjermann, Dag Ø. RCN/IRIS 2010 2013 discharges

SYMBIOSES - Constructing an integrated modelling framework for decision Stenseth, Nils Chr. RCN/ 2011 2014 support in ecosystem-based management: case study Lofoten/Barents Sea Akvaplan-niva

Evaluating genetic consequences of building the Tolga Hydropower Plant Vøllestad, L. Asbjørn NINA 2011 2011

International projects

Name Project leader Funding Start End

Ecological and Evolutionary Response to Climatic Variation - Marie Curie Stenseth, Nils Chr. EU-Marie Curie- 2006 2011 Early Stage Training (EST) in Oslo (CEES-MCO) EST

PIEF-GA-2008-220947 Spatial Heterogeneity of Resources: a mediator of Stenseth, Nils Chr. EU 2009 2011 large herbivore population stability – SPHERE

PIEF-GA-2009-236549 Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of juvenescent Stenseth, Nils Chr. EU 2009 2011 marine populations EVOLHAKE

PIEF-GA-2009-235962 EVOLBIRD – Demographic strategies under climate Stenseth, Nils Chr. EU 2010 2012 variation: a study on Arctic and Antarctic seabirds

EUR-OCEAN Flagship – Developing seasonal and spatial food web models Stenseth, Nils Chr. EurOceans 2010 2012 through novel statistical modelling – tools for constructing scenarios under future global change (EcoScenarios)

Research Training Course: Effect Studies and Adaptation to Climate Change Stenseth, Nils Chr. Nordforsk 2011 2012

PIEF-GA-2009-255326 Timing of bird migration under climate Stenseth, Nils Chr. EU 2011 2013 change: phenotype plasticity, microevolutionary response or both? – (BirdClimChange)

PIEF-GA-2009-252252 Evolutionary response of two African Rodent species Stenseth, Nils Chr. EU 2011 2013 (Hystrix sp) to climate changes: the study of the past as an estimate of the future – (REHYSTERIX)

PIEF-GA-2010-274356 - Social complexity in Resource Management Stenseth, Nils Chr. EU 2011 2013 (SoCoRm)

PIEF-GA-2010-273986 Climate-induced phenological change and its Stenseth, Nils Chr. EU 2011 2014 consequences for bird populations (Bird Populations)

Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and Resources under Stenseth, Nils Chr. Nordforsk 2011 2016 Climate Change (NorMER) TFI NCoE Programme

| 45 | 9 APPENDICES

Seminars with invited speakers

Name Title and date of presentation

Sneppen, Kim Modeling nucleosome mediated epigenetics. 9 December Boysen, Preben; Storset, Anne K. Free-living Mus musculus display immune system properties that challenge aspects of the traditional mouse models. 2 December Kolding, Jeppe The tragedy of our Legacy - How global management discourses affect small scale fisheries in the South? 24 November Solomon, Nancy G. Intraspecific variation in social organization of prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. 17 November Nøstebakken, Linda Formal and informal enforcement of renewable resource use. 16 November Bramanti, Barbara Black death and beyond. 4 November Easterday, W. Ryan Life Science - the necessity and challenge of combining ecology, evolution and genomics. 31 October Uchmanski, Janusz; Gyllenberg, Mats "Single Population Dynamics" & "When Do Optimisation Arguments Make Evolutionary Sense?" 31 October Pavlicev, Mihaela A model of developmental evolution: selection, pleiotropy, compensation. 27 October Pigliucci, Massimo Are we going toward an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis? 21 October Pigliucci, Massimo Nonsense on Stilts: How (and why) to tell science from bunk. 21 October (Open lecture at the House of Literature) Purugganan, Michael D. The nature of plant domestication. 14 October Llope, Marcos Regime shifts in the marine ecosystem, the Black and the Baltic Sea. 7 October Engen, Steinar A quantitative genetic approach to fluctuating r- and K- selection. 16 September Shepherd, John Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance & Uncertainty: the Royal Society study. 9 September Bartholomew, James C. The global health initiative and the struggle for threat reduction. 26 August Diamond, Jared The history of everybody since 9,000 BC. 12 August (Open lecture at the House of Literature) Ruzzante, Daniel Climate and life history influence on phylogeographic patterns and ancestral population dynamics of Patagonian fishes. 23 June Wiltshire, Karen Helgoland Roads: 45 years of change in the North Sea. 17 June Johannes, Frank Unraveling the epigenetic dimension of complex traits in Arabidopsis. 10 June Subbey, Samuel Separating Deities from Mortals: Model-Based Decisions under Uncertainty. 26 May Van de Peer, Yves The evolutionary significance of ancient whole genome duplications. 20 May McCairns, R.J. Scott Fishing for a thesis in a sea of cryptic signals: plasticity & adaptive differentiation in sticklebacks of the St. Lawrence River estuary. 29 April Hutchings, Jeffrey Overfishing of Canadian Atlantic Cod: Correlates of Population Recovery and Integrity in the Communication of Science. 14 April Kamenos, Nick Interdisciplinary approaches to biotic and climatic processes in the North Atlantic. 8 April Dakos, Vasilis Expecting the unexpected: Leading indicators for critical transitions. 25 March Fauchald, Per Seasonal changes in the trophic structure of the Barents Sea ecosystem. 18 March Bailey, Kevin M. Wars, Vikings and an Empty Donut Hole: The Great Collapse of North American Fishery. 4 March Henderiks, Jorijntje Phenotypic evolution in marine phytoplankton: when data and models meet. 25 February Vindenes, Yngvild Individual heterogeneity and stochastic population dynamics. 28 January Büntgen, Ulf Frontiers in dendroclimatology and ecology. 21 January Nilsson, Göran E. Coral reef fish in a warmer and more carbonated future. 14 January Caswell, Hal Workshop – New approaches to sensitivity analyses. 8 November

| 46 | HAV21: The Norwegian Governmental R&D strategy for the marine sector. Blindern, Oslo. 16 December

Name Title presentation

Stenseth, Nils Chr. Welcome

Jakobsen, Kjetill Marine genomics at CEES at a glance

Steinsli, Jartrud HAV21- Governmental processes and ownership, Deputy Director General

Abildgaard, Christina Process for a strategy on marine research

Dyrkoren, Erik MARITIM21 – Experience from the process behind the strategy and its operational phase. Advices to the HAV21 group

Norwegian Sequencing Centre One-day seminar – High-throughput Sequencing – Applications and Analyses. Blindern, Oslo. 28 October

Name Title of presentation

Undlien, Dag Welcome and opening remarks Dewar, Ken I have half my mother’s genes yet am 98 % identical to a chimpanzee Salzburger, Walter Cichlidomics: uncovering the molecular basis of diversification in East African cichlid fishes Lupski, James R. Pathogenic alleles, clan genomics and the complex genetic architecture of human disease Searle, Steve Ensembl and incorporation of new sequence technology data Singh, Deepak Single Molecule, Real-Time Sequencing on the PacBio™ RS platform: Technology and Applications Stenseth, Nils Chr.; Jakobsen, Kjetill S. Discussion and closing remarks

Opening of NorMER and “Havdagen”. Domus Academica, University of Oslo, Oslo. 11 October

Name Title of presentation

Stenseth, Nils Chr. Welcome and short presentation of NorMER Aasland, Tora Science is important Gramstad, Kristine Both free and applied research is important for management of marine resources Ottersen, Ole Petter The role of the University of Oslo Hutchings, Jeffrey Using Science for Effective Fisheries Management and Sustainable Harvesting Jakobsen, Kjetill S. Sequencing the Cod Genome Dickson, Robert The greatest show on Earth: extreme changes in our observational record and what they have revealed

| 47 | 9 APPENDICES

Algesymposium 2011. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo. 28–29 September

Name Title of presentation

Jakobsen, Kjetill S. Introduction Rinde, Eli Status for tareskognedbeiting i Nord-Norge Arff, Johanne Kan operasjonelle modeller brukes i algevarsling? Skulberg, Olav Algeslim som framtredende økologisk algeegenskap Haande, Sigrid Spennende utvikling av planteplanktonsamfunnet i Kolbotnvatnet Schneider, Susanne Begroingsalger som indikatorer for vurdering av eutrofiering og forsuring Utkilen, Hans Helse problemer knyttet til Phototrofe cyanobacterie biofilmer (oppblomstringer) Ballot, Andreas Toxic versus nontoxic cyanobacteria: bad and good guys, they all look alike Stüken, Anke Discovery of Nuclear-Encoded Genes for the Neurotoxin Saxitoxin in Dinoflagellates Orr, Russell Improved phylogenetic resolution of toxic and non-toxic Alexandrium strains using a concatenated rDNA approach Brembu, Tore The Seminavis robusta genome project - preliminary information on the molecular toolbox of a benthic diatom Gerecht, Andrea Addressing phenotypic plasticity - a chemostat experiment Skjelbred, Birger A high-throughput method for measuring growth and respiration in microalgal cultures Gustad, Eli Overvåkning av potensielt skadelige alger – Skagerrakkysten Egge, Elianne Ballestad, Hanne Gabrielsen, Tove M. Algeforskning ved UNIS – Metagenomikk og metatranskriptomikk i arktiske strøk Tooming-Klunderud, Ave Pan-genome of the cyanobacterial genus Planktothrix Jakobsen, Kjetill S. Algae, protists and evolutionary processes: a tale of recurrent events Krabberød, Andreas K. Resolving Radiolarian Relationships Rounge, Trine B. Genome rearrangements and recombination are important processes of subgroup formation in the cyanobacterium Planktothrix Shalcian-Tabrizi, Kamran Mugaas, Anne; Sørensen, Åse En bærekraftig og robust algenæring i Norge Lekang Markina, Daria Optimization of growth conditions of the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for biohydrogen production Skjermo, Jorunn Dyrking av tare til biodrivstoff Mortensen, Leiv M. Aktuell forskning pÂ mikroalger ved Institutt for plante- og miljøvitenskap

| 48 | 2nd Norwegian Microbiology Meeting (NoMi-11). Skogstad Hotel, Hemsedal. 14–16 September

Name (keynote speakers) Title of presentation

Søgaard-Andersen, Lotte Prokaryotic Cell Biology Milton, Debra Pathogenic Microbiology In addition, 17 PhDs and postdocs gave lectures.

The Kristine Bonnevie Lecture on Evolutionary Biology. Blindern, Oslo. 2 September

Name Title of presentation

Dawkins, Richard Introduction: On the importance of communicating science. Evolutionary and Ecological Responses of Mammals to Past, Present and Future Climatic Hadly, Elizabeth Change.

A CEES session on: The ecology and evolution of human infectious diseases with an environmental reservoir (with a focus on plague). Blindern, Oslo. 31 August

Name Title of presentation

Introduction: The ecology and evolution of human infectious diseases with an environmental Stenseth, Nils Chr. reservoir: with a focus on plague Achtman, Mark Genomic comparisons of genetically monomorphic pathogens, including Yersinia pestis The evolutionary pathway leading to flea-borne transmission of Yersinia pestis and its Hinnebusch, Joseph implications for the ecology of plague Fischer, Barbara Modelling the evolution of virulence in eco-epidemiological plague systems Yang, Ruifu Natural plague foci in China and Yersinia pestis diversity Bakanidze, Lela Surveillance on Plague in Natural Foci in Georgia Easterday, W. Ryan Ecology and Evolution of Yersinia pestis: Future Plague Research at CEES Ben Ari, Tamara Determining plague foci in China from long term time-series data Ecological niche and species distribution models for understanding disease distributions: Blackburn, Jason advances in models and their applications Eisen, Rebecca Geographic distributions, virulence, and transmission of F. tularensis subspecies and clades Turner, Wendy Rainfall and herbivory: characterizing the transmission route for anthrax in grazing wildlife Colwell, Rita Where to go further Bartholomew, Jim Closing comments

| 49 | Name Title of presentation

Reitan, Trond Evolution in a visual virtual world – Pacman as an evolving organism. 13 December Reitan, Trond Workshop on Survival analysis. 21 November Grabowski, Mark Integration, constraints, and the origins of bipedalism. 14 November The Axial skeleton of extant monotremes: A study of homeotic shifts in vertical identities in early Cristofari, Robin mammalian evolution. 24 October Junge, Claudia European Shark Week! Manta rays – gentle giants in trouble. 17 October Berg, Paul R. The CEES help-desk on issues related to molecular technologies. 19 September NorMER – Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and Resources under Climate Stenseth, Nils Chr. Change. 15 August Vøllestad, Asbjørn Early life of grayling: rapid evolution and conflicting experimental results. 20 June Gerecht, Andrea Addressing phenotypic plasticity – a chemostat experiment. 23 May Trucchi, Emiliano RADtag: a reduced-complexity approach to next generation sequencing. 9 May Sviland, Maria Natural sciences in secondary school – why should we bother? 21 March Potential for anthropogenic alterations influencing emigration timing of coho salmon smolts in Bass, Arthur estuarine streams. 14 March Rueness, Eli The story of the African wolf. 28 February Vøllestad, Asbjørn; Slagsvold, Tore; Late Lunch Talk Valentines Special: Mating. 14 February Pavlicev, Mihaela Evolutionary response of two African rodent species (Hystrix sp.) to climate changes: studying the Trucchi, Emiliano past to estimate the future. 7 February Can short-term climate variation be the cause of long-term persistence of epidemic infection? 24 Sadykov, Alexander January

The Annual CEES Student Conference and Banquet. Holmen Fjordhotell, Nesbru. 18–19 October

(The list of speakers [42] is too long to publish here. See our website).

The Annual NorMER conference at Holmen Fjordhotell, Nesbru. 11–12 October

(The list of speakers [25] is too long to publish here. See our website).

Young Researchers’ Day (‘De unges dag’). The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo. 8 February

| 51 | 9 APPENDICES

Production

Contributors affiliated with CEES in bold. Bonnet, T., Slagsvold, P. K., Sætre, G.-P. (2011) Genetic species identification of a Collared Pied Flycatcher from Norway. Journal of Ornithology (Journal fur Ornithologie), Articles in peer-reviewed journals 152 (4), 1069–1073.

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Gregersen, F., Vøllestad, L. A., Østbye, K., Aass, P., Hegge, Hoset, K. S., Ferchaud, A. L., Dufour, F., Mersch, D., Cote, O. (2011) Temperature and food-level effects on repro- J., Le Galliard, J. F. (2011) Natal dispersal correlates with ductive investment and egg mass in vendace, Coregonus behavioral traits that are not consistent across early life albula. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 18 (4), 263–269. stages. Behavioral Ecology, 22 (1), 176–183.

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| 54 | Kauserud, H., Heegaard, E., Halvorsen, R., Boddy, L., Høi- Drabløs, F., Valla, S. (2011) High coverage sequencing land, K., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Mushroom’s spore size of DNA from microorganisms living in an oil reservoir and time of fruiting are strongly related: is moisture im- 2.5 kilometres subsurface. Environmental Microbiology Re- portant? Biology Letters, 7 (2), 273–276. ports, 3 (6), 674–681.

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Le Rouzic, A., Østbye, K., Klepaker, T. O., Hansen, T. F., Martinsen, V., Mulder, J., Austrheim, G., Mysterud, A. Bernatchez, L., Schluter, D., Vøllestad, L. A. (2011) Strong (2011) Carbon storage in low-alpine grassland soils: ef- and consistent natural selection associated with armour fects of different grazing intensities of sheep. European reduction in sticklebacks. Molecular Ecology, 20, 2483– Journal of Soil Science, 62 (6), 822–833. 2493. Meier, C. M., Starrfelt, J., Kokko, H. (2011) Mate limitation Lehikoinen, A., Lehikoinen, P., Linden, A., Laine, T. (2011) causes sexes to coevolve towards more similar dispersal Population trend and status of the endangered White- kernels. Oikos, 120 (10), 1459–1468. backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in Finland. Ornis Fennica, 88 (4), 195–207. Milner, J. M., Bonenfant, C., Mysterud, A. (2011) Hunting Bambi—evaluating the basis for selective harvesting of Leu, E., Søreide, J., Hessen, D. O., Falk-Petersen, S., Berge, juveniles. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 57, 565– J. (2011) Consequences of changing sea-ice cover for 574. primary and secondary producers in the European Arc- tic shelf seas: Timing, quantity, and quality. Progress in Moland, E., Olsen, E. M., Andvord, K. F., Knutsen, J. A., Oceanography, 90 (1–4), 18–32. Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Home range of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in a marine reserve: implications Linden, A. (2011) Using first arrival dates to infer bird for future reserve design. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and migration phenology. Boreal environment research, 16 B, Aquatic Sciences, 68 (7), 1197–1210. 49–60. Moland, E., Olsen, E. M., Knutsen, H., Knutsen, J. A., En- Linden, A., Mäntyniemi, S. (2011) Using the negative bi- ersen, S. E., André, C., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Activity pat- nomial distribution to model overdispersion in ecologi- terns of wild European lobster Homarus gammarus in cal count data. Ecology, 92 (7), 1414–1421. coastal marine reserves: implications for future reserve design. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 429, 197–207. Liow, L. H., Van Valen, L., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Red Queen: from populations to taxa and communities. Mysterud, A. (2011) Selective harvesting of large mam- Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26 (7), 349–358. mals: how often does it result in directional selection? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 827–834. Llope, M., Daskalov, G., Rouyer, T. A., Mihneva, V., Chan, K. S., Grishin, A., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Overfishing of top Mysterud, A., Hessen, D. O., Mobæk, R., Martinsen, V., predators eroded the resilience of the Black Sea system Mulder, J., Austrheim, G. (2011) Plant quality, seasonal- regardless of the climate and anthropogenic conditions. ity and sheep grazing in an alpine ecosystem. Basic and Global Change Biology, 17(3), 1251–1265. Applied Ecology, 12 (3), 195-206.

Lund, M. B., Olsen, E. M., Espeland, S. H., Stenseth, N. Mysterud, A., Loe, L. E., Zimmermann, B., Bischof, R., C. (2011) Life history of fjord cod from the Skagerrak in Veiberg, V., Meisingset, E. (2011) Partial migration in ex- the mid-2000s compared to 1905. Marine Ecology Progress panding red deer populations at northern latitudes – a Series, 424, 169–174. role for density dependence? Oikos, 120(12), 1817–1825.

Marshal, J. P., Owen-Smith, N., Whyte, I. J., Stenseth, N. Niedziałkowska, M., Jędrzejewska, B., Honnen, A. C., C. (2011) The role of El Niño – Southern Oscillation in the Otto, T., Sidorovich, V. E., Perzanowski, K., Skog, A., dynamics of a savanna large herbivore population. Oikos, Hartl, G. B., Borowik, T., Bunevich, A. N., Lang, J., Zachos, 120, 1175–1182. F. E. (2011) Molecular biogeography of red deer Cervus elaphus from eastern Europe: insights from mitochon- Martinsen, V., Austrheim, G., Mysterud, A., Mulder, J. drial DNA sequences. Acta Theriologica, 56, 1–12. (2011) Effects of herbivory on N-cycling and distribution of added 15(NH4+) in N-limited low-alpine grasslands. Plant and Soil, 347 (1-2), 279–292.

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Nilsson, A., Nilsson, J.-Å., Alerstam, T. (2011) Basal meta- Pavlicev, M., Hansen, T. F. (2011) Genotype-Phenotype bolic rate and energetic cost of thermoregulation among Maps Maximizing Evolvability: Modularity Revisited. migratory and resident blue tits. Oikos, 120, 1784–1789. Evolutionary Biology, 38 (4), 371–389.

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Ohlberger, J., Langangen, Ø., Edeline, E., Olsen, E. M., Pettorelli, N., Ryan, S., Mueller, T., Bunnefeldt, N., Je- Winfield, I. J., Fletcher, J. M., James, J. B., Stenseth, N. C., drzejewska, B., Lima, M., Kausrud, K. L. (2011) The Nor- Vøllestad, L. A. (2011) Pathogen-induced rapid evolution malized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI): unforeseen in a vertebrate life-history trait. Proceedings of the Royal successes in animal ecology. Climate Research (CR), 46 (1), Society of London. Biological Sciences, 278 (1702), 35–41. 15–27.

Olsen, E. M., Moland, E. (2011) Fitness landscape of At- Polly, P. D., Eronen, J. T., Fred, M., Dietl, G. P., Mosbrug- lantic cod shaped by harvest selection and natural selec- ger, V., Scheidegger, C., Frank, D. C., Damuth, J., Stenseth, tion. Evolutionary Ecology, 25 (3), 695–710. N. C., Fortelius, M. (2011) History matters: ecometrics and integrative climate change biology. Proceedings of Olsen, E. M., Ottersen, G., Llope, M., Chan, Kung-Sik, the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences, 278 (1709), Beaugrand, Grégory, Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Spawning 1131–1140. stock and recruitment in North Sea cod shaped by food and climate. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Bio- Poyatos, J. F. (2011) The Balance of Weak and Strong In- logical Sciences, 278 (1705), 504–510. teractions in Genetic Networks. PLoS ONE, 6 (2), 1–8.

Orr, R., Stüken, A., Rundberget, T., Eikrem, W., Jakobsen, K. S. (2011) Improved phylogenetic resolution of toxic and non-toxic Alexandrium strains using a concatenated rDNA approach. Harmful Algae, 10 (6), 676–688.

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| 58 | Seligmann, H. (2011) Pathogenic mutations in antisense Steen, R., Løw, L. M., Sonerud, G. A., Selås, V., Slagsvold, mitochondrial tRNAs. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 269 T. (2011) Prey delivery rates as estimates of prey con- (1), 287–296. sumption by Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus nest- lings. Ardea, 99 (1), 1–8. Seligmann, H. (2011) Two genetic codes, one genome: Frameshifted primate mitochondrial genes code for ad- Stige, L. C., Ottersen, G., Hjermann, D. Ø., Dalpadado, P., ditional proteins in presence of antisense antitermina- Jensen, L. K., Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Environmental toxi- tion tRNAs. Biosystems, 105 (3), 271–285. cology: Population modeling of cod larvae shows high sensitivity to loss of zooplankton prey. Marine Pollution Siddiqui, H., Nederbragt, A. J., Lagesen, K., Jeansson, S., Bulletin, 62 (2), 395–398. Jakobsen, K. S. (2011) Assessing diversity of the female urine microbiota by high throughput sequencing of 16S Stüken, A. C., Orr, R., Kellmann, R., Murray, S. A., Neilan, rDNA amplicons. BMC Microbiology, 11 (224), 1–12. B. A., Jakobsen, K. S. (2011) Discovery of Nuclear-Encod- ed Genes for the Neurotoxin Saxitoxin in Dinoflagellates. Skurdal, J., Hessen, D. O., Garnås, E., Vøllestad, L. A. PLoS ONE, 6 (5), 1–12. (2011) Fluctuating fecundity parameters and reproductive investment in crayfish: driven by climate or chaos? Størmer, F., Mysterud, I., Slagsvold, T. (2011) Evolution Freshwater Biology, 56 (2), 335–341. and possible storage of information in a magnetite system of significance for brain development. Medical Hy- Slagsvold, T., Wiebe, K. (2011) Social learning in birds and potheses, 76 (6), 901–904. its role in shaping a foraging niche. Philosophical Transac- tions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences, 366 Svennungsen, T. O., Holen, Ø. H., Leimar, O. (2011) Induc- (1567), 969–977. ible Defenses: Continuous Reaction Norms or Threshold Traits? American Naturalist, 178 (3), 397–410. Speed, J. D. M., Austrheim, G., Hester, A., Mysterud, A. (2011) Browsing interacts with climate to determine Swithers, K. S., DiPippo, J. L., Bruce, D. C., Detter, C., tree-ring increment. Functional Ecology, 25 (5), 1018–1023. Tapia, R., Han, S., Goodwin, L. A., Han, J., Woyke, T., Pit- luck, S., Pennacchio, L. A., Nolan, M., Mikhailova, N., Speed, J. D. M., Austrheim, G., Hester, A., Mysterud, A. Land, M. L., Nesbø, C. L., Gogarten, J. P., Noll, K. M. (2011) (2011) Growth limitation of mountain birch caused by Genome Sequence of Kosmotoga olearia Strain TBF 19. 5. sheep browsing at the altitudinal treeline. Forest Ecology 1, a Thermophilic Bacterium with a Wide Growth Tem- and Management, 261 (7), 1344–1352. perature Range, Isolated from the Troll B Oil Platform in the North Sea. Journal of Bacteriology, 193 (19), 5566–5567. Star, B., Nederbragt, A. J., Jentoft, S., Grimholt, U., Malm- strøm, M., Gregers, T. F., Rounge, T. B., Paulsen, J., Sol- Thomassen, G., Barson, N. J., Haugen, T. O., Vøllestad, L. bakken, M. H., Sharma, A., Wetten, O. F., Lanzén, A., A. (2011) Contemporary divergence in early life history Winer, R., Knight, J., Vogel, J.-H., Aken, B., Andersen, Ø., in grayling (Thymallus thymallus). BMC Evolutionary Biol- Lagesen, K., Tooming-Klunderud, A., Edvardsen, R., Ki- ogy, 11 (360), 1–10. rubakaran, G. T., Espelund, M., Nepal, C., Previti, A. C., Karlsen, B. O., Moum, T., Skage, M., Berg, P. R., Gjøen, T., Tian, H., Stige, L. C., Cazelles, B., Kausrud, K. L., Svarver- Kuhl, H., Thorsen, J., Malde, K., Reinhardt, R., Du, L., Jo- ud, R., Stenseth, N. C., Zhang, Z. (2011) Reconstruction hansen, S. D., Searle, S., Lien, S., Nilsen, Frank, Jonassen, of a 1,910-y-long locust series reveals consistent associa- I., Omholt, S. W., Stenseth, N. C., Jakobsen, K. S. (2011) tions with climate fluctuations in China. Proceedings of The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique the National Academy of Science of the United States of Amer- immune system. Nature, 477 (7363), 207–210. ica, 108 (35), 14521–14526.

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Uyeda, J., Hansen, T. F., Arnold, S. J., Pienaar, J. (2011) The Yguel, B., Bailey, R. I., Tosh, N. D., Vialatte, A., Vasseur, million-year wait for macroevolutionary bursts. Proceed- C., Vitrac, X., Jean, F., Prinzing, A. (2011) Phytophagy on ings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of phylogenetically isolated trees: why hosts should escape America, 108 (38), 15908–15913. their relatives. Ecology Letters, 14 (11), 1117–1124.

van Beest, F., Rivrud, I. M., Loe, L. E., Milner, J. M., Mys- terud, A. (2011) What determines variation in home Reports and book chapters range size across spatiotemporal scales in a large browsing herbivore? Journal of Animal Ecology, 80 (4), 771–785. Berge, J. A., Amundsen, R., Bjerkeng, B., Borgersen, G., Bjerknes, E., Gitmark, J. K.,Gjøsæter, J., Grung, M., Villar, J. O., Jensen, A. J., L’abee-Lund, J. H., Stenseth, N. Gundersen, H., Holth, T. F., Hylland, K., Johnsen, T. M., C., Storvik, G. O., Vøllestad, L. A. (2011) Quantifying the Knutsen, H., Ledang, A. B., Lømsland, E. R., Magnusson, Ocean, Freshwater and Human Effects on Year-to-Year J., Nerland, I. O, Olsen, E. M., Paulsen, Ø., Rohrlack, T., Variability of One-Sea-Winter Atlantic Salmon Angled in Sørensen, K., Walday, M. (2011) Overvåking av foruren- Multiple Norwegian Rivers, PLoS ONE, 6 (8), 1–11. sningssituasjonen i indre Oslofjord 2010. Report 6181-2011 (ISBN 978-82-577-5916-2), Norsk institutt for vannfor- Vrede, T., Drakare, S., Eklöv, P., Hein, A., Liess, A., Olsson, skning (NIVA). 137 pages. J., Persson, J., Quevedo, M., Ragnarsson S., H., Svanbäck, R. (2011) Ecological stoichiometry of Eurasian perch - in- Eikeset, A. M., Richter, A. P., Diekert, F. K., Dankel, D. J., traspecific variation due to size, habitat and diet. Oikos, Stenseth, N. C. (2011) Unintended consequences sneak in 120 (6), 886–896. the back door: making wise use of regulations in fisheries management. In: Ecosystem Based Management for Ma- Wojewodzic, M., Kyle, M., Elser, J. J., Hessen, D. O., An- rine Fisheries: An Evolving Perspective (ISBN 0521519810), dersen, T. (2011) Joint effect of phosphorus limitation Cambridge University Press. Pages 181–217. and temperature on alkaline phosphatase activity and somatic growth in Daphnia magna. Oecologia, 165 (4), Gundersen, H., Christie, H. C., de Wit, H., Norderhaug,

837–846. K. M., Bekkby, T., Walday, M. (2011) Utredning om CO2- opptak i marine naturtyper. Report 6070-2011 (ISBN Wojewodzic, M., Rachamim, T., Andersen, T., Leinaas, H. 978-82-577-5805-9), Norsk institutt for vannforskning P., Hessen, D. O. (2011) Effect of temperature and dietary (NIVA). 25 pages. elemental composition on RNA/protein ratio in a rotifer. Functional Ecology, 25 (5), 1154–1160. Gundersen, H., Norling, K., Bekkby, T., Oug, E., Rygg, B., Walday, M. (2011) Naturindeks; Videreutvikling av Wynn, T., Hernandez-Aguilar, R. A., Marchant, L. F., Mc- kunnskapsgrunnlaget for bløtbunnsindikator for kyst- grew, W. C. (2011) “An Ape’s View of the Oldowan” Re- vann – Et utviklingsprosjekt under Naturtyper i Norge visited. Evolutionary anthropology, 20 (5), 181–197. (DN). Report 6071-2011 (ISBN 978-82-577-5806-6), Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA). 32 pages. Xu, L., Liu, Q., Stige, L. C., Ben Ari, T. M., Fang, X., Chan, K.-S., Wang, S., Stenseth, N. C., Zhang, Z. (2011) Nonlin- Hansen, T. F. (2011) Epigenetics: Adaptation or Contin- ear effect of climate on plague during the third pandemic gency? In: Epigenetics: Linking genotype and phenotype in in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of development and evolution (ISBN 9780520267091), Univer- the United States of America, 108 (25), 10214–10219. sity of California Press. Pages 357–376.

Holst, I., Vøllestad, L. A. (2011) Moderne Kinesisk – Norsk tegnordbok (ISBN 82-91423-00-8), Ingar Holst Forlag. 206 pages.

| 60 | Jonzén, N., Knudsen, E., Holt, R., Sæther, B.-E. (2011) Un- Junge, Claudia. 24 June. Spatio-temporal population certainty and predictability: the niches of migrants and structuring in complex environments: insights from the nomads. In: Animal migration: a synthesis. (ISBN 978-0-19- European Grayling (Thymallus thymallus). The Faculty of 956899-4), Oxford University Press. Pages 91–109. Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo.

Kjøhl, M., Nielsen, A., Stensets, N. C. (2011) Potential ef- Diekert, Florian Klaus. 5 October. Fisheries management fects of climate change on crop opllination. Food and ag- in a dynamic setting. Faculty of Social Sciences, Univer- riculture organization of the United Nations (ISBN 978-92-5- sity of Oslo. 106878-6), 38 pages. Sadykov, Alexander. 1 November. Conspecific communi- Mysterud, A., Loe, L. E., Meisingset, E., Zimmermann, B., ty dynamics models and their applications. The Faculty Hjeltnes, A. W., Veiberg, V., Rivrud, I. M., Skonhoft, A., of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo. Olaussen, J. O., Andersen, O., Bischof, R., Bonenfant, C., Brekkum, Ø., Langvatn, R., Flatjord, H., Syrstad, I., Aar- Easterday, William Ryan (dr. philos). 11 November. An- hus, A., Holthe, V. (2011) Hjorten i det norske kulturland- thrax: Evolutionary approaches for genetic-based inves- skapet: arealbruk, bærekraft og næring (ISBN 978-82- tigative tools. The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural 90934-80-9), The Department of Biology, University of Sciences, University of Oslo. Oslo. 88 pages. Rémy, Alice Melisande Jacynthe. 18 November. Linking Mysterud, A., Sæther, B.-E. (2011) Climate change and behaviour with individual traits and environmental con- implications for the future distribution and manage- ditions, and consequences for small rodent populations. ment of ungulates in Europe. In: Large herbivores in Eu- The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Uni- rope (ISBN 9780521760591), Cambridge University Press. versity of Oslo. Pages 349–375. Jørgensen, Marte Holten. 25 November. A poly approach to ploidy: Polyploid evolution and taxonomic implica- PhD thesis defenses tions. The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo. Dimitar R. Serbezov. 28 January. Evolutionary dynamics in small populations: a case study of a resident salmonid population. The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sci- Talks ences, University of Oslo. Blix, A. Sauer er ålreite dyr – beiteprosjektet i Hol. Dep. of Knudsen, Endre. 13 May. Assessing changes in the phe- Biology, University of Oslo, Norway. 21 September. nology of bird migration: methodological and biological challenges. The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sci- Brysting, A. K. A time and economically efficient proto- ences, University of Oslo. col using high throughput sequencing to create large sequence datasets for population genetics. Next Generation Eriksen, Ane. 22 June. Song learning in oscine songbirds. Plant Ecology and Evolution Workshop, Edinburgh, UK. 18–19 Tutor choice, timing, and the relationship with sexual October. imprinting. The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo. Brysting, A. K. Allopolyploid origins of Galeopsis tetraploids – revisiting Müntzing’s classical textbook example. And other polyploidy stories. Dep. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. 10 March.

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Diekert, F. K. Appreciating the value of age – An evalua- Hernandez-Aguilar, R. A. Object transport in chimpan- tion of efficiency gains from controlling gear selectivity zees: implications for resource transport in early homi- under different scenarios. BioEcon 2011, Geneve. Switzer- nins. 4th Congress of the European Federation for Primatol- land. 11 September. ogy, in Almada, Portugal. 14–17 September.

Diekert, F. K. Appreciating the value of age - An evalua- Hessen, D. O. Født sånn eller blitt sånn – hvor relevant tion of efficiency gains from controlling gear selectivity er problemstillingen? Norsk Psykiatrisk Forening, Oslo, Nor- under different scenarios. Joint congress of the European way. 9 December. Economic Association and the Econometric Society European meeting (EEA-ESEM) in Oslo, Norway. 25–28 August. Hessen, D. O. Normans område, hjerne og evolusjon. Lec- ture and debate with Jan Kjærstad, Litteraturhuset, Oslo, Nor- Diekert, F. K. Appreciating the value of age – Avoiding way. 28 November. growth- and recruitment-overfishing. New York City, Co- lumbia University, USA. 6 May. Hessen, D. O. Nytt blikk på sentraldogmet. Om søppel- DNA, genomisk fleksibilitet og rask evolusjon. Biokonfer- Diekert, F. K. Appreciating the value of age - An evalu- ansen, Oslo, Norway. 25 November. ation of efficiency gains from controlling gear selectivity under different scenarios. New York City, Sustainable Hessen, D. O. Amygdalas fange. AGORA-seminar, Institutt Development Seminar series at the Department of Economics, for aktiv psykoterapi, Oslo, Norway. 24 November. Columbia University, USA. 11 April. Hessen, D. O. Forskningsfinansiering og tid til FoU fra Diekert, F. K. Managing growth overfishing is more im- et forskerperspektiv. Forskerforbundets forskningspolitiske portant than manging recruitment overfishing. Bergen, seminar, Oslo, Norway. 22 November. FishySoc meeting, Norway. 17 January. Hessen, D. O. Norske penger og verdens naturmangfold. Easterday, W. R. Invited speaker. The IVth Conference of Regnskogsfondet/Utviklingsfondet, Oslo, Norway. 10 Novem- The Scandinavian-Baltic Society for Parasitology (4th CSBSP), ber. in Oslo, Norway. 19–22 June. Hessen, D. O. Dannelse og refleksjon innen naturviten- Gerecht, A. Phytoplankton size: phenotypic plasticity skapene. Dannelseskonferansen, Oslo, Norway. 8 Novem- and long-term evolution. Algesymposium 2011, Norwegian ber. Academy of Science, Norway. 28–29 September. Hessen, D. O. Det biologiske prinsipp. Lecture, ‘NOU-ut- Gerech, A. Phytoplankton size: phenotypic plasticity and valg om barnevern’, Norway. 1 November. long-term evolution. NoMi11 (2nd Norwegian Microbiology Meeting), Hemsedal, Norway. 14–16 September. Hessen, D. O. Hvor sikker er kunnskapen om miljøspørsmål. Hva er sant? Nasjonal konferanse, naturf- Gundersen, H. Nature Index of Norway – spatial pre- agsenteret, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. 1 November. dictive modelling of soft sediment reference conditions along the Norwegian coast. ICES Annual ‘Science Confer- Hessen, D. O. Vårt indre økosystem. Samspill med våre ence, Norway. 19–23 September. bakterier. Norsk Naturmedisinsk fagkongress, Sundvollen, Norway. 28 October. Heier, L. Emergence, Spread, Persistence and Fade-out of Sylvatic Plague in Kazakhstan. The IVth Conference of the Hessen, D. O. Science in media. PhD-symposium, Oslo, Nor- Scandinavian-Baltic Society for Parasitology (SBSP) “Parasites way. 26 October. and infectious diseases in a changing world”, Oslo, Norway. 19–22 June.

| 62 | Hessen, D. O. Hvor unikt er mennesket. Idéfestivalen, UiOs Hessen, D. O. Kristine Bonnevie som kvinnelig pionér. 200-års jubileum, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. 15 October. Centre for Gender Research, University of Oslo, Norway. 8 April. Hessen, D. O. GMO og mat. Innlegg og leder av panel- debatt. RCN, Oslo, Norway. 12 October. Hessen, D. O. Forskning ved NIVA – et skråblikk fra universitetet. Forskerforbundet/NIVA, Oslo, Norway. 31 March. Hessen, D. O. Nansen og Darwin. Fidtjof Nansen Seminar, University Aula, Oslo, Norway. 10 October. Hessen, D. O. Hvordan bidra i den offentlige debatt med din akademiske kompetanse? Confex conference, Oslo, Hessen, D. O. Climate related changes in freshwater eco- Norway. 30 March. systems. North sea Region Change Assessment (NOSCAA) meeting, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 5 October. Hessen, D. O. Ecosystem services. How and why should in- vestors interact with companies on ecosystem services. Store- Hessen, D. O. Hvilken nytte kan vi ha av syntetisk liv? brand/Miljøverndepartementet, Oslo, Norway. 28 March. Joint meeting DNVA og NTVA, Oslo, Norway. 21 September. Hessen, D. O. Storskala økosystemeffekter av økt nitro- Hessen, D. O. Lake as sentinels of global change. Stock- gentilførsel. Norsk Vannforening. Oslo, Norway. 7 March. holm Water Prize, Stockholm, Sweden. 24 August. Hessen, D. O. Boreal catchment export of carbon and Hessen, D. O. Lecture at the beginning of a new semes- nutrients under a changing climate. American Society of ter, Telemark University College, Bø, Norway. 22 August. Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) – conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 14 February. Hessen, D. O. Ecosystem services: A fruitful aproach? 13th Nordic-Baltic IHSS Symposium, Oslo, Norway. 19 July. Hessen, D. O. Tjæresand som miljøproblem. Lecture for ‘Stortingets miljøkomite’, Oslo, Norway. 8 February. Hessen, D. O. Appell foran Stortinget. NFR-programmet ForMat, Oslo, Norway. 16 July. Hessen, D. O. Don’t be such a scientist. Debate with Randy Olson, Ole Martin Ihle and Nina Kristensen regarding “For- Hessen, D. O. Biologiske perspektiver på kjærlighet. skningsmeldingen”. Forskningsrådets kommunikasjonsavdel- Filosofifestivalen, Kragerø, Norway. 5 June. ing, Oslo, Norway. 25 January.

Hessen, D. O. Er vi genetisk programmert til å tenke ko- Hjermann, D. Marinbiologiske data, kunnskap og mod- rtsiktig? Seminar og fremtidens byer. Ministry of the Envi- eller – for både petroleums- og fiskenæring. VISTA day, ronment, Oslo, Norway. 19 May. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo, Nor- way. 21 November. Hessen, D. O. OECD Environmental Performance Review. Comment to the Minister of the Environment on OECD’s Husek, J. Dynamics of pulsed prey abundance shapes evaluation of Norwegian environmental policy. Depart- avian reproduction: study on the common vole (Microtus ment of the Environment, Oslo, Norway. 19 May. arvalis) and its predator, the white stork (Ciconia ciconia). 8th Conference of the European Ornithologists’ Union, in Riga, Hessen, D. O. Gå hjem og skriv! Norsk Faglitterær forfatter- Latvia. 27–30 August. forening/Språkrådet/Univ. forlaget, Oslo, Norway. 14 April. Jakobsen, K. S. Marine genomics at CEES at a glance. MareLife/Hav21 seminar, Norway. 16 December.

| 63 | 9 APPENDICES

Jakobsen, K. S. Genome sequencing of Atlantic cod. Uni- Jakobsen, K. S. High throughput sequencing – a genom- versity of Gothenburg, Sweden. 12 December. ics and metagenomics perspective. University of Gothen- burg, Sweden. 11 May. Jakobsen, K. S. Lessons to be learned from genome sequencing. University of Gothenburg, Sweden. 12 December. Jakobsen, K. S. Sequencing of Atlantic cod. Nofima, Trom- sø, Norway. 9 March. Jakobsen, K. S. High throughput sequencing of the cod genome reveals a unique immune system. Biokjemisk in- Jakobsen, K. S. Genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals teressegruppe, University of Oslo, Norway. 1 December. a unique immune system. Norsk Biokjemisk Selskap – Vin- termøtet 2011, Tromsø, Norway. 3 February. Jakobsen, K. S. Epigenetikk: molekylære mekanismer for hvordan genaktivitet nedarves gjennom generasjoner. Jakobsen, K. S. Genome sequence of Atlantic cod – a Biokonferansen, University of Oslo, Norway. 25 November. unique immune system through the loss of MHC II function. Mini symposium – Evolution of MHC and autoimmunity, Jakobsen, K. S. Genomics of Atlantic cod and Gadoid fish- Rikshospitalet (organised by CIR – Centre for Immune Regula- es: unusual repertoire of immune genes. Invited lecture, tion). 7 January. IFM-Geomar, University of Kiel, Germany. 17 November. Jalal, M. Temperature effect on genome size and poly- Jakobsen, K. S. The genome of Atlantic cod reveals a ploidy level of Daphnia: A flow cytometry analysis.Inter - unique immune system. Norsk Biotekforum, NHO. 13 No- national Symposium Cladocera, Italyy. 2–8 October. vember. Jentoft, S. Kartleggingen av torskens arvemateriale – nye Jakobsen, K. S. Sequencing of the Atlantic cod genome. muligheter for videre arbeid på torsk. Havdagen, Litter- NorMER/Havdagen 2011. University of Oslo, Domus Academi- aturhuset, Oslo, Norway. 11 October. ca, Norway. 11 October. Jorde, P. E. The genetically effective size of a population. Jakobsen, K. S. Algae, protists and evolutionary process- What is it and how can it be measured? With some ex- es: a tale of recurrent events. Algeseminar, The Norwegian amples. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway. 24 Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo, Norway. 29 Septem- May. ber. Junge, C. How the evolutionary arms race between cy- Jakobsen, K. S. 454 sequencing of the Atlantic cod ge- anobacteria and their parasitic chytrid fungi could not nome. Roche/454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT, USA (invited only drive virulence evolution but also host’s population talk). 19 September. diversity. Coevolution Symposium in Jyväskylä, Finland. 4–7 October. Jakobsen, K.S. The Norwegian Sequencing Centre. Com- mon meeting, Dept. of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway. 26 Junge, C. How the evolutionary arms race between cy- August. anobacteria and their parasitic chytrid fungi could not only drive virulence evolution but also host’s population Jakobsen, K. S. Diverse origins of heterokont genes – in- diversity. 2nd Norwegian Microbiology meeting in Hemsedal, sights from a dictyocophyte est library. Phycological Soci- Norway. 14–16 September. ety of America Annual meeting. 12–17 July. Kausrud, K. L. Malaria vectors: useful idiots, astute gam- Jakobsen, K.S. Life Sciences. Site visit from University of blers or willing helpers? 9th Annual Species Interactions Minnesota, Oslo, Norway. 14 June. Workshop, Stanford University, USA. 3 December.

| 64 | Knudsen, E. Understanding and fitting finite-mixture Labra, A. Publicaciones científicas y normativas del SAG, models. Understanding and fitting finite-mixture models ¿Una pareja dispareja? II Simposium de Medicina de la (Workshop), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ly- Conservación. II Simposium de Medicina de la Conservación, sekil, Sweden. 3–4 November. UNAB, Santiago, Chile. 23–25 November.

Knutsen, H. Mechanisms behind fine-scaled population Labra, A. Chemical signals as potential modulators of structure in Atlantic cod. Invited talk, Scientific meeting, antipredator behaviour: the case of the weeping lizard. Dalhausie University, Canada. 20–23 September. XII Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Berlin, Germany. 28–31 August. Knudsen, E. Time-series modelling of the dynamics of changing bird migration phenologies. 8th EOU conference, Labra, A. Caracterizando las vocalizaciones del lagarto Riga, Lativa. 27–30 August. chillón, Liolaemus chiliensis. IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Herpetología, Curitiba, Brasil. 16–22 July. Knudsen, E. Inferring change in bird migration phenology from noisy time series data. 8th Kristineberg sympo- Labra, A. Efecto combinado de la información química sium, “Animal Migration”, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden. 8–11 June. y acústica en la respuesta de alarma del lagarto llorón (Liolaemus chiliensis). IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Her- Labra, A. ¿Cumplen los estudios herpetológicos con la petología, Curitiba, Brasil. 16–22 July. Ley de Caza? II Coloquio de Anfibios y Reptiles. Katalapi, Chile. 7–9 December. Labra, A. ¡Fuego!¡Fuego! Se quemó mi casa: comienza la exploración por parte del lagarto Liolaemus lemniscatus. Labra, A. Investigando las vocalizaciones del lagarto IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Herpetología. Curitiba, Bra- llorón: desde la estructura a su función. II Coloquio de An- sil. 16-22 July. fibios y Reptiles. Katalapi, Chile. 7–9 December. Labra, A. Lagarto Gruñidor de Álvaro (Pristidactylus al- Labra, A. Mecanismos evolutivos de la comunicación en varoi): armado hasta los dientes. IX Congreso Latinoameri- reptiles. II Coloquio de Anfibios y Reptiles. Parque Katalapi, cano de Herpetología. Curitiba, Brasil. 16–22 July. Puerto Montt, Chile. 7–9 December. Labra, A. Las respuestas de alarma del lagarto chillón: in- Labra, A. ¿Discrimina y prefiere sitios expuestos al teracción de la información visual y acústica. IX Congreso fuego? II Simposium de Medicina de la Conservación. UNAB, Latinoamericano de Herpetología, Curitiba, Brasil. 16–22 July. Santiago, Chile. 23-25 November. Labra, A. The scream of the weeping lizard: investigating Labra, A. Estudiando la biología básica de una especie its function. International Ethological Conference (IEC) and (Liolaemus chiliensis) con problemas de conservación. II Animal Behavior Society (ABS), In Bloomington, Indiana, USA. Simposium de Medicina de la Conservación. UNAB, Santiago, 25–30 July. Chile. 23–25 November. Labra, A. Modulación de la respuesta antidepredatoria de Labra, A. Infestación por ácaros en dos especies de lagar- dos especies de lagartos Liolaemus simpátricos. IX Con- tos Liolaemus de la zona central de Chile. II Simposium de greso Latinoamericano de Herpetología, in Curitiba, Brasil. Medicina de la Conservación, UNAB, Santiago, Chile. 23–25 16–22 July. November. Labra, A. Moduladores del chillido del lagarto chillón (Li- olaemus chiliensis). IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Herpe- tología. Curitiba, Brasil. 16–22 July.

| 65 | 9 APPENDICES

Labra, A. Patrones de infestación por ácaros del género Llope, M. Spatial connectivity and predator spillover af- Pterygosoma en dos especies de lagartos Liolaemus de fect food-web structure in ecological sinks: the Baltic sea la zona central de Chile. IX Congreso Latinoamericano de case. ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting 2011, American Society Herpetología, Curitiba, Brasil. 16–22 July. of Limnology and Oceanography, San Juan de Puerto Rico, USA. 13–18 February. Linden, A. Mean–variance relationships in overdispersed bird count data. 8th Conference of the European Ornitholo- Llope, M. Modelling the effect of environmental varia- gists’ Union (EOU 2011) in Riga, Latvia. 27–30 August. tion on ecological systems (and update on the EcoSce- narios EO flagship).Eur-Oceans 3rd annual Council meeting, Liow, L. H. The fossil record, preservation and other Eur-Oceans Consortium, Trondheim, Norway. 11–12 January. things that are of interest to biologists. Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 24 No- Moe, T. F. Problemvekst av krypsiv. Er vi kommet vember. nærmere en forståelse av årsakssammenhengene? Nas- jonal Vannmiljøkonferanse 2011, Oslo, Norway. 16–17 March. Liow, L. H. Detecting new species and speciation in the fossil record. The Geological Society of America Annual Moe, T. F. Problemvekst av krypsiv. En statusrapport. Meeting, Minneapolis, USA. 10 October. TEFA seminar 2011, Strand Hotell Fevik, Norway. 15 March.

Liow, L. H. Merits and problems of using molecular phy- Mysterud, A. Sheep grazing effects on soil carbon and logenies or the fossil record in inferring density-depen- nitrogen at a low alpine site in southern Norway. FoSW dent diversification. Biodiversity and Climate Research Cen- symposium “Ecosystem Services in soil and water research”, tre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany. 19 September. Uppsala, Sweden. 7–10 June.

Llope, M. Baltic Sea ecosystem changes and thresholds. Mysterud, A. Hjortens trekkmønstre i Norge. Hjortevilt ICES Annual Science Conference 2011, International Council 2011, Hafjell, Norway. 13 April. for the Exploration of the Sea, Gdansk, Poland. 19–23 Sep- tember. Nederbragt A. J. How to sequence a large eukaryotic genome and how we sequenced the cod genome. Computa- Llope, M. Baltic Sea ecosystem changes and thresholds. tional Life Science (CLS) seminar series, Dept. of informatics, 8th Baltic Sea Science Congress, Saint Petersburg, Russia. 22– University of Oslo, Norway. 28 September. 26 August. Nederbragt, A. J. The Atlantic Cod Genome Project, The Llope, M. Spatial connectivity and predator spillover af- cod genome consortium. Fish Genome Meeting 2011, Well- fect food-web structure in ecological sinks: the Baltic Sea come Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. 11 March. case. 8th Baltic Sea Science Congress, Saint Petersburg, Rus- sia. 22–26 August. Nederbragt, A. J. Next generation sequencing research opportunities and bioinformatic challenges. Computa- Llope, M. The serial recruitment failure to North Sea fish tional Life Science Initiative Seminar Series, Dept. of In- stocks during the 2000s, is climate to blame? ICES/NAFO formatics, UiO. 2 March. Decadal Symposium 2000-2009, ICES, NAFO, IEO, Santander, Spain. 10–12 May. Nilsson, A. Partial migration - who does it and why? Karlstad Universitet, Karlstad, Sweden. 12 April. Llope, M. Spatio-temporal variation of the plankton trophic interaction in the North Sea. 5th International Zoo- Omholt, S. W. Tvinger epigenetikken frem en revisjon av plankton Production Symposium, PICES, ICES & COPAS, Pucón, Neo-Darwinism? BIO-konferansen 2011, Oslo, Norway. 25 Chile. 14–18 March. November.

| 66 | Ottersen, G. The effect of climate variability on popula- Roldan, J. M. H. Non-stationary effects of climate and tion dynamics of cod along the Norwegian Skagerrak fishing on Northern Mediterranean small pelagic fish. coast. Planning conference for the Swedish-Norwegian proj- ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting 2011: Limnology and Ocean- ect ‘Torskerestaurering i Skageracks Kustområden (TORSK)’, ography in a Changing World. Puerto Rico. 13–18 February. Tjernø. Sweden. 12 December. Rounge, T. B. Comparative genome approaches and the Ottersen, G. Improving the stock - recruitment relation- unique immune system of the Atlantic cod. The cod ge- ship by including environmental data. ICES Annual Sci- nome consortium, The Zebrafish Network Norway Conference. ence Conference, Gdansk, Poland. 23 November. 4–6 November.

Ottersen, G. Climate related changes in marine ecosys- Rounge, T. B. Planktothrix genome dynamics. MERG semi- tems. 1st North Sea Climate Change Assessment Lead Author nar, Oslo, Norway. 4 October. meeting, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4–5 October. Rounge, T. B. Planktothrix genome dynamics. Algesympo- Ottersen, G. The serial recruitment failure to North Sea sium 2011, Oslo, Norway. 28–29 September. fish stocks during the 2000s, is climate to blame? ICES/ NAFO Decadal Symposium 2011, Santander, Spain. 11 May. Rounge, T. B. The Atlantic Cod Genome Project. Fish Ge- nome Meeting 2011, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Ottersen, G. Effects of climate variability on early life UK. 11–12 March. stages of fish (and thus on recruitment). Nordic Climate Fish Conference (FishExchange), Solstrand Norway. 19–21 Rouyer, T. Time scale dependent processes in fish stocks January. fluctuations.ASLO 2011, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, San-Juan, Puerto Rico. 13–18 February. Reitan, T. Identifying pathogenic signaling and regula- tory networks by integrating microarray data with prior Schweder, T. Integrating diverse data. Avinor-konferanse, knowledge. 9th Annual CHFR Symposium, Oslo, Norway. Tromsø. Norway. November. 15–16 September. Schweder, T. Causality and Markov completeness. The Reitan, T. Layered continuous time processes in biology. 16th Norwegian Statistical Conference (NSF 2011), Røros, Nor- BISP7 (Seventh Workshop on Bayesian Inference in Stochastic way. 15–17 June. Processes), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Spain. 1–3 September. Siddiqui, H. Assessing Diversity of the Female Urine Mi- crobial Flora, using high throughput pyrosequencing. Reitan, T. Identifying pathogenic signaling and regula- University Hospital HF Ullevaal-Oslo and Faculty of Medicine, tory networks by integrating microarray data with prior Department of Microbiology, Norway. 9 February. knowledge. 15th Annual International Conference on Re- search in Computational Molecular Biology, Vancouver, Can- Skage, M. High Troughput Sequencing Technology. The ada. 28–31 March. Marine biodiversity group, Dep. of Biology, University of Ber- gen, Norway. 9 June. Rogers, L. Inter-decadal and centennial variability in Pa- cific salmon abundance over 500 years. American Fisher- Star, B. Sequencing the Cod Genome. ESEB, European So- ies Society Annual Meeting, Seattle, USA. 4–8 September. ciety of Evolutionary Biology, Tübingen. Germany. 20–25 Au- gust. Roldan, J. M. H. Living close doing differently: the role of the biocomplexity in fishing-induced truncated demog- Stenseth, N. C. Meeting with the Climate Evaluation raphies. ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting 2011: Limnology and Committee. The Research Council of Norway, Oslo, Norway. Oceanography in a Changing World, Puerto Rico. 13–18 Feb- 14 December. ruary.

| 67 | Stenseth, N. C. Marine work at CEES. The Norwegian Gov- Stenseth, N. C. The Eco-epidemiology of the plague sys- ernmental R&D strategy for the marine sector. Oslo, Norway. tem. University of Helsinki, Finland. 20 September. 12 December. Stenseth, N. C. The ecology and evolution of human in- Stenseth, N. C. The Nordic Centre for Research on Ma- fectious diseases with an environmental reservoir (with rine Ecosystems and Resources under Climate Change a focus on plague): an introduction. Infectious Diseases (NorMER). The Top-level Research Initiative (TRI), NCoE SAB Meeting in Oslo. University of Oslo, Norway. 31 August. meeting, Frankfurt, Germany. 5–6 December. Stenseth, N. C. Marine Work at CEES. US-Norway S&T Joint Stenseth, N. C. A successful early-career researcher. PhD Consultative Meeting – visit at CEES, University of Oslo, Nor- Forum: A career in Academia – is it something for me? Oslo, way. 23 June. Norway. 3 December. Stenseth, N. C. The Eco-epidemiology of the plague sys- Stenseth, N. C. Globale climate change and ecological as tem: the past, present and future. Seminar at CMBN, Med. well as evolutionary consequences. The 2011 Heinz Hafner School, Oslo, Norway. 14 June. Lecture, Tour du Valat, Arles, France. 28 November. Stenseth, N. C. Structuring of cod populations: a com- Stenseth, N. C. Ecological effects of climate change in the bined ecological and population genetics study. Evolu- Barents Sea: Nordic collaboration with Russia. Lecture at tionary Genetics and Environmental Change Symposium, NArFU, Arkhangelsk, Russia. 31 October. Stockholm, Sweden. 13 June.

Stenseth, N. C. The 21th Century: The Century of Biology. Stenseth, N. C. Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930: an introduc- Life Science One-day seminar - High-throughput Sequencing: tion. Cheltenham Science Festival, Cheltenham, UK. 12 June. Applications and Analyses, Universitetet i Oslo, Norway. 28 October. Stenseth, N. C. The hare and the lynx in the food web of the boreal forest of Canada. Lecture at ECEM – 2011, Riva del Stenseth, N. C. & Star, B. Cod Genome: “The Genome Garda, Italy. 2 June. Sequence of Atlantic Cod – the Discoveries and Future Perspectives in Linking Ecology, Evolution and Genom- Stenseth, N. C. The effect of anthropogenic processes ics. Transatlantic Science Week 2011, Berkeley, CA, USA. 26 (climate and harvesting) on marine natural resources. October. Lecture at ENS. Lyon, France. 31 May.

Stenseth, N. C. How to promote and recruit the best Stenseth, N. C. Nye fisker, nye folk. Universitetet i Oslo’s women scientists-past and present: a man’s perspective. Idefestival 2011: Klimaendringer og veien mot en bærekraftig Bridging science and career development, Oslo, Norway. 11 framtid, Oslo, Norway. 21 May. October. Stenseth, N. C. Excellence and strong research environ- Stenseth, N. C. Intellectual harassment. Kan vi stole på ments: supporting management. Partners in Research: vitenskapen? Oslo, Norway. 9–10 October. Professionalising Research Support and Innovation in Nordic Universities. NUAS Conf., Karolinska Institutet, Stenseth, N. C. Arktisk biologi. Forskningsstyrke i nord Stockholm, Sweden. 4–6 May. – seminar, The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo, Norway. 21 September.

| 68 | Stenseth, N. C. Evaluation of Norwegian research in bi- Trucchi, E. Evolutionary response of two African Rodent ology, medicine and health care: Presentation of CEES. species (Hystrix sp.) to climate change: studying the past Meeting with Panel 1 at the Radisson Blu Plaza Hotel, Oslo. 1 to estimate the future. 11th African Small Mammals Sympo- April. sium, UNISWA, Kwaluseni, Swaziland. 3–8 July.

Stenseth, N. C. Meeting with the evaluation panel for the Viljugrein, H. Exploratory space-time analyses of a large CEES midterm evaluation. The Research Council of Norway, dataset on sea lice abundance on farmed salmon in Nor- Oslo, Norway. 15 March. way. Third International Conference on Infectious Disease Dy- namics, Boston, MA, USA. 29 November–2 December. Stenseth, N. C. Verdien av (FUGEs) strategiske grep in- nenfor marin bioteknologi. End seminar for FUGE (2002– Viljugrein, H. Dead or alive - American signal crayfish re- 2011), Norway. 8 March. lease crayfish plague spores continuously.2nd Norwegian Microbiology Meeting (NoMi-11). Hemsedal, Norway. 14–16 Stenseth, N. C. Presentation of NorMER. The kickoff for September. the three new Nordic Centres of Excellence (NCoEs) financed under the TRI sub-programme “Effect Studies and Adaptation Viljugrein, H. Transmission of SAV3 between farms: con- to Climate Change”, Stockholm, Sweden. 24 February. tact patterns and infection pressure. 15th International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. Split, Croatia. Stenseth, N. C. Plague and Climate Change. International 12–16 September. Meeting on Emerging Diseases and Surveillance, Vienna, Aus- tria. 6 February. Viljugrein, H. Cohabitant trials for estimation of basic reproductive number, R0, of salmon alphavirus subtype Stenseth, N. C. Modelling the effect of environmental 3 in farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway. European Asso- variation on ecological systems (with an update on the ciation of Fish Pathologists (EAFP). Tampere, Finland. 12 Sep- EurScenarios EU-Flagship). EurOcean meeting, Trondheim, tember. Norway. 11 January. Viljugrein, H. SAV3 infection dynamic study. 11th PD Tri- Stige, L. C. Ecological effects of climate change in the nations meeting, Belfast, UK. 23–24 March. Barents Sea: Nordic collaboration with Russia. Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia. 31 October. Villar, J. O. Identifying freshwater and oceanic environmental signals from centennial Atlantic salmon catches Stuken, A. Improved phylogenetic resolution of toxic off the North East Atlantic. NASCO/ICES Symposium “Salm- and non-toxic Alexandrium strains using a concatenated on at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Man- rDNA approach. Dino9, Liverpool, UK. 28 August–2 Sep- agement”, La Rochelle, France. 11–13 October. tember. Villar, J. O. The influence of the freshwater environment Stüken, A. Discovery of Nuclear-Encoded Genes for the and biological characteristics of smolts on subsequent Neurotoxin Saxitoxin in Dinoflagellates. Presented at marine survival. NASCO/ICES Symposium “Salmon at Sea: Dino9 in Liverpool, UK. 28 August–2 September. Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management”, La Rochelle, France. 11–13 October. Tooming-Klunderud, A. The Planktothrix genome project at CEES. NIVA, Norway. 9 February.

| 69 | Villar, J. O. Basin-scale environmental effects on ocean Yedid, G. Effects of random and selective mass extinc- entry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during 2000- tions on ecology and community composition in commu- 2009. ICES/NAFO Symposium on the Variability of the North nities of digital organisms. Evolutionary Biology Meeting, Atlantic and its Marine Ecosystems during 2000-2009, Spain. Marseille. France. 27–30 September. 10–12 May.

Vindenes, Y. Stochastic integral projection models for Awards finite populations: Key population parameters and consequences for extinction risk. 96th annual ESA meeting, Honorary doctorate at The Ecole Normale Supérieure de Austin Convention Center, Texas, USA. 10 August. Lyon (ENS de Lyon) in France. Awarded to Nils Chr. Sten- seth, 31 May. Vøllestad, L. A. Evolutionary dynamics of brown trout in a small stream. American Fisheries Society Annual Symp- H.M. The King’s Gold Medal (awarded to outstanding sium, Seattle, USA. 5–9 September. young researchers). Awarded to Anne Maria Eikeset, 1 September. Vøllestad, L. A. Brown trout in small streams: population structure, breeding systems and dynamics. Guest lecture, Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur [Knight in the French Lund University, Sweden. 27 April. National Order of the Legion of Honour]. Awarded to Nils Chr. Stenseth, 2 December. Vøllestad, L. A. Atlantisk laks i Norge: fangstvariasjon i tid og rom. Verdifull natur – Miljø 2015-konferansen III. Nor- way. 15–16 February.

| 70 | Fish harvesting © Giovanni Romagnoni (Image Courtesy of Marine Biological Nauplius larvae (Copepods) © Ruben A. Pettersen Association of United Kingdom)

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