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Legacy of Plantation America: Formation and Growth of an Haitian Community

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Legacy of Plantation America: Formation and Growth of an Haitian Community THE LEGACY OF PLANTATION AMERICA: FORMATION AND GROWTH OF AN HAITIAN COMMUNITY By Frederick J. Hay A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1985 Copyright 1985 by Frederick J. Hay ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research upon which this dissertation is based was partially funded by the Tropical South America Fund of the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida. To them I am grateful. I am especially appreciative of Charles Wagley. Professor Wagley supervised my graduate training at the University of Florida and was my teacher and advisor before, during and after my Haitian fieldwork. I owe Wagley an intellectual debt the magnitude of which I doubt that even he realizes. I would also like to thank my committee members, Professors Maxine Margolis, Theron Nunez, Terry McCoy and Robert Lawless. I am particularly grateful for the helpful suggestions made by Margolis and Nunez. Many people in Haiti assisted us in various ways. These include our friends Serge Martineau, who helped us in more ways than we could ever mention, Roger Pinkcombe, owner of the Brise de Mer Hotel, Charles Romain of the Institute for the Study and Research of African Culture of Haiti and Harry Sanchez, travel agent. I would also like to thank various anthropologists who were stationed in Port-au-Prince: Fred Conway, Shelagh O'Rouke and Donna Plotkin. My wife and I are especially grateful to the remarkable Sylvain family, and especially to Professor Jeanne Sylvain. Without Professor Sylvain's assistance, advice and insights, my work in Haiti would have been much more difficult and less rewarding. Jeanne's brother Pierre and sister Yvonne were also a tremendous help to us. It is our feeling that the Sylvain family represents the best of Haitian scholarship and professional life. Our debt to Jeanne Sylvain's daughter and son-in-law, Roselle and Leslie Nazon, is profound. We can not sufficiently thank or acknowledge them for their assistance and friendship. I would also like to acknowledge our friend, Renold Pierre, lawyer and judge, who helped us to understand rural Haitian culture in so many ways. Various Catholic and Protestant churchpeople contributed to our well-being and my research. I would especially like to thank Sister Antoine who compassionately cared for us when we were ill in Plaisance, Father Roland Lamy who helped us immensely and taught us even more, and the Baptist ministers —Jack Hancocks, Phil Yueling and Mario Valcin — for their help and interest in my research. Many of the people that contributed to my research in Haiti can not be mentioned here. My greatest debt is to the people of Plage-Boutou ; especially our friends Pierre Saint Louis and Amos Magloire and their families. My colleagues, Ronald Kephart and James T. McKay also deserve special mention. Kephart generously assisted me with the orthography. McKay read each draft of this dissertation and offered many useful criticisms and suggestions. He also gave me support of many kinds while I was in the field and while I was writing this document. The credit for the map and genealogical diagram goes completely to Margie Niblack of the Office of Instructional Resources of the University of Floirida. To my parents, Sam and Dot Hay, I owe an overwhelming acknowledgement. If it weren't for their care, encouragement and financial assistance I would never have pursued this degree or completed my research in Haiti. This dissertation is lovingly dedicated to them. To my wife, Dr. Valentina Maiewski j-Hay , I owe the greatest debt. She accompanied me to the field and willingly sustained great sacrifice. Her editorial abilities are manifest on every page of this dissertaion. More importantly, her advice on substance and her encouragement enabled me to complete this task. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i i i LIST OF TABLES ix NOTE ON ORTHOGRAPHY x ABSTRACT xiii CHAPTERS I AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LEGACY OF PLANTATION AMERICA. Research Plans and Realities 3 An Historical Overview of the Haitian Experience ... .5 The Plantation Cycle 15 Plantation America 19 Conclusion 2 3 Notes 24 II AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF PLAGE-BOUTOU 26 Environmental and Demographic Description 26 The Founding Fathers — 1900-1930 32 The Stabilization of an Amorphous Community — 1930- 1970 38 The Advent of Tourism and Its Impact--1970-Present .45 Conclusion 49 Notes 5 2 III THE ROLE OF FAMILY, KINSHIP AND HOUSEHOLD IN A CHANGING COMMUNITY 55 The Life Cycle of the Laku in Plage-Boutou 56 The Life Cycle of the Famni in Plage-Boutou 61 Marriage, Plasazh and Polygamy 67 The Household as Microcosm of the Community: A Case Study of Fluctuation in Household Composition in Contemporary Lucner 74 Conclusion 82 Notes to Chapter III 84 IV INNOVATIONS AND ADOPTIONS: CHANGING PATTERNS IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF WORK 86 The Fishing Village in Plantation America 86 A Social History of Agriculture in Plage-Boutou ... .90 Adaptation to Depletion: Changing Strategies in Subsistence Fishing 97 Marketing and Domestic Activities: The History of Women's Work in rlage-Boutou 103 Conclusion 105 Notes 106 V FROM AFRICA TO THE RISE OF THE PROTESTANT ETHIC: RELIGION AND MAGIC IN PLAGE-BOUTOU 108 Voodoo, the African Heritage and Revolution in Haiti 109 The Decline of the Zazh 112 The Mandingues: A Creole Islam Cult 117 The History of Catholicism in Plage-Boutou 120 The Founding of the Baptist Church: The Protestant Ethic and the Changing Realities of Life in Plage-Boutou 125 The Persistence of Magic--A Traditional Alterna- tive to the Protestant Ethic 131 Conclusion 137 Notes 139 VI INCIPIENT TOURISM 142 Foreign Nationals Come to Visit and Stay 143 Latortue Beach Development 146 Corporate Failure and the Control of Local Entrepreneurship 151 The Impact of Tourism on Plage-Boutou 155 Conclusion 160 Notes 161 VII PEASANT MAN AS MANIPULATOR: THE LIFE HISTORY OF PIERRE SAINT LOUIS 164 Pierre Marcelin 165 Pere Pierre 169 Pierre Saint Louis 173 Pierre as Gro Mun 180 Conclusion 183 Notes 185 VIII CONCLUSION — PLAGE-BOUTOU CULTURE IN PLANTATION AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE 187 Plage-Boutou, Mirebalais and Marbial: A Comparison 188 Cultural Amorphousness and Cultural Style 195 Cultural Models and Afro-American Culture 199 Conclusion 205 No te s 2 07 EPILOGUE: A NOTE ON THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF CULTURAL AMORPHOUSNESS 210 GLOSSARY 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY 215 APPENDICES A MAP OF PLAGE-BOUTOU 233 B GENEALOGY OF ABIS FAMNI 235 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 237 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: DIAGRAM OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION IN PLAGE-BOUTOU 29 TABLE 2: POPULATION AGE PROFILE FOR PLAGE-BOUTOU, 1983... 31 TABLE 3: PLAGE-BOUTOU LAKUS IN 1930 37 TABLE 4: COMMUNITY OF ORIGIN OF THE MAJORITY OF INHABI- TANTS IN EACH COMMUNITY OF PLAGE-BOUTOU 44 TABLE 5: POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLDS IN LUCNER IN 1983 AND 1984 78 TABLE 6: NEW LOCATION (1984) OF 1983 LUCNER RESIDENTS .... 79 TABLE 7: PROVENIENCE OF 1984 LUCNER RESIDENTS 79 TABLE 8: TYPE OF DOMESTIC-FAMILY GROUP IN LUCNER, 1983 AND 1984 80 TABLE 9: HOUSE AGE IN LUCNER, 1984 80 . NOTE ON ORTHOGRAPHY The orthography used for Creole words in this dissertation was developed by my colleague Ron Kephart for the Carricou Literacy Project. Many, and frequently inconsistent, orthographies are currently in use for Haitian Creole. These orthographies have been developed, more often than not, with Standard French or Standard English ("Export English" or "Export French" in Kephart' s terminology) rather than Creole speakers in mind. Consequently, they have usually been an obstacle to the advancement of literacy among native Creole speakers. This includes, I believe, the Haitian governmental agency approved orthography for Creole, generally refered to by that agency's acronym, ONEC With Kephart's assistance, I have used his orthography to render the Creole terms used herein into the dialect of northern Haiti. The Kephart orthography is valuable not only because it can express dialectical differences in Haitian Creole but it is equally useful for all Caribbean Creole languages. Because of its simplicity it is exceedingly practical. It has also proven to be immediately understandable for both English and French Creole speakers on the island of Carricou in the Lesser Antilles (Grenada). Explanation of Symbols Vowels i u e 6 e o a Glides ey ay y Nasalized Vowels Consonants b Words are pluralized in Haitian Creole syntactically or by context rather than morphologically. All Creole words contained herein are written in the singular. Plurality of Creole words is to be determined by context. Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE LEGACY OF PLANTATION AMERICA: FORMATION AND GROWTH OF AN HAITIAN COMMUNITY By Fred J. Hay May, 1985 Chairman: Dr. Charles Wagley Major Department: Anthropology Though many studies have been made of the plantation's persistence in the New World, scholars have, for the most part, neglected the study of the plantation's legacy in peasant Afro-America. This dissertation investigates the phenomenon of community formation and evolution in post-bellum Afro-America. To this end, an ethnohistory of an Haitian fishing village is presented. It examines the formation and growth of the community and its organization in terms of its family life, economics, political system, religion and worldview. The social and economic impact of the recent introduction of tourism is considered. A life history of a village man is included for the purpose of elucidating the ways in which an individual interacts with his community and culture. Using Charles Wagley's concept of a Plantation America cultural sphere, the contemporary and historical cultural .
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