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UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Nu m b e r 8913694 Significance of the development and emergence of art and crafts museums in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia Resayes, Mohammed Saleh, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 Copyright ©1989 by Resayes, Mohammed Saleh. All rights reserved. 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND EMERGENCE OF ART AND CRAFTS MUSEUMS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Mohammed S. Resayes, B.Sc., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Kenneth Marantz Professor Arthur Efland Associate Professor Louis Lankford apartment Copyright by Mohammed Saleh Resayes 1989 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude, appreciation and thanks to my academic advisor. Professor Kenneth Marantz, for his guidance and continuous helpful suggestions and questions during the last five years. Special thanks go to Professor Marantz for his endeavors in understanding the cultural differences of international students and their concerns. My sincere thanks go to Professors Efland and Lankford for their great instructions and support. It was a precious opportunity for me to know you and leam from you. From all of you I have learned and perceived a lot of academic and casual experiences and disciplines. My special and sincere thanks go to my wife, Budria, my daughters Reem, Rana, and Rasha, for their lovely companionship and struggle with me in order to complete this study. I thank all my special friends including most of my family's members, not only for their encouragement of my higher education, but also for their long patience until I achieved this major goal for my life. 11 VITA Mohammed S. Resayes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1 9 5 0 ...................... Date of Birth, Riyadh. 1957-1962.. ................ Attended Al-Mansore Elementary Schoo1, Riyadh. 1963-1965 ................Attended the First Intermediate School, Riyadh. 1966-1969 ................Attended the Institute of Art Education, Riyadh 1969-1970 ................Taught Art Education at inter mediate schools in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 1971-1973 ................Teacher assistant at The Institute of Art Education, Riyadh. 1973-1977 Attended He 1 wan University in Cairo, Egypt. Graduated with Bachelor of Art Education Degree with a major in painting. 1977-1978 ............. Teacher assistant at King Saud University, Riyadh, Department of Art Education. 1979-1980 ................ English Program at Ohio Dominican College, Columbus, Ohio 1980-1982 Attended Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Graduated with a Master of Art Degree. Summer, 1983 ............. Enrolled in doctoral program at The Ohio State University for the major in Art Education with an interest in Museum Education. Ill Fields of Study Major Field: Art Education Studies in Research Design and Museum Education; Professor Kenneth Marantz Studies in Issues in Art Education: Professor Arthur Efland Studies in Philosophy of Art and Art Education: Associate Professor Louis Lankford IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................... ii VITA .................................................... iii Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE COUNTRY .. 1 Statement of the P r o b l e m................. 10 Questions and Objectives ..................... 11 Significance of the S t u d y ............... 13 Limitations of the S t u d y ................. 16 II. REVIEW OF THE L I T E R A T U R E ................... 18 Historical Background and Spread of Museums . 18 The Major Purposes of Museums .............. 32 The Educational Functions of Museums ........ 41 The Difference Between Art and Crafts.... 45 Resources of Art and Crafts Museums' Collections............................ 51 Training of Personnel ....................... 77 S u m m a r y .................................. 82 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES ............. 83 Observation Technique ....................... 84 Interviewing Technique ....................... 87 Responses' Translation and Interpretation . 95 IV. ANALYSIS OF D A T A ............................ 97 Analysis of Observational D a t a ........... 97 Three Current M u s e u m s .................... 97 Three Cultural Institutions .................. 107 Three Private Art Galleries in Three Cities . 126 Three Daily Newspapers from Three Cities . 134 Informal Conversations During Social Meetings and Phone Calls ................. 138 Analysis of Interviews' D a t a ................ 143 Analysis of Category #2 Interviews.......... 155 Analysis of Category #3 Interviews .......... 159 Analysis of Category #4 Interviews .......... 163 V Chapter Page V. PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M U S E U M S ..................................... 168 Phase I: Basic Preparation............ 168 Phase II: Obtaining Intellectual Support . 171 Phase III: An Official A d o p t i o n ...... 172 Phase IV: Final A p proval.............. 173 Phase V: Public Support and Participation . 174 Phase VI: Museums' Continuation and Responsibilities ......................... 177 A Model of an Educational Program for Art and Crafts Museums in the Kingdom........ 177 VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................. 181 Recommendations ............................. 184 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 186 APPENDICES A. Examples of Saudi Arabian Traditional Crafts . 192 B. Examples of the Arabian Contemporary Art .... 199 C. Examples of Islamic A r t ................... 211 D. The Arab World M u s e u m s ................... 219 E. The Interview Questions in English and Arabic Plus Two Introductory Letters .......... 247 F. Biographical Information of Five Saudi A r t i s t s ................................... 259 VI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE COUNTRY In the beginning of my research I prefer to provide some historical and cultural information about the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its society. It may help the reader to grasp the relation between the nature of the country and the general purposes of this study. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a new country in an old Arabian land, dating from 1932 when it was founded by King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud. It is located in the southwest of Asia, with an estimated population of eight million, and occupies four- fifths of the Arabian Peninsula— 865,000 square miles. This peninsula was a land of many ancient civilizations. During the first millennium B.C. there was the Kingdom of Kinda in the center, Sheba in the south, the Nabataen Kingdom and Dedan Kingdom in the northwest. It was the land of the prophets Shu'ayb, Saleh, Solomon, Mohammad, and where Moses lived for ten years before he was sent as a prophet into Egypt. Its geographical location: Arabian Gulf— east, Arabian sea— south, and the Red Sea on the west— made it a strategic trade center for ancient routes between the East, Africa and southern Europe. The Arabian Peninsula was not merely a desert, but a land of influence and a link with the early civilizations. According to D. J. Hablin (1982): The entire Peninsula is in fact a sort of geographical accident which for millennia served as both a barrier and trade route between the early civilizations around its periphery. Its sporadic importance to the wider world has always been because it possessed— or could deliver— something very valuable to other cultures. The Arabian desert of legend is not, and never has been, either all desert or all deserted. Lost in the wastes are cities with defense walls and towers, elaborate palaces with murals, and shrines to forgotten gods. (pp. 43-54) Before the coming of Islam in 622 A.D. the Arabs of Makkah— now in Saudi Arabia— were well known for their two