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UNITED NATIONS
( UNITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE MISSION FOR RWANDA (UNAMIR)
Field Personnel Section. Field Operations Division Department of Peace-Keeping Operations 1 November 1993 OHITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE MISSION FOR RWANDA (OHAKIR)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I . INTRODUCTION...... 5
II. GENERAL BACKGROUND A. Background, authority for the mission, duration, mandate and organization of UNAMIR 6 B. Status of the mission...... 7 C. Organization of the administrative component 8
III. CIVILIAN PERSONNEL A. Definition 8 B. Conduct and attitude " 9 C. Privileges and inununities 10 D. Financial liabilities 10 E. Tax matters 10 F. Dependency Benefi ts 10
IV. QUALIFICATIONS A. Professional 10 B. Physical.•...... 11 C. Other requirements 11
V. DURATION OF TOUR OF DUTY A. Length 11 B. Administrative matters 11
VI. SECURITY MATTERS A. , General 12 B. Country Specif ic...•...... 12 C. Rwanda Today...... •...... •...13 D. Security Guidelines .•••...... 13 E. United Nations Security Planning 14 F. Reporting all incidents 15 G. Insurance....•...... •.....•...... •.15 VII. DUTY SCHEDULE, LEAVE AND COMPENSATORY TIME OFF A. Hours of duty 16 B. Leave ...... •...... •...... 16 C. Compensatory time off...... •...... 16
VIII. TRAVEL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED BEFORE DEPARTURE TO UNAMIR A. Responsibili ty...... ••.....•...... •...... 17 B. Passport and Laissez- Passer...•...•...... 17 C. Visas ...... •...... 17 D. International certificate of vaccination 17 E. Photographs 18
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IX. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS Page
A. Initial medical examination before departure 18 B. Medical Preparation (Vaccinations, Immunization Schedule and Malaria Preventatives) 18 C. AIDS...... 19 D. Medical Insurance and Dental Care 19 E. Medical Facilities in Rwanda 22
X. TRAVEL TO AND FROM UNAMIR A. Class and route 23
XI. SHIPMENT AND INSURANCE OF PERSONAL BAGGAGE. A. Baggage Allowance 23 B. Insurance 24
XII. CLOTHING AND SUPPLIES A. General Information 24 B. Selection of clothing and supplies 24 C. Cameras 25
XIII. LIVING CONDITIONS IN THE MISSION AREA A. Living accommodations 25 B. Electricity and electric current 26 C. Food and Water 26 D. Driving 27 E. Salary Deposit 27 F. Mail 27 G. Communications Systems 28 H. Telephone Charges 28
XIV. MISSION SUBSISTENCE ALLOWANCE A. EntitI ement...... 28 B. Definition 28 C. Rate of Mission Subsistence Allowance 28 D. Exchange Controls 29 xv. COMPENSATION FOR DEATH, INJURY OR ILLNESS A. EntitI ement 29 B. Compensation Claims 29 C. Beneficiary 30 p
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XVI. COMPENSATION FOR LOSS OF PERSONAL EFFECTS 31 A. Limitations ················· 31 B. Voluntary Personal Property and Personal Accident Insurance Plan...... 31
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NOTES FOR CIVILIAN PERSONNEL ANNEXES: I. INTRODUCTION A. Map B. Personal Protection Measures Against Malaria "Of all the tangible and intangible resources available to the Organization, nothing matches the worth of its staff." C. Vaccination Information Boutros Boutros-Ghali D. AIDS Information for Travellers Statement to the Fifth Committee November, 1992 E. Introduction to Rwanda
The following notes provide basic information for international civilian personnel to be assigned to the United Nations Assistance Mission Rwanda (UNAMIR). They are intended to guide and assist staff members prior to their departure for, and after their arrival at the mission area. They are based on the most current data and will be updated periodically as new information becomes available. These notes are for information purposes only and should not be construed as having any legal, financial or other commitment on the part of the United Nations. Similarly, they are not meant to replace the Staff Rules and Regulations or other Personnel instructions. It is the staff member's responsibility to consult the appropriate documentation to determine his/her entitlements and the conditions that must be met to apply for the same. The Personnel Officer at the mission will have the ,I). relevant documents available and may be consulted on the subject. " . () - 6 - - 7 -
II. GENERAL INFORMATION On 5 October 1993, the Security Council adopted resolution A. Background. mandate and organization of ONAMIR: 872 (1993) authorizing the deployment in stages of UNAMIR for an initial period of 6 months. The mandate of UNAMIR, if extended, is expected to terminate following national elections and the It will be recalled that, on 22 June 1993, the Security installation of a new Government in Rwanda scheduled to occur by Council, by its resolution 846 (1993), authorized the October 1995, but no later than December 1995. establishment of the United Nations Observer Mission Uganda Rwanda (UNOMUR) on the Ugandan side of the border. UNOMUR is now A map of Rwanda is attached in ANNEX A and a copy of fully operational. resolution 872 is attached in ANNEX B.
In the same resolution, the Security Council also urged B. Status of the Mission: the Government of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) to conclude a comprehensive peace agreement. UNAMIR is a special, non-family mission. All staff will () be given a mission subsistence allowance (MSA). The MSA will be discussed further on pages 28 and 29. On 4 August 1993, the parties signed a peace agreement in Arusha (Tanzania) and asked the United Nations to help them The mission has no facilities for dependants and the implement that accord. United Nations strongly discourages staff members from bringing dependants. Accordingly, the United Nations will neither authorize travel for such dependants nor make any other Following the signature of the Peace Agreement, the arrangements, such as securing visas, for them. Dependants who Secretary-General sent a reconnaissance mission to Rwanda in travel to the mission area do so at their own risk and expense, August 1993 to examine the ways in which the United Nations could and the United Nations will not be held responsible for their help the OAU - whose Neutral Military Observer Group (NMOG) had welfare, living conditions, or security. been supervising the cease-fire since August 1992 - and the parties implement that accord. Staff members who have questions on such issues as family visit, horne leave and an education grant should refer to the relevant paragraphs of the Staff Rules and Regulations, which On 27 September 1993, the Secretary-General submitted a take precedence over the information provided in these notes. report to the Security Council recommending the establishment of a "United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda" (UNAMIR). The Generally, however, staff members regarded as mandate of UNAMIR will be to contribute to the establishment and international recruits who are serving outside their home country maintenance of a climate conducive to the secure installation and and are serving at duty stations designated as having very subsequent operation of the transitional government. The mandate difficult conditions of life and work, which includes Rwanda, also includes monitoring the process of repatriation of Rwandese will be granted home-leave travel once in every 12 months. One refugees and the resettlement of displaced persons to verify that of several qualifying conditions for this home leave is that the it is carried out in a safe and orderly manner and the staff member's service with the Organization is expected to humanitarian component of assisting in the coordination of continue at least six months beyond the date of his or her return humanitarian assistance activities in conjunction with relief from this proposed leave. (SR 105.3, operations. ST/AI/280/Rev.6, and ST/AI/280/Rev.6/Amend.2) . The exercise of the horne leave entitlement may be advanced The UNAMIR mission, which will be placed under the due to the exigencies of service and the personal circumstances authority of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, of the individual staff member. In that case, the staff member will be deployed for the duration of the transitional period. may be eligible for accelerated horne leave after six months, if all the other provisions are met. (SR 105.3, ST/AI/280/Rev. 6, and ST/AI/280/Rev.6/Amend.2). - 8 - - 9 -
A staff member's travel expenses for a family visit may be B. Conduct and attitude: paid by the United Nations subject to several conditions, one being that the staff member's service with the mission is expected to continue at least six months after his/her return to Respect is to be shown to all members of the mission the duty station. (Please refer to SR 107.1 (v) (b) (ii) and regardless of their civilian or military status, their race, ST/AI/215/Rev.1). color, or creed. Normal courtesy should prevail in dealings with all members of the mission. For more details, you may refer to Education grant benefits apply to Field Service personnel the Report on Standards of Conduct in the International Civil and other internationally recruited staff as well as to staff who Service 1954, Coord/Civil Service/5. It emphasizes that are considered locally recruited at their official duty station integrity, international loyalty, independence and impartiality, when detailed to a mission from outside the area of the mission, and the subordination of private interests to the interests of provided that in each case the staff member is not a national of the Organization, are daily requirements. the country of the duty station and the mission service is for a continuous period of six months or more. Staff members will discharge their functions and regulate their conduct only with the interests of the United Nations at On non-family missions, no education grant travel is heart. They shall not seek or accept instructions with respect authorized to or from the mission area duty station. to the performance of their functions from their own government or from any authority external to the United Nations. The education grant will be payable only in respect of the staff member's period of actual service at the mission area duty Staff members must always be impartial and objective and station. The grant is pro-rated according to the length of the must avoid any conduct that would raise doubts about their assignment vis-a-vis the school year and if certain other ability to remain so. provisions are met. In addition, school attendance for children between ages 18 and 21 must be submitted for certification to the Staff members should not have close ties with individuals, Chief Civilian Personnel Officer (CCPO) before transmission to organizations, parties, or factions in any part of Mozambique, the Pay and Allowance Unit. For more details on the and should not use information acquired while at the mission to applicability of the grant and the actual amounts, please refer private advantage. to ST/AI/181/Rev.9/Amend.1 issued on 16 February 1993, SR 103.20, ST/AI/181/Rev.9, and ST/AI/280. No staff member shall accept any honor, decoration, or remuneration from any source external to the Organization, C. Organization of the administrative component: without first obtaining the approval of the Secretary-General. The Chief Administrative Officer is responsible for all Attitude is important. A good attitude will help ) administrative functions and provides the requisite \", () everyone. Staff members may have to endure difficult and administrative support for carrying out the substantive work of uncomfortable situations, whether it be in the mission job, the mission efficiently and economically. Subordinate to the CAO housing facility or everyday encounters. Work with each other to are the section chiefs and staff that make up the civilian try to solve the problems and to try to stay cheerful about it. administration of the mission. Staff members are reminded of the different cultural customs around the world. Every effort should be made to become III. CIVILIAN PERSONNEL familiar with the local customs and every precaution should be taken not to publicly violate them, particularly in orthodox A. Definition: societies. United Nations civilian personnel may be either Professional, General Service staff or Field Service officers, who have been assigned to the area to fulfill the mission's needs. They could serve a political, legal, public information, or administrative function. - 10 - - 11 -
C. Privileges and Immunities: The United Nations will do its utmost to match personnel with the proper skills for the assigned jobs in the mission. Article 105 of the UN Charter guarantees immunities and However, a perfect match may not always be possible. The privileges in the interest of the Organization. However, these Organization will depend on people in the field to use problem privileges and immunities furnish no excuse to staff members for solving and organizational skills to deal with the issues that n~n-perfo~nce of their private obligations, (not paying their arise. At the very least, devising interim solutions until b1lls or fa1lure to observe laws and police regulations) . management can provide support is expected.
D. Pinancial liability: B. Physical: Staff members may be required to reimburse the United Staff members should be in superior physical condition as Nations partially or in full for any financial loss suffered by they may have to live and work under conditions of hardship and, th7 Organization as a result of their negligence or by their sometimes, physical danger. It is easier to endure difficult fa1lure to follow a rule, regulation, or administrative surroundings when fit. instruction. C. Other requirements: E. Tax matters: Proficiency in English is considered essential, The responsibility for filing complete, correct and timely proficiency in French is considered desirable. tax returns is that of the individual taxpayer. Field Operations Division will make available the Information Circular on Payment of Income Taxes, ST/IC/1993 /5, to staff members who are V. DURATION OP TOUR OP DUTY permanent United States citizens and to those holding a "green card", since these are the staff members who will be affected by A. Length: the payment of such taxes. In addition, any staff member affected in this way should send a short memo to the Tax Assignments may be for varying lengths of time, depending Department advising them where you are going, how long you will upon the needs of the mission. They are normally for six months. be gone and where they should send your tax check and any correspondence that they have for you. An assignment may be extended if the Head of the mission requests the extension, the staff member is willing, and the F. Dependency Benefits: parent department from which the staff member has come, agrees to the further extension. Any new staff member claiming dependency benefits in respect of spouse or children must submit originals of birth/marriage/divorce decrees, to the Chief Civilian Personnel B. Administrative Matters: Officer (CCPO), for certification before transmitting them to the Pay and Allowance Unit. Correspondence on all administrative arrangements connected with a staff member's assignment and travel, both prior to departure for the mission area and after completion of duty IV. QUALI PICATIONS with UNAMIR, will be conducted by Field Operations Division (FOD) , United Nations, New York. During the tour of duty in the A. Professional: mission area, personnel shall deal through the UNAMIR Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) on all administrative and financial To qualify for a mission assignment, applicants are matters. normally required to be at least 23 years old and to hold a long term appointment. Staff members must be cleared by the Medical Service prior to such assignment.
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VI. SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS FOR STAFF SERVING IN UNAMIR C. Rwanda Today: A. General: Although security incidents have declined since May 1993 and both the Government and the RPF appear to genuinely want a The primary responsibility for the protection of staff peaceful settlement, the situation is very tense and the members in the host country rests with the Host Government. This potentional for further violence remains a very real threat. responsibility flows from every government's normal and inherent function of maintaining order and protecting persons and property Despite political tensions, crime is the main threat to within its jurisdiction. In the case of international foreigners in Rwanda. It is inspired by relative poverty and a organizations and their officials and property, the Government is breakdown in social and governmental controls. The war caused considered to have a special responsibility under the Charter of many persons to flee their homes, and large numbers of internally the United Nations. displaced persons live around the Kigali area. The most common problem is simple theft and robbery. Less common, but with It is recognized, however, that in some cases the security growing cause for caution is the problem of violent crime, often and protection factor afforded by the Government may be ,.t') involving deserters from the military or gendarmerie. uncertain. For that reason, in all locations where the United Nations has a presence, system-wide arrangements are in place for Hand grenades and Kalashnikov rifles are easily obtainable the protection of United Nations Staff. The safety of staff in Kigali. Years of conflict and the Uganda war over the border members is of paramount importance to the United Nations and it have resulted in a surplus of weapons in Rwanda. Mines have been is doing its utmost to ensure their security. laid in the northern parts of Rwanda, and their presence prevents many of the displaced from returning to their former homes. The responsibility for overall security in the country rests with the Designated Official. He/she is assisted by Area The police and gendarmerie are not adequately equipped nor Coordinators in each location where United Nations Staff are trained to effectively combat crime in Rwanda and preserve law based. Area Coordinators are responsible for preparing an areas and order. specific security plan and, in consultation with the Designated Official, for its implementation in their area of operation, as discussed below. D. Security Guidelines: Crime in Kigali is no greater than in many other cities of B. Country Specific: similar size. Exercise normal caution. However, do not walk around outside your hotel after dark. If you have a UN Laissez Background: Passer, please carry it with you at all times. (i) Rwanda has known little peace since it gained independence Avoid displaying large sums of money or jewelry. Store in 1962. Constant ethnic conflict between the majority Hutu excess cash, traveller's cheques, airline tickets, etc. in the tribe (85%) and the minority Tutsi tribe (14%) (who had formerly hotel safe. ruled over the Hutu) has been the norm for the past thirty years. In 1990 the Tutsi dominated Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) invaded Lock the doors when in a vehicle, and do not open the Rwanda from Uganda. After initial success the RPF reverted to a windows more than two inches when in town. Do not leave protracted guerilla warfare and during the next three years a valuables visible in the vehicle. bitter conflict was pursued between the government of Rwanda and the RPF. If you are confronted by a thief, stay calm and cooperate with him. Take action that will preserve health, wealth and Peace negotiations in Tanzania led to a peace treaty dignity in that order. Remember that your life is worth more signed at Arusha on 4 August 1993. A demilitarized zone between than your material possessions. the RPF and government forces was created, supervised by the Neutral Military Observer Group (NMOG) of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). - 14 - - 15 -
If you are staying in a hotel be aware of security F. Report all incidents: measures recommended by the hotel for its guests. Study the fire regulations and know how to exit the hotel in an emergency. When It is of the utmost importance that all security in your hotel room always lock the door. Chec~ t~e identity of incidents are reported to the UN security authorities as soon as repairmen with the hotel management before adm1tt1ng them to your possible after the incident. The report should be as detailed as hotel room. possible to assist UN security authorities in determining what course of action should be followed. Try to vary your routes to and from the hotel, and vary the times that you leave and return to the hotel each day. Be G. Malicious Act Insurance Policy: alert in the hotel car park, and try to limit any time spent waiting there for a vehicle. Because there are hazardous conditions in South Africa, extra insurance coverage is being provided by the United Nations. , Do not discuss your itinerary in public places, and be Benefits under this policy reach a maximum of $250,000. All : i discreet about revealing information about yourself, your hotel arrangements related to this policy are handled by the Office of I! or room number to anyone. the United Nations Security Coordinator, and all correspondence, queries or claims must be addressed to that office through the E. United Nations Security Planning: CAO and Field Operations Division (FOD). ; I Whilst in Rwanda you will be expected to comply with the The United Nations has put this insurance policy in place sam security procedures as all other UN organization staf~ in the to cover staff serving at designated duty stations against country. The Designated Official for Security in R~anda 1S the malicious acts. Coverage is related only to malicious acts, i.e. UNDP Resident Representative, Mr. Ahrnadou Ly. (Off1ce Telephone for death or disability caused directly or indirectly by war, for UNDP is 77822). He is responsible for the management and invasion, acts of foreign enemies, hostilities (whether war be implementation of the Security Plan, for ,Rwanda, tc? ensure the declared or not), civil war, revolution, rebellion, insurrection, protection and security of UN organ1zat10n staff 1n the country. military or usurped power, riots or civil commotion, sabotage, explosion of war weapons, terrorist activities (whether Phase I is in effect in Rwanda, and all staff must notify the terrorists are the country's own nationals or not), the Designated Official of their movem w~thin the country. murder or assault by foreign enemies or any attempted There is a Security Plan for Rwanda wh1ch,7nts w1th the deployment of threat. the mission will be integrated into an expanded plan to coordinate ~ecurity planning for the e~tire UN ~resence in the, This policy does not cover death or disability directly country. There will be a security adv1sor app01nted tc? the ch1ef or indirectly reSUlting from or consequent upon: of the mission, who will be available in Rwanda to ass1St and advise staff on security issues. (a) the insured person engaging in or taking part in naval, military or air force service or operations; In the event of a crisis, please return to your hotel (if it is safe to do so) and contact the Field Security Officer, Mr. (b) the insured person engaging in air travel, except as a Francois Tissot: telephone 75381 ext. 111 (work) 76772 (home). passenger on official travel; In the event of an evacuation, instructions will be given to you by the Field Security Officer. If you are out of town, or cannot (c) suicide or attempted suicide or intentional self return to your hotel, seek the nearest safe refuge and contact injury or the insured person being in a state of the Field Security Officer soonest. insanity. Check with the Field Security Officer for the current (d) deliberate exposure to exceptional danger (except in update on the security situation in Rwanda. an attempt to save human life) or the insured person's own criminal act; and (e) the insured person being under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
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VII. DUTY SCHEDULE. LEAVE AND COMPENSATORY TIME OFF II. TRAVEL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED BEFORE DEPARTURE TO ONAMIR
A. Hours of Duty: A. Responsibility: Hours of duty are determined by the tasks to be performed Staff members share responsibility with the Field and the situation in the area. Civilian personnel should be Operations Division for securing their travel documents. FOD prepared to work irregular and long hours when necessary, and to will provide application forms for an entry Visa and a United be on call to work all hours at little or no notice. This is Nations Laissez-Passer. especially the case during the formative stages of the mission or during periods of peak activity. B. Passport and Laissez-Passer: Hours of work may often be longer and less "convenient" than might be expected at established non-field duty stations, Before departing on a mission, all personnel must be in possession of a valid national passport and a valid United and invariably without any compensation in terms of overtime or ,;,~ compensatory time off (CTO). Nations Laissez-Passer. Laissez-Passers are recognized and accepted as valid travel documents in the territories of such Although adherence to an established hierarchy of duties Member States as have accepted the relevant provisions of the is not possible in the field, all staff members are still Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations. required to follow established United Nations rules, regulations, and procedures. In this respect, personnel should seek guidance C. Visas: from their superiors, especially if the assigned tasks are unfamiliar. Staff members may also address queries to the All personnel, except nationals of the country, must Personnel Officer. obtain entry visas before departure for Rwanda. It will be necessary to fill in two required forms, present two passport B. Leave: size photographs and show proof of the required inoculations. To avoid unnecessary delay, personnel should also ensure that they All staff members, whether internationally or locally are in possession of visas for any countries en route. Advance recruited/appointed under the 100 series of Staff Rules are request forms may be obtained through Field Operations Division entitled to annual leave. Annual leave accumulates at the rate (FOD) and thereafter submitted to the UN Visa Office (20th of 2 1/2 days per month. floor). Personnel outside Un Headquarters should obtain Rwandese entry visas locally or request FOD's assistance. Short-term staff members appointed for a period of less than six months under the 300 series of Staff Rules are not Before departure for the mission, Headquarters personnel entitled to annual leave. who hold United States alien registration cards (llgreen cards") should request a re-entry permit from the Office of Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), regardless of the length of C. Compensatory time off: their assignment. The United States Mission to the UN may also provide assistance. International staff are not entitled to compensatory time off. However, they continue to receive MSA during periods of D. International Certificate of Vaccination: annual leave not exceeding one and one-half days for each completed month of their assignment. Such entitlement may be Civilian personnel must have in their possession at all accumulated during the period of assignment but the accrued leave times an international certificate of vaccination. has to be taken within the mission area before the conclusion of the assignment during which the entitlement is earned. Otherwise it is considered that the entitlement is forfeited. - 19 - - 18 -
(a) For prolonged stays in the endemic area (more E. Photographs: than three weeks): - To facilitate the issuance of identity cards and for other purposes staff members should be in possession of at least 10 p~ssport-size or 5 First dose of one tablet (250 mg.) is to be taken recent photographs (approximately 2" x 2 1/2" 1 week before arriving in malarious area followed x 6 cm.). by one tablet once weekly always on the same day of the week during the entire stay in the malarious area and four weeks after leaving the IX. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS malarious zone. (b) For brief stays in the endemic area (1 to 3 A. Initial medical examination before departure: weeks) :-
All staff members to be assigned to UNAMIR must be First dose of one tablet (250 mg.) is to be taken medically cleared by the UN Medical Service. As soon as an mis~ion~ • 1 week before arriving in the malarious area, applicant is accepted for.th7 he/she should obtain followed by 1 tablet once weekly always on the medical clearance and beg1n 1mmun1zat10ns. same day for the next 5 weeks. B. Medical Requirements for Mission to ONAMIR: 2. Travellers to malarious areas run a high risk of acquiring the disease. Therefore, it is important that every traveller take personal protective measures in order to reduce 1. In addition to the medical clearance required by the ass~gnment, the risk of contracting malaria. Attached as ANNEX C is an Medical Service for fitness to undertake a mission information sheet listing some of the pers~nal protective the following immunizations and malaria chemOprophylax1s are m that are effective in reducing the risk of mosquito required and/or recommended for Rwanda: bl.tes.7asures A. Required Immunization: 3. The United Nations Medical Service will discuss all of the above medical requirements during your visit as well as All personnel arriving in Rwanda must be immunized provi~e you with a Medical Kit which contains useful medications against Yellow Fever. you ~l.ght need and a copy of a pamphlet on Your Health in the Trop1cs. * An appointment with the UN Medical Service is 't"\ necessary in order to receive this immunization ~\I Additional infor.mation on vaccination may be found in because of vaccine protocol. ANNEX D. Recommended Immunizations: c. AIDS: Typhoid Tetanus Toxoid .. Take the usual precautions that are used universally. It poliomyelitis 1S 1mportant to note that the risk of this infection exists Hepatitis A Vaccination or Immune Globulin throughout the country, as it does in many areas of the world Hepatitis B There is additional information in ANNEX E. . B. Reguired Malaria prophylaxis: D. Medical and Dental Insurance: Lariam/Mefloquine HcL, 250 mg Staff members should ensure that they have the appropriate insurance coverage prior to leaving for mission assignment. The following is the recommended dosage for Consultation with the Insurance Section is highly recommended. Mefloquine Hcl/Lariam. - 21 - - 20 -
(e) Staff members who are already enrolled in Blue Cross/Aetna or Blue Cross/WrapAround Plus at the time of the Headquarters Staff: mission assignment must retain their existing coverage until the 1993 / 27 prepared for members next annual enrollment campaign; Information ci~cular ST/ IC/ that' in view of the la:ge of the staff at headquarters, ,stat~son mission assignment, l.t has (f) Headquarters staff members who will be on mission number of staff members who w:li ~edical/dental plan enr~lment assignment for a year or more and who will not have eligible been decided to extend a spe~a The provisions in thl.~ ' covered family members residing in the United States for the n opportunitY,to s~ch staif ~~ a~rS~taff members going on m1sS10 duration of the mission assignment may opt for coverage under the respect, wh1ch wl.ll app Y f llows: Van Breda Medical, Hospital and Dental Insurance plan for staff for six months or more, are as 0 , overseas. Details of this plan are available in the offices of resent are not enrolled 1n any the Insurance Section, room S-2765; (a) Staff members who at p 'II be allowed to enrol united Nations he~l~h insur~~ce~~~r~~ The insuran~e will (g) Staff members returning to Headquarters from mission themselves and ell.g1b l e i~m1tYday of the month in wh1ch the t assignment, other than those who qualified and opted for the Van become effective on the 1rs Enrolment in a health insurance ..." Breda plan, may not change their insurance coverage until the mission assignment commences. t be completed prior to the next annual enrollment campaign. Staff members who switched to plan in these circum~~anc~e~u~nmission assignment; the Van Breda plan, as provided under subparagraph (f) above, departure of the sta me must revert, upon return to Headquarters, to the insurance plan 'Ssl.'on who are enrolled ssigned to a ml. 11 which they had prior to the mission assignment, at least until (b) Staff members a hich do not offer fu the next annual enrollment campaign. It is essential that such , either HIP or Kaiser, two plans w .. rters may switch to staff members advise the Insurance Section within 31 days of ~~rvices at locations away from H~~~~~rapAr;und Plus. These two their return to Headquarters. either Blue Cross/A~tna or B;~~l~wide basis, thou9~ in,the case plans provide benef1ts ~np~s there are no partic1p~t1ng Blue Staff at Duty Stations Away From New York: of Blue cross/~rapAroun u ~ters area. Enrolment 1n t~e providers outs1~~u;h~r~::~~:PAroundPlus plans unde~ ~~~Sstaff The Information Circular, ST/IC/1992/75, on Van Breda Cross/Aetna or 1 ted prior to the departure 0 Medical, Hospital and Dental Insurance, prepared for members of rovision must be com~ e ~.==~ the staff at duty stations away from Headquarters, sets out the ~ember on mission aSs1gnment, eligibility criteria for enrolment in that plan: the time of commencement of the (c) Staff members who, a~HI Dental coverage but w~o are Except for staff members whose duty station is New York, mission assignment, do ~ot h~~~ eligible family members, 1n Blue Geneva or Vienna and locally recruited staff members at duty already enrolled, toget er W1 nd Plus may enrol themselves, stations where the Medical Insurance Plan (MIP) is established, Cross/Aetna or Blue cross/wra~ro~heirmedical insurance plan 1n all staff members holding appointments of three months or longer and family members covered ~n ~~ must be completed prior to the under the 100 or 200 Series of the Staff Rules may enrol the dental plan. SU~~ ~~e~eon mission assignment; themselves and eligible family members in the United Nations Van departure of the sta Breda plan. For enrolment purposes, applicants will be required 1 to enrol in a health to present proof of eligibility from their respective personnel (d ) Staff members who e ect ov~ded under (a) to (c) or administrative officers attesting to their current contractual ,~ h 'rcumstances pr • , th insurance plan l.n e c1 k any further change dur1ng e status. The enrolment of eligible family members requires the above forego the r1gh~it~ ~k~ng place in the same calendar year provision of evidence of the status of such family members. In most instances, the necessary proof of eligibility will be :~n~~; ~~~;~~~~e~~m~f ihe miss~~~f~s~~~~~ttomake any changes contained in the P.5 personnel action form. The next opportunity for thes~ll be at the time of the annual in their insura~ce c~v~~:g~o~towing year; enrolment campa1gn 0 - 23 - - 22 -
requiredStaffto havemembersa~propnateon ~ss1gnment ' to or recrui In view of the large number of staff members going on may be reimbursedthos~r medical insurance~~,:,er~ge.ted for Rwanda are mission assignment, it has been decided to extend a special over and above reasonable hospital and ca They health insurance enrolment opportunity to such staff members. are not covered b covered by their insuran 7 expenses The provisions in this respect, which will apply to all eligible con~itions governrn~t~~i arran~~ents. For i~~;~~~far as these staff members going on mission of for six months or more, are as Off1cer in the miss'10n. s prov1s10n, consult the Personnel on on follows: (a) Staff members who at present are not enrolled in the Van Breda plan will be allowed to enrol themselves and eligible X. TRAVEL TO AND PROM UNAHIR family members. The insurance will become effective on the first day of the month in which the mission assignment commences. A. Class and route: Enrolment~rior in the plan in these circumstances must be completed Travel authorizat' to the departure of the staff member on mission assignment; Travel to RwandaOfw~'11 l.0~ (Form PT.8) willcarrie~b ' for the travel wi~dguarters.be V1a commercial includinArrang~nts1ssued by FOD. (b) Staff members who elect to enrol in the Van Breda plan travel advances, personnel, g ~rov1s10n in the circumstances set out in (a) above forego the right to travel agent. Off' e made by FOD through th d of make any further change during the annual enrolment period taking by FeD to make tr~vel1ces away from Headquarters ey eS1gnated UN place in the same calendar year as the comroencement of the Normally, if FOD arrangements for their oma be authorized mission assignment. The next opportunity for these staff members arrangements, the ~~e~~~sm:~~lthe staff ~embe~s~~:~~el. to make any change in their insurance coverage will be at the not be rel.mbursed. time of the annual enrolment period of the following year; standardThe ofnormalaccornmodat,nsprovisio governl.ng. . the official t (c) Staff members going on mission assignment who wish to miscellaneous( tra 1 e~enses,10n, travel time reimb ravel enrol in the Van Breda plan or change their present coverage, as advised. FODarri~tlbefmu ve l.nfo~7d etc.) wiildei~~Yla. ursementu~less of provided above, must present evidence to the Insurance section or assist with a ormall.tl.es.of flight s l.n orderotherwiseto to their administrative office, as the case may be, of the mission assignment and its duration. . Overseas offices are enrolled in the i~~~~i~tai~ ~~s di:ect~yr~~~~~dwi~hf:Xc;lightdetails of lan when on met and initial ac~~~~~711 ensure that all ~iai~ ~~IR, :~sequent changes in thes~O::r~~ranged upon arrival. An~rs are . ngements should be reported to IN ALL CASES, STAFF MEMBERS GOING ON MISSION ASSIGNMENT WHO WISH TO ENROL IN A HEALTH INSURANCE pLAN OR CHANGE THEIR Upon arrival at UNAM PRESENT COVERAGE, AS PROVIDED ABOVE, MUST PRESENT EVIDENCE TO THE ;;~~ilt:~enses (form F.IO)I:hO~l~l~;m for,reimbursement of INSURANCE SECTION OR THE RELEVANT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE st~s:h~h~~i~trativeOfficer~ub*~~;~ wii~ ~upporting .~SSIGNMENT tickei MISSION AND ITS DURATION. stopover was autho~~~gedl.nal. PT.8, taxi and hotelW~~Cel.·pl.ntC1U~es, l.f a
E. M§dical pacilities: personnel are advised to have any dental treatment XI. SHIPMENT AND INSURANCE OP PERSONAL BAGGAGE completed before travelling to Rwanda. In cases of specific purpose medicines, obtainable only through prescriptions, it is A. Baggage Allowance: recommended that the user takes along a supply sufficient to last The shipping ent'tl regardless' of the d.urat7i.onementof th'for UNAMIR Wl.'11 be 100 kilos, a reasonable period. or as long as l.'t C ont l.nues under specl.'al ml.SS'l.on ,status. e ml.ssion, f
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- 24 - - 25 -
During the initial stage of the mission, because of~possible Personnel are advised not to take expensive or sentimental shipping difficulties, the shipment of personal effects may be items with them into the mission area. Suitcases and trunks accompanied. Once the mission becomes established, the baggage should have strong locks in order to secure personal effects when entitlement will be unaccompanied by air freight. The 100 kilo leaving rooms unoccupied. Try to take all precautions against allowance remains fixed, regardless of whether you decide to send loss or theft of personal property. your baggage by air, surface or any other means of transport. C. Cameras: B. Insurance: Discretion in the use of cameras and binoculars is highly The Traffic Unit should be contacted to arrange pick-up of recommended at all times. the unaccompanied shipment. You must provide them with an itemized valued inventory of personal effects, as well as a request for insurance coverage, as it is not automatic. XIII. LIVING CONDI.TIONS IN THE MISSION AREA The United Nations does not accept responsibility for • insuring accompanied baggage taken on the airplane. However, A. Living accommodations: since airline tickets for United Nations personnel are purchased under an American Express account, accompanied baggage is covered Personnel will be briefed regarding accommodation under American Express insurance. Personnel requiring additional arrangements on arrival at UNAMIR headquarters. Initial hotel insurance for accompanied baggage should arrange it at their own accommodations will be arranged, unless specifically requested to the contrary, for travellers arriving to assume duties in the expense. UNAMIR mission area.
XII . CLOTHING AND SUPPLIES There are about nine hotels and four guest-houses in Kigali. "Le Meridien" and "Mille Collines" are first class A. General Information: hotels. The rate per day at these two hotels is more or less the same: US$100 for a single room, US$120 for a double, US$150 and The climate is tropical, although tempered by altitude. US$200 for small and large suites. There is a 25% discount, It is hot and humid in the lowlands, but cooler in the highlands. rooms only, for United Nations personnel. The average annual rainfall is 785 mm (31 in.) the main rainy season is from February to May. "Les Diplomates," which is located downtown, is much cheaper. The rate is from 6,700 FRW for a single room to 15,400 Light clothing is required, including a light raincoat and .,. FRW for a large suite. There is also a 10% discount for United umbrella. Cotton clothing, as well as mixed fabrics, are very Nations personnel. good. A light jacket or sweater is also helpful. There is also the "Isimbi," which is cheap, but the location is not safe and it would not be advisable to have United B. Selection of Clothing and Supplies: Nations staff there. There are few clothing shops. Some relatively good There is one hotel that has some apartments with cooking quality clothing could be found in souvenir shops, but of course facilities - the "Village Urugwiro". Most of the time it is it is very expensive. It is recommended that you bring what you fully booked but when there are apartments or rooms available, need with you. these are rented on a monthly basis. The monthly rent is 70,000 FRW for apartments and 50,000 FRW for rooms. No discount for Cosmetic and toiletry items for both men and women can be United Nations personnel. obtained locally. However, it is advisable to take a sufficient supply of mosquito repellents and cosmetics/toiletry items to the mission area with you. - 26 - - 27 -
The "Chez Lando" is a kind of village with rooms. The D. Driving: rate is 4,950 FRW for a single and 6,050 FRW for a double room. Driving is on the right side of the roadway. The "Amahoro" hotel is located next to the Stadium, and customers have access to sports facilities. The rate is between A valid national or international driving license is 2,750 FRWand 3,850 FRW for rooms and 5,000 FRW for a suite. required. B. Electricity and Electric Current: The main road network is excellent, being tarmac surfaced, single carriageway with good drainage and alignment. Off the The standard electrical power in Rwanda is 220 volts, 50 main network the majority of the roads are dust or gravel. The cycles. There is a lot of power outages depending upon the area. minor roads in the north are in poor repair and require The newer an area is, the more shortages in electricity there renovation and maintenance if they are to be used as main supply are. routes for food convoys or for transit by vehicles over 8 tons. There are many sedans on the roads, but the majority of vehicles are 4x4 Landcruisers or small Suzukis (4 seats), mainly because C. Food and Wa ter: • of the quality of the roads and the rainy seasons (Sept.-Feb. and Apr-Jun) . There is an abundant water supply but all water should be bought, filtered or treated with purification tablets since many tropical diseases are endemic. E. Salary Deposit: In general, food exists in large quantities. There are Staff members who do not already have their salaries two areas where one can buy food - supermarkets and central deposited directly into their bank accounts may wish to make markets. arrangements before departure for automatic deposit into an account at their duty station. Upon arrival at the duty station Supermarkets: Almost all that one normally would see in a recruits should complete a United Nations salary/allowances large city such as New Yor~ is s~ld in Kigali~ bU~ i~ smaller distribution form. Recruits are advised that computerized quantities and at a very hlgh prlce. Ev7rythlng 1~ lmported, payroll processing will take some time to conunence and, until with the exception of vegetables and frult. A varlety of alcohol then, salary advances may be requested. is also sold in supermarkets. At the Alirwanda Supermarket, there is a butcher as well as a bakery that has all kinds of F. Mail and Emergency Contact: bread. The following are some of the prices: Nescafe (200g~ 4,845 FRWj cheese "la vache qui rit - 1,085 FRWj vegetable 011 Postal Address: (for letters only) 1,100 FRWj can of mixed vegetables, (small can) 400 FRW and (large can) 850 FRWj small can of corn - 560 FRWj bottled water - 550 ,". Name of Staff Member FRWj bread - from 65 to 150 FRWj shampoo (small) - 900 FRWj and UNAMIR deodorant - 2,000 FRW. Beef is of high quality and costs 800 FRW P.O. Box 4661 per kilo, and the chicken is 600 FRW a kilo. Grand Central Station New York, N.Y. 10163-4661 Central Markets: The Central Market is a huge area where you can find a relatively good selection of.ve~etables, ,and ~ruit which is grown locally. Oil, sugar, souvenlr 1tems, t011etr1es Telephone and FAX numbers are as follows: (soap, shampoo, cream, toilet paper, etc.) are also available at almost the same prices as supermarkets. Some vegetables and Tel: 9·011-250-84268 fruit prices are: tomatoes - 80 to 100 FR~ a kiloj ~u~umbers - 15 Fax: 9-011-250-84265 FRW eachj string beans - 80 FRW for 1/2 k110j ~ucch1n7 - 250 FRW a kiloj papaya - a small one is 50 FRW and a b1g one 1S 100 FRW.
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G. Communications Systems: C. Rate of the Mission Subsistence Allowance: The communications facilities in Rwanda are currently Under Staff Rule 103.21, the following uniform MSA rates being expanded. They consist of the following: have been approved for UNAMIR personnel throughout the mission area and are effective 5 October, 1993: (a) Television. A television service started in 1992. A limited number of stations are available; First 30 days in the mission area $110 After 30 days in the mission area - $ 85 (b) Radio. There are 2 AM and 5 FM stations in Rwanda. They serve 630,000 radio sets, or about one radio per 11 people; The mission subsistence allowance is payable on a continuous basis in the mission area and is payable in US (c) Newspapers. Rwanda has one national daily newspaper dollars. with a limited circulation; The above MSA rates are subject to supplements of 10 and (d) Telecommunications. Telephone services for national 25 per cent for staff at the D-l/D-2 and ASG/USG levels, and international use are generally adequate but very expensive. respectively. The area code is 250. The currency in Rwanda is the Rwandese Franc (FRW). The H. Telephone Charges: official rate is 141 FRW = US$l as of 22 October, 1993. Telephone: There will be certifying officers who will D. Exchange Controls: approve official long distance telephone calls made in the United Nations system. Currency regulations vary from country to country. Regulations for currency exchange will therefore be established for this operation to ensure that national currency regulations XIV: MISSION SUBSISTENCE ALLOWANCE (MSA) are respected in the mission area as well as in neighboring countries that the members may visit on leave or on duty. Regulations pertaining to the mission will be obtained on arrival A. Entitlement: in the country and United Nations personnel are expected to strictly adhere thereto. Staff members who are on temporary assignment to Rwanda will continue to receive the emoluments and allowances of their current duty station. In addition, they will receive a Mission XV. COMPENSATION POR DEATH. INJURY OR ILLNESS , .• Subsistence Allowance (MSA). A. Entitlement: No post adjustment, mobility and hardship allowance will be given since the mission subsistence allowance takes i~to The United Nations provides staff members with consideration any difficult conditions that are present 1n the compensation coverage for death, injury or illness, determined by mission area. the Secretary-General to be attributable to the performance of official duties on behalf of the United Nations. The details of B. Mission Subsistence Allowance (MSA) - Definition: this compensation are contained in Appendix D to the Staff Rules.
The MSA is designed to cover, .amonq others, the cost of B. Compensation Claims: food and lodging, local transportation, water/drinks and incidentals. This constitutes the entire United Nations Compensation will be awarded in the event of death, injury contribution towards such costs. It should be noted, however, or illness of a staff member that is attributable to the that reductions in the MSA will apply if food and/or performance of official duties on behalf of the United Nations, accommodation is provided by the United Nations or the host except that no compensation shall be awarded when such death, country. injury or illness has been occasioned by:
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XVI. COMPENSATION POR LOSS OF PERSONAL BFFECTS (a) The wilful misconduct of any staff member; or (b) The staff member's wilful intent to bring about the Administrative Instruction ST/ / provisions concerning compensation f AI1149/Rev.4 sets out the death, injury or illness of himself/herself or another. 7ffects ~ncurred in the course of or ,oss or ~he~t of personal J.nstructJ.on will be available at ~~~y J.n the mJ.ssJ.on area. This The death, injury or illness of a staff member will be ftL~IR headquarters. deemed to be attributable to the performance of official duties on behalf of the united Nations in the absence of any wilful A. Limitations: misconduct or wilful intent when: As pointed out earlier . '1' to take expensive cameras, watc~~;J. J.a~,personn71,are ~dvised not (a) The death, injury or illness is the result of a large amounts of cash or tr : ra J.os or sJ.mJ.lar J.tems or natural incident of performing official duties on behalf of a area, and to take all OSSi~r:11er s c~ecks with them into the United Nations assignment; or of their personal prop~rty. precautJ.ons against loss or theft (b) The death, injury or illness is directly owing to the termsIn casesof ST/AI/149/Revof loss or theft4 th:th t qu~lJ.fy' for compensation under the presence of the staff member in accordance with a United Nations amount indicated for e~ch of tmahx p~Yme~t will not exceed the assignment in an area involving special hazards to the staff e fJ.mu0 1ml oWJ.ng J.tems: member's health or security, and occurred as a result of such hazards; or (c) The death, injury or illness occurs as a direct result ~ of travelling by means of transportation furnished by, or at the expense of, the United Nations in connection with the performance (a) Television or video tape machine 1000 of official duties only. This provision will not extend to motor vehicle transportation provided by the staff member or sanctioned (b) :;=r~~i:ist~~p~~~d~~, taPle recorder stereo- or authorized by the United Nations solely at the requests and , J.sc payer, speakers) 1500 for the convenience of the staff member. (c) Watch 350 The compensation payable under the rules governing entitlement will be the sole compensation payable by the United (d) Camera (still or movie) 350 Nations in respect of death, injury or illness. (e) Video camera 1500 C. Beneficiary: I. (f) Cash 400 A staff member is at liberty to name his/her own beneficiary, whether the latter be a recognized dependant or not. prevailingThesecircumstancesfigures are re~osei dperJ.od " 7cal1r in the light of For this purpose, each staff member, either before he/she leaves of or damage to more tha~ one ~~mpen~atJ.on WJ.11 ~e paid for loss for UNAMIR or upon arrival at UNAMIR, is required to complete, in eac of the artJ.cles mentioned. triplicate, a designation of beneficiary form. Although the staff member might have done this when first joining the United B. VoluntanIDsuran~:o;iaD~ropertyP!I 1 and Personal Accident Nations, he/she should check to make sure that the form is complete and current. Nations,InHerbertadditionL. toJamisonthe cover& Cageha1ready provided by the United UND~· voluntary insurance plan to tas a f f for some time provided a will now be available for staff me5mbersmem1?ers,gOJ.ng onan<;imJ.ssions.this plan
'..._,,-- . I ..J
32 - ANNEX A
eurren~ demilitarized zone
The insurance is optional, and the premium is low. It might be useful insurance to staff members who must carry somewhat precious items with them because they cannot leave such items at home. Since the United Nations already provides compensation in the event of death, injury or illness, as well as compensation for loss of personal effects, this would be additional insurance coverage for those who wanted it. The personal property insurance would be a minimum of $5,000 and a maximum of $100,000 at a rate of $1.80 per $100 of value. The accidental death and dismemberment insurance would be as follows: Premium i Amount of Insurance $ 45 t $ 25,000 $ 90 $ 50,000 $180 $100,000 $ 15 $ 10,000 (Child) For further information, please contact Herbert L. Jamison & Co. at (212) 686 - 2233, 345 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010, USA.
-:: ..,:..... •
Ji" . is , .- ... ~ •... ~ ; .... r.
/ ...
"I ~_>_~ >_o_~~~-~>~'~""'7,~>","=~""'P'~~;~~"=~~~~~,~~~'F,~~~~,r~~ ANNEX B
PERSONAL PROTECTION MEASURES AGAINST HALARIA
Travellers can protect themselves quite effectively against mosquito bites, and in this way, prevent infections. This should constitute the traveller's first line of defense against malaria. Protecting oneself from insect or mosquito bites involves: Wearing sUfficiently thick, long-sleeved clothing and long trousers when outdoors after sunset, and avoiding dark • colours which attract mosquitoes; Smearing an insect repellent, such as dimethyl phtalate or N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), on the parts of the skin remaining exposed (observing the manufacturer's precautions) ; Sleeping in properly screened rooms (this is generally the case with air-conditioning); Using "anti-fly" spray to kill any mosquitoes that may have entered in spite of the screening; Using mosquito nets around the bed at night, taking care to tuck in the net carefully under the mattress, and ensuring that the net is not torn, and that there are no mosquitoes inside; increased protection may be obtained by impregnating the net with permethrin or deltamethrin; • Burning mosquito coils (but usually they do not last through the night).
January 1993
-~-~--~---~-~---- ANNEX C
This is general information. The only required vaccination for Rwanda is Yellow Fever, if you are coming from an infected area. The other vaccinations are recommended.
YACCrlAUQH XllOlIIAfXOH Tillinq Duration or "mher of between Kind ot IMUnization Protection PO•• Doses
Tetanus Toxoid 10 years Booster-1 1 month Initial between 1st Series-3 , 2nd dose 1 year • between 2nd , 3rd dose
Typhoid 3 years Booster-1 1 month (Injectable vaccine) Initial between 1st Series-2 , 2nd dose
Poliomyelitis 10 years Boost.er-1 6-8 weeks. (Oral) Initial between 1st Series-3 , 2nd dose 1 year between 2nd , 3rd dose
Hepatitis A Series-3 2-4 weeks • (Inactive Virus Vaccine) between 1st (For assignments of 6 months or longer) , 2nd dose: 3rd dose is 6-12 months after initial OR dose Immune GlobUlin 3-6 months 1 injection 6 months Hepatitis B 3-8 years Booster-1 1 month Initial bet. 1st , Series-3 2nd dose S months bet. 2nd , 3rd dose Yellow Fever 10 years 1 dose 10 years (if coming from an infected area)
--~=~--_._--~--_.- - S ANNEX D Information for Travellers
II yau plaq 10 travel, ar 818 .....,.yaurway. he,e are sOIRa basla•..- ~ID8. Cancam abautAIDS ...... travel '0 anypadal lbe.... Whether athame artl1lV8llna. avoklng AIOSla ndnIyup 10 you.
• • AIDS• Knowledge Is tile kO.y to preYeDtlllD
You can protect yauraillagalnltAtoS..,...... the wartd, at hame ortnIv.lIk'Ig. Don' taM .....ciItng your travel lhat could lend AIDS hanal willi you. I' UIIa advice lounds .IIIct. remember dda: ..no CURl orvacc:iIa .0 tartorAIDS...... It d8L Far mar. In'ann.Uan, pt.B.B cantact your. ha8l1I..""ter or vour loem, ragton. arnadonalh....8UIhaItIy.
ThIs a habI .. Warld H CIa .... cUreess and caar k1IlInDU"huIIh andIs 'ladInq Ua.giabl& ...... AIDS. ANNEX D
Page 2 WHAT IS AIDS?
AIDS is a disease caused by a virus which can break down the body's immune system and lead to fatal infections and some form of cancer.
Should the traveller be concerned about AIDS? No matter where you live or travel, you need to know about AIDS. AIDS is a fact in today's world-throughout the world. However, you can easily protect yourself against AIDS during your travels by knowing and following some simple rules.
How is AIDS spread? The AIDS virus spreads most frequently through sexual activity. The virus can be transmitted from any infected person to his or her sexual partner (man to woman, woman to man, and from man to man). But it is also spread by contaminated blood - in transfusions, on needles, or on any skin-piercing instruments. Also, an AIDS virus-infected mother can transmit the virus to her child before, during or shortly after birth.
Is AIDS spread by casual contact? No. AIDS is not spread by daily and routine activities ("casual contact") such as sitting next to someone, or shaking hands, or working with people. Nor is it spread by insects or insect bites. And AIDS is not spread by swimming pools, public transportation, food, cups, glasses, plates, toilets, water, air, touching or hugging, coughing or sneezing. f"
How can sexual spread of AXDS be prevented? Do not have sex with prostitutes (male or female) or casual acquaintances, even in countries that claim there is no AIDS problem. You cannot tell by appearances if someone is infected with the AIDS virus; he/she can look healthy. If you are going to have sexual relations with someone who might be infected: * Men should always use a condom, each time, from start to finish, and women should make sure their partner uses one. * Remember that vaginal, anal or oral sex can spread AIDS. * Reducing the number of your sexual partners will lower the risk of exposure to the AIDS virus.
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ANNEX D
Page 3
What about AIDS and blood transfusions? Although AIDS can be transmitted by transfusions of infected blood, in many places blood is screened for AIDS virus contamination before being given. If you need a blood transfusion, try to ensure that screened blood is used. Since more and more countries around the world are now testing blood for the AIDS virus, blood transfusions will increasingly be protected from AIDS virus contamination. You can reduce the risk of serious injury, leading to possible need for blood transfusions, by taking ordinary, everyday precautions. Wear a seat belt and drive carefully. Don't mix alcohol with driving, boating or other activities that could lead • to injury.
What about injections? Avoid injections unless absolutely necessary. If you must have an injection, make sure the needle and syringe come straight from a sterile package or have been sterilized properly (by steam, boiling water or chemicals). For example, a needle and syringe which have been cleaned and then boiled for 20 minutes are ready for re-use. Unless you have a prescription or a doctor's authorization, don't take your own needles with you. Finally, if you inject drugs - no matter what kind - never use anyone else's equipment. • What about skin-piercing instruments? Like needles and syringes, other instruments that pierce the skin (tattoo and acupuncture needles, ear-piercing equipment and dentists' tools) must always be sterile (used only once or sterilized between each use). As with needles and syringes, proper sterilizing of these instruments eliminates risk. In general, you should avoid any procedures which pierce the skin unless absolutely necessary.
What if you are already infected with the AIDS virus? If you are already infected with the AIDS virus, consult your personal health care provides for guidance well in advance of your proposed travel. -
ANNEX E
INTRODUCTION TO RWANDA
TERRAIN Geography. Rwanda is in east-central Africa. The country slopes gradually from a mountain range in the west to a lowland plain in the east. The mountain range includes a chain of volcanoes in the northwest. West of the mountains the land falls sharply to Lac Kivu. A plateau in the centre of the country is covered in steep hills. The average elevation in Rwanda is 2000m. The mountain range in the west forms the Nile-Congo Divide. Rivers to the east flow to the Nile and those on the west feed the Niger. Thr e are nine large lakes in Rwanda} six of which are totally within the borders. Vegetation varies from tropical forests in the west to savannah grasslands in the east. There are also considerable • marshlands in the low lying areas. The soils vary also from rich volcanic soils in the west to poor, gravelly soils in the east. The climate is mild despite the latitude and high elevation of the country. The year is divided into two rain~.seasons and one dry season. Infrastructure. Rwanda has a relatively dense road network by African standards with 1200 km of paved roads. There are eight airports in the country, three of which have commercial flights. International traffic enters via Kigali, the capital. A ferry service operates on Lac Kivu on a north-south route. Electrical and communications facilities are adequate I however potable water, adequate sewage disposal, and medical facilities are scare outside the capital.
MJ~NOATE FEATURES Population Centres. Although the population density of • ~1anda is the highest in sub-Saharan Africa (320 per km2) only 5.4% of the population live in urban centres. The few urban concentrations are grouped around the administrative centres of the ten prefectures. Only four of these centres have populations which exceed 20,000. These cities are: Kigali 232,000, RUhengeri 30,000, Butare 29,000, and Gissenyi 22,000. Rural Areas. The populace of this country is 94% rural. Dwellings in Rwanda are not clustered together in compact villages but instead are disposed in familial groups, for which a hill serves as the basic unit. Each place of habitation is surrounded by an enclosure formed by a hedge, or palisade. The enclosure extends rearward in circular sections. Each section shelters a family in order of importance. In the past, huts were made of an interlaced frame covered with straw. This style has been replaced by clay or brick rectangular houses with a roof of tiles or sheet iron. . -.
ANNEX E ANNEX E TEMPERATURE Education. The percentage of the total government expenditure spent on education is 25.4%. Rwanda h~s compul~ory The average annual temperature for Rwanda is 19.70 C. education beginning at seven years of age and lastlng ,for elg~t This, however, does not reflect the variations in the different years Secondary education which is not compulsory, beglns at the regions. The three thermatic regions are based on mean monthly age of 15 and lasts for a f~rther six years, comprising two equal temperature variations. These variations are recorded during the daYlight hours only. The three thermatic regions are: cycles of three years. Enrolment in 1989 was estimated at 65% for primary school and only 7% for secondary schools. Rwanda has a a. Below 1500 m. This area is primarily in the east University with campuses at ButareJ Kigali and RUhengeri. The but extends up the Nyabrongo River Valley. average rate of adult literacy is estimated at 49.8%. Tempe~atures in this region rise over 13° C during the day. The absolute maximum is 33° C and absolute Economic Background. Agriculture accounts for 46% of minilllum is 5° C. The average annual temperature for Rwanda's GOP, and employs an estimated 91% of the labour force. the region is 21° Ci About 95% of the total value of agricultural production is provided by SUbsistence crops. The two major cash crops are coffee and tea ') b. 1600-190,0 m. This zone is one of transition between which accounted for 59% and 24.5% respectively of the total export the low elevations and high elevations. The daily earning in 1991. The industrial sector follows the usual pattern temperature variation in this zone is between 100 C for the less developed African states, and food based industries predominate. There are small textile, chemical and engineering, and 12° C. The mean annual temperature varies from cement and match factories. There are also other enterprises based 19° C at 1700 m to 17.5° C at 1900 m. • he absolute on transistors, plastic footwear, and agricultural tools. Rwanda maximum in this region is 31° C and the absolute minimum is 5° C; and also has a small mining (tin, tungsten, gold), and forestry industry. Imports to Rwanda include machinery, transport equipment, fuels and lUbricants, and construction materials. c. Over 2000 m. 'l'he mean annual temperature in zone u this is lS C. Daily temperature variation is less HISTORICAL NOTES than 10°C. The mean maximum temperature in zone this is 22°C with the mean low being 90C. The Unlike most African States, Rwanda and its southern neighbour Burundi were not an artificial creation of colonial rule. PEOPLE When it had been absorbed by German East Africa in 1899 it had been an established Kingdom for several centuries. The Tutsi, cattle Population. breeders from the Horn of Africa, began arriving about 500 years density of 279 per km2 • Population of Rwanda is 7,347,000 with a aqo. The Tutsi gradually SUbjugated the Hutu inhabitants. 'l'hey established a monarchy headed by a mwami (king) and a feudal caste ) of nobles. The Tutsi reduced the Hutus to serfdom through a Ethnic Division. The indigenous population consists of contract known as abuhake whereby the Hutu farmers obligated their three ethnic grcups. They are the Tutsi 9%, Hutu 90% and Twa 1%. services to the Tutsi lords in return for cattle and the use of The Tutsi are a pastoral people who raise cattle. They are of pastures and arable land. Nilotic origin and are also known as Tussi, Bat'-lsi ~nd Watusi. The Hutu are farmers of Bantu origin. They are also known as the In 1899, the court of the mwami submitted to a German Bahutu and Wakhutu. The Twa are pygmies and hunters. They are protectorate without resistance. Belgian troops from Zaire thought to be the remnants of the regiods earliest settlers. occupied Rwanda in 1916. From 1920, Rwanda formed part of Ruanda Urundi, administered by Belgium under a League of Nations mandate Language. The official languages are French and and late.l'" as a UN Trust Territory. Reforms instituted by the Kinyarwanda. The Kiswahili tongue is widely used in commerce. Belgians in the 1950s encouraged the growth of democratic political Kinyarwanda is a complex Bantu language and is Spoken in the same institutions. Dissension between the majority Hutu and their manner by all Rwandese. The Rwanda Patriotic Front members are former overlords the Tutsi led to a rebellion in 1959, resulting in generally English-speakinq. an overthrow of the Tutsi monarchy. During the 1959 revolt and its aftermath more than 160,000 Tutsi fled to neighbouring countries and an estimated 20,000 were killed. A UN-supervised Reliaion. About 45% of the population follow traditional referendum brought victory to the Party of Hutu Emancipation beliefs. These beliefs inclUde a supreme being called Imana. Movement (PARMEHUTU) in 1961. As a result internal autonomy was Roman Cathol~cs. make up 45% of the populatlon,,an d 9% are granted by Belgium on January 1, 1962 and in June, Belgian Protestant. Less than 1% of the population are Musllm. Trusteeship was terminated by the UN. Rwanda became independent effective 1 July 1962. ANNEX E
From 1962 to 1971 the PARMEHUTU ruled with Gregoire Kayibanda as leader. As a esult of inefficiency and corruption, the public became disaffect~d with the party. A bloodless coup was led by ~en Juvenal Habyarima, after which all political activity was abolished. A national referendum in December 1978 approved a new constitution, aimed at returning the country to normal government. In December 1983 Habyarima was elected president, and re-elected in 1988. From 1982, cross border refugee problems have affected Rwandese relations with Uganda. In early July of 1990, after sharp declines in political and economic conditions, Habyarima conceded that poli'tical reform was necessary. In ') September of 1990, the Commission Nationale de Synthese was established, having a mandate to make recommendations for political renewal.
On October 1, 1990, an estimated force of 10,000 guerillas representing the exiled Tutsi-dominated Front Patriotique Rwandais (FPR or Inkotanyi) crossed the border from Uganda into northeastern Rwanda. Numerically, the troops were dominated by Tutsi refugees, but there were also a number of disaffected elements of the Ugandan army. Belgian and French troops were dispatched in response to a request for assistance. They did not engage in combat as ,the small Rwandese army, with help from Zaire, turned back the assault. The Rwandese government declared victory in November, however, the FPR now adopted guerilla tactics. Attacks occurred in border areas in the north and northwest, initiated from camps in Uganda. This raised accusations, which were denied, that Uganda was supporting th~ FPR. The conflict continued through 1991 and 1992 with a cease-fire reported in late ..~ March 1993. Under the truce, the rebel force gave up half the territory it controlled so that displaced civilians could go home. A 19 km wide demilitarized zone has been set up. On 4 August 1993, the Arusha Peace Agreement was signed and called for a UN led International Neutral Force to come and assist in the 22 -month peace process. i) R~~c.u News Analysis to Butare as the prelude to wide I~ also been retained by Carlos, .the France. man wanted in connection with a spread killings in Butare. While The Intcrim Governmcnt wide range of terrorist attacks in Butare, Sindikubwabo went to worldwide. The self-proclaimed interim gov address a huge group of refugees ernment that was established on who had fled the violence in Although international human 8th April consisted entirely ofex Gikongoro. He accused them of rights organisations called upon tremists and their fellow-travel having fled famine in Gikongoro Mme Habyarimana to use her per .~ lers. Though the ministerial port and of having brought unease to sonal authority with the interim folios were divided between five Butare. He told them to leave government and Presidential parties: MRND, MDR, PL, PSD Butare, adding 'That it was un Guard to condemnthe killings and and POC.ln a facade ofcontinuity likely they would leave" because hence help to bring them to a halt, from the previous government, "of all the free porridge you are the Presidential widow was con most cabinet positions were allo getting". He then held separate spicuous by hersilence. She is one cated to the party that had held meetings with the councillors. On ofthe four co-defendants ina case them before. The CDR, inanother 18 May, he visited Kibuye to urge brought by the media pressure gestureofcontinuity, held no cabi Hutus to kill Tutsis and publicly group, Reporters sans Frontiers, net position. Government spokes congratulated the Hutu population against individuals living in France men claimed that the new govern for having done its "work". Re who were closely associated with ment was in conformity with the corded tapes from RTLM publicly RTLM. Arusha Accords. But, in violation thank the president for his visit to *Protais Zigiranyirazo is a of the Accords, in all cases the Kibuye; brotherofMadame Habyarimana. chosen politicians were selected *Felicien Kabuga, founding He used to be prefet ofRuhengeri from the pro-MRND or "Power" shareholder and president of the where he is held to have been re factions oftheirrespective parties. board ofdirectors ofRTLM radio. sponsible for widespread killings. Most ofthe others were murdered. Originally from Gisenyi, he is a His involvement in illegal tradings Some cabinet members in the very wealthy businessman with in endangered speciesand the mur interim government had no his close connections to CDR. For a der ofthe AmericannaturalistDian toryofvirulent extremism, merely long time, he was an intimate of Fossey was exposed by Nick Gor opportunism - they were brought Habyarimana; his son is married don in his book, Murder in the in, without real power, solely as a to Habyarimana's daughter. At one Mist: Who Killed Dian Fossy? He propagandafacade to establish the time, he put one of his houses in became a businessman with con supposed broad base of the gov KigaliatthedisposaloftheMRND. nections in Canada, but was de ernment. Nonetheless, their will ported from Canada in September In late May, afterthe rump govern ing participation in a genocidal 1993 after he had made death ment and itssupporters weredriven government makes them accom threats against members of the to seek refuge inGisenyi, Kabuga plices to the crime. Rwandese community there. His set up a "Provisional Committee" business connections became in *Dr Theodore Sindikubwabo, .to rally support for the regime and tertwined with the President and president and member ofMRND. what it called the "bravery and the Canadian aid programme. He Qualified as a pediatrician, he is sacrifice" shown by the armed is one ofthe original shareholders from Butare. For the first twelve forces in "persecuting the enemy [ ofradio RTLM. Currently in exile days after the death of the Presi and his people." Kabugawas presi in France, he has been named as dent, Butare was peaceful. dent ofthe committee. Their deci I one of the four co-defendants in Sindikubwabo then visited and sions were recorded in a letter the casebrought by Reporterssans explicitly incitedthe population to signed by Kabuga on 25 May in Frontiers against RTLM; violence, asking them not to "re which it was decided to set up a main unconcerned" by what was Fund forNational Defense(Ikigega I *SeraphimRwabukumbaisalso happening in the rest ofthe coun Ndengera-Gihigu), i a brother of Madame try. Hereplacedthe prefetwho had ! Habyarimana. He waspreviously until that moment been respon MILITARY AND PARA-MILI head ofthe Bank ofRwanda and sible for thecalm prevailing. Prof. TARV OFFICERS I later had his own import/export Rene Degni-Segui, the special Accordingto many Rwandese business. Hebas-also been'impli rapporteur appointed by the UN political observers,theinterimgov cated in the activitieS orNeiwork commissiononHumanRights, has ernmentwas essentially a front for Zero. He is currently in exile in singled out Sindikubwabo's visit 'I News Analysis the activities of hard-line army nity of «helping the RPF to take ment extremely peaceful - sud commanders, hand-in-hand with power by force"; denly became a major centre of extremist politicians who were killing. He requested militaryheli busy mobilising the militia. Ex *Captain Pascal Simbikangwa copters to assist him ill his opera previously held an official posi tremists in the army werecertainly tions in Butare which was at that some of the main powers behind tion in intelligence and has been time far away from the front line; the slaughter. Most ofthe extrern named as one ofthe men respon *Major-Gcncral ~st military officers are from sible for organising death squads Ndindiliyimana, head of the Gisenyi and were members ofthe beforeApril. Simbikangwadid not gendarmerie, While he has not President's entourage. have an official position in 1994, but remained very powerful and publicly incited violence, his com *Coloncl Theonestc Bagosora is active in organising militia. He is plete failure to object to it, or to widely attributed to have been re reported to have used the instruct his officers and men to sponsible for the downing of the President'sofficeto direct the kill- protect civilians, makes him at the Presidential plane, and early on very least complicity in the kill was identified as a major power in ings, especiaIly given the involve the government. He is also said to ment ofgendarmes in the killings; be behind the announcement ofa *Lt-Col. Protais Mpiranya, a curfew by the ministry ofdefence former commander in the Presi on 7 April, an event that greatly dential Guard, is widely suspected facilitated the killings. He is from to have played an important role in Gisenyi. co-ordinating the killings. He is Formally chef de cabinet in the reported to have been particularly ministry of defence, and com responsible for linking the efforts mander of the military base at ofthe army and militia; Kanornbe, Col. Bagosorahas been *CoI. Baransaritse, a medical responsible for arming the Kagame: Their arch - enemy doctor, was in charge ofone ofthe interahamwe since their creation unitsat Kanombe barracks. He had in 1991. He played a key role in ings; very close links with CDR; organisingthe militia inearlyApril. *Captian Gaspard *Jean Marie Vianncy *Maj.-Gen. Augustin Hategekimana worked in close Rwabikinga, lieutenant from Bizimungu, former chiefofstaff, collaboration with Capt. Rukara, is implicated in the mas and commander-in-chief of the Simbikangwa to direct the kill sacre at the parish of Rukara; Rwandese Armed Forces after 6 ings, using his own house as an April. Previously he was opera occasional headquarters. He also *CoI. Nkundiye, former body tions commander for the prefec intimidated the refugees at Hotel guard of President Habyarimana, ture ofRuhengeri.The fonnerchief Mille Collines; commander in the presidential ofstaff, Major-General Deogratias Guard, and commanderofthe mili Nsabimana, waskilled in theplane *Col. Anatole Nsengiyumva is tary base at Kanombe. crash of6 April. He was replaced strongly implicated in the killings. by Col. Marcel Gatsinzi, whowas An intelligence officer, he is re considered too moderate and was sponsible for previous killings in immediately replaced by the hard Gisenyi and has had a prominent line Bizimungu. role in the gendarmerie. He has As chief of staff, Maj.-Gen. alsospreadextremistideology,de Bizimunguwasresponsibleforthe scribing all Tutsi, moderate Hutu commandoftheFARandthePresi and those married to Tutsias the dentialGuardduringtheperiod of "enemy". He isalsoassociatedwith the genocide. thepromotionoftheextremistjouf nal Kangura; Fromexile in Goma, Bizimungu has beenmakiDgthreats toleadan ·Col. Tbarcise Muvunyi. from invasion of R.wanda. He has ac Gisenyi. took command ofopera J eased the intemational commu- tionsinButareon 19 April. where this region - mo- Mobutu: KiIknlaimchingcome bacl. upon until that from Iris bases ! News Analysis the massacres in Ndera, Greater Hilsum of MILITARY RESERVISTS Kigali; -- The Observer that: AND GENDARMES "Everything that has happened in PROFESSIONAL A numberofextremistarmyoffic Rwanda is the fault ofthe RPF ... INTERAHAMWE ers were retired from the army, We are just defending ourselves. The internationalcornm unity does particularly after the alleged coup Although numbering only t 700 not understand". .~ attempt in September t 992 (a curi fully-trained men, the professional ous episode that has never been interahamwe played a role out of He explained away the bodies of fully explained). But the retired all proportion to their numbers, Tutsi women and children at his officers did not become inactive. mobilizing tens of thousands of roadblocks: Along with other military reserv young men to join them. ists, theywere responsibleformuch The RPFhid people, includingchil ofthe trainingofthe interahamwe. Robed Kajuga, national presi dren, girls and women, in houses In addition they played an impor dent ofthe interaharnwe militia, is and gavethem weapons. Then they tant role in the massacres on their a remarkable figure in the geno wanted to attack the roadblocks. own behalf. cide. He is somethingofan enigma. We defended ourselves. That's From a family that changed its why there were bodies at the road A number of military reservists Tutsi identity in t959,he embraced blocks. Eveneleven-year-old chil led the attacks against parishes in Hutu extrern ism with a vengeance. dren came with grenades. which large numbers of people A protege ofthe President, Kajuga lost their lives. In the massacre at was appointed to organise the THE HUTU TEN the bishopric of Kibungo on t 7 interahamwe militia. COMMANDMENTS April, the interahamwe were led I. Every Muhutu should know that by two businessmen called Known as 'Le President,' Kajuga a Mututsi woman. wherever she Twagirayezu and Boniface and has defended his role to journal is, works for the interest of her Cyiza Nsabimana, a truck trans ists. Speaking to Jean Helene of Radio France Internationale, he Tutsiethnicgroup. As a result,we porter, who were all also military shallconsideratraitorany Muhutu denied that the killings were reservists. Nsabimana was also who: involved in the massacre at the organised in any way. marriesa Tutsi woman; parish ofZaza in the prefecture of "They are not organised - no way, Kihungo. no way, no way. You have to see befriendsa Tursi woman; Other retired military officers in the situation: the President died, employsa Tutsi woman as a clude: and after three hours, the popula secretary or a concubine. tion really did not understand what *Col. Pierre-Celestin was going on. They saw their 2. Every Muhutu should know that our Hutudaughters are more suit Rwagafirita, retired, was chair neighbours next doorwho had guns able and conscientious in their man of the MRND in Kibungo. to kill everyone - well, they just role as woman, wife and mother His command post had been defended themselves". of the family.Are they not beau Kabarondo.African Rightshascol Asked ifthe interahamwe cooper tiful, good secretaries and more lected a number of testimonies honest? from the prefecture of Kibungo ated with the army, Kajuga re which implicate him directly in plied: 3. Bahutu women, be vigilant and the massacres in that region. He tryto bringyour husbands, broth "Hmm.Well,wejust ex ers and sons back to reason. ensured that the interahamwe of change advice. Other Kabarondo were well-armed and wise there are really no 4. Every Muhutu should know that led the attacks carried out by gen regularcontactswiththe everyMututsiisdishonest inbusi darmes in Kabarondo and army. Weare doing our ness. His only aim is the su premacyofhisethnicgroup. Asa Kayonza; best not to disturb the result,any Muhutu who does the I army. If the anny asks *Adjutant Sebubindo and Adju following is a traitor: i tantRyamukoribavebeenaccused .us to leave a spot, we makes a partnership with I ofinvolvementinthe massacres in leave it, but we help the Batutsiin business; I ·~ Kanzenze~ Greater Kigali; armyto defend thecoun try". invests his money or the ·DamicnSenagendo,anadjutant, government's money in a Kajuga similarly told Lindsey iswidelyaccusedofoomplicity in Tutsienterprise; " lends or borrows moneyfrom a Mututsi; gives favours to Batutsi in business (obtaining import li cences, bank loans, construc tion sites, public markets ...) 5. All strategic positions, political, ''l- administrative, economic, mili tary and security should be en trusted to Bahutu, 6. The education sector (school pu pils, students, teachers) must be majority Hutu. Maj. Gen Paul Kagame 7, The Rwaudesc Armed Forces should be exclusively Hutu.The experience ofthe October(1990) war has taught us a lesson. No memberofthemilitaryshall many a Tutsi. -',_: f' ~t r/ .. 8. The Bahutu should stop having " . mercy on the Batustsi, \ 9. The Bahutu, wherever they are, must have unity and solidarity, and be concerned with the fate of their Hutu brothers. The Bahutu inside and out Pasteur Bizimungu side Rwanda must constantly look for friends and allies for They have the task 0/trying these murderers and bringing the country' back to normalcv the Hutu cause, starting with their Bantu brothers; They must constantly coun Afro Studio Limited teract the Tutsi propaganda; I LJ ead ()[tice. PIal 1'> I Karupata Road The Bahutu must be firm and P o 80:-. .;V6u I\.alllpaia vigilant against their com Icl 23-+13~ mon Tutsi enemy. He take: 10. The Social Revolution of 1959, (O[OUI~(1_ ~IZe:, the Referendum of 1961, and the Studio pnotogiaphs B/\\ and in -iH Hutu Ideology, must be taught to I~ assoort pnotograpns HI \\- and Coloured, every Muhutu at every level. Ev \\0 ccduig pnoiograpns ery Hutu must spread this ideol ogy widely, Any Muhutu who Uuu,lde coverages. persecutes his brother Muhutu for xealec Identity cards. having read, spread and taught this ideology. is a traitor. ..' Developing and pnntmgb/W and Coloured films. Selling all photographic matenars Published in Kangura Branches uc: Wandegeya Tel:-jU()J~ B\\ Bl"U.e Beret.s in R:~a.n.d.a.: Un~ted Nat~ons Assi~t.ance Mission in R~an.da(UNAMIR) Mission Background The United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) was ~created in June 1993, following ongoing efforts to peacefully resolve the confl ict between the Government of Rwanda and the Front patriotique rwanda is. UNOMUR was based in Uganda and monitored the Uganda-Rwanda border to verify that no military assistance reaches Rwanda. In October 1993, the United Nations created a larger mission, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). UNAMIR was responsible for demobilization, elections, security, humanitarian assistance, and mine clearance and awareness in Rwanda. UNOMUR was administratively integrated with UNAMIR in October 94. Following the wide-spread violence precipitated when Rwandan president Habyarimana's plane was shot down on Apr 6 1994, the UN evacuated most of the 2,500 personnel assigned to UNAMIR. Asmall garrison of approximately 450 persons remained in Kigali to attempt to negotiate a cease-fire and to coordinate humanitarian assistance. On 17 May 1994, the UN Security Council, under Resolution 918, authorized an expanded UNAMIR of 5,500 personnel. Composition UNAMIR is divided in two major components, a political cell and a military force. The mission is headed in Kigali, by Ambassador Shaharyar Khan from Pakistan, the Special Representative to the Secretary-General and seconded by the mission's Force Commander, Major-General Guy Tousignant a Canadian career soldier. The total UNAMIR staff counts at the moment approximately 200 civilian staff and 5400 military personnel from more than 25 Nations. The military component of UNAMIR mainly consists of several infantry units, support units and military observers. I Military Activity Rwanda is one of the smallest African countries with an area of just over 26,000 square km. Its neighbouring countries are Uganda (north), Zaire (west), Burundi (south) and Tanzania (east). For military command and control requirements the country has been divided in six sectors of operations. All military operations in each of the sectors are carried out under the control of sector commanders who report directly to the Force Commander. Military forces are deployed to each of the sectors in sufficient number to ensure the necessary levels of security, stability and support required by the UN normalisation process, currently under way to assist the present government in rebuilding the country. Current Mandate Under Chapter 6 of the United Nations Charter, the mandate of UNAMIR is to contribute to the security and protection of displaced persons, refugees and civilians at risk in Rwanda. It also provides security and support for the distribution of relief supplies and humanitarian relief operations. The mission is authorized to take action in self~defence against persons or groups who threaten protected sites, populations, United Nations personnel or the means of delivery of humanitarian relief. UN soldiers and Military Observers are the eyes and ears of the international community. They monitor the peace process and assist the humanitarian effort in the areas where it is most required. UN troops are "lso called on to assist the UN agencies and Non-Governmental Organisations with delivery of humanitarian relief supplies such as seeds, grain, water and medical stores. In addition to major UN operations, there are the voluntary day to day humanitarian efforts carried out by military staff and contingents in cooperation with UN Agencies and NGOs in areas such as: the command and control element for the coordination of movement of displaced persons from camps to their communes, medical assistance in various communities; the support to orphanages by many contingents in an effort to ra i se the standard of living; and technical assistance to local authorities in 2 telecommunications t mine clearance and more. Contributing Nations and Roles In all, 16 Nations are presently contributing troops to UNAMIR. Of note, the largest contingents are from the following countries: Australia (300) - To provide medical support to UNAMIR. The Australian field hospital provides comprehensive medical support which includes a surgical capability, anaesthetist, an intensive care unit, high dependency ward t general wards as well as x-ray, pathology and pharmacy facilities. Britain (570) - The British contingent includes a field ambu lance providing medical care to displaced persons in southwestern Rwanda. It also provides UNAMIR with a logistics element capable of heavy / lift and vehicle maintenance support. An engineers squadron is also part of the contingent which conduct various repair operations to roads and bridges and also conduct explosive ordnance disposal around the country. The British contingent completed their mandate in late November. Canada (370) - To provide communication support to t'.:)~\: UNAMIR. The 1 Canadian Division Headquarters and Signal Regiment deployed .-...1" it's communications experts to all regions of the country to ensure voice C\..AdtV~ and teletype communications for each of the contingents and the UN HQ in ~1{.U'tJ Kigali. In addition t Canada is providing UNAMIR with an extensive logistics capability by centralising and controlling all UN owned stock. Ethiopia (800) - Provide an infantry battalion for security, humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. Ghana (BIO) - Provide an infantry battalion for Gl~~r't"y'US securitYt humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. India (800) - Provide an infantry battalion for \~ ~ ~f\ \.: security, humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. 3 Malawi (160) - Provide an infantry company for security, ~~n~~ humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. Ma 1i (200) - Provide an infantry company group for r; . a~ ~(} security, humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. ~A Nigeria (250) - Provide an infantry company group for (3,yuM. dO security humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. Tunisia (825) - Provide an infantry battalion forG,~,..,tlVI· security, humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. \2.~1..A:- ""It'" I Zambia (BOO) - Provide an infantry battalion for ~6~t> security, humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. ~'i )<,.()N1:>tdl.w Chad (130). Congo (40), Guinea-Bisseau (35), Niger (40) and Senegal (240) - Each provide an infantry element to \C'~ 6"YL. form a composite battalion for humanitarian protection and convoy escort related functions. In addition, a total of 320 military observers are deployed throughout the country to monitor and report on all levels of activity. A total of 19 countries are contributing to this multinational force of observers. Contributing countries are: Austria Bangladesh Canada Ethiopia Fiji Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bisseau Kenya Malawi Mali Nigeria Poland Russia Slovakia Tunisia Uruguay Zambia Zimbabwe UNAMIR Initiatives On Sept. 24, UNAMIR began a program to assist the UN Agencies and NGOs in the transport of displaced persons, back to their villages and 4 communes. Since the first day of Operation "HOMEWARD", the UN has made ava i lable more than 40 transport trucks from the Zambian and other contingents when ava ilab le. Op HOMEWARD has transported in its first month, more than 6 000 displaced persons to their home towns in the first month of operations. Since Aug. 2, UN military explosive ordnance disposal experts have been assisting the present government in clearing unexploded mines, mortar rounds and other munitions left behind from the war. Canadian engineers dedicated a full month to this task clearing more than 500 pieces of munitions. This task has been taken over in September by the British contingent who are disposing of unexploded ordnance and collating reports of unexploded munitions throughout the country when they interfere with UNAMIR tasks. In an effort to minimise the effects of a potential Meningitis epidemic, British, Canadian and Australian medical personnel administered more than 20 000 vaccines to chi ldren in the Kibeho area in southern Rwanda. UN military personnel from the Canadian contingent have been working in collaboration with Rwandatel to repair the countries telecommunications. International communications are now possible from the capital city of Kigali and the phone system is operational. 5 ,,'. RECEIVED OPPICB OP SRSG UNAMIR D" ~.1.....\t..l.~ . ." ·.'t·. ~~ No:·· '. . By:-tL s , '1\ h 1\ l2- \1\ J.y File No. 4000.4 (SMO) 1!::======!1 \_ VV\ - ~ ct ..Date: a3Feb 94~ J ee- S ~ ~G.. \.J) . ~ \s:- See Distribution: ~ ~ ~{. lo!i/'iu P.:..1>. tvt~J .. Subject: PREVENTION OF HEPATITIES-A:T\: 4if e~,,"IM.!-JfcII 1. Prevention is better than cure is well known to all.Recently one UNAMIR personnel has been admitted with hepatities-A, which is an infectious dis~ase and easily' communicable through foods and drinks. 2. It is utmost important to implement the comprehensive control measures ( Annx-A ) by the all ranks ~t the com cement of the disease to prevent further spread. 3. Regards. - MD SHAHIDULLAH Major Senior Medical Officer Distribution: External: o• ... Action: SRSG OFPICE (All Concerned) , \? ANNEX A '1'0 SMP LTR NO 4000.4(SMQ) DATED 3 FEB....:J.i YlEAL HEPATITIS 1. PEfINITION, Hepatitls-A is an acute infectious disease caused by hepatitis-A virus (lIAV). Onset of the disease is usually abrupt--with fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea and abdominal discomfort foliowed by high coloured urine and jaundice. In general, severity of the disease increases with age but complete recovery is the rule without sequelae. The fatality rate is less than 1% which in an older and debilitate patient with a fulminant course. 2. OCCURRENCE. Worldwide,sporadic and endemic, with a tendency to cyclic recurrence. Outbreaks are common in institutions, communal livings, low cost housing projects, rural areas and in Armed Forces particularly during war/operation. Where environmental sanitation is poor,infection is common and occurs at early age. 3. SQURCE/RESEBVOIR. Infected mane patient and carriers) and rarely captive chimpanzees. 4. MOPE QFTBANSMISSION, (a), faecal-oral-route. This is major route of transmission. The infectious agent is excreted mainly through the faeces and to some extent in urine which SUbsequently contaminates water and foods including milk, sliced meats, salads and raw or uncooked food ingredients.Susceptible persons are infected by contaminated water and foods.It may be transmitted by direct contact such as contaminated hands, fomites and utensils. ' (b).parenteral route. Hepatitis-A may be transmitted by the parenteral route during the stage of viraemia which is very rare, (c). Sex~al. Transmission. As a sexually transmitted infection hepatitis-A may occurs mainly among homo-sexual men because of oral-anal contact. 5. INCUBATION PERIOD. From 15 to 50 days. 6. PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY. Epidemiological evidence indicates that maximum infectivity during the latter half of the incubation period and continuing for a few days after onset of jaundice. Most cases are non- infectious after first week of jaundice .. RECEIVED OFPICE OF SRSG Date .....~.... J..~: .... )\/~~ F;.. \ J4000 •4( SMO ) No. Ui By 1iL February 1994 See Distr: M> ' --;-0 otV cat., t<.J. M<4I SUBJECT : HEALTH INSTRUCTION FOR UNAMIR PERSONNEL 1. Health Instruction for UNAMIR Personnel is forwarded for strict compliance. 2. Regards. : I ( Md Shahidullah Major Senior Medical Officer Enclosure: A. Health Instruction for UNAMIR Personnel. Distr: Internal: Action: ~SG CAD DPe CIVPOL External: Action: .. Kigali Sect HQ DMZ Sect HQ MILOB GP HQ \ RUTBAT KIBAT BUYBAT Engr Coy Log Coy Med Pl MP Sec TUN Coy UNAMIR HEALTH INSTRUCTION. FOR UNAMIR. PERSONNEL 1. Introduction. UNAMIR Field Troops, MILOB, HQ staff and civilian personnels are deployed in different distant places of this country. Certain indigenous health problems are prevailing in the deployed areas due to obvious ecological, environmental, socio-cultural, and traditional reasons. It is of particular interest to those who have not any experience of life in this climate. The main health threat to the UNAMIR personnels working in the area is AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) which is a deadly disease. Death is the end result of it and so far prevention is the only treatment. Moreover significant number of various tropical diseases including health related problems/ health risks are also existing in this country. 2. Sexually Transmitted . Diseases (STD). These are a group of communicable diseases that are transmitted predominantly by sexual contact and caused by a wide range of bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal agents. The true incidence of STD will never be known due to inadequate reporting and secrecy that surrounds them. However available information indicates high prevalence of STD in the vulnerable population groups of this country: which are preventable. a. AIDS. It has created panic in the modern world. Infact, it is a dangerous contagious disease. It is caused by a virus known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (1) How the Virus Enters Into the Body (a) Sexual contact with an infected persons. (b) Transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products. (c) Use of contaminated syringes, needles and other surgical instruments. (d) From infected mother to child. ( 2 ) Who are the Risk Group (a) Homosexuals. (b) Those having mUltiple sexual partners. (c) Those having sex with prostitutes. (d) Prostitutes. (e) Drug abusers. (f) Those receiving mUltiple blood transfusions. (g) Child of infected mother. (3) Treatment and Prevention: At present there is no treatment and prophylactic vaccine, hence death from AIDS is inevitable. Only the following preventive measures can ensure to be free from AIDS. 2 (a) Don't Indulge in unusual and unnatural sexual activities. (b) Don't visit prostitutes. (c) Don't indulge in sex with strangers. (d) Don't use unsterilized needles, syringes and other surgical instruments. (e) Don't Indulge in IV drug abuse. (f) Before blood transfusion, be sure it is free from AIDS. (g) Use condoms for all sexual activities. b. Viral hepatitis - B. It is an acute systemic infection caused by hepatitis-B virus (HBV) and transmitted usually by the parenteral route and sexual contacts. Onset is usually insidious with anorexia, vague abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting, often progressing to jaundice. Severity ranges from inapparent to fUlminating hepatitis leads to cirrhosis of liver. (1) Mode of Transmission (a) Sexual contact with an infected persons and homosexuality. (b) Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products. (c) Use of contaminated syringes I needles and other surgical instruments. (4) Through contamination of wounds or lacerations. (e) From infected mother to child. (2) Treatment andH Prophylaxis. No specific treatment is available. prophylactic vaccine is available which is recommended for all UNAMIR personnels deployed in RWANDA. (3) Preventive measures (a) Avoid sexual contact with infected persons and homosexuality. (b) Don't use unsterilized needles, syringes and other surgical equipments. (c) Before blood transfusion make sure it is free from hepatitis-B Virus. (d) Don't indUlge in IV drug abuse. (5) Health education on "safer sexual practice" for 3 seropositive persons such as use condom during sexual activities. c. otheru Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Besides AIDS and hepatitis-a, over 20 pathogens have been found to be spread by sexual contact and causes following diseases: (1) Gonorrhoea, Urethritis and epididymitis. (2) syphilis. (3) Chancroid. (4) Lymphogranuloma venereum. (5) Genital Herpes. (6) Granuloma Inguinale. (7) Genital and anal warts. d. Preventive Measures. The followings are applicable to all sexually transmitted diseases : (1) Avoid sexual contact with infected person and carriers such as prostitutes, strangers etc. (2) Don't indulge in sexual promiscuity in cooperation with social agencies. (3) Immediately report to the concerned medical officer if any sign or symptom of STD appears. (4) Patients should refrain from sexual intercourse until lesions are cleared or with untreated previous partners to avoid reinfection. (5) Avoid contact with discharges from open lesions and articles soiled therewith. (6) Emphasis to be giV'en to ensure general health promotional measures including health education and sex hygiene for all ranks. 3. Arthropod-borne Diseases. Arthropods comprise the most numerous and varied of living things in the environment of man. Some of them are helping in the fertilization of flowers but the majority of them are either of no use or dangerous enemies to man. Arthropods of medical importance are mosquitoes, flies, human lice, flea, tick, mites, cyclops etc which transmit various diseases to man either directly or indirectly. a. Mosquitoes constitute the most important single family of insects from standpoint of human health. They are found allover the world and transmit the following diseases: (1) Malaria. 4 (2) Filariasis. (3) Yellow fever. (4) Dengue and Dengue hemorrhagic fever. (5) Chikungunya and chikungunya hemorrhagic fever. (6) Rift valley fever. (7) West Nile fever etc. b. Flies are another family of arthropod which play an important role to transmit various diseases allover the world. In Africa particularly in Rwanda the following diseases are transmitted by flies: (1) Typhoid and paratyphoid. (2) Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Gastroenteritis, Cholera etc. (3) Amoebiasis, helminthic infestation etc. (4) Sleeping sickness. (5) Kala-Azar, oriental sore, Sandfly fever. (6) Onchocereiasis (River blindness). c. Personal Protection Against. Mosquito . and Insect 8itas .. The main underling theme of personal protection against mosquito bites is to avoid vector-host contact. All personnels can protect themselves quite effectively against mosquito bite and thereby can prevent infection. Protecting oneself from insect or mosquito bites involves the following: (1) Wearing sufficiently thick, long sleeved clothing and long trousers inclUding shoes and gloves when out of doors after sunset and avoiding dark colours, which attract mosquitoes . (2) smearing an insect repellent such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP) or Diethyl toluamide on the exposed part of the body during duty. (3) Using mosquito nets around the bed at night, taking care to tuck in the net carefully under the bedding mattress, and ensuring that the net is not torn and there is no mosquito inside; Increased protection may be obtained by impregnating the net with permethrin or deltamethrin. (4) Sleeping in properly screened rooms. ( 5) Nightly spraying of 1 i ving and sleeping rooms with a liqUid or an aerosol preparation of pyrethrum or other insecticide is useful to kill any that may have entered inspite of screening .. 5 (6) Burning mosquito coil. (7) In sickness immediately report to the concerned med offr. So that early treatment can be started to curve down the period of communicability. d. Malaria Chemoprophylaxis for Rwanda. Mefloquine Hcl (LARIAM) 250 mg tablets are recommended as weekly dosage. For prolong stays in the endemic area (more than three weeks) the first dose of one tablet is to be taken 01 week before arriving in malarious area followed by one tablet once weekly on the same day of the week during the entire stay in the malarious area and four weeks after leaving the malarious zone. e. Tick, flea, louse and mite borne diseases which are prevalent in tropical Africa are epidemic typhus relapsing fever, trench fever, plague, endemic typhus, viral fever, viral encephalitis, Q fever etc. f. Personal Protective Measures (1) Use of insect repellents on the exposed part of the body. (2) Avoidance of forested endemic area especially at dusk and dawn. (3) Spraying of residual insecticides inside the room/ quarters of the residence or camp. (4) Checking of the whole body every 3-4 hours for tick, flea, louse or mites infestation. (5) Regularly taking bath with soap and wearing of clean protective cloths. (6) Impregnation of bedding, cloths, blanket etc with delousing powder/miticide/Benzene Hexachloride as and when required. (7) Emphasis to be given on personal cleanliness and health education. 4. Water and Food-borne Diseases. Water source includes lakes, rivers I streams, wells, boreholes, reservoirs and springs which are polluted due to persistent discharge of untreated sewage. Most urban municipal and rural water supplies are obtained directly from these contaminated sources. Although larger cities treat the water but treatment system failures and line leaks/breaks result in contaminated tap water as a result water borne disease, are prevalent in Rwanda. Access to safe water is available to 49% of the population. Overall living and sanitary condition are not satisfactory. Sewage, waste product and garbages are not collected and indiscriminate daefecation is common. The prevalent water and food borne diseases in Rwanda are as folows: a. Cholera. b. Diarrhoea. 6 c. Dysentery. d. Gastroenteritis. e. Typhoid ana paratyphoid fever. f. Viral hepatitis. g. Poliomyelitis. h. SChistosomiasis. j. Helminthiasis. k. Guinea worm disease etc. 5. Preventive Measures. In order to prevent food-borne diseases the following precautionary measure/Guidelines should be followed: a. The fundamental rule is "boil it, cook it, peel it or leave it" . b. Avoid raw foods unless well washed in safe water. Fruits and vegetables can be peeled off. c. consumption of food from unreliable and unauthorized sources must be avoided. d. Cooking at one place for the whole battalion/contingent is to be avoided and cooked food must be protected from fly and insects. e. Careful selection and inspection of fresh supplies are to be carried out meticulously by the concerned person. f. Special care is to be taken for milk and milk products. Unpasteurized milk should be boiled. g. Fish and meat should be well cooked and the water used for cooking is equally important. Only treated water is to be used for cooking. h. Food handlers must~be free from boils, carbuncls and sores which are usually the sources of infection. j. consumption of left-over foods will be discarded if no facilities for preservation in a refrigerator is available or it has left for several hours at room temperature. k , Ice-cream from unreliable sources or of doubtful quality should not be taken. 6. Preventive Measures. In order to Prevent water-borne diseases the following measures are to be followed sincerely: a. Water from Rwanda should not be used for drinking purposes without treatment. Boiling is the safest method of purification. Tc be effective the water must be brought to a rolling boil for 5 tc 10 minutes. , 7 b. Water not specifically known to be safe should be regarded as contaminated or polluted. c. Don't take any water from unauthorized sources. d. Disinfection with water sterilizing tablet (Halazone) is possible but must be done in strict compliance with the instructions. e. If a filter is used, it is also essential to boil the water following filtration. f. Always use encapsulated bottled mineral water or purified water supplied by UNAMIR authorized contractor for drinking purposes. g. Carbonated drinks and bottled or otherwise packaged fruit juices are safe to drink. h. Ice should be avoided when it is not known whether it has been prepared from safe water. j. Sanitary disposal of human faeces and maintenance of clean latrines with provision of suitable hand washing facilities for all ranks particularly for cook and food handlers. k. Don't take boiled water mixed with untreated cold water. 7. Faecal-borne Diseases. Human excreta is a source of various infections and it constitute a threat to public health if not disposed properly. The health hazards of improper excreta disposal are; Soil Pollution, Water Pollution, Contami- nation of foods, Propagation of flies. The important faecal-borne diseases are: a. Viral hepatitis - A. b. Dysenteries. c. Diarrhoea/Gastroenteritis. d. Cholera. e. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. f. Poliomyelitis. g. Parasites infestation. h. Helminthiasis etc. 8 Diagrammatic representation of Transmission of facecal-borne diseases WATER FINGERS l---~NEW HOST Causes of faecal-borne diseases a. Consumption of faecal contaminated foods. b. Drinking faecal contaminated water. c. Soil Pollusion. d. Lack of proper hand washing with soap & water after daefecation and before taking food. 8. Preventive Measures a. All ranks should be educated about good sanitation and personal hygiene with special emphasis on careful hand washing with soap and water after daefecation and before taking food. b. In the field faeces should be disposed off in sanitary way to avoid contamination of water, food and soil. c. Consumption of safe water to be ensured by all ranks and food from unauthorized sources should be avoided. d. Cook House personnels should be instructed not to use surface (local) water for washing purposes. e. Foods should be kept covered to prevent contamination by house flies. f. Fly control measures should be ensured in cook house and dinning hall/room. g. Move around/loitering in bare foot is strictly prohibited for all ranks to avoid soil transmitted diseases. h. Early diagnosis and treatment of all cases and carriers is utmost important to curve down the period of communicability. ; :) 9. Air-borne Diseases. When communicable diseases are transmitted J from the reservoir/sources of infection to a susceptible host through 9 . air are called air-borne diseases. Mode of transmission via droplet nuclei and dusts containing micro-organisms. The following air-borne diseases are prevalent in R~anda: a. Tuberculosis. b. Influenza. c. Pneumonia. d. Meningitis. e. Diphtheria. L Q-fever. g. Psittacosis. h. Chickenpox etc. 10. Preventive Measures a. Education on the personal hygiene and the necessity of reducing direct contact ~ith the patient and maintain good health for body resistance. b. Prevention of overcrowding in living quarters, transportation, working places and specially in barracks, camps and ships. Cross ventilation should be ensured and congestion should be avoided. c. Immediately report to the concerned medical officer just after appear of the sign and symptoms of above mentioned diseases for early diagnosis and treatment to reduce the period of infectivity. d. Depending on the nature of the diseases either hospitalise or isolate the patient and report to the concerned health authority as per existing rule. e. Disinfect the discharges from lesions, nose and throat and articles soiled therewith concurrently. Terminal disinfection also required depending on the ~ature of diseases. f. Aggregation of personnels should always be discouraged; which favours outbreak of air-borne diseases. g. Comprehensive immunization programme to be started to cover all potential susceptibles to limit the further spread. Special efforts should be made to ensure that persons SUbject to higher riSk, such as health workers are fully protected. h. Attendant/attendance of patient should be more careful not to be infected. j. Health education to be imparted to all ranks regarding the source of organisms, mode of spread and control measures of common air-borne diseases, covering the mouth when coughing and sneezing, sanitary 'disposal of discharges from mouth and nose and frequent washing of hands etc. 10 k. Disinfection procedures such as ultraviolet irradiation, sunlight, aerosols and dust control measures have some useful effect. 11. Healthful Living and Personal Hygiene. Hygiene is defined as "The science of health and embraces all factors which contribute to healthful living". Personal hygiene is "The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency through organised healthful personal activities". It is not possible to prepare a set of guidelines applicable to all regions but the following are required for most tropical countries including Rwanda. a. All ranks should avoid excessive physical or intellectual strain during the first few days or weeks, to acclimatise with the high altitudes where likely to have a lower resistance. b. Diet should be well balanced; alcoholic drinks should either be excluded or consumed only in very moderate quali ties in the evening. c. Try to lead a controlled regular life and take sufficient rest/sleep for eight hours at night. d. Enough liquid should be drink to compensate fluid losses and it may be advisable to increase salt intake in case of excessive physical activities. e. Rules of elementary hygiene should be followed sincerely such as hair cutting, nail cutting, hand washing, tooth brushing,oral cleanliness, Daily showers/bathing sex hygiene, washing of underwear, garments and socks regularly. f. Dirty hands and unclean body are the source of many diseases hence body cleanliness should be maintained at highest level and washing of hand with soap and water after daefecation and before taking food. g. Uniform/Clothing should be light, loose, comfortable, well ventilated and made of cotton. Cap/hat should be light and broad brimmed to provide effectiv~ protection against the sun light. h. In jungle and bushy area uniform shOUld be full sleeve with long trousers to avoid various insect bites. j. Avoid contact with unsafe water because infestation of bilharzia or schistosoma is brought about through penetration of the skin by the larval form those of parasites. Hence bathing in rivers or other waters such as lakes, pools or marshes should be avoided. 12. HAZARDOUS ANIMALS AND PLANTS a. All jungles and snake endemic areas are out of bound for all ranks. In Africa high risk snakes include African Puff adder, Green mamba, Vipers and Boomslanq which are very poisonous. Besides, certain poisonous insects such as centipedes, scorpions, black widow and brown spiders are found in Rwanda. So all ranks should be 11 more careful when they are on duty particularly in jungle/bussy areas. b. In Africa/Rwanda certain plants have hazardous effects on human body. These are virgin-bower, purgin-croton and plumbagin produce a contact vesicant dermatilies. All ranks should avoid unknown tree/plants in jungle/duty areas. 13. Conclusion. Health is on one hand a highly personal responsibility and on other hand a major pUblic concern. It thus involves the joint efforts of the whole social fabrics. It is not a commodity that one individual can bestow on another. No programme/instruction of health services can ensure health. In large measure, it has to be earned and maintained by the individual himself, who must accept a broad spectrum rt of responsibilities, known as "selfcare • INTRODUCTORY BRIEF TO UNAMIR PERSONNEL GENERAL/GEOGRAPHY 1. Rwanda is located in East Central Africa, having a relatively small area. The country is surrounded by Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania and Burundi. 2. Its terrain consists of a series of sharphy defined green hills with steep slopes and flat ridges, which are often formed by marshy plains. The north is dominated by the lofty and powerful chain of volcanoes, the VIRUNGA, whose highest peak is KARISIMBI ( approx 4,500 meters). 3. The rivers in the east flow to the Victoria Lake and the Blue Nile and those in the west feed the Niger. There are 9 lakes, 6 of which are totally within the border. 4. vegetation varies from tropical forests in the west to savannah grass lands in the east. The soils vary from rich volcanic soils in the west to poor gravely soils in the east. 5. Ethnic Division a. Hutu 85% of the total population. b. Tutsi 14% of the total population. c. Twa 1% of the total population. 6 • Language. a. Official: French b. other: Kiryarwanda, a complex Bantu language, spoken by all Rwandese. 7. Religion a. Imana About 45% of the population follow traditional beliefs Which include a supreme being called Imana. b. Roman Catholic 45% c. Protestant 9% d. Muslim 1% 8. Health. Health care is not free nor widely available outside the capital. Rwanda has 232 hospitals, with a total of 7,882 beds. The important aspects of health are : a. contagious diseases. Malaria, ~phoid, sleeping sickness, pneumonia I tuberculosis, ,,~ntry, diptheria and menengitis are diseases registered in Rwanda. - 1 - 2. b. AIDS. The World Health organization has published statistics which show that Rwanda has 8,500 reported cases of AIDS. An independent survey estimated that 80% of the prostitutes are AIDS patients. Rwanda allocates 30.8% of its total health spending and 65.5% of its public health spending on AIDS prevention/ treatment, which is the highest in Africa. 9. Economy. The per capita yearly income is 700 US$. The currency in Rwanda is the Rwandese Franc (FRW). The official rate is 140 PRW to 1 US$ for notes and 141 PRW for travellers cheques. The rate of conversion varies on a weekly/daily basis. other details are as under: a. Agriculture. It accounts for 46% of Rwanda's GOP and employs an estimated 91% of the labour force. b. Major crop. Coffee and tea are the two major crops. They account for 50% and 24.5% of the total export earnings respectively. 10. Climate. The climate of Rwanda is mild and greatly influenced by the altitude, although the country is only 20 south of the Equator. The average temperature in Rwanda is 19.7oC. This however does not reflect the variations in the different regions. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 11. origin. Unlike most African states, Rwanda was not an artificial creation of colonial rule. Before it was absorbed by German East Africa in 1899, it had been an established kingdom for several centuries. The country has three tribes: the Hutu, the Tutsi and the Twa. 12. Tribal Conflict a. The Tutsi tribe arrived from the Horn of Africa 500 years ago. They were mostly cattle breeders. They subsequently subjugated the Hutu tribe and established a monarchy headed by the Mwami (King). Later on, the Tutsi reduced the Hutu to serfdom through a contract whereby Hutu farmers obliged their services to the Tutsi lords in return for cattle and the use of pastures and arable land. b. In 1899, the Count of Mwami submitted to German protectorate without resistance. Belgian troops from Zaire occupied Rwanda in 1916. Prom 1920, Rwanda formed part of Rwanda-Urundi, administered by Belgium under UN mandate. - 2 - 3. c. The dissension between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority led to a rebellion in 1959, resulting in the overthrow of the Tutsi monarchy. During the revolt and its aftermath, an estimated 160,000 Tutsi fled to neighbouring countries and approximately 20,000 were killed. ' 13. Internal Autonomy and Independence. In 1961, a UN supervised referendum brought victory to the party of Hutu Emancipation Movement (PARMEHUTU). As a result, Belgium granted autonomy on January I, 1962. In June 1962, the Belgium trusteeship was terminated by the UN and Rwanda became independent. 14. Military in Power. From 1962 to 1973, the PARMEHUTU ruled the country. But the government was widely recognized as inefficient and corrupt. As a result, the pUblic became disaffected with the party. A bloodless coup, led by Major General Juvenal Habyarima, who was the Minister of Defence and Head of the National Guard, proclaimed a Second Republic and established a military administration. He is still the current president. THE CRISIS 15. Armed Conflict with the RPF. Rwanda has been engaged in civil war since October 1990, when a guerrilla force, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 'invaded the north of the country. An estimated 650. 000 civilians have been displaced, primarily in the north, due to the war. 16. The Truce. After the invasion, Belgian and French troops were deployed aroung Kigali, the capital. From July 1992 to 31 October 1993, the OAU deployed a neutral force to supervise the truce and the current Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). In late March 1993, after a second assault launched by RPF on 8 February 1993, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the RPF and the RGF. Later, on August 4, 1993, the comprehensive peace agreement, known as the Arusha Agreement and brokered by Tanzania, was signed. 17 • The Arusha Peace Agreement. The agreement includes the following key points: a. Installation of a broad-based transitional government with the participation of all major political parties. b. setting up of transitional institutions. c. Deployment of a neutral international force (UN Military Observer Group/Force). d. Withdrawal of all foreign troops stationed in Rwanda. - 3 - 4. e. Deployment of an RPF battalion for the protection and security of RPF political leaders moving in and around Kigali. f. Integration of the Gendarmerie (police) into a national defence force. g. Disengagement, disarmament, demobilizing and retaining of military personnel to the parties to be integrated into the National Army. h. Protection of the expatriate community and security of the contributed humanitarian assistance. i. Integration of NMOG (Neutral Military Observer Group part of OAU) into the UN element. j. Repatriation of refugees and resettlement of displaced persons. k. Assistance in ensuring the secure atmosphere required for elections to be held by mid-1995. UNITED NATIONS DECISIONS 18. Security Council resolution 872 (1993) of 5 October 1993 states decided to establish a peace-keeping operation under the name "United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda", (UNAMIR) . CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS 19. The Mission is based on a four-phase concept of operations. a. Phase 1 commenced on 5 October which was the day that the security Council adopted the resolution and will end on D-Day, the day on which the Broad Based Transitional Government is installed in Kigali. Given the time required to establish and deploy the proposed Mission, it is estimated that the transitional Government may not be installed until the end of December. The objective of this phase will be to establish the essential conditions needed to permit the secure installation of the transitional Government. The necessary command and control, service support, infrastructure and equipment will be put in place. This requires the deployment of the planning staff of the Mission headquarters (including approximately 25 military, 3 civilian police and 18 civilians). This phase will also see elements of the expanded NMOG II and UNOMUR ( in Uganda) observers continuing their respective mandates in the DMZ and on the Uganda-Rwanda border, but under command of the Mission. - 4 - 5. By the end of phase 1, the strength of the Mission will number a total of 1,428 military personnel, of whom 1,217 will be staff officers and formed troops and 211 will be military observers (including 77 military observers from UNOMUR and 54 from NMOG II). b. Phase 2 will commence on D-Day and last until D-Day+90 or when the process of disengagement, demobilization and integration of the Forces and Gendarmerie begins. This phase will see the continued build up of the Mission to its peak strength. The expanded NMOG II and UNOMUR will be fUlly integrated as entities into the Mission and will continue to discharge their mandates. The major activities during this phase will be to continue monitoring the DMZ and the Uganda Rwanda border and assisting in providing security in Kigali, the demarcation of the assembly zones, monitoring the modification of the DMZ and ensuring that all preparations for the disengagement, demobilization and integration process are in place. While the agreement did not specify a date for the start of the demobilization process, it did estimate that one month will be required to set up the support elements needed to conduct this operation. However, the reconnaissance mission's estimate was that two to three months will be required to ensure that the infrastructure needed for demobilization is in place, thus some time in March. By the end of this phase, the strength of the Mission will include a total of 2,548 military personnel, of whom 2,217 will be staff officers and formed troops and 331 will be military observers. c. Phase 3 will commence on D-Day+90, or when the disengagement, demobilization and integration process begins, and will last until D-Day+360, or when the process is completed in about nine months. During this phase, the Mission will establish, supervise and monitor the new DMZ with a second infantry battalion, and will continue to monitor the uganda-Rwanda border. It will establish approximately 26 assemblyjcantonment points and integrated training centres, monitor the movement of large bodies of military personnel in and through the DMZ and assist in maintaining general security in the country. Security will also continue to be provided in Kigali. By the end of this phase, the strength of the Mission will be in the process of reduction to approximately 1,240 all ranks. d. Phase 4 will commence on D-Day+360, or when the disengagement, demobilization and integration process is completed. This phase will last about 10 months. It would see the further reduction of the Mission's strength to the minimum level needed to assist in ensuring the secure atmosphere required in the final - 5 - 6. stages of the transitional period leading up to the elections. During this phase, the monitoring of the DMZ and of the Uganda-Rwanda border will cease. The residual strength of the Mission will amount to approximately 930 military personnel,of whom 850 will be staff officers and formed troops and 80 will be military observers. MISSION STRUCTURE 20. The Mission will be headed by a Special Representative of the Secretary general (SRSG), assisted by a Political Adviser and other staff. SRSG will supervise three major elements: the Military Division headed by the Force Commander, the Civilian Police Division headed by a Superintendent and a Management & Administration Division headed by a Chief Administrative Officer. The Mission's Headquarters is in Kigali. Militarily there will be a Force Headquarters in Kigali, a Kigali sector and a DMZ sector. Two other sectors will be located with the Government forces and RPF forces respectively. UNOMUR will constitute the fifth sector. 1e Force will be supported by engineer, aviation, communications and medical units, as well as by the necessary logistic elements. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 21. Food In general it exists in large quantities. There are two major supermarkets. Almost everything is available, though in small quantities. Prices on imported goods are fairly high. 22. Clothing There are few clothing shops. Some relatively good quality clothing can be found in souvenir shops but is expensive. 23. Public transportation There are few buses and minibus taxis, used by the local population and not recommended for UN personnel for security reasons. There are also car taxis operating mainly from hotels. 24. Family members UNAMIR is a non-family Mission and due to the relatively insecure situation family members are not recommended to visit. - 6 - 7. 25. Working hours Government offices and UNAMIR Mission Headquarters working hours are from 08:00 to 17:00 hours with one hours lunch break. Government officers are closed Saturdays and Sundays. Shops operate 0800 - 1200 and 1300 - 1800 Monday to Friday and 0800 - 1200 or 1300 on Saturdays. Basically everything is closed on Sundays. 26. Postal Title, Name, Division/Section, UNAMIR, B.P. 749, KIGALI, Rwanda. 27. Power The voltage in Kigali is 220 V/50 cycles. There are frequent power cuts. 28. Hotels There are 9 hotels and 4 Guest Houses in Kigali. "Le Meridien" and "Milles Collines" are first class hotels. The rates for UNAMIR personnel are: a. "Le Meridien": Single room US $ 48.00, breakfast US $ 4.00, lunch and dinner US $ 8.00 each. Double room US $ 56.00 (payable in FRW). b. "Hilles Collines": Single room FRW 10.500. c. "Les Diplomates": Single room FRW 7.000 incl breakfast and one meal (lunch or dinner). Double room FRW 10,500. d. "Chez Lando": This hotel is located at a walking distance from Mission HQ. Single room: FRW 3,000. Double room FRW 4,000. 29. Housing Furnished and unfurnished houses with basic necessities (but not often with generators) are available for rent but not in large numbers. Most are two [ or three bedroom-houses with two bathrooms. The rent varies from FRW 90,000 (unfurnished) to FRW 250,000. Names of real estate agents are avialable with TTA in UNAMIR Management & Administration. 30. Restaurants There are about 10 restaurants of very good to good quality in Kigali. Food is good. Service is very slow. - 7 - 8. 31. Banks There are a number of well established banks in Rwanda. It is possible to open savings and/or current accounts in local or us $ currencies. There is no limitation in the deposits, but one cannot withdraw more than US $ 100 in cash. One can withdraw any amount in travellers cheques or transfer/money orders. 32. Entry/exit Rwanda is landlocked and currently the borders with Uganda and Burundi cannot be used for entry/exit. International airlines fly in to and out of Kigali several times a week. 33. Hospitals Operations can be performed in the Kigali general Hospital but postoperative and other care is primitive. Preferrably patients with severe medical problems should be medically evacuated, primarily to Nairobi. 34. Doctors A list of doctors can be obtained on arrival at UNAMIR HQ. 35. Pharmacies There are many pharmacies in the capital with a good selection of medicines/drugs but with a very tiny selection of tehcnical products, like mosquito repellants, deodorants etcetera. PLEASURES 36. There is a national TV transmitting programs a few hours on Saturday and Sunday evenings and a local radio company with two programmes daily. 37. There is no local English newspaper but three Frencb, one publisbed daily, one weekly and monhtly. None has international coverage. It is possible to procure a satellite dish (3.6 m) and receive i.a. CNN and French TV programs. 38. There is no cinema in Rwanda suitable for UN personnel. 39. There are a few night clubs in Kigali with varying standards. 40. It is possible to make telephone calls to a great number of countries in the world (though not all) at a very high cost. - 8 - 9. 41. The major attractions in Rwanda are the gorillas on the volcanos to the northwest and the Akagera Wild Game Park to the northeast. Lake Kivu, bordering Zaire, offers possibilities for water sports. 42. There is a 9-holes golf course in Kigali and a number of tennis courts, mainly at the hotels. 43. Hotel "Le meridien" and "Milles Collines" have swimming pools, free of charge for hotel guests and available for others against a membership fee. 04 November 1993 - 9 - - .. ..~f / I ~~\. ~~.(.\Io.:\'t.. . ..~,cI( • { .. ( C ," j:) .' ( ".'" t UNAMIR - FORCE HQ Introductory brief For: BELGIAN GOVERNMENTAL DELEGATION KIGALI, RWANDA, 19 Feb 94 Military Information ~~tfice' . OHP 15. THEARUSHA PEACE AGREEMENT. THE AGREEMENT INCLUDES THE 8 FOLLOWING KEY POINTS: A. INSTALLATION OF A BROAD-BASED TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF ALL MAJOR POLITICAL PARTIES. B. SETTING UP OF TRANSITIONAL INSTITUTIONS. C. DEPLOYMENT OF A NEUTRAL INTERNATIONAL FORCE (UN MILITARY OBSERVER GROUP/FORCE). D. WITHDRAWAL OF ALL FOREIGN TROOPS STATIONED IN RWANDA. E. DEPLOYMENT OF AN RPF BATTALION FOR THE PROTECTION AND SECURITY OF RPF POLITICAL LEADERS FOR MOVING IN AND AROUND KIGALI. F. INTEGRATION OF THE GENDARMERIE (POLICE) INTO A NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE. G. DISENGAGEMENT, DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZING AND RETAINING OF MILITARY PERSONNEL TO THE PARTIES TO BE INTEGRATED INTO THE NATIONAL ARMY. H. PROTECTION OF THE EXPATRIATE COMMUNITY AND SECURITY OF THE CONTRIBUTED HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE. l. INTEGRATION OF NMOG (NEUTRAL MILITARY OBSERVER GROUPM PART OF OAU) INTO UNMO. J. REPATRIATION OF REFUGEES AND RESETTLEMENT OF DISPLACED PERSONS. K. ASSISTANCE IN ENSURING THE SECURE ATMOSPHERE REQUIRED FOR THE ELECTIONS. 19/02/94 OHP UNITED NATIONS DECISIONS/MANDAT 9 16. OPERATIVE PARAGRAPHS 2 AND 3 OF SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 872 (1993) OF 5 OCTOBER 1993 STATE THE FOLLOWING: A. DECIDES TO ESTABLISH A PEACE~KEEPING FORCE UNDER THE NAME "UNITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE MISSION FOR RWANDA"(UNAMIR). 8. DECIDES: (1) TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE SECURITY OF THE CITY OF KIGALI INTER. ALIA WITHIN A WEAPONS-SECURE AREA ESTABLISHED BY THE PARTIES IN AND AROUNDTHE CITY. (2) TO MONITOR OBSERVANCE OF THE CEASE·FIRE AGREEMENT. WHICH CALLS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CANTONMENT AND ASSEMBLY ZONES AND THE DEMARCATION OF THE NEW DEMILITARIZED ZONE AND OTHER DEMILITARIZATION PROCEDURES. (3) TO MONITOR THE SECURITY SITUATION DURING THE FINAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT'S MANDATE, LEADING UP TO THE ELECTIONS. (4) TO ASSIST WITH MINE CLEARANCE. PRIMARILY THROUGH TRAINING PROGRAMMES. (5) TO INVESTIGATE AT THE REQUEST OF THE PARTIES OR ON ITS OWN INITIATIVE INSTANCES OF ALLEGED NON COMPLIANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE ARUSHA PEAce AGREEMENT. (6) TO MONITOR THE PRocess OF REPATRIATION OF RWANDESE REFUGEES AND RESETTLEMENT OF DISPLACED PERSONS. (1) TO ASSIST IN THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ACTIVITIES. (8) TO INVESTIGATE AND REPORT ON INCIDENTS REGARDING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GENDARMERIEAND POLICE. OHP ORGANISATION OF UNAMIR 10 17. THE ENTIRE UNAMIR FORCE IS UNDER THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL (SRSG),DR JACQUES-ROGER BOOH-BOOH. THERE ARE FOUR (4) MAIN DIVISIONS UNDER THE SRSG. THESE ARE: A. MISSION HEADQUARTERS DIVISION. B. POLICE DIVISION. C. MILITARY DIVISION. D. ADMINISTRATIVE, AND MANAGEMENTDIVISION.. 19/02/94 16. THE VARIOUS OFFICES UNDER THE MISSION HEADQUARTERS DIVISION ARE: A. THE POLITICAL ADVISORS OFFICE. B. THE HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE. C. THE HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS OFFICE. D. THE INFORMATION OFFICE. E. THE LEGAL ADVISOR. OHP 19. CIVPOl. THE POLICE DIVISION IS HEADED BY A POLICE CIVPOL COMMISSIONER, COL BLiEM MANFRED FROM AUSTRIA. THE CIVPOL ARE EXPECTED TO BE DEPLOYED IN KIGALI AND THE NINE (9) PREFECTURE CAPITALS. THE NUMBER OF POLICE OFFICERS FOR THE FORCE IS 60. THE UNIT CONSISTS OF A HEADQUARTERS OF 10 OFFICERS; INCLUDING A SPECIAL INVESTIGATION TEAM, A KIGALI DISTRiCT CONSISTING OF 10 OFFICERS, AND FIELD MONITORING TEAMS OF 3 CIVPOL FOR EACH OF THE PREFECTURES. 20. ROLE. A. MAINTAIN PUBLIC SECURITY THROUGH THE MONITORING AND VERIFICATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GTENDARMERIE AND COMMUNAL POLICE THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. B. MONITOR ACTIVITIES OF GENDARMERIE AND THE COMMUNAL POLICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS. C. ENSURE THAT ALL ARRESTED PERSONS GET A FAIR TRIAL. D. CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLITICALLY RELATED INCIDENTS. OHP 21. ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGEMENT DIVISION. THE ADMINISTRATIVE 11 AND MANAGEMENT DIVISION IS HEADED BY·THE CHIEF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFiCER (CAO), MRS CHRISTINE DE USO - ACTING, WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DAY~TO-DAY ADMINISTRATION OF THE FORCE. SHE HAS UNDER HER A . CIVILIAN PERSONNEL SECTION, A PROCUREMENT SECTION, GENERAL SERVICES SECTION, COMMUNICATIONS, TRANSPORT, BUILDING MANAGEMENT SERVICES, MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND FINANCE SECTION. 22. ROLE. THE ROLE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGEMENT DIVISION IS TO ENSURE ADMINISTRATIVE, TECHNICAL AND LOG SP TO ALL EL.EMENTS OF UNAMIR AS DIRECTED BY THE DIRECTOR OF THE FIELD OPERATIONS DIVISION (FOD). THE CAO UNDER THE DIRECT SUPERVISION OF THE SRSG IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BUDGET AND FOR THE CONTROL OF ALL UN-OWNED PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLES. UNAMIR FORCE STRUCTURE - MILITARY DIVISION (MIL 01\1) 23. THE MILILITARY DIVISION IS HEADED BY THE FORCE COMMANDER, BRIG· GEN R.A. DALLAIRE FROM CANADA. THE FORCE IS COMPOSED OF A HQ. FORCE LEVEL TROOPS AND SIX OPERATIONAL MILITARY SECTORS. THE COMPOSITION OF THE FORCE HQ IS AS FOLLOWS: .. OHP A. THE FC'S OFFICE. 13 .8. THE DFC'S OFFICE. C. OPERATIONS BRANCH. D. MILlLTARY PERSONNEL BRANCH. E. LOGISTIC BRANCH. F. PLANS seCTION. 19/02/94 OHP 24. THE FORCE LEVEL TROOPS ARE: 14 A. ENGINEER COMPANY - LOCATED IN DMZ SECTOR. B. LOGISTIC COMPANY - LOCATED IN KIGALI SECTOR; PL IN DMZ. C. MEDICAL PLATOON - LOCATED IN KING FAISAL HOSPITAL. D. MOVEMENT CONTROL PLATOON - LOCATED IN KIGALI. E. MILITARY POLICE SECTION - LOCATED IN FORCE HQ. OHP 25. THE SIX (6) OPERATIONAL MILITARY SECTORS ARE: 14+ MAP UNOMUR SECTOR LOCATED AT KA8ALE (UGANDA) RPF SECTOR LOCATED AT MULINDI RGF SECTOR LOCATED AT RUHENGERI DMZ SECTOR LOCATED AT BYUMBA KIGALI SECTOR LOCATED AT KIGALI SOUTH SECTOR LOCATED AT BUTARE A. UNOMURSECTOR- KABALE (UGANDA). THIS SECTOR DERIVES ITS MANDATE FROM UN RESOLUTION 846 OF 22 JUNE 1993. THIS RESOLUTION MANDATED UNOMUR TO MONITOR THE UGANDA-RWANDA BORDER TO VERIFY THAT NO MILITARY ASSISTANCE REACHED RWANDA THE FOCUS IN THIS REGARD WAS ON TRANSIT OR TRANSPORT, BY ROADS, TRUCKS WHICH COULD ACCOMODATE VEHICLES, OR LETHAL WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION ACROSS THE BORDER, AS WELL AS ANY OTHER MATERIAL WHICH COULD BE OF MILITARY USE. IT MUST BE EMPHASISED HERE THAT THE MANDATE OF UNOMUR IS DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF UNAMIR. UNOMUR IS, HOWEVER, UNDER THE OPERATIONAL, LOGISTICS AND FINANCIAL CONTROL OF UNAMIR. B. RWANDESE PATRIOTIC FRONT SECT(RPF> (1) ROLE. MONITOR RPF SECTOR BY COLLECTING INFORMATION, ARRANGING MEETINGS WITH THE RPF TROOPS; THEY ALSO REPORT ON THE REFUGEE SITUATION IN THE SECTOR. THEY PROVIDE ESCORTS WHEN REQUIRED. (2) LOCATION OF HQ - MULINDI - CO-LOCATED WITH HQ OF RPF. (3) SIZEICOMPOSITION - 32 MILOBS. C. RWANDESE GOVERNMENT FORCES (RGF) SECTOR. (1) ROLE: MONITOR RGF SECTOR BY PATROLLING AND INVESTIGATING INCIDENTS IN THE SECTOR. (2) LOCATION OF HQ: - RUHENGERI. (3) SIZE/COMPOSITION - 32 MILOBS MIN AND 68 MAX. THEY ARE ORGANIZED INTO 6 TEAMS OF 5 UNMO'S EACH. ... 19/02/94 D. DMZ SECTOR (1) ROLE (A) MONITOR THE CEASE FIRE WITHIN THE DMZ (8) ENSURE THE SECURITY OF RPF, RGF AND UN PERSONNEL WITH DMZ. (C) INVESTIGATE ACTS OF VIOLATIONS OF THE ARUSHA AGREEMENT. (D) ASSiST IN THE RECOVERY OF ARMS AND AMMUNITION. (E) ENSURE THE SECURITY OF PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN HUMANAITARIAN AID AND DISTRIBUTION. (F) BE PREPARED TO EXPAND THE DMZ SECTOR. (2) LOCATION - BYUM8A. (3) SIZE/COMPOSITION ~) DMZ SECTOR HQ (8) INF: BYUBAT (GHANA) - 450 OF 800 ON GROUND. (C) ENGINEER COMPANY (D) LOGISTIC COMPANY (E) MILOBS E. KIGALI SECTOR (1) ROLE: ESTABLISHMENT, MONITORING AND SECURITY OF THE KIGALI WEAPON SECURE AREA (KWSA). THE AIM OF THIS KWSA IS THREEFOLD: • (A) TO SECURE A SMOOTH AND PEACEFUL FORMATION OF A BROAD BASED TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT (8) TO PROVIDE SECURITY TO THE INTERNATIONAL EXPATRIATE COMMUNITY AND TO THE GENERAL POPULATIONOF KIGALI. (C) TO CONTROL THE MOVEMENT AND EMPLOYMENT OF MILITARY COMPONENTS OF THE RGF, THE RPF AND OTHER ARMED ELEMENTS IN AND AROUND KIGALI. (2) THIS ROLE IS ACHIEVED THROUGH: (A) CHECK POINTS (B) ROAD BLOCKS (C) SEARCHES (0) CORDONS (E) PATROLLING (F) ESCORTS 19/02/94 (2) LOCATION - 10 KM RADIUS OF KIGALI CITY. (3) SIZE/COMPOSITION (A) KIGALI SECTOR HQ (8) INF (I) KIBAT (BELGIUM). (II) RUTBAT (BANGLADESH). (III) TUNISIAN COY (-) (C) UNMO ESCORT. F. SOUTH SECTOR (1) ROLE (A) MONITOR SOUTHERN SECTOR OF THE COUNTRY. (B) MONITOR CAMPS OF BURUNDESE REFUGEES. (C) SECURITY OF THE SOUTHERN SECTOR AND BORDER CROSSINGS. (2) LOCATION - BUTARE. (3) SIZE AND COMPOSITION - 34 MILOBS ORGANIZED INTO 6 TEAMS OF 5 UNMO'S EACH. OHP MILITARYPERSONNEL BYCOUNTRIES 15 26. TWENTY-SIX COUNTRIES ARE PROVIDING TROOPS/OBSERVERS TO MAKE UP THE UNAMIR MILITARY DIVISION. OUT OF THiS ONLY 4 COUNTRIES ARE YET TO JOIN THE FORCE. THESE ARE ARGENTINA, ECUADOR, PAKISTAN AND TANZANIA. THE MAJOR TROOP CONTRIBUTING COUNTRIES AND THEIR ARRIVAL PERIODS ARE: OHP16 SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB REMARKS COUNTRIES BANGLADESH 485 369 GHANA 450 350 YET TO ARRIVE BELGIUM 403 TUNISIA 60 27. THE REST CONTRIBUTE MAINLY STAFF OFFiCERS AND MILITARY OBSERVERS. THE TOTAL STRENGTH OF THE FORCE AS AT TODAY IS 1935 OF WHICH 313 ARE OBSERVERS. THE TOTAL EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE FORCE IS 2548. MEDICAL STATISTICS 28. CASUAlT!t:S. SO FAR THERE HAVE BEEN NO CASUAlITIES TO ANY UNAMIR MILITARY PERSONNEL. THERE HAVE BEEN 11 LOCALY RECRUITED CIVILIAN STAFF WHO WERE INJURED ONIBYTHE DEMONSTRATION OF 05 AND 08 JAN 94 RESPECTIVELY. 19/02/94 CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS OHP 29. TO IMPLEMENT THE ARUSHA PEACE AGREEMENT AND IN ACCORDANCE 11 WITH THE UN RESOL.UTION 672, THAT IS THE RESULT OF THE AUGUST 1993 MULTI-DISCIPL.INARY TECHNICAL RECCE REPORT THAT LED TO THE SECRETARY GENERALS REPORT TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON 24 SEP 93, A 4 PHASE OPERATION HAS BEEN CONCEIVED. A. PHASE 1. WAS INITIATED ON THE 5TH OF OCTOBER 1993, M·DAY, BY UN RESOLUTION 672. THIS PHASE WAS TO LEAD TO, OR CULMINATE WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A BROAD BASED TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT BY 5TH OF JANUARY 1994 (D-DAY). THIS PHASE IS NOT YET FINALIZED DUE TO THE POLITICAL DIFfiCULTIES ALTHOUGH MOSTLY ALL UNAMIR MANDATE REQUIREMENTS WERE IN PLACE BY 28TH OF DECEMBER 1993. THERE WERE: (1) THE BUILD UP OF THE UNAMIR MISSION UP TO 1.428 PERSONNELINCLUDING 211 OBSERVERS; (2) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KIGALI WEAPON SECURE AREA (KWSA); (3) OBSERVATION OF DMZ AND UGANDAN/RWANDAN BORDER; (4) MOVEMENT AND SECURING OF RPF VIPS AND BATTALION (FULLY ARMED IN KIGALI); (5) A FORCE RESERVE WAS PLANNED BUT COULD NOT BE PROVIDED DUE TO MANPOWER AND LOGISTICAUEQUIPMENT LIMITATIONS. OHP B. PHASE 2. FROM D TO 0+90, ACTUALLY DELAYED BY AT LEAST 18 ONE MONTH, THIS PHASE INCLUDES: (1) BUILD-UP OF THE MISSION TO ITS MAXIMUM STRENGTH OF 2.548 INCLUDING 331 OBSERVERS; (2) ENSURING SECURITY IN KIGALI WEAPON SECURE AREA; (3) MONITORING THE DMZ AND THE UGANDAN/RWANDAN BORDER. (4) OEMARCATION OF ASSEMBLY ZONES; (5) MONITORING THE MODIFIED DMZ WITH ONE INFANTRY BATTALION(FROM GHANA); (6) ENSURING THE PREPARATION OF THE DISENGAGEMENT, DEMOBILIZATION, AND INTEGRATION OF FORCES AND GENDARMERIE (001); (l) A FORCE RESERVE OPERATIONAL DAY AND NIGHT, PROVIDED BY ONE BANGLADESH COMPANY MOUNTED ON 8 ARMORED COMBAT VEHICLES (6TR-60) AND 2 TO 5 BELL HELICOPTERS. ESSENTIALLY THEIR MISSION WILL BE TO ASSIST CIVIL POWER FOR CROWD CONTROL AND TO INTERVENE WITHIN 1 HR 30 EVERYWHERE IN THE COUNTRY. 19/02/94 OHP C. PHASE 3. FROM 0+90 TO 0+360 CONSISTS OF: 19 (1) DISENGAGEMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND INTEGRATION (DOl); (2) REDUCTION OVER THE LENGTH OF THIS PERIOD TO A STRENGTH OF 1.240; (3) ESTABLISHMENT, SUPERVISION AND MONITORING OF THE DMZ; (4) MONITORING OF UGANDAN/RWANDAN BORDER; (5) ASSEMBLY/CANTONMENTS POINTS BEING EFFECTIVE; (6) INTEGRATED TRAINING CENTERS OPERATING; (7) MONITORING THE MOVEMENT OF MILITARY BODIES; (8) ENSURING GENERAL SECURITY IN KIGALI AND IN THE COUNTRY. OHP 30. PHASE 4 AFTER COMPLETION OF THE DOl, FROM D+360 TO 0+660 20 WE WILL BE MONITORING THE GENERAL SECURITY SITUATION IN THE COUNTRY LEADING UP TO THE NATIONAL ELECTIONS ESTIMATED BETWEEN OCTOBER AND DECEMBER 1995. DURING THIS PHASE: A. THE MISSION WILL BE REDUCED TO 930; B. A BATTALION WILL BE HELD IN KIGALI, TOGETHER WITH UNMOS AND A CIVPOL DETACHMENT; C. WE WILL STOP MONITORING THE DMZ AND UGANDAN/RWANDAN BORDER. 31. CURRENT OPERATIONS. UNAMIR FORCES ARE FULLY ENGAGED IN PATROL, SECURITY AND ESCORT OPERATIONS. A. KIGALI SECTOR: (1) ENSURES EFFECTIVENESS OF KWSA; (2) ORGANIZES CHECK-POINTS: 4 TO 8 DAILY; (3) EXECUTES FOOT AND VEHICLE PATROLS, 220 WEEKLY; (4) PROVIDES ESCORTS FOR VIP'S, NGO'S ... , 4 ESCORTS DAILY; (5) SECURes: THE CND AREA WHERE RPF VIP'S AND TROOPS ARE LOCATED; FORCE AND SEC HO'S; SRSG'S RESIDENCE AND OTHER SPECIFIC. B. DMZ SECTOR: DMZ SECTOR IS NOW OPERATIONAL AT BYUMBA. THE GHANAIAN BATTALION IS YET TO ARRIVE IN THE AREA. FORCE ENGINEER COMPANY IS ALSO DEPLOYED AND CONDUCTS REPAIRING AND DEMINING ACTIVITY. UNMOS ARE FULLY ENGAGED IN PATROLLING AND INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES. C. .MILITARY OBSERVERS SECTOR (MILOS): .,. ~ (1) PROVIDES 4 ESCORTS DAILY (AVERAGE); (2) MONITORS THE RGF AND RPF SECTOR AND PREPARES A NEW OBSERVATION SECTOR IN THE SOUTH OF THE COUNTRY. WHERE ABOUT ONE MILLION REFl,JGEES AND LOCALS ARE MENACED BYSTARVATION. <;.,; '~f>' 19/02/94 D. UNITED NATIONS OBSERVATION MISSION IN UGANDA RWANDA (UNOMUR): IS MONITORING THE BORDER CROSSINGS, IN PARTICULAR THE SPONTANEOUS CROSSING OF- REFUGEES FROM UGANDA INTO RWANDA AND THE SUPPLY OF RPF. 19/02/94 It I 04 August 1993 • INSTALLATION OF A BBTG WITH THE PARTICIPATION MAJOR POLITICAL PARTIES • SETIlNG UP OF TRANSmONAL INSTITUTIONS • DEPLOYMENT OF A NEUTRAL INTERNATIONAL FORCE (UN Military Observer Group) • WITHDRAWAL OF ALL FOREIGN TROOPS STATIONED IN RWANDA • DEPLOYMENT OF A RPF Bn FOR THE PROTECTION AND SECURITY OF RPF POLITICAL LEADERS FOR MOVING IN AND AROUND KIGALI • INTEGRATION OFTHE GENDARMERIE lNTO A NATIONAL DEFENSE FORCE • DISENGAGEM.El\'T, DISARMAMENT, DEMOBn,IZING AND RETAINING OF MDATARY PERSONNEL OFTHE PARTIES TO BE INTEGRATED INTOlBE NATIONAL ARMY • PROTECTION OF THE EXPATRIATE COMMUNITY AND SECURI1Y OF THE CONTRIBUTED HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE • INTEGRAnON OF NMOG (Neutral Military Observer Group Part ofOAU) into UNMO • REPATRIATION OF REFUGEES AND RESEITLEMENT OF DISPLACED PERSONS • ASSISTANCE IN ENSuluNG THE SECURE ATMOSPHERE REQUIRED FORTHE ELECTIONS , D.h '0- h~. ;~W~~'I'p. .fJ,~",'~l;"., '. $~.~. OS October ·~19J)J~·;··.· . . ."-: ":'~'il~~ ,:... : <. .e- -.' "': ~ • ,'- .. '--. .•, • .~!- • . ~.,.. ~"., ~~:. . ..-"~ .. .~.,cr.~/. • , ~ , ~ ; '--::->,. ••.... .;~ ••;: .~~ • . ~- .. ~ . • • • TOINVESTIGATE ~ ~Jl.J;lt~ . REGARD~G 11IE.N,::; :,-,,:.' .'. . ", .,.. GEND '.' . .. ·.•·~l· SRSG I I MISSION . POLICE ADMINISTRATION I AND MANAGEMENT HEADQUARTERS DIVISION. DIVISION I t- POLITICAL ADVISOR I- HUMAN RIGHTS MILITARY I-- HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS DIVISION t- INFORMATION OFFICER "- LEGAL ADVISOR CHIEF ADMINISTRAnvs OFFICER (CAO) I. I SENIOR ADMINISTRATIVE SPECIAL TASK OFFICER OFFICER (SAO) (SpTO) I I CHIEF OF SECURITY PERSONAL ASSISTANT (CSO) SECRETARY ... CHIEF CIVILIAN CHIEF} TRANSPORT PERSONNEL OFFICER OFFICER (CCPO) (CTO) CHIEF BUILDING CHIEF PROCUREMENT OFFICER MANAGEMENT SERVICES OFFICER (CPO) (CBMSO) CHIEF GENERAL CHIEf: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION· SYSTEMS SERVICES OFFICER OFFICER (CGSO) (CMISO) CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER CHIEF FINANCE (CCO) OFFICER (CFO) 11 1r,1 l(lj~li1!·;'!i'li,;Ii••II!ill."',"lii.lli.I.I~ .. ill'. '.·!;iillllll.~11;lilil POLICE COMMISSIONER (PC) DEPUTY POLICE COMMISSIONER (OPC) I I POLICE POLICE OPS SEC LIAISON SEC (POS) (PLO) I I . POLICE POLICE PERS SEC TRANSPORT SEC POLICE HQ (PPS) (PTS) ,... INVESTIGATION SEC ~ GEN TECH MEO (PIS) MUSIC POLICE POLICE ..... MONITORING TEAM - LIAISON OFFR (PMT) (PlO) (10) KIGALI ('6) ,ROAD S,ECTION BUTARE SEC • VIP GUARDS GIKONKORO AIRPORT SEC ~YANG~GU 1st MOBILE INTERVENTION KIGALI KIBUYE ~IS~NYI KIGALI MOBILE INTERVENTION GRPOU -ftl,JHENGERI NATIONAL SCHOOL GENDARMERIE -PV4JMBA :KIBUNSO GITARAMA· NYAKABUYE ------_._---...--- -- I UNAMIR OPERATIONAL SECTORS .. I FC'S Office FORCE HQ anch KIGALI nnet Branch I h H ENGNR COY - JBYUMBA ! H LOGISTIC COY - JKIGALI MOV CONTROL iH JKIGALI HMED PLATOON JKIGALI .... '--fMIL POLICE JKIGALI UNAMIR - MILITARY DIVISION Weekly Personnel State IDTG: 140800 Feb 94 Scr Country TROOPS UNMo Total Nb 1m Log Eng Med MClfCOII MP DMZ Sub Staff Total Bo COy COY COY 1'1 Sec Cov(·) Total (a) (b) (c). (d) (e) (0 (~) (h) (i) (1) (k) (I) (m) (0) 1 ARGENTINA 2 AUSTRIA IS 15. 3 BANGLADESH 370 200 203 50 20 11 854 28 883 51 933,. 4 BELGIUM 416 416 15 4.31 4.3'1: 5 BOTSWANA 9 9' 6 BRASILIA 3 3 3 10 13 7 CANADA 1 1 1 2 8 CONGO 25 25 9 ECUADOR 10 EGYPT 10 10~ 11 FLJI 1 . 1; 12 GHANA (;fJ 225 21S 19 244 2j1 2~.· 13 HUNGARY 4 4 14 MALI 10 10. 15 NETHERLANDS 10 10 16 NIGERIA IS IS' 11 PAKISTAN 18 POLAND 5 5 .: 19 RUSSIA 15 rs: 20 SENEGAL 39 39.~ 21 SLOVAKIA 5 5 22 TANZANIA 23 TOGO IS IS 24 TUNISIA 60 60 1 61 61, 25 URUGUAY 20 2O, 26 ZIMBABWE -, ~ 29: - . ') ~. -c- TOTAL 1.014 200 203 50 20 11 60 1.558 64 1."~· '3)1, :~~~ , " ...... 8' • ,. <, ~~J. D ·.....7'l·F<~~lti~I··rJ!eN "Ij p ·1....•,.·.••,••.•· •.•.•.•.•.•.•.••••.i.••.•·M..•A·.··.·.•·.•.•.•'.••.•·.'./R>.i.nV:MLioQ.,.·'.·.••..•.•'.·.· .••.il·,.·•••••'·.·.··.··I·.·•.·•.•.•.•.i.)ft..•.••.•.•..•.•..•.·.•.••.••. 1.·'. '.i.>••.••.. D.···.·.'·.•·.•.••..".·•.•.•.•.• .,.V!,... ..: ,.~J..;I ••• I'i",\;I,i'~ •.•....•.,•....•...•,...•.•..•.•.'.•.•.••,•.•.••..•,•.•••.•.'•.•.•. ·.·•.•.•,.•,·.1. OOUNTRY ··'··.,.·.>SEFrOOTNOVDEO J,AN .. .. FEB'~eMA~: c-: ..),'ss. •.•,.. 9393 93 $4 95 BANGLADESH 485 369 GHANA 450 (1) BELGIUM 403 TUNISIA (1) 350 yet to arrive * 2 . FOUR PHASE CONCEPT - Resolution Broad Based Transitional Security Council Government instaUed in 872 KIGALI .... • BUILD UP MISSION 1428 Pers (211 Obs ioeL) • ESTABLISHING "KIGALI WEAPONS SECURE AREA (~WSA)" " " • Observers ill DMZaM iR UgMrda '. • moving and seearing RPFBn+ VIP iato KIGALI " PHASE2 • BUILD UP MISSION 2548 (331 Obs incl.) • ENSURE KIGALI WEAPONS SECURE AREA . • MO'N'ITOR DMZ & Uganda / Rwanda border •• DEMARCATION OF ASSEMBLY ZONES • MONITOR MODIFIED. DMZ • ENSURE PREPARATION DDI (Disengagement, Demobilization, Integration ofForces & Gendarmerie) , • FORCE RESERVE (day & night) RUTBAT Coy with +/-.14 BTR 60 2 to 5 BELL heli Aid to civil power for crowd control within IHr30 everywhere in the country briefing UNAMIR ~ II PHASE 3 • DDI • REDUCTION OF MISSION STRENGTH TO 1240 • ESTABLISH, SUPERVISE AND MONITOR DMZ • MONITOR Uganda I Rwanda BORDER • ASSEMBLY I CANTONMENT POINTS • INTEGRATED TRAINING CENTERS • MONITOR MOVEMENT OF MILITARY BODIES • GENERAL SECURITY IN KIGALI & COUNTRY .I briefing UNAMIR ~ 12 . PHASE4 • DDI COMPLETED • REDUCTION OF MISSION STRENGTH TO 930 • SECURITY IN THE PERIOD TO THE ELECTIONS • END OF MONITORING DMZ and Uganda / Rwanda border briefing UNAMIR ~ 13 ·~·j'I~~~tilt'~lllrI19B~.'tCIRIIM.'li - MONITORING - PATROLLING ESCORTING - INVESTIGATING (CIVPOJ~ IN CO ORDINATION WITH GENDARMERIE) SECURING - "SHOWING THE FLAG" _. gllWli'r_~'YiBIIISjit tiNIS l\JIe~NS: .... - FOOT PATROLS - MOBILE PATROLS - AERIAL PATROLS - ESCORTS . - SECURING - LEGAL BASIS FOR OFFENSIVE I DETERRENT OPS ARE BEING ANALYZED rJfr UNDMUR - PATROLLING - OBSERVATION Of:SO,BOER .CROSSINGS ·. DETAILED ORGANIZ.ATIONOF fORCEHI;,4.[)QUABllERS .. lIlA AMA MA AOC Aoe CampComd ACMPO Engrs Humanitarian LogiStiCS 7 StaffOffr Plans s Personnel 6 Operations 21 I. •••·•··••·•·· •••·•••••• Y··Nt.·nn ••I·.R·····•..••••·pe ••tlC·E·.····.······Sf·tle.NG·TH······· . Phases 1ancll· MILITARY DIVISION FORCE HQ 77/59 (1) I I ( ENGINEER SECTOR SECTOR MILOS 2) 10- COMPANY KIGALI DMZ GROUP 203/203 14/14 15/12 He 3'4134 1/ II LOGISTIC KIBAT (*) io- Rq'f COMPANY 200/200 432/430 [X 800/450 SEC10R 21/21 RUTBAT (*1 C>< MEDICAL BYUBAT (~) 10- 370/370 PLATOON 50/50 I (-) RPf UNMO SECTOR [X L.. 24/24 - MOV 60/60 Milob -/30 CONTROL 20/20 TUNISIAN UNMO UNOMlJB MP "- - Escort SECTOR 78/78 SEC 11/11 30/30 (KABALE) UNMO SOUTH Milob -/88 "'" SECTOR 13/13 (BUTARE) (11 Personnel strength: AUTHORIZED / PRESENT (21 Total UNMOs: 331/313 (*) KIBAT: Belgian Battalion, AUTBAT: Bangladesh Battalion, BYUBAT: Ghanaian Battalion MajMAGGEN. SrDuty 01&. Fon:e HQ.UNAMIR 1910Z'94 RWANDA .....------TANZANIA ZAIRE BURUNDI 25KM ~._._--.------