KIM KI-DUK DOSYASI: KI-DUK’UN GÖSTERGELER GIZEM ŞIMŞEK DÖNGÜSÜ Kim Ki-Duk Kim

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KIM KI-DUK DOSYASI: KI-DUK’UN GÖSTERGELER GIZEM ŞIMŞEK DÖNGÜSÜ Kim Ki-Duk Kim KIM KI-DUK DOSYASI: KI-DUK’UN GÖSTERGELER GIZEM ŞIMŞEK DÖNGÜSÜ Kim Ki-Duk Kim 20 Aralık 1960’da Güney Kore, Bonghwa’da, Kyung- lik anlatımı oldukça yoğun kullanan Ki-duk, Bin-jip (3- sang’ın kuzeyindeki bir taşra köyünde doğan Kim Ki- Iron, 2004) filmiyle diyalogları oldukça azaltır. Moebius duk, 1990-1993 yılları arasında Paris’te Güzel Sanatlar (2013) ile de tamamen diyalogsuz bir film yapmayı ba- eğitimi alır. Ardından Güney Kore’ye geri dönen Ki-duk, şarır. 2014 yapımı Il-dae-il (One on One, 2014) filmini senarist olarak kariyerine devam eder ve 1995 yılında toplum eleştirisini intikam ve adalet üzerinden ele ala- Kore Film Konseyi tarafından düzenlenen senaryo ya- rak, diyaloga çokça başvurarak çeker. Öncesinde, daha rışmasını kazanır. Bunu takip eden 1996 yılında düşük çok toplumu oluşturan bireylere yönelen kamerasını bu bütçeli ilk filmi Ag-o’yu (Crocodile, 1996) çeker. Sinema filmle birlikte topluma çevirmeye başlar. Bu bağlamda eğitimi almamasına, bir yönetmenin yanında asistanlık tümevarımla ilerleyen Ki-duk sineması tümdengelime yapmamasına karşın dünyaya adını duyuran ve sembo- geçiş yapar. 51 na bırakır. Filmlerinde odaklandığı erkek karakterlerin sert olmasının nedenlerini tam olarak açıklamaz- ken, bedensel ihtiyaçlarının gide- rilmesinde hayvanlardan farklı gö- rünmediklerinin de altını çizer. Ki- duk, içgüdülerin toplumsal kural ve tabular olmaksızın giderilmesinin yarattığı ve yaratacağı sorunlara da odaklanır. Bu sorunların ortasında yaşanan, anormal olarak değerlendi- rilebilecek ilişkiler üzerinden sevgi ve aşkı sorgulamayı da ihmal etmez. Ki-duk, Bom yeoreum gaeul gyeoul geurigo bom (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring, 2003) filmiy- le birlikte, daha yumuşak görseller Ki-duk’un filmografisini ikiye ayıra- kullandığı, hatta ilişkilere ve aşka kendi tanımıysa “sessizliğin şiiri”dir. rak incelemek mümkün. Ki-duk’un odaklandığı bir döneme geçer. Bu Ki-duk, toplumdan dışlanmış karak- ilk filmleri, Ag-o (Crocodile, 1996), dönemde Bin-jip (3-Iron, 2004), Sa- terlere odaklanan ilk filmlerinde de, Paran daemun (Birdcage Inn, 1998), maria (Samaritan Girl, 2004), Hwal modern toplum içindeki herhangi Shilje sanghwang (Real Fiction, (The Bow, 2005),Shi gan (Time, biri olabilecek karakterlerinde de 2000), Seom (Isle, 2000), Nabbeun 2006), Soom (Breathe, 2007), Bi- yaşanan hastalıklı ilişkileri seyircile- namja (Bad Guy, 2001) ve Haeanse- mong (Dream, 2008) filmlerini çe- re sunar. Budizm felsefesinde haya- on (The Coast Guard, 2002), toplum ker. Ve bu filmlerle Kore sokakla- tın özünün ızdırap ve acıdan oluş- ve sistem eleştirisi içeren, değişen rında daha sık gezinerek modern tuğu gerçeği yer alır. Yönetmenin modern Kore’nin yeni görünüşüne toplum içerisinde yaşanan aşk ve filmlerinde de bu duyguları yaşayan inat fakirlik, ahlaksızlık ve sefalet ilişkilere dair sorgulamalara başlar. karakterlerin kurmaya çalıştığı has- içerisindeki anormal Kore’nin port- Yumuşak dönemindeki filmlerde di- talıklı ilişkiler seyirciye yansıtılır. resini çizen ve gerçekçiliği oldukça yalogların oldukça az olduğu dikkat Hastalıklı ilişkilerse kötünün için- yoğun kullanan deneysel filmlerdir. çekmektedir. Amen (2011) filmi bu deki iyi ve iyinin içindeki kötüyü Adı geçen bu filmler cinsellik ve şid- döneme ait son filmi olmakla birlik- sembolize eden kadın ve erkekler det içeren sahnelerin oldukça fazla te, öğrenci filmlerine benzer şekilde üzerinden kurulur. Fiziksel olarak kullanıldığı, kurgu ve gerçekçiliğin el kamerası, minimal kurgu ve efekt- yan yana olmanın aşkta mümkün çoğu zaman iç içe geçtiği, seyircile- lerle diyalogsuz çekilir. Bu film için olmadığı, ancak biri ‘hayalet’ olur- rin silkinmesinin ve rahatsız olma- sa aşkın yaşanabileceği düşüncesini sının amaçlandığı sert yapımlardır. Bin-jip (3-Iron, 2004), Hwal (The Bu filmlerde kullanılan mekânlar Bow, 2005) gibi filmleriyle akta- modern Kore’nin görülmek isten- rırken, Ag-o (Crocodile, 1996), Bi- meyen, çirkin, karanlık tarafları ara- mong (Dream, 2008) filmleriyle de sından seçilmiştir. ‘iki hayaletin’ yani ölümün aşkı taşı- yacağını söylemektedir. İlk filmlerinde hayat kadınlığı, ka- dın satıcılığı, hırsızlık gibi toplumun Ki-duk’un özellikle Ag-o (Crocodi- ahlak dışı olarak nitelendirdiği mes- le, 1996), Paran daemun (Birdcage lekleri tercih eden Ki-duk, toplum- Inn, 1998), Yasaeng dongmul boho- dan dışlanmış, içgüdüleriyle yaşayan guyeog (Wild Animals, 1997), Shil- ve bu özellikleriyle vahşi hayvanlara je sanghwang (Real Fiction, 2000), benzeyen karakterlerin yaşamlarına Suchwiin bulmyeong (Adress Unk- odaklanır. Bir yandan gerçekçi sert- nown, 2001), Soom (Breathe, 2007), liği erkeklerin kadınlara uyguladığı Amen (2011) gibi filmlerinde yer şiddet üzerinden ön plana çıkarır- alan ressam ya da resimlere dair ken, diğer yandan bu şiddetin ortaya göstergeler, Paris’te geçirdiği yıllara, çıkış nedenlerini izleyicinin yargısı- resim yaparak hayatını kazanmasına 52 gönderme içerir (Chung, 6). bohoguyeog (Wild Animals, 1997) reum gaeul gyeoul geurigo bom’d a Ki-duk’un filmografisinde suyla ve Seom (Isle, 2000) filmlerindeki (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter and arınmanın bağıntısı, deniz, nehir erkek karakterler bakır tellerle oyna- Spring, 2003) insan hayatının dö- ya da göl gibi görseller üzerinden yarak, düşüncelerini ve duygularını nemlerini yansıtan mevsimler ile yansıtılmaktadır. Deniz, göl, nehir heykellere aktarmakta, yine adı ge- Soom’da (Breathe, 2007) yer alan gibi su kaynakları, arınma, yalnız- çen filmlerin her ikisinde de görülen duvarlara asılan mevsimler; Ag-o lık, ıssızlık gibi farklı anlamlara altın kol saati, sırları ve cinayetleri (Crocodile, 1996), Nabbeun namja gelebilecek göstergeler, neredeyse ortaya çıkaran nesne olarak konum- (Bad Guy, 2001) ve Bin-jip (3-Iron, tüm filmlerine serpiştirilmiştir. Ag-o landırılmaktadır. Bin-jip’te (3-Iron, 2004) filmlerinde aynı açıyla görü- (Crocodile, 1996), Seom (Isle, 2000), 2004) erkek karakterin hapishanede len Han Nehri üzerindeki Hangang Bom yeoreum gaeul gyeoul geurigo göründüğü sahne, Shi gan (Time, tren geçidi köprüsü; Nabbeun namja bom (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter 2006) filminde kurguculuk yapan (Bad Guy, 2001) ile Yasaeng dong- and Spring, 2003), Hwal (The Bow, erkek karakterin montajını yaptığı mul bohoguyeog (Wild Animals, 2005) filmlerinde yabancılaşma, yal- film olarak ekranda görünmekte. 1997) filmlerinde âşık oldukları ka- nızlık ya da arınma, suyun ortasın- Ag-o’da (Crocodile, 1996) sevdiği dınla iletişim kuramayan erkeklerin daki yaşam üzerinden yoğun olarak kadın suda boğularak ölünce ken- onları cam ya da ayna arkasından yansıtılırken; Paran daemun (Bir- dini kadının cesedine kelepçeleyen izlemesi; Paran daemun’da (Birdca- dcage Inn, 1998), Yasaeng dongmul bir adam bulunurken, Bi-mong’d a ge Inn, 1998) kadının sık sık gittiği bohoguyeog (Wild Animals, 1997), Nabbeun namja (Bad Guy, 2001), Hae Anseon (Coast Guard, 2002), Samaria (Samaritan Girl, 2004), Shi gan (Time, 2006) filmlerinde aynı göstergeler karakterlerin kentteki deniz ya da nehir gibi su kaynakla- rının yakınlarına gittiği sahnelerde hissedilmektedir. Ki-duk’un imzası olarak yorumlana- bilecek bazı görseller de tüm filmle- re farklı biçimlerde serpiştirilmiştir: Ag-o’da (Crocodile, 1996) çöplükte bulunan büst şeklindeki kadın man- keni, Yasaeng dongmul bohoguye- og’da (Wild Animals, 1997) kendini beyaz boyayla kaplayarak sokak- larda heykel gibi duran kadın, Bin- (Dream, 2008) huzur bulmak adına sahilin Nabbeun namja (Bad Guy, jip’te (3-Iron, 2004) evin bahçesinde kadın ve erkeğin ellerini kelepçele- 2001) filminde kullanılması; Bin-jip bulunan venüs heykeli, Samaria’d a k i yerek uyuduğu sahne vardır. Yasa- (3-Iron, 2004) ve Moebius (2013) (Samaritan Girl, 2004) heykeller, Shi eng dongmul bohoguyeog (Wild Ani- filmlerindeki iki erkek ile bir kadı- gan’da (Time, 2006) karakterlerin mals, 1997) filminde sevdiği kadını nın birbirine sarılması; Seom (Isle, gezindiği heykel bahçesi ve evde bu- ve kendini kurtarmak için en yakın 2000) ve Hwal (The Bow, 2005) film- lunan Yasaeng dongmul bohoguye- arkadaşını kelepçeleyerek suya atan lerinde kullanılan ağza yerleştirilen og’deki (Wild Animals, 1997) heykel ve boğmaya çalışan bir adamla, bah- olta uçları; Nabbeun namja (Bad başı, Amen (2011) filminde Fran- si geçen iki erkeğin başka adamlar Guy, 2001), Bin-jip (3-Iron, 2004) sa’daki mezarlıkta bulunan heykel- tarafından birbirlerine kelepçelene- ve Soom (Breathe, 2007) filmlerin- ler, Soom’da (Breathe, 2007) kadının rek denize atıldığı sahneyi izleriz. deki hapishane sahneleri; Samaria yaptığı heykeller… Hepsi, “Bu bir Paran daemun (Birdcage Inn, 1998) (Samaritan Girl, 2004) ve Hwal (The Ki-duk filmi” göstergesi olarak dik- filminde yer alan, denizin ortasın- Bow, 2005) filmlerinde yer alan kat çekmektedir. Ayrıca birçok fil- daki gözetleme merdiveniyle, Shi kablosu takılı olmayan walkman- mindeki küçük detaylar bir öncekini gan (Time, 2006) filminde heykel ler; Shi gan’da (Time, 2006) estetik anımsatmakta, dolayısıyla da filmler adasında bulunan ve sular yüksel- operasyon sonrası takılan maske ile arasında organik bir bağ oluştur- diğinde denizin ortasında kalan el Seu-top’da (Stop, 2015) yer alan rad- maktadır. Örneğin Yasaeng dongmul şeklindeki merdivenler; Bom yeo- yasyondan korunma amaçlı takılan 53 maske ve Amen’de (2011) kimliği halen yaşamakta olan balıkları ak- karşımıza çıkar. gizlemek için takılan askeri oksijen varyumdan atıp üzerlerine işemesi, maskesi; Bom yeoreum gaeul gyeoul ölmüş balığı oltanın ucunda sürük- Ki-duk’un filmlerinde, Budizme ait geurigo bom (Spring, Summer, Fall, leyerek gezdirmesi, balıkları dişleyip semboller
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