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Datos Sobre Corea DATOS SOBRE COREA SOBRE DATOS DATOS SOBRE COREA 한국의 어제와 오늘 어제와 오늘 한국의 www.korea.net DATOS SOBRE COREA 한국의 어제와 오늘 Datos sobre Corea 2015 Edición Derechos reservados © 1973 Publicado por Servicio de Cultura e Información de Corea Ministerio de Cultura, Deporte y Turismo Glamae-ro, 408, Complejo Gubernamental de Sejong, Sejong-si, República de Corea Teléfono: (82-44) 203-3339~47 Fax: (82-44) 203-3595 Reservados todos los derechos Impreso en Seúl ISBN 9788973755868 03910 Para mayor información sobre Corea, Por favor visite en: www.korea.net ÍNDICE Estilo de Vida 4 Turismo 122 Historia 184 Economía 236 La vestimenta tradicional coreana: Hanbok Patrimonio Histórico de Seúl Comienzos de la historia del país La Economía coreana en el escenario mundial La cocina tradicional coreana: Hansik Atracciones turísticas y centros comerciales (Prehistoria - Gojoseon) – El milagro del río Han La construcción tradicional coreana: Hanok Calles llenas de juventud Nacimiento de los tres reinos y otros estados Economía capitalista de mercado abierto de Corea Festividades tradicionales, Fiestas nacionales y Recreación en la naturaleza Periodo de los reinos del norte y del sur: otras celebraciones Silla unificada y Líderes de marcas industriales y estándares Atracciones turísticas fuera de Seúl industriales Culto y Religión Balhae Aldeas Hanok Dinastía Goryeo coreanos Principales festivales locales de Corea Dinastía Joseon Esfuerzos para crecer como una potencia Sociedad 34 global La caída de Joseon, anexión de Corea al Resumen de Corea del Sur Deporte 166 Imperio de Japón Educación, investigación e industria Cómo se convirtió Corea en una potencia Movimiento de independencia Relaciones entre las dos Coreas 258 Sistema de trabajo y bienestar social del deporte Nación democrática y evolución hacia una Antecedentes históricos de la división de Corea Transformación en una sociedad Juegos Olímpicos de Seúl 1988 potencia Entrada simultánea de las dos Coreas en la ONU multicultural Copa Mundial Corea/Japón 2002 económica Intercambio y cooperación entre las dos Coreas Campeonato de Atletismo de 2011 Esfuerzos para una paz duradera Cultura 60 Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012 Gobierno 222 Patrimonios designados por la UNESCO en Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de Constitución Corea Sitios Web Relacionados Pyeongchang 2018 Poderes ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial Artes Tradicionales Fuente de Fotos Taekwondo Organizaciones independientes “Hallyu” (La Ola Coreana) Gobiernos locales Internacionales multicultural Estilo de Vida 생활 La vestimenta tradicional coreana: Hanbok La cocina tradicional coreana: Hansik 1 La construcción tradicional coreana: Hanok Festividades tradicionales, Fiestas Nacionales y otras Celebraciones Culto y Religión 1 Estilo de Vida 생활 Corea es una península rodeada de mar en tres de sus límites Familia vistiendo hanbok (Izq.) territoriales, con una topología muy montañosa con escasas superficies llanas, y un clima en el que se diferencian claramente las cuatro estaciones del año. Los coreanos que habitaron estas tierras con su entorno natural tan singular, han sabido desarrollar una cultura propia de excelencia y única en lo concerniente a la vestimenta, alimentación y vivienda. La vestimenta tradicional coreana: Hanbok Los coreanos, a fin de soportar los fríos extremos de los crudos inviernos y el calor de los veranos bochornosos, han sabido crear y desarrollar una gran diversidad de materiales textiles como los tejidos de cáñamo, ramio, algodón y seda, entre otros, con los que confeccionaron vestimentas típicamente coreanas. Para el invierno, utilizaban telas de seda o algodón acolchados, rellenos de algodón; y en verano, confeccionaban prendas hechas con tela de cáñamo y/o ramio. Todas estas indumentarias que conservan un diseño discreto con líneas suavemente ondulantes son denominadas “hanbok” y su tradición viene manteniéndose desde hace varios milenios. El pueblo en general prefirió y reverenció el color blanco para sus vestimentas en lugar de los colores llamativos y estampas extravagantes. Por ello, el pueblo coreano es conocido también 6 7 como “pueblo vestido de blanco” o pueblo amante de la paz. y moderna. Este distrito que cuenta tanto con diseñadores jóvenes, Sin embargo, de acuerdo a las clases sociales hubo diferentes como con instalaciones de fabricación, distribución y venta, es un eras históricas en las que también se usaron hanbok de colores centro de distribución de la moda moderna muy popular. Tal es su brillantes y diseños sofisticados. fama que se ha convertido en un punto obligatorio de compras Recientemente, diseñadores de moda que expresaron en para los turistas que visitan Corea. forma moderna los diseños típicamente coreanos, están cobrando fama internacional y el hanbok, que fue ampliamente difundido Cocina tradicional coreana: Hansik en el mundo gracias a la “ola coreana” conocida como “Hallyu”, El pueblo coreano siempre consideró que la cura de enfermedades no solamente fue altamente elogiado por su belleza sino que y la buena alimentación parten de la misma raíz y por ello, aumentó el número de adeptos extranjeros que están vistiendo siempre se tomó como un valor de gran importancia esta este traje tradicional coreano. creencia. Es decir, se mantiene esta idiosincrasia basada en el En la actualidad, el hanbok tradicional es utilizado solamente concepto básico de la medicina oriental que sostiene que la para las festividades tradicionales, fiestas o fechas especiales, y buena salud parte de la alimentación. Por ello, una enfermedad es Doenjang Jjigae hay quienes usan el hanbok modernizado para la vida cotidiana. tratada primero con la alimentación y luego, con la medicina. (Cazuela de Doenjang) Es uno de los platos Sin embargo, hoy en día, la mayoría de los coreanos se visten al principales de la cocina cotidiana de los coreanos estilo moderno y occidental. Se puede interpretar este fenómeno La Fermentación en la Cocina Coreana que se prepara en una base de caldo a la que se agrega como la exteriorización del instinto creativo y el buen sentido de Uno de los conceptos claves para entender el arte culinario doenjang (pasta de soja moda que tienen los coreanos, acorde a las tendencias de la era coreano es la FERMENTACIÓN, cuya finalidad es preservar fermentada), carne troceada en pequeños dados y/o moderna. los alimentos para que puedan ser consumidos por períodos mariscos, verduras, tofu, setas, etc. El distrito de Gangnam se que se hizo popular gracias a la prolongados. Los alimentos fermentados más canción del cantante PSY titulada ‘Gangnam Style’, es la zona de la representativos son el doenjang: pasta de soja, clase más pudiente y al mismo tiempo, la meca de la alta cultura ganjang: salsa de soja al estilo coreano, entre los que se incluyen la moda suntuosa y el arte moderno. gochujang: pasta de ají picante, y el Este sitio, que fue designado como distrito especial de la moda jeotgal: fermento salado de pescados anfitriona y acoge anualmente diversos festivales de la moda o mariscos. Estos alimentos que moderna. El Concurso de Nuevos Diseñadores y los Desfiles de sirven en general como condimentos Moda de Diseñadores Internacionales, son algunos de los eventos y definen el sabor de la cocina familiar que se efectúan en este lugar. Ahora, si el Distrito Gangnam de la o de un restaurante, son sometidos al ciudad de Seúl es la meca de la moda suntuosa, podemos decir del proceso de fermentación desde varios Distrito Dongdaemun de Seúl que, es el corazón de la moda popular meses hasta varios años. 8 9 Doenjang (Pasta de soja fermentada) & más sabroso y aromático es. Asimismo, el doenjang también se Ganjang (Salsa de soja fermentada) fermenta 5 meses más para que esté listo para ser consumido. Tanto el doenjang como el ganjang parten de la misma base: el “meju”. Para obtener el meju es necesario remojar frijoles de soja, Gochujang (Pasta de ají picante) cocerlos, molerlos y luego armar bloques de forma de ladrillo El gochujang es un condimento natural y fermentado que se y desecarlos durante algunos meses. Durante el proceso del elabora a base de almidón (ya sea de arroz glutinoso, arroz blanco, desecado en la superficie e interior del meju se generan maltas cebada o trigo) que se endulza con malta de cebada y a la que se de soja y cuando está a punto la fermentación, se lavan y colocan añaden meju en polvo, sal y ají picante en polvo. Se mezcla todo los bloques de meju en una salmuera dentro de un recipiente de y se conserva en un recipiente de cerámica durante varios meses cerámica. Sobre la superficie se colocan ají colorado desecado para su fermentación. Se trata de un condimento indispensable y carbón encendido para eliminar las impurezas que puedan para los coreanos a los que les gusta el sabor picante y cuanto generarse, y se deja fermentar entre 2 y 3 meses. Transcurrido más añejo, más apreciado es. Jangdokdae este período, se separa el componente sólido(doenjang) del Espacio donde se pone El sabor picante que es simbolizado por el ají y el gochujang, en reposo los recipientes líquido(ganjang). De estos dos productos, el ganjang debe pasar es también la representación de la habilidad y tenacidad que de barro conteniendo los alimentos fermentados 3 meses adicionales de fermentación para que tenga buen caracteriza a los coreanos. como el ganjang, doenjang, gochujang y jeotgal para aroma y sabor. Al igual que el vino, el ganjang, cuanto más añejo, su preservación. Jeotgal (fermento de pescados o mariscos) El jeotgal que se utiliza como saborizante para el kimchi y otros platos de la cocina coreana, se elabora con anchoíllas, camaroncillos, ostras, mariscos o moluscos de estación a los que se añaden básicamente sal y otros condimentos, y se los curte a baja temperatura. Cuanto más tiempo de fermentación lleve, más Jeotgal de camaroncillos Es un curtido de se profundiza e intensifica su sabor. camaroncillos en sal y es uno de los jeotgal más Un tipo de jeotgal denominado ‘sikhae’ que se elabora consumidos junto al jeotgal de anchoíllas.
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